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Visual adaptations to sports vision enhancement training
... Eye movement training has been used to improve those with clinical conditions who display poor oculomotor performance as well as those trying to achieve elite performance in sports. [12][13][14] Various types of oculomotor training has been shown to be successful in improving symptoms of various clinical conditions including gait functions 15 ; cognitive function, depression, and functional ability poststroke 16 ; progressive supranuclear palsy 17 ; and patients with progressive retinitis pigmentosa. 18 Training specific to saccadic eye movements has also been successful improving reading tasks. ...
... 19 Oculomotor training tasks Training exercises took 5 minutes and were conducted twice a day, once in the morning and once in the evening, for a total of 5 days, which represent a similar number of training sessions as previous work. 13 The training exercises assigned took participants through a series of exercises including: Down-gaze Central No-No where participants are asked to tilt their head to the top line and then back to center when they see the target presented on screen. They had to repeat the process each time the target jumped. ...
... Total Score and the 4-factor scoring approach (vestibular, somatosensory, cognitive, affective). 13 The 4 factors included vestibular (n=3), somatosensory (n=7), cognitive 3). ...
Saccadic eye movements are fast, conjugate eye movements that bring the object of focus onto the fovea of the eye. Limitations exist in the oculomotor training designed to measure and improve saccades. The purpose of this study is to determine if participants with pre-determined poor saccades improved via a standardized oculomotor training program. A secondary objective is to accurately quantify change in saccades using eye tracking. A third objective is to examine a patients’ neurobehavioral symptoms before and after oculomotor training using the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory1. Participants were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group engaged in 10 minutes of oculomotor training daily. Results revealed significant interactions between control and intervention groups. Saccade metrics showed improved targeting accuracy for the intervention group. The NSI showed significant reduction in all neurobehavioral factors, specifically Affective and Cognitive factors relating to poor saccades were significantly improved after training. Future research should consider examination of eye movement metrics for saccades and gaze stability while in a specific task such as reading.
... Significant interest exists regarding improving sports performance by using training procedures to enhance vision skills. Previous research (Quevedo et al., 1999;Abernethy and Wood, 2001;Zupan et al., 2006;Maman et al., 2011;Rezaee et al., 2012) has shown mixed training effects on different aspects of visual ability in sport, which can mostly be attributed to the use of different training program methodologies (Schwab and Memmert, 2012). This situation may be associated with the existence of relatively few theoretical concepts describing the methodology of visual training (Helveston, 2005). ...
... Under controlled experimental conditions using exercises stressing more convergence than accommodation function, the most significant effect was observed after vergence exercises to a nonaccommodative target. Zupan et al. (2006) used quoits sheets in sports vision training in intercollegiate athletes to test the limits of both the accommodative and vergence systems. Training sessions ranged from 0 to over 80 for athletes. ...
... However, our study's procedures when compared to the ones of Wood and Abernethy (2001) had different designs regarding the total duration of the intervention program. Similar to our procedures, other studies using periods of six, eight and more weeks of training showed beneficial effects on trained visual functions (Quevedo et al., 1999;Zupan et al., 2006;Maman et al., 2011;Rezaee et al., 2012;Schwab and Memmert, 2012). In addition, it is worth emphasizing that not all forms of 'vision therapy' are recommended to improve oculomotor functions. ...
Binocular vision is the most important visual cue for spatial orientation in many sports. In this study, we investigated how binocular vision was influenced by an eye training program that may be used to improve individual's oculomotor function. The experiment involved twenty-four female student athletes from team ball sports (soccer, basketball, handball). After an initial testing session, 12 participants were randomly allocated to the experimental group. Optometric investigation which included synoptophore testing and a test of dissociated horizontal phoria based on the Maddox method was performed three times: before the experiment, after eight weeks of eye training (3 times a week for 20 minutes), and four weeks after the experiment was terminated. Eye exercise methodology was based on orthoptic, sport and psychological aspects of performance. The phoria screening examination showed that exophoria was the most frequent disorder of binocular vision. Low fusional vergence range was also observed. Following the training period, 3 of the 6 oculomotor variables improved. The greatest effect was observed in near dissociated phoria (χ=14.56, p=0.001 for the right eye; χ=14.757, p=0.001 for the left eye) and fusional convergence (χ=8.522, p=0.014). The results of the retention test conducted four weeks after the experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the vision training program. The results of the study suggest that binocular functions are trainable and can be improved by means of appropriate visual training.
... The statement indicates that speficity is anything that works a body system in conditions similar to the actual sport. Complying to the same Zupan et al. (2006) stated that training specificity indicates that athletes should train like they compete, meaning a cyclist will compete better in cycling if he/she trains riding the bike as compared to practicing running. Therefore it is essential to determine the skills specific to the sport in order to train them specifically and attain improvement and excellence in performance. ...
... Alignment of central rod which the participants deemed as correct and number of attempts taken to align it was displayed on LCD panel and impulse counter respectively. Saccadic eye movement: Ocular motility in the horizontal and vertical planes was measured using two modified Hart charts (ZUPAN et al., 2006). ...
... Accommodation: Accommodation was measured as the number of letters read in one minute from a near and far chart kept at a distance of 0.15 m and 6 m respectively (ZUPAN et al., 2006). Eye Hand Coordination: Eye hand coordination was tested on Vienna testing system (Schuhfried, Austria) using Double labyrinthine test. ...
PAUL, M.; BISWAS, S. K.; SANDHU, J. S. Role of sports vision and eye hand coordination training in performance of table tennis players. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, v. 5, n. 2, p. 106-116, 2011. Successful performance in interceptive tasks depends upon the acquisition of visual information about the approaching object. The present study therefore evaluated the effects of sports vision and eye hand coordination training on sensory and motor performance of table tennis players. 45 University level table tennis players were randomly divided into 3 equal groups of n=15. The experimental group underwent 8 weeks of sports vision and eye hand co-ordination training. The placebo group read articles pertaining to sports performance and watched televised table tennis matches, while the control group followed only routine practice sessions for 8 weeks. Measures of visual function and motor performance were obtained from all participants before and immediately after 8 weeks of training. Statistically significant pre to post training differences were evident by better improvement in visual variables and motor performance for the experimental group as compared to placebo and control. The present study therefore concluded that visual training program improves the basic visual skills, which in turn are transferable into sports specific performance.
... Zupan et al. used eye movement training to improve Air Force fighter pilots' reaction time, near-far focusing, and number of cycles of saccadic refixations in horizontal and vertical directions. 16 The current state of eye movement interventions has been created using clinically relevant principles of neuroscience, neurology, motor learning, and rehabilitation. 6,7 However, limitations exist in the use of eye movement outcome measures due to the complexity of objectively measuring eye movements and the interpretation of results from such interventions. ...
Background: Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are critical to humans' ability to see and interact with the world. However, limitations exist in the assessment of oculomotor training designed to improve SPEM. The purpose of this study was to determine whether participants with poor SPEM improved via a standardized oculomotor training program. The secondary objective was to quantify the change in SPEM accurately using eye tracking. The third objective was to examine participants' neurobehavioral symptoms before and after oculomotor training using the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI).
... It is very clear that sensory and motoric have a positive relationship to support achievement. Visual sensory input can reach up to 85-90% of an athlete's sensory input during an athletic match (Zupan, Arata, Wile, and Parker, 2006). Being the first step of the vision of information processing forms an important component of successful sports performance. ...
strong>Abstract: There are many forms of training to improve the quality of physical condition of the tennis court athletes, one of which is coordination training. Thus, the author would like to try applying various forms of coordination exercises that are applied to children aged 10-11 years who participate in tennis clubs in the City of Tasikmalaya to support hand coordination. The aim of this research is to find out eye-hand coordination in elementary school students. The focus of this research is limited to the effectiveness of Coordination to support good physical condition in children. This research used experimental research methods. The population in this research were all 30 children who joined the tennis club in Tasikmalaya City. The sampling technique used is the total sampling technique. In order to get objective data, the author uses a measuring instrument in the form of a test that is eye-hand coordination test. Based on the results of this research and statistical calculations on the data obtained in this research, the authors can conclude that coordination exercises have a significant influence on improving eye-hand coordination especially for beginner tennis players of elementary school age.
... Another, more natural alternative, is the Hart Chart test, a method commonly used in the training of accommodative facility and saccades. [12][13][14] The patient changes fixation from a standard distance visual acuity chart to a near acuity chart and he/she is instructed to report when the fine detail on each chart appears both clear and single. The numbers of times this happens during a 60-s period is recorded. ...
Purpose: Assessing binocular accommodative facility (BAF) enables the evaluation of the interaction between the accommodative and vergence systems, which is relevant for the diagnosis of accommodative and binocular disorders. However, the tests used to assess BAF present methodological caveats (e.g., lack of objective control, vergence demands and image size alterations), limiting its external validity. This study aimed to (i) develop a new objective method to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the BAF in free-viewing conditions, and explore its validity by the comparison with the Hart Chart test, and (ii) assess the inter-session reliability of the proposed method.
Methods: 33 healthy young adults took part in this study. We used a binocular open-field autorefractor to continuously assess the magnitude of accommodative response during a 60-sec period, while participants repeatedly changed fixation from a far to a near chart when clarity of vision was achieved at each level. Accommodative response data were used to characterize the BAF measurement in quantitative (number of cycles) and qualitative terms (percentage of times that correctly accommodating or dis-accommodating in each level of accommodation as well as the magnitude of the accommodative change).
Results: Our data revealed that the new proposed method accurately counted the number of cycles per minute when compared with the Hart Chart test (p=0.23, ES=0.02; mean difference = 0.18 ± 0.85). The inter-session reliability of the proposed method was demonstrated to be excellent (Pearson r and intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.95 to 0.98) for the parameters obtained with the BAF test.
Conclusions: The present outcomes evidence that the proposed objective method allows to accurately assess the frequency and precision of BAF by the combination of the classical Hart Chart test and a binocular open-field autorefractometer. Our findings may be of relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of accommodative and binocular disorders.
... 104Eye movement training has shown to improve elite level performers as well. Zupan, 105Arata,Wile and Parker (2006)used eye movement training to improve Airforce fighter pilot's 106 reaction time, near-far focusing and number of saccades. 107 ...
Objectives: To determine if participants with saccadic dysfunction improved after participating in a standardized oculomotor training program. A secondary objective was to accurately quantify change in saccades after training using eye tracking technology. A third objective was to examine patients’ neurobehavioral symptoms before and after oculomotor training using the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI). Design: A prospective study involving treatment and control group pre-post intervention design. Setting: Data were collected in eye clinics with a standardized eye tracking equipment setup. Participants: Participants in the bottom 25th percentile for saccadic eye movements (N=92; intervention=46, control=46) who were currently asymptomatic of specific disorder. Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned to the control or intervention group. The intervention group engaged in 10 minutes of oculomotor training daily for 5 days. Main Outcome Measures: The ratio of the peak saccadic velocity over its average velocity (the Q ratio), saccadic targeting, and NSI. Results: Results revealed significant interactions between control and intervention groups (P=.013). The control group increased 7% from pre to post; however, the intervention group exhibited a 6% decreased from pre to post. Participants in the intervention group demonstrated a 25% improvement in targeting saccade accuracy (P=.021). Additionally, there was a significant reduction in all neurobehavioral factors on the NSI in the intervention group, specifically the affective and cognitive factors relating to poor saccades. Conclusions: For this population, oculomotor training (Q ratio and saccade accuracy) resulted improved saccadic metrics and a significant reduction in overall symptoms as shown on the NSI. Future participants reported improved symptoms pre- and postintervention. Further research is needed to understand saccadic performance and gaze stability during specific tasks (such as reading).
... Hand-eye coordination is a crucial part of activities of daily living which can be impaired after concussion (Jordan, 2013). Visual Motor Enhancement Training (VMET) is designed to test hand-eye coordination (Zupan, Arata, Wile, & Parker, 2006). Patients are instructed to touch a specific stimulus or object appearing on a touch screen (e.g., circle, triangle, ball), which moves after the patient has correctly identified and touched the object. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) causes harm to an estimated 42 million victims each year. Routine forensic examination excludes specific evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI), thereby missing an opportunity to diagnose and offer treatment. This quality assurance/quality improvement project was designed to determine whether TBI signs and symptoms are detected in IPV patients using existing forensic nurse examination protocols. TBI signs and symptoms were cataloged from medical records to infer the incidence of TBI and inform an expansion of the nursing exam. Retrospective review of 19 cases collected over 31 days in June and July 2017 identified a predominance of young (average age 32.3), female (89.5%) patients with obstetric history (76.5% with one or more pregnancy), presenting with symptoms including lightheadedness/dizziness (84.2%), headache (78.9%), difficulty breathing (78.9%), and throat pain (68.4%). Subjective mechanism of injury included strangulation (100%), blow to the head with the perpetrator’s hand (52.6%), and fall to the ground (36.8%). TBI was not diagnosed during the exam, but recorded signs and symptoms indicated patterns consistent with brain injury. As a result of these findings, our team proposes an expansion of the exam to include near point of convergence, balance, and hand-eye coordination testing to ensure detection of TBI signs in IPV victims. By detecting TBI signs early, community efforts can guide patients towards recovery, appropriate treatment options and successful return to society.
... It is the efficient processing of visual information that may be key to enhancing understanding of high levels of performance in sport. Indeed, 90% of input to the brain is visual [10], with 50% of the brain dedicated to visual processing [11]. Through the study of gaze behavior it is possible to ascertain the strategy athletes use to elicit information from the environment [12]. ...
The visual performance of athletes should be considered high on the list of variables fundamental to elite sport performance. One particular aspect of visual performance that has gained dominance over the last 25 years is the quiet eye. Quiet eye is the final visual fixation of long, steady duration prior to the execution of a motor skill. However, as the concept of quiet eye has achieved dominance in the field of motor control, we know increasingly less about the visual behavior that precedes the onset of it. This is especially true for externally-paced interceptive tasks such as baseball hitting. The present study collected data on the visual scene using mobile eye trackers, as experienced by 58 professional baseball players during batting practice. The results suggest that athletes exhibit multiple dynamic shifts in visual fixation prior to the onset of quiet eye and the pitcher's action. Furthermore, cluster analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between the number of shifts in visual fixations and batting average, indicating that this visual skill may contribute to more efficient interception of the ball. The purpose of these dynamic shifts in visual fixation are proposed, alongside a call for further research to develop a deeper understanding of this pre-task visual behavior and its role in sport performance.
... Meir (2005) felt that the same xlii should hold true for the cricketer"s visual system and that it should be trained just like every other aspect of performance. Zupan et al. (2006) acknowledged that improvements in the performance of visual skills do not necessarily produce better performances on the playing field. ...
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a perceptual-motor training programme on the coincident anticipation timing and batting performance of university club cricket players. The intervention programme focused on developing players‟ visual attention and concentration. Vickers‟ (2007) Three-Step Decision Training Model was used to structure the training sessions. The study followed a repeated measures experimental design with three groups (experimental, placebo, and control) formed by volunteers from a university club cricket team. The independent variable was a four-week training programme. The dependent variables were coincident anticipation timing and performance on a cricket batting test. Subjects were pre- and post-tested with retention tests occurring after a set period of “no training” following the post-tests. Differences between groups were compared using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by Ranks Tests. Differences within each group were compared using multiple Mann-Whitney U-Tests. No significant improvements were observed in the experimental group‟s coincident anticipation timing and batting performance. Although neither coincident anticipation timing nor batting performance significantly improved, further research into the use of Vickers‟ (2007) Model to enhance sport performance is recommended. AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die uitwerking van ʼn perseptueel-motoriese opleidingsprogram op die samevallende vooruittydsberekening (“coincident anticipation timing”) en kolfprestasie van universiteitsklubkrieketspelers te bepaal. Die klem van die intervensieprogram het op die ontwikkeling van spelers se visuele aandag en konsentrasie geval. Die opleidingsessies is volgens Vickers (2007) se drieledige model vir besluitnemingsopleiding saamgestel. Die studie het ʼn eksperimentele ontwerp van herhaalde metings op drie groepe (eksperimenteel, plasebo en kontrole) van ʼn universiteitsklubkrieketspan toegepas. Die onafhanklike veranderlike was ʼn vier weke lange opleidingsprogram. Die afhanklike veranderlikes was samevallende vooruittydsberekening, en prestasie in ʼn krieketkolftoets. Proefpersone het voor en net ná die opleiding toetse ondergaan, sowel as behoudtoetse drie weke ná die na-opleidingstoetse. Verskille tussen groepe is met behulp van rangtoetse uit Kruskal-Wallis se variansie-analisemodel (ANOVA) bepaal, terwyl verskille binne groepe met veelvuldige Mann-Whitney-U-toetse vergelyk is. Geen beduidende verbetering is in die eksperimentele groep se samevallende vooruittydsberekening of kolfprestasie waargeneem nie. Hoewel nóg samevallende vooruittydsberekening nóg kolfprestasie aansienlik verbeter het, word verdere navorsing oor die gebruik van Vickers (2007) se model vir die verbetering van sportprestasie aanbeveel. Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science)-- University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
Background: Nowadays, one of the exercising methods which lead to improvement in performance and progress on motor skills is eye exercising. Hence, the present research aimed to analyze the effect of eye exercises with and without active movements on motor skills in children with amblyopia. Materials and Methods: the current paper is a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest pattern. A group of 40 children aged 5-8 years with amblyopia were randomly assigned into three groups: eye exercises without active movements, eye exercises with active movements (ocular, ocular and manual, and displacement), and control. The groups were trained in 12 sessions of 30 minutes and the subjects of control group were engaged in their daily activities. The subjects participated in Lincoln Oseretsky's test before and after exercises. Results: One-way ANOVA and post-test post-hoc Tukey test showed that there was a significant statistical difference between the experimental groups and the control group in the motor skills of children with amblyopia (P<0.05), yet there was no significant statistical difference between experimental groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that eye exercises with and without active movements can improve motor skills in children with amblyopia.
Kata Visual-Motor Perception Sports Vision Training Objective: This study was aimed at the determination of the effect of sports vision training on visual-motor perception and performance in karate kata. Methods: The participants were 24 athletic in karate kata (10-12 yr) with an orange belt in Kata. Participants were chosen and randomly assigned into two groups of sports vision training (n=12) and control (n=12). The pretest includes visual-motor perception test and measurement of karate kata performance. After the pretest, vision training group engaged in kata practice and sports vision training for 8 weeks. During this period, the control group only engaged in kata practice. After completion of the training course, a posttest similar to the pretest was administered. For Data analysis, analysis of covariance was used. Results: The findings showed the superiority of the vision training group in visual-motor perception and performance in Kata. Conclusion: The finding showed that sports vision exercise can increase the performance of closed skills.
Training to optimize visual performance abilities is a logical supplement to other training programs that athletes perform in order to improve sports performance in competition. An overview of how to develop and successfully implement sports vision training is presented. A detailed description of common sports vision training approaches is provided with research evidence to support efficacy, when available. Updates on commercially available instrumentation to train various visual performance abilities is presented.
Background: Nowadays, one of the exercising methods which lead to improvement in performance and progress on motor skills is eye exercising. Hence, the present research aimed to analyze the effect of eye exercises with and without active movements on motor skills in children with amblyopia. Materials and Methods: the current paper is a semi-experimental research with a pretest-posttest pattern. A group of 40 children aged 5-8 years with amblyopia were randomly assigned into three groups: eye exercises without active movements, eye exercises with active movements (ocular, ocular and manual, and displacement), and control. The groups were trained in 12 sessions of 30 minutes and the subjects of control group were engaged in their daily activities. The subjects participated in Lincoln Oseretsky's test before and after exercises. Results: One-way ANOVA and post-test post-hoc Tukey test showed that there was a significant statistical difference between the experimental groups and the control group in the motor skills of children with amblyopia (P<0.05), yet there was no significant statistical difference between experimental groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that eye exercises with and without active movements can improve motor skills in children with amblyopia.
Introduction: The present study was aimed to identify the influence of sports
vision exercises on fundamental motor skills and visual perceptual skills of
8-10-year-old dyslexic children. Method: A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental
study was conducted. . The sample was composed of 22 eight- to ten-year-old
dyslexic children who were referred to two learning disabilities treatment centers
in Isfahan, Iran. The children were selected purposefully, using convenience
sampling, and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. The
experimental group participated in sports vision exercises for 12 weeks (3 onehour
sessions per week) and the control group continued their daily activities
during this period of learning. Before and after the training, the fundamental
motor skills were assessed using Movement Assessment Battery for Children
(MABC) and visual perceptual skills were measured by Gardner’s test (TVPS-R,
the data were analyzed using analysis of covariance.Results: The results showed
that the sports vision exercises increase fundamental motor skills and visual perceptual
skills in dyslexic children. Conclusion: Based on the findings of recent
research there is a suggestion for parents and authorities to include sports vision
exercises in the educational programs of dyslexic children.
Keywords: sports vision exercises, fundamental motor skills, visual perceptual
skills dyslexia
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of visual stimuli training on choice reaction time in male taekwondo players. This study was a quasi-experimental research with a pretest/protest design and a control group. The participants were 10 to 16 year-old male taekwondo players who practiced in three different gyms in Isfahan (first half of 1392) and had a red belt. From among these players, a number of 30 players (mean age of 16.2 ± 2.13) were selected through convenience sampling and were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group participated in 8 weeks of visual stimuli training (3 sessions per week, each session 45 minutes); however, the control group did their common taekwondo training during the practice. In order to measure choice reaction time, the psychological refractory period apparatus and reaction time model 9010 were used for both the pre- and post-tests. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze the collected data (α=0.05). The results showed that 8 weeks of visual stimuli training had a significant effect on reducing choice reaction time on right and left foot in ApDollyoChagi, DollyoChagi, BahndallChagi kicks (p=0.001). Therefore, it can be concluded that visual stimuli training can be an effective training method to help improve choice reaction time in taekwondo players.
Keywords: Choice reaction time, Taekwondo, Visual system, Visual stimuli training
The examination of elite athletes’ visual abilities has been of great interest to researchers, however, speed of gaze in the cardinal positions has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine Major League Baseball (MLB) players cardinal gaze positions (CGP) compared to Amateur Prospects (AP’s). A secondary purpose of this paper was to examine if the relative speeds between MLB and AP groups were consistent. Seventeen MLB and 160 AP athletes were examined using an eye tracking test. Results revealed that MLB athletes were significantly faster than AP amateurs. Fastest and slowest directions of gaze were the same for both groups. Relative speeds revealed a similar performance profile with fastest gaze directions on the horizontal plane, then the superior plane and slowest on the inferior plane of gaze. Results are discussed in terms of baseball specific skills and vision training. Future research should examine gaze accuracy, left and right eyes independently as well as specific positions of play that may reveal further insights into CGP performance profiles.
Aktywność fizyczna towarzyszy człowiekowi już od wczesnych lat życia. Zaczynając od walki z grawitacją podczas nauki chodzenia, ruchu podczas zabaw na podwórku, kończąc na aktywnościach sportowych podczas lekcji wychowania fizycznego czy treningów ulubionej dyscypliny sportowej. Sport wpływa holistycznie na rozwój człowieka w każdym wieku – poczynając od zdrowia fizycznego, budowania pewności siebie, umiejętności intelektualnych, lepszej samooceny, a kończąc na wzmocnieniu relacji społecznych oraz dłuższym
utrzymaniu dobrej kondycji organizmu w późniejszych latach życia. Rozwój umiejętności sportowych oraz kondycji nie byłby możliwy, gdyby nie współtowarzyszący udział układu wzrokowego, który ma ogromny wpływ na osiągane wyniki sportowe.
The purpose of the research is to assess the increase of the muscle strength and power. Movement of the human body when the moving one impacts a stationary or moving body is taken under consideration. The waveform produced by an impact is transformed into frequency domain. The acceleration record is transformed as a complex spectrum, by the use of a Discrete Fourier Transformation. In this paper the applications of the discrete Fourier transform is discussed and it was pointed out that it can be fruitfully applied to analyze movement techniques during competition or training exercises. The acceleration response spectrum contains knowledge about efficiency of certain techniques. It has distinct features which can show that the energy is concentrated around several discrete frequencies. Data from the shape of a frequency response spectra curve can provide the coach and the performer with valuable information on technique and also give information on recommendations with respect to corrections and adjustments that can lead to performance enhancement. In this paper, the technique of a database creation is proposed what allows us to establish a particular set of circumstances under a specified protocol to observe and evaluate the implications of the resulting observations.
The purpose of this research was surveying the effect of interaction between eye hand dominance on dart skill. Twenty healthy male subjects (age: 21.43±1.33) from University of Shahid Chamran were served as the participants for this study. Subjects were divided into two groups: unilateral (right eye and right hand or left eye and left hand) group (10 subjects) and cross lateral (right eye and left hand or left eye and right hand) group (10 subjects). Each group trained for 12 sessions in the same condition. The acquisition test was made after the last training session and the retention test was made 1 week later. The scores of pre-test, acquisition and retention were recorded. Subjects threw 60 darts in each training session. Porta (Roth, 2002) and Hole in the card test (Sage, 1984) was used to select eye dominance and Edinburgh questionnaire (Oldfield, 1971) was used to determine handedness. Values of p<0.05 were chosen as significant. The results of dependent t-test (paired t-test) analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the pre-test, acquisition and retention between two groups that showed both groups learn dart skill. On the other hand, the subjects of two groups improved significantly in acquisition and retention phases rather than pre-test phase. Moreover, the results of independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference between unilateral and cross lateral in acquisition and retention tests. Our findings revealed that interaction between hand and eye dominance does not affect dart skill.
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