No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The Profile of Mood States Manual
... A quick history of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) reflects the amount of effort put into measuring mood state (POMS; McNair et al., 1971). In its original form (McNair et al., 1971(McNair et al., , 1992, it includes 65 items that are loaded on 7 different scales: depression, anxiety, fatigue, vigor, irritability, tension, and confusion. Initially, seven items constituted a Friendliness factor, which was excluded due to poor discriminant validity with the Vigor-Activity factor. ...
... It consistently achieved high internal consistency (α of 0. 84-0.95;McNair et al., 1971McNair et al., , 1992 and its construct validity is supported by past research (e.g., Morris and Salmon, 1994;Watson and Clark, 1992). ...
... POMS is one of the most widely used questionnaires providing several advantages. First, it is a multidimensional self-report instrument that captures the transient and oscillating nature of mood states (McNair et al., 1971(McNair et al., , 1992. Furthermore, it is a versatile tool that can be applied in a variety of settings extending from the psychotherapeutic and medical field (e.g., Baker et al., 2002;Braslis et al., 1995;Gross, 1991;López-Jiménez et al., 2021;Szaflarski et al., 2003;von Steinbüchel et al., 1994) to sport psychology (Leunes and Burger, 2000;Lochbaum et al., 2021). ...
The Profile of Mood States (POMS) is one of the most widely applied scales for measuring mood. Considering the advantages of short scales and increased international research, the aim of the present study was to evaluate cross-culturally the psychometric properties of a short 16-item version of the POMS. Data were collected from 15,693 participants across 10 different countries worldwide. Initially, we identified the original versions of the POMS in various languages. Subsequently, we selected 16 items based on the previously validated short form (POMS-16) for analysis. Psychometric properties of the POMS were then evaluated in samples from each studied population for each language version. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess its invariance across age groups and gender, alongside reliability estimation. Most language versions of the POMS-16 showed a good fit with the four-factor model, except for the Chinese (traditional) and Turkish versions. Reliability was generally high, except for the Vigor subscale in a small subset of languages. Regarding measurement invariance, the majority of language versions were invariant across gender and age groups, except for the Farsi language version across gender, and the Chinese, Farsi, Finnish, and Turkish versions across age. These findings enhance the cross-cultural applicability of the POMS-16, contributing to its utility in diverse populations and thus enhancing the comparability of the results. In addition, we introduced the first versions of the POMS in Farsi, Finnish, and Icelandic.
... LeUnes and Nation (1782) attempted to answer these questions by obtaining psychological profiles of mood states of college football players. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) inventory (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1981) was administered to 60 members of a major university football team. The POMS measures tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, and confusion. ...
... The Profile of Mood States (McNair, et a/., 1981) was selected as the means of measuring the mood states investigated in this study. The POMS is practically self-administering and can be given to groups or individuals. ...
... The subjects are then required to pick the number on the scale that best describes how they have been feeling during the past week. The test is highly reliable with internal consistencies ranging from .89 to .95 (McNair, et al., 1981). These authors also review studies suggesting good evidence of validity. ...
This paper presents a profile of the mood states of nonscholarship football players as measured by the Profile of Mood States inventory. Analysis suggests that these 120 athletes did not conform to the “iceberg profile” described for elite athletes, differing mainly in the areas of tension and anger. The athletes measured for this report indicated more anger than a sample of 60 football players attending an institution providing financial aid for participation in sports. Total mood scores were lower than those of college athletes on scholarship and high school athletes and nonathletes. Differences in mood states were also found between members of the offensive and defensive squads and between varsity and junior varsity players.
... Other researchers have examined mood state questionnaires and found that decreases in recovery scores and increased stress scores correspond with increases in training load (11,22,23) and decreases in sport related athletic performance (8). Morgan et al. (30) collected ten years of data using the Profile of Mood State (27,28) and found that mood disturbances increased with training stress; however, as training load was reduced, mood disturbances decreased back to baseline. Coutts, Wallace, and Slattery (7), examined responses in performance, physiological, biochemical and psychological indicators of overreaching in male triathletes over a six week period. ...
... Early questionnaires used for athlete monitoring were too long to be repeated often enough for effective monitoring and did not reflect the athlete's current recoverystress state (32). In response to these limitations both the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS; 26,27) and the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS; 26,27) were developed to provide a more streamlined measurement tool that measured the current recovery-stress state of the athlete. (24). ...
... Early questionnaires used for athlete monitoring were too long to be repeated often enough for effective monitoring and did not reflect the athlete's current recoverystress state (32). In response to these limitations both the Acute Recovery and Stress Scale (ARSS; 26,27) and the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS; 26,27) were developed to provide a more streamlined measurement tool that measured the current recovery-stress state of the athlete. (24). ...
The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in collegiate weightlifters' external training load, biochemical markers, and jumping performance correlate to changes in items of the Short Recovery and Stress Scale (SRSS) throughout four microcycles. Twelve well-trained weightlifters (8 males, 4 females; age 24.30 ± 4.36 yr; height 170.28 ± 7.09 cm; body mass 81.73 ± 17.00 kg) with at least one year of competition experience participated in the study. Measurements included hydration, SRSS, biochemical analysis of blood (cortisol [C], creatine kinase [CK]), and unloaded and loaded squat jumps (SJ), and volume-load displacement. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between the changes in SRSS items and all other variables. The alpha criterion for all analyses was set at p ≤ 0.05. Negative relationships were observed between changes in SRSS recovery items and C (r = -0.608 to -0.723), and unloaded and loaded SJ height and peak power (r = -0.587 to -0.636). Positive relationships were observed between changes in several SRSS stress items and C (r = 0.609 to 0.723), CK (r = 0.922), and unloaded and loaded SJ height and peak power (r = 0.583 to 0.839). Relationships between changes in some SRSS items and cortisol agree with previous findings highlighting C as an indicator of training stress. Nonetheless, the non-significant relationships between changes in SRSS items, training volume and biochemical markers disagree with previous findings. This may partly be explained by the smaller undulations in training volume in the current study, which were characteristic of typical training. Further, relationships between changes in some SRSS items and jumping performance were opposite of what was expected indicating athletes' perception of their stress and recovery state does not always correspond with their ability to perform.
... The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was developed over several decades (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1992) as a screening measure for fluctuating mood states: Tension-Anxiety, Depression-Dejection, Anger-Hostility, Vigor-Activity, Fatigue-Inertia, and Confusion-Bewilderment. The POMS 2 (Heuchert & McNair, 2012) was created to modernize items; add more positive mood states; enhance normative data; and provide additional forms. ...
... respectively, after one month (Heuchert & McNair, 2012). Reliabilities are comparable to those for the original POMS (see McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1992). ...
... A psychological rating scale named the Profile of Mood States (POMS) was created by McNair in 1992 to evaluate instantaneous and transitory emotional states, which are feelings that endure just momentarily [53]. Researchers state that they use the POMS while assessing the psychological wellbeing of urban rooftop areas for their study. ...
... Moreover, confusion refers to the perplexity that individuals experience as a result of being disorganized, careless, and unclear about many issues. Vigour, the sole positive emotion, is associated with action and conveys the sensations of being outgoing, energetic, in high spirits, alert, and unburdened by anxiety or heavy obligation [53][54] [57]. ...
Green roofs have grown popular in developing nations as an additional green space in a city when most of the land is being considered for new building construction but it has received less attention in Malaysia. Green roofs are also publicly accessible which provides a pleasant experience in recreational places that can relieve stress and soothe mind. Thus, this paper aims to determine the level of awareness of green roof adaptation among residents in high-rise residential buildings, as well as to investigate the relationship between intensive green roofs and mental health among residents in green residential buildings. It began by studying the literature on prior research, then collected data from a survey questionnaire on the target population. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 27 will use to record and analyse the results of this study’s attempt to address the subject. According to the findings of the studies, the majority of residents are aware of the characteristics of an intensive green roof that influence their feelings. A minority of residents have mental health issues and they prefer five personal controls to keep their minds healthy based on their feelings. The essential conclusion is that a green roof may help in ensuring the preservation of a healthy mental state.
... Distress. Distress was measured daily using items from the Profile of Mood States (Lorr & McNair, 1971) tapping anger-hostility, tension-anxiety, and depression-dejection. We used the three highest loading items from a factor analysis conducted by Lorr and McNair (1971) to represent each factor. ...
... Distress was measured daily using items from the Profile of Mood States (Lorr & McNair, 1971) tapping anger-hostility, tension-anxiety, and depression-dejection. We used the three highest loading items from a factor analysis conducted by Lorr and McNair (1971) to represent each factor. The items tapping anger were "annoyed," "peeved," and "resentful." ...
This article presents a framework for studying personality in the stress process. The framework specifies that personality may affect both exposure and reactivity to stressful events and that both processes may explain how personality affects health and psychological outcomes. The framework also specifies that personality differences in reactivity may be due to differential choice of coping efforts and differential effectiveness of those efforts. In a 14-day daily diary study of 94 students, this framework was used to analyze the links among neuroticism, daily interpersonal conflicts, coping with conflicts, and distress. Results showed that high-neuroticism participants had greater exposure and reactivity to conflicts. Furthermore, high- and low-neuroticism participants differed both in their choice of coping efforts and in the effectiveness of those efforts, a possibility not considered in previous models of personality in the stress process.
... The 65-item Profile of Mood States was the measure of mood (McNair, et al., 1971). It has sound psychometric properties and has been employed successfully in other studies of exercise and psychological well-being (e.g., Berger & Owen, 1983Berger, et a/., 1988;Blumenthal, et al., 1982;Morgan, et al., 1988;Steptoe & Cox, 1988). ...
The mood benefits of Hatha yoga and swimming, two activities that differ greatly in aerobic training benefits, were examined. College students (N = 87) in two swimming classes, a yoga class, and a lecture-control class completed mood and personality inventories before and after class on three occasions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that both yoga participants (n = 22) and swimmers (n = 37) reported greater decreases in scores on Anger, Confusion, Tension, and Depression than did the control students (n = 28). The consistent mood benefits of yoga supported our earlier observation that the exercise need not be aerobic to be associated with mood enhancement. However, underlying and causal mechanisms remain uncertain. Among the men, the acute decreases in Tension, Fatigue, and Anger after yoga were significantly greater than those after swimming. Yoga may be even more beneficial than swimming for men who personally select to participate. The women reported fairly similar mood benefits after swimming and yoga. It seems that aerobic exercise may not be necessary to facilitate the mood benefits. Also, students with greater mood changes attended class more regularly than those who reported fewer psychological benefits. Maximizing the immediate psychological benefits of exercise might be one way to encourage adults to be physically active.
... Contradicting the notion that a lengthy exercise program was necessary to affect mood state (Greist, Klein, Eischens, Faris, Gurman, & Morgan, 1978, 1979 and that the effects could not be produced in normal subjects (Doyne, Ossip-Klein, Bowman, Osborn, McDougall-Wilson, & Neimeyer, 1987), significant effects of a single exercise session were demonstrated. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) showed that jogging and weightlifting exercise groups but not the control or karate exercise groups reported significantly reduced total mood disturbance, tension, depression, and confusion following the session. ...
Using 24 university student volunteers, 45 minutes of an aerobic level of physical activity produced reduced total mood disturbance and reduced tension-anxiety as measured by the Profile of Mood States test.
... Profile of Mood States (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971).-This profile evaluates six mood factors or transitory affective states: Anxiety-Tension, Depression, Anger-Hostility, Fatigue, Vigor, and Mental Confusion. ...
Considering exercise has positive and negative reinforcing properties, the mood states of sedentary, nonexercise-dependent and exercise-dependent volunteers were compared after maximal exercise testing. Mood status was evaluated by the Beck Depression Inventory, Trait-State Anxiety Inventory, and Profile of Mood States (POMS). No differences were detected before the test or after it, indicating little possibility of positive reinforcement. However, a significant reduction in the POMS Tension-Anxiety scores was observed in both exerciser groups (greater in the exercise-dependent group) but not in the sedentary group. Only in the exercise-dependent group were significant reductions in Anger and Total Mood Disorders scores observed compared with their pre-exercise scores. These data suggest that exercising has stronger negative reinforcement properties for exercise-dependent volunteers and is a factor which could increase the odds of their becoming dependent on exercise.
... Escala de Estado de Ánimo de Brunel (BRUMS). Se aplicó la versión al español (Cañadas et al., 2017), la cual proporciona una evaluación de los estados de ánimo en poblaciones de adolescentes y adultos (Mcnair et al., 1971). Posee 24 ítems que describen estados de ánimo simples. ...
Although rehabilitation from injury is essential to ensure sports performance after returning to the field, the success of this process is also influenced by the subjectivity of the athlete. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in anxiety,moods and psychological skills in young athletes during the rehabilitation process. A descriptive and longitudinal study was carried out between January and June 2022, involving 150 high-performance athletes with a chronological age between 12-18 years from the school and youth categories of team and individual sports, who were undergoing rehabilitation in the physiotherapy service of the Provincial Center for Sports Medicine of Villa Clara, Cuba. Data collection was based on document review, a semi-structured interview, the Brunel Mood State Scale (BRUMS), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Sports Performance Psychological Inventory (IPED). A notable injury history and the presence of new moderate and severe injuries during training were recorded. The athletes presented inadequate risk perception of injury and high situational anxiety that increased during rehabilitation. Tension and depression remained high while anger decreased significantly. Attention control remained low, with decreased self-confidence,motivation and attitude control, but increased negative coping control in the mobilization phase. It is concluded that young athletes developed a negative emotional response that did not improve significantly during rehabilitation, with an impact upon psychological skills. These findings confirm the need for psychological work in rehabilitation in order to optimize recovery and readiness to perform upon returning to training.
... Boksem and colleagues (7) also stated that those that become mentally fatigued have the inability to allocate their attention effectively, which is something that was required of our participants when completing the Stroop-test. Future studies should consider implementing the use of questionnaires such as the Profile of Mood State (POMS) (19) or Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) (27) to assess mood. ...
... POMS tests were carried out for every participant at baseline (pre), after the fasting (post), and one month later, by using POMS2 ® (Profle of Mood States 2 nd Edition) [8,9]. The individual's unique perceptions and interpretations influence the responses, causing ...
Although the health benefits of fasting have been reported in various reports, there are no studies on what factors contribute to
the improvement in mood by wellness fasting. We used the Profile on Mood State (POMS) questionnaire to study the relationship
between biological indicators and inflammatory markers in participants in the ARSOA Fasting Randomized Case-Control Intervention Study. Eighteen factors were correlated with total mood disturbance (TMD) values on the POMS, including blood pressure, glucose, protein, lipid metabolic parameters, and inflammatory markers. In particular, minerals such as Na, K, Cu, Mn, and Mo had a positive increase in Vigor-Activity (VA) one month after fasting. Toxic minerals such as Pb and Cd had a negative effects. The fasting group showed a decrease in adverse factors and an increase in Vigor-Activity (VA) one month after fasting.
... The abbreviated Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire is another reliable and valid instrument for measuring mentality and includes 40 adjectives rated on a 0-4 scale (0 = not at all; 4 = extremely); these adjectives can be consolidated into seven affective dimensions: tension-anxiety (T-A), depression (D), anger-hostility (A-H), vigor (V), fatigue (F), confusion (C), and self-esteem (S). Three psychological indicators can also be obtained: positive, negative, and total mood [45]. ...
Good architectural space design can bring positive emotional stimulation and relaxation to users, but few studies have investigated the quantitative indicators in architectural space design and their impact on user emotions. This study takes the right-angle sandwich interface system in architecture as an example to guide the next vertical greening simulation experiment by comparing the spatial quantitative differences in connection value, integration degree, and population agglomeration. Eighty adolescent volunteers were recruited into a control (artificial decorative wall) and experimental (green wall) group based on wall type. We compared their physiological and psychological indicators, including blood pressure and blood oxygen, and psychological indicators, including POMS and SIAI-S scales. Then, we made predictive factor judgements on vertical green elements. The quantification of the interior space of the building showed consistency in parameter changes, with the central area being the area of connectivity, integration, and crowd aggregation values. After the experiment, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate (p = 0.00) and a significant decrease in tension, anger, fatigue, depression, and panic (p = 0.00). The quantitative relationship between vertical greening elements and emotional promotion using stepwise linear exploration shows that the “vine” element is a significant predictive factor for diastolic blood pressure, T-A emotion, and SIAI-S values. The results enrich the indoor optimization and creation expansion paths of interface systems for various spatial experiences and further provide guidance for urban indoor green construction plans and green landscape facility planning via the emotional influence of indoor vertical space greening on young people.
... Without assessing the perception of the patient, one cannot intervene promptly and appropriately. Although various measures have been developed to assess emotions and emotional expressionboth as state and trait constructs [DES (36), PANAS (37), POMS (38,39)]and several have been used in the context of psychotherapy research (24, 40), only a few of them formally incorporate attention to affective processes in dyadic therapy relationships. Currently, the few existing psychological assessment tools that measure patients' emotional reactions towards their therapists are primarily therapist-rated. ...
Background
Psychotherapists need effective tools to monitor changes in the patient’s affective perception of the therapist and the therapeutic relationship during sessions to tailor therapeutic interventions and improve treatment outcomes. This study aims to evaluate the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the in-Session Patient Affective Reactions Questionnaire (SPARQ), a concise self-report measure designed for practical application in real-world psychotherapy settings.
Methods
Validation data was gathered from (N = 700) adult patients in individual psychotherapy. These patients completed the SPARQ in conjunction with additional measures capturing sociodemographic details, characteristics of therapeutic interventions, individual personality traits, mental health symptom severity, elements of the therapeutic relationship, and session outcomes. This comprehensive approach was employed to assess the construct and criterion-related validity of the SPARQ.
Results
The SPARQ has a two-factor structure: Positive Affect (k = 4, ω total = .87) and Negative Affect (k = 4, ω total = .75). Bifactor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) yielded the following fit indices: X²[df] = 2.53, CFI = .99; TLI = .98; RMSEA = .05; and SRMR = .02. Multi-group CFAs demonstrated measurement invariance (i) across patients who attended psychotherapy sessions in person versus in remote mode, and (ii) across patients with and without psychiatric diagnoses confirmed metric invariance. Furthermore, the SPARQ showed meaningful correlations with concurrently administered measures.
Discussion
The SPARQ proves to be a valuable instrument in clinical, training, and research contexts, adept at capturing patients’ session-level affective responses towards their therapist and perceptions of the therapeutic alliance. Comprehensive descriptive statistics and a range of score precision indices have been reported, intended to serve as benchmarks for future research.
... To determine volunteer's hydration status urine samples were analysed using an osmometer (Pocket PAL-OSMO, Vitech Scientific, Japan). During the resting period participants completed questionnaires on thermal comfort (TC; Bakkevig and Nielsen 1994), rate of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg 1973), effort (on a 0-10 cm scale "0" meaning no and "10" maximal effort), profile of mood states (POMS; McNair and Lorr 1971) and their subjective ratings of sleep (sleep questions taken from Liverpool Jet lag Questionnaire; Waterhouse et al. 2005). Participants were also asked to put on a heart rate (HR) monitor (HRM duel, Garmin, China) and a pulse oximeter on their index finger (Carescape V100, GE Healthcare, UK) to measure peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2 ). ...
... Daily Distress. To assess adolescents' daily psychological well-being, we included items from the Profile of Mood States (Lorr & McNair, 1971), a widely used measure in previous daily ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT DURING THE PANDEMIC 5 This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. ...
In this longitudinal study, we examined how adolescents’ family relationships and daily family dynamics changed during the pandemic and how these changes were associated with changes in their psychological well-being and sleep over time. Forty-three adolescents (Mage = 17.03 years) completed a survey and a 2-week daily checklist before and during the pandemic (M = 10.68 months between the two time points). On the survey, adolescents reported on their feelings of family emotional security, parental support, and perceived stress. Additionally, each day for 2 weeks, adolescents reported on family stressors that occurred, their engagement in family assistance tasks, and their feelings of distress. Participants also reported on their sleep duration and sleep quality each morning on the daily checklists. Findings indicated that adolescents perceived lower levels of family emotional security and parental support during the pandemic. The frequency of daily family stressors and adolescents’ engagement in family assistance did not change during the pandemic. Decreases in parental support were associated with higher levels of perceived stress, and increases in family assistance tasks were associated with greater feelings of daily distress, thereby suggesting that declines in parental support and increased family responsibilities were stressful for adolescents. However, spending more time assisting the family was associated with less sleep variability, which may suggest that spending more time assisting the family may have provided adolescents with a meaningful routine that was conducive for their sleep. Implications on the importance of family support and family routines for adolescent adjustment are discussed in this study.
... This was followed by the administration of the questionnaires and the detection of biophoton emissions performed on the same day. Each participant completed the quality-of-life assessment questionnaire (SF-36) 22 and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) 23 . The SF-36 is made of 36 questions referring to eight fields (physical activity, role limitations due to physical health, physical pain, perception of general health, vitality, social activities, role and emotional state and mental health). ...
Photons emitted by the human body are called
biophotons. Multiple types of research show that this kind of
electromagnetic emission can help science improve knowledge on
the status of biological systems and human health. This study aims
at investigating the emission of biophotons in relation to perceived
well-being. To analyse this relation, the emission of biophotons was
measured using a digital camera, called Mira HIS, while Profile of
Mood State (POMS) and SF-36 tests were administered to study
the health status of the participants. 311 people were enrolled in
total. Data show a moderately inverse correlation between the
consistency indicator of biophotons and the domains of the POMS
aggression/anger and total mood disturbance
... to .67) and in the expected direction such that greater apathy was associated with greater depression symptoms. The significant findings assessed depression using a variety of measures including iterations of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, 1996), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983), Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI-Plus; Sheehan et al., 1998), and Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair et al., 1981). Only three studies found a null relationship between apathy and current depressive symptoms (rs = .05 ...
... To evaluate temporary changes in mood states before versus after exposure to criticism, we used six Momentary Mood State (MMS) scales measuring fatigue, vigor, anger, tension, sadness, and cheerfulness. These MMS scales are part of the Profile of Mood States (McNair et al., 1992). Participants were asked how they felt "at that moment" by providing a rating on an 11-point scale ranging from 0 ("not at all") to 10 ("very much"). ...
... Anxiety symptoms. The Spanish version (Balaguer Solá et al., 1993) of the Tension Anxiety subscale from the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair et al., 1971) was used. This is a 9-item scale (e.g. ...
Objectives: Research has shown the relevance of stress and coping factors in explaining caregivers' insomnia symptoms. However, few attempts have been made to empirically test an integrative model for insomnia severity in family caregivers of people with dementia. The aim of this study was to test such a model, in which insomnia severity is proposed to be influenced by predisposing factors, precipitated by stressors, and perpetuated by behaviors to cope with these stressors. Methods: 311 family caregivers of people with dementia were assessed for variables categorized as predisposing (e.g. female gender), precipitating (e.g. care-recipient's behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia [BPSD]), and perpetuating factors (e.g. sleep aids). A theoretical model was developed and then statistically tested using structural equation modelling, analyzing the direct and indirect effects of the assessed variables on caregivers' insomnia severity. Results: Distress, sleep aids, and experiential avoidance showed a direct association with insomnia severity. Female gender, younger age, cognitive fusion, leisure activities, dysfunctional thoughts, frequency and distress caused by care-recipient's BPSD showed indirect associations with insomnia severity. The model explained 22% of the variance of caregivers' insomnia severity. Conclusion: The results provide additional empirical support for the importance of predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors associated with caregivers' insomnia severity. The integrative model we propose may also be useful for developing interventions targeting insomnia symptoms in family dementia caregivers.
... Participants indicate on 5-point scales (0 ϭ not at all, 4 ϭ extremely) to what extent they agree with adjectives (e.g., annoyed, nervous, angry) describing their current mood or feelings. The POMS has excellent psychometric properties (see, e.g., Lezak, Howieson, & Loring, 2004;McNair et al., 1992). The present study used a Dutch version of the POMS that has been proven to be both valid and reliable (de Groot, 1991;Wald & Mellenberg, 1990). ...
Recent research has shown that dissociative symptoms are related to self-reports of deviant sleep experiences. The present study is the 1st to explore whether sleep loss can fuel dissociative symptoms. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were deprived of sleep for 1 night. Sleepiness and dissociative symptoms were assessed every 6 hr. The authors measured both spontaneous dissociative symptoms and dissociative symptoms induced by dot-staring during sensory deprivation. Sleepiness as well as spontaneous and induced dissociative symptoms were stable throughout the day but increased during the night. These findings provide further evidence for a robust relationship between disruptions in sleep patterns and dissociative symptoms.
... Participants also completed the Confusion/Bewilderment subscale (Cronbach's alpha = 0.839) from the Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair et al., 1981), a 65-item questionnaire measuring psychological distress in six general domains (e.g., anxiety, depression, anger, activation, fatigue, and cognition). On the 7-item Confusion/Bewilderment scale, frequency of cognitive difficulties (e.g., forgetfulness, concentration difficulty, generally disorganized thinking) in the past week were rated on a scale from 0 ("Not At All") to 4 ("Extremely"), with raw scores ranging from 0 to 28 and higher total subscale scores indicating more frequent cognitive symptoms (Moore et al., 2017). ...
... The Beck Depression Inventory is a standardized, 21-item, 4-point self-rating scale administered both at intake and weekly to measure vegetative signs and behavioral symptoms of depression (Beck, 1987). The POMS is a 72-item, 5-point self-rating scale that provides measures of anxiety, depression, vigor, fatigue, confusion, friendliness, and elation (McNair, Lorr, Droppleman, 1971). Participants are asked to rate the degree to which a series of adjectives describes their current mood. ...
Twenty-seven patients with generalized anxiety or panic disorder participated in a 6-week outpatient study. Participants received capsules containing either alprazolam or placebo and were free to choose between them for anxiety treatment. Measures of drug use included alprazolam preference, amount, and frequency of use. Alprazolam clearly was preferred over placebo; however, there were large between-subjects differences in the amount of medication used. A variety of demographic, drug history, personality, mood, and expectational variables were examined for correlation with medication use. Findings indicated that a substantial amount of variance in medication use could be explained by patients' intake characteristics. Findings also suggested that the tendency to consume capsules frequently may signal a greater risk factor for dependence than does drug preference in and of itself.
... may be particularly sensitive to damage of the frontal lobes (Lezak, 1983). The Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) is a self-rating scale designed to measure mood state during the previous week. Other studies have suggested that androgens in young adults can affect mood (Bahrke, Yesalis, & Wright, 1990), and therefore mood was assessed in this study as well. ...
Testosterone plays a role in the organization of behavior during development. The authors examined whether testosterone could play a maintenance role in behavior as well. In a double-blind manner, verbal and visual memory, spatial cognition, motor speed, cognitive flexibility, and mood in a group of healthy older men who were supplemented for 3 months with testosterone were assessed. The increase in testosterone levels to 150% of baseline levels resulted in a significant enhancement of spatial cognition, but no change in any other cognitive domain was found. Testosterone supplementation influenced the endogenous production of estradiol, and estradiol was found to have an inverse relationship to spatial cognitive performance. These results suggest that testosterone supplementation can modify spatial cognition in older men; however, it is likely that this occurs through testosterone's influence on estrogen.
... The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS; Hoddes, Zarcone, Smythe, Phillips, & Dement, 1973) is a 7-point self-report rating scale used to provide a quantitative index of sleepiness. The Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) is a factor-analysis-derived self-report inventory of 65 adjectives, each rated on a 5-point scale. This inventory provides an index of tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment. ...
The influence of simple carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, protein, and delayed meal conditions on plasma tryptophan ratios and mood of normal subjects was investigated. In Experiment 1, 27 women consumed 1 of 4 meal conditions, had blood samples drawn, and completed mood assessment measures before and at 5 times during the next 3 hr. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 except that blood samples were not drawn and an additional simple carbohydrate condition was included. The carbohydrate meal conditions elevated blood glucose levels and plasma ratio of tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids over that of the protein condition. A decline in feelings of fatigue and distress occurred 30 min postprandial regardless of condition and persisted for the rest of the study.
Total mood disturbance measured using the Profile of Mood States with the “… how you have been feeling this past week …” directional set was greater when reported in the morning than in the afternoon by 25 office workers who were 23 to 53 yr. old.
Mood state was estimated in six men using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, with a “right now” directional set prior to performance of a modified Wingate power test, once at 03.00 hr., 09.00 hr., 15.00 hr., and 21.00 hr., on different days. Anaerobic power was measured as peak power output in 5 sec., and anaerobic capacity was measured as total external work performed during the 30-sec. test. Intraindividual difference scores were calculated as a subject's score minus his mean over the four tests. Multiple regression analyses showed that time of day and the Profile of Mood States fatigue score accounted for 51% of the variance in peak power and 62% of the variance in anaerobic capacity. However, the relationships between fatigue and subsequent anaerobic power and capacity reached statistical significance only at 21.00 hr. These results suggest that intraindividual differences in the mood state are related to subsequent performance. Greater than usual levels of fatigue are associated with reduced performance capacity. However, this relationship is dynamic and is dependent upon the time of day.
Although numerous studies have examined the relationship among affect, personality, and physical activity, results are equivocal. Critics have cited inadequate experimental designs and analyses as the bases for ambiguity. This study addressed two identified weaknesses, length of exercise regimen and improper selection of subjects. Subjects were 72 college-age students who participated in one of three 75-min. activity classes (running, karate, weight lifting) and a lecture class (control subjects). The Profile of Mood States Test was administered prior to and immediately after exercise bouts. Analyses of variance and multiple t tests indicated that participating in a single bout of exercise significantly reduced reported total mood disturbance, tension, depression, anger, and confusion.
This paper presents the conceptual design of the HumanEnerg Hotspot, an agile toolkit aimed at addressing the human energy crisis in the context of Industry 5.0. The toolkit has been developed using a blend of Design Science Research (DSR) and Human-Centered Design (HCD) methodologies, enabling a comprehensive human-centered problem identification and solution-seeking approach. The toolkit includes a variety of strategies, techniques, frameworks, and resource recommendations for industry use and has been designed to be easily adaptable for use in diverse industry settings. The toolkit is intended to support the European Union’s goal for industry to influence society through a human-centric approach to Industry 5.0 by prioritizing human energy reinforcement and creating a more resilient and productive workforce. The toolkit provides a valuable resource for employees and managers alike and offers a promising solution for addressing the human energy crisis in the era of Industry 5.0.
Background:
Variation in cognitive, emotional and physical performance in response to stress is attributable to environmental and genetic factors. Ability to adapt to stress is resilience.
Objectives:
This study investigated genetic factors associated with resilience in soldiers exposed to severe stress due to intense physical and mental demands at Survive, Evade, Resist and Escape school, a unique environment to study acute stress and resiliency in real-world circumstances.
Design:
A preliminary correlational study was conducted to identify genetic markers for resilience to stress.
Methods:
Mood state, resiliency and dissociative state of 73 soldiers were assessed using: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC); Profile of Mood States (POMS); and Clinician-Administered Dissociative States Scale (CADSS). Change scores for resilience-related stress markers were computed; 116 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with stress, depression, anxiety, sleep, or psychiatric disorders were assessed.
Results:
A significant association between change in CD-RISC score and SNP rs4251417, present in an intron of SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, was observed.
Conclusions:
Individuals with the minor allele of SNP rs4251417 had a greater positive change in CD-RISC, indicating increased self-assessed resilience. This study suggests the minor allele of SNP rs4251417 of SLC6A4 is associated with resilience when individuals are exposed to high stress.
Emotion recognition involves accurately interpreting human emotions from various sources and modalities, including questionnaires, verbal, and physiological signals. With its broad applications in affective computing, computational creativity, human-robot interactions, and market research, the field has seen a surge in interest in recent years. This paper presents a systematic review of multimodal emotion recognition (mer) techniques developed from 2014 to 2024, encompassing verbal, physiological signals, facial, body gesture, and speech as well as emerging methods like sketches emotion recognition. The review explores various emotion models, distinguishing between emotions, feelings, sentiments, and moods, along with human emotional expression, categorized in both artistic and non-verbal ways. It also discusses the background of automated emotion recognition systems and introduces seven criteria for evaluating modalities alongside a current state analysis of mer, drawn from the human-centric perspective of this field. By selecting the PRISMA guidelines and carefully analyzing 45 selected articles, this review provides comprehensive perspectives into existing studies, datasets, technical approaches, identified gaps, and future directions in MER. It also highlights existing challenges and potential applications of the MER.
Introduction
Tobacco smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, causing more than six million deaths annually worldwide, mainly due to cardiovascular disease and cancer. Many habitual smokers try to stop smoking but only about 7% are successful, despite widespread knowledge of the risks. Development of addiction to a range of substances is associated with progressive blunting of brain reward responses and sensitisation of stress responses, as described by the allostasis theory of addiction. There is pre-clinical evidence from rodents for a dramatic decrease in brain reward function during nicotine withdrawal.
Methods
Here we tested the hypothesis that habitual smokers would also exhibit blunted reward function during nicotine withdrawal using a decision-making task and fMRI.
Results
Our findings supported this hypothesis, with midbrain reward-related responses particularly blunted. We also tested the hypothesis that smokers with a longer duration of smoking would have more pronounced abnormalities. Contrary to expectations, we found that a shorter duration of smoking in younger smokers was associated with the most marked abnormalities, with blunted midbrain reward related activation including the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area.
Discussion
Given the substantial mortality associated with smoking, and the small percent of people who manage to achieve sustained abstinence, further translational studies on nicotine addiction mechanisms are indicated.
This crossover randomized controlled trial examined the acute psychological effects of a bout of moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise (MICE) and a bout of high-intensity functional exercise (HIFE), relative to a no-exercise sedentary control (SED), in participants (N = 21; 15 f; 24.7 ± 9.3 years) with subsyndromal post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Affective state (Energy, Tiredness, Tension, Calmness) was assessed before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), 20-min after (Post 20), and 40-min after (Post 40) each condition. Affective valence was assessed during each condition, and exercise enjoyment was assessed at Post 0. Enjoyment was significantly greater following HIFE and MICE relative to SED. Energy was significantly increased Post 0 HIFE and MICE but decreased Post 0 SED. Tension was reduced following all conditions and was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre for HIFE, MICE, and SED. Tiredness was significantly reduced at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE only, while Calmness was significantly lower at Post 40 relative to Pre following MICE and SED. Overall, both exercise conditions were enjoyed to a greater extent than the control, but MICE may provide greater psychological benefits with respect to Calmness and Tiredness. This study is among the first to assess acute changes in affective states relative to various exercise modes in individuals living with subsyndromal PTSD.
Interventions to attenuate the negative effects of prior self-control exertion on physical performance are limited. The present study had three primary objectives: (a) to investigate whether prior self-control exertion reduces subsequent performance on a time-to-exhaustion (TTE) cycling task, (b) to investigate if goal priming attenuated the detrimental effects of self-control depletion on subsequent physical performance, (c) to examine the potential for any observed performance decrements to be explained by changes in perceptions of pain and motivation. Fourteen recreationally active males (23 ± 3 years) completed three TTE cycling tasks at 80% VO2 peak on an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer. Prior to each TTE cycling task, participants completed a self-control depletion condition (incongruent Stroop task) or a nonself-control depletion condition (congruent Stroop task) for 4 min. During the TTE cycling task, participants were asked to watch a video on the screen in front of them. During this video, participants were exposed to a goal priming sequence (intervention condition) or a random letter sequence (control condition). The participants’ TTE cycling task performance time, subjective measures, and cycling cadence were recorded every 3 min during the TTE task. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference in TTE cycling task performance between the experimental conditions (p = .28). Furthermore, there were no significant changes in perceptions of pain (p = .36) or motivation (p = .21). The findings indicate that prior self-control exertion did not negatively affect subsequent TTE cycling task performance. In addition, goal priming does not influence the effects of initial self-control exertion on subsequent physical task performance.
Objective
The well-being of primary care physicians (PCPs) has become an object of concern for governments due to staff shortages and high staff turnover. The objective of this study was to carry out a systematic review of individualised interventions aimed at improving the well-being of PCPs, which allowed us to determine (1) the type of interventions being carried out; (2) the well-being indicators being used and the instruments used to assess them; (3) the theories proposed to support the interventions and the mechanisms of action (MoA) put forward to explain the results obtained and (4) the role that individual motivation plays in the interventions to improve well-being among PCPs.
Design
Systematic review.
Eligibility criteria
Clinical trials on interventions aimed at improving the well-being of PCPs.Information sources: a search of studies published between 2000 and 2022 was carried out in MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science (WOS).
Results
From the search, 250 articles were retrieved. The two authors each reviewed the articles independently, duplicate articles and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria were discarded. A total of 14 studies that met the criteria were included: 6 randomised clinical trials, 4 controlled clinical trials and 4 unique cohorts, with a before-and-after assessment of the intervention, involving a total of 655 individuals participating in the interventions. A meta-analysis was not possible due to the heterogeneity of the studies.
Conclusions
The information evaluated is insufficient to accurately assess which outcomes are the best indicators of PCPs well-being or what role plays in the individual motivation in the results of the interventions. More studies need to be carried out on the subject to determine the MoA of the different interventions on the results and the motivation of the participating PCPs.
Objective: Many persons with opioid use disorders (OUDs) have HIV disease and experience clinically significant stress after they enroll in abstinence-based treatment and undergo medically assisted withdrawal. We examined whether opioid withdrawal affects virologic control, inflammatory markers, cognition, and mood in persons with an OUD and HIV, and explored whether measures of withdrawal stress, such as activation of the HPA axis, contribute to alterations in immune function, cognition, and mood. Method and participants: Study participants were 53 persons with HIV who were admitted for OUD treatment at the City Addiction Hospital in Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation. Participants were examined at admission, at the anticipated peak of withdrawal 3 to 7 days after the last day of a clonidine-based withdrawal process lasting 7 to 14 days, and 3 to 4 weeks after completing withdrawal. At these times, participants received medical exams and were evaluated for symptoms of withdrawal, as well as cognition and mood. Viral load, plasma cortisol, DHEA sulfate ester (DHEA-S), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble CD14 (sCD14) were determined. Multivariable models examined the relationships between markers of HPA activation and the other parameters over time. Results: HPA activation as indexed by cortisol/DHEA-S ratio increased during withdrawal, as did markers of immune activation, IL-6 and sCD14. There were no significant associations between viral load and indicators of HPA activation. In longitudinal analyses, higher cortisol/DHEA sulfate was related to worse cognition overall, and more mood disturbance. Increase in IL-6 was associated with worse cognitive performance on a learning task. There were no significant associations with sCD14. Conclusions: Worsening of cognition and measures of mood disturbance during withdrawal were associated with activation of the HPA axis and some measures of inflammation. Whether repeated episodes of opioid withdrawal have a cumulative impact on long-term HIV outcomes and neurocognition is a topic for further investigation.
Social media has become an almost unlimited resource for studying social processes. Seasonality is a phenomenon that significantly affects many physical and mental states. Modeling collective emotional seasonal changes is a challenging task for the technical, social, and humanities sciences. This is due to the laboriousness and complexity of obtaining a sufficient amount of data, processing and evaluating them, and presenting the results. At the same time, understanding the annual dynamics of collective sentiment provides us with important insights into collective behavior, especially in various crises or disasters. In our study, we propose a scheme for identifying and evaluating signs of the seasonal rise and fall of emotional tension based on social media texts. The analysis is based on Russian-language comments in VKontakte social network communities devoted to city news and the events of a small town in the Nizhny Novgorod region, Russia. Workflow steps include a statistical method for categorizing data, exploratory analysis to identify common patterns, data aggregation for modeling seasonal changes, the identification of typical data properties through clustering, and the formulation and validation of seasonality criteria. As a result of seasonality modeling, it is shown that the calendar seasonal model corresponds to the data, and the dynamics of emotional tension correlate with the seasons. The proposed methodology is useful for a wide range of social practice issues, such as monitoring public opinion or assessing irregular shifts in mass emotions.
This paper provides an approach that addresses the negative social awareness of games and improves psychological and mental healing effects. It has been perceived that games can lead to reduced physical activity and psychological withdrawal. However, exercise games can simultaneously provide positive aspects of gaming enjoyment and the sensations of physical activities. In this study, we aim to verify a preliminary experiment for treating game-addicted adolescents with exercise games using augmented-reality (AR) technology. In this work, 20 students (average age: 19.5, male: six; female: 14) carried out offline exercise protocols or played an experimental game called AR Earthman with HoloLens2 AR devices. Regarding the measurement tools, a survey and NIRSIT were carried out (game addiction, mood state, and motion recognition), and heart rate and motor awareness were monitored. The experimental results showed no difference in exercise effectiveness between offline and AR exercise. It was confirmed that exercise based on AR technology is effective in treating game-addicted students. The results of this study are as follows: AR exercise games increase a subject’s mental pleasure, and they become satisfied with the exercise’s positive effect. Rather than offline exercise, fun AR exercise games with gamification effects can be suggested as a more helpful method for teenagers. There are differences between game addiction and over-immersion in gaming, but the treatment methods are similar. Therefore, it was confirmed that applying the AR exercise protocol to students who are overly immersed in games could realize psychological and mental healing effects due to excessive immersion in games.
Family caregivers often play a critical role in supporting their relative(s) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across the lifespan. This can lead to great burdens on family caregivers themselves. However, to date, the potential burden on family caregivers has not been in the focus of research, particularly, with respect to caregiver burden as relatives with ASD advance to adulthood. Thus, this scoping review aimed to (a) systematically map research regarding multiple dimensions of caregiver burden on family caregivers of adults with ASD (i.e., time dependence, developmental, physical, social, emotional, and financial burden) and (b) identify interventions designed to reduce such burden. A total of N = 33 eligible studies highlighted the impact of caregiving demands for adults with ASD, mainly focusing on emotional burden of caregiving (n = 27), reporting decreased mental quality of life and mental health. Findings gave indications on all other dimensions of caregiver burden, but evidence is lacking. No study was identified that provided evidence for specific interventions to reduce or to prevent caregiver burden. Findings highlighted the urgent need for more research on this topic and the development of strategies to support family caregivers of adults with ASD.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.