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A new strategy for producing antibacterial textile surfaces using silver nanoparticles
... It was found that the antibacterial activity of Ag was superior to gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) dopants (Pakdel et al. 2015). Budama et al. (2013) synthesised Ag NPs within the micelles core of polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid (PS-b-PAA) copolymer. The silver-containing PS-b-PAA solution was then applied to a cotton fabric. ...
... The silver-containing PS-b-PAA solution was then applied to a cotton fabric. The treated fabric developed a strong antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria which was reproducible after numerous wash cycles (Budama et al. 2013). Tang et al. (2013) used the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoprisms to develop a coloured silk fabric with antibacterial activity against E. coli. ...
... There is a generally held view that Ag NPs can eradicate bacteria through releasing silver ions (Ag + ) (Budama et al. 2013;Wen et al. 2021). Silver ions can form complexes with compounds . ...
In this study, three functionalities of superhydrophobicity, antibacterial activity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of cotton fabrics coated with Ag/PDMS were studied, and the role of coating composition was discussed. Special attention was paid to understanding the relationships between the surface roughness of coated fibres with the developed superhydrophobicity and antibacterial activity. The superhydrophobicity of fabrics was analysed based on water contact angle (WCA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) values while the antibacterial activity was tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria. It was found that the surface roughness on fibres, which changed by altering the concentrations of Ag NPs (0.2–4 g/L) and PDMS (20 and 40 g/L), affected the obtained superhydrophobicity. The most superhydrophobic fabric (WCA 171°) was coated with a formulation containing Ag NPs (2 g/L), and PDMS (20 g/L), and had the highest surface roughness. Increasing the ingredients’ concentrations, however, deteriorated the optimum roughness as measured using a 3D Surface Laser Scanning Microscopy method. The coated fabrics showed efficacy against both types of bacteria, and it was confirmed that the Ag NPs content was the key factor in determining the antibacterial performance. Moreover, testing the EMI shielding performance of fabrics demonstrated that increasing the concentrations of Ag NPs and PDMS both enhanced the reflection coefficient (R) of fabrics against incident X-band electromagnetic (EM) wave by around >500%, which was due to the deposition of a higher amount of Ag NPs on fabrics. The superhydrophobicity of fabrics was durable after 1000 abrasion cycles, and the fabrics retained their antibacterial activity even after numerous washings.
Graphical Abstract
... Currently, textiles and apparel with antibacterial/antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-mildew properties are very important for use in medical clothing, therapeutic clothing, wound healing, and protective clothing as well as regular daily use. The necessity and demand for such products has led to innovation and development of antibacterial textiles (Abdel-Mohsen et al., 2013;Budama, Çakir, Topel, & Hoda, 2013;Burnett-Boothroyd & McCarthy, 2011;Cheng, Ma, Li, Ren, & Huang, 2014;Chung, Lee, & Kim, 1998;Comlekcioglu, Aygan, Kutlu, & Kocabas, 2017;Gokarneshan, Nagarajan, & Viswanath, 2017;Ibrahim, El-Zairy, El-Zairy, Eid, & Ghazal, 2011;Ma, Sun, & Sun, 2003;Prusty, Das, Nayak, & Das, 2010;Ren et al., 2017;Shahid et al., 2012;Simoncic & Tomsic, 2010;Vroman & Tighzert, 2009;Williams et al., 2006). Accordingly, the research and the production of antibacterial textiles has grown to help meet the demand (Gupta & Bhaumik, 2007). ...
... Properties can be developed in the products by special treatment during dyeing, wet processing, finishing or any other process stages (Bhuiyan, Hossain, Zakaria, Islam, & Uddin, 2017;Comlekcioglu et al., 2017;Gupta & Bhaumik, 2007;Ibrahim et al., 2011;Manickam & Thilagavathi, 2015;Morais, Guedes, & Lopes, 2016;Patel & Tandel, 2005;Shalini & Anitha, 2016;Zhang, Chen, Ji, Huang, & Chen, 2003). A challenge has been to develop chemical compounds that can provide antibacterial activity in industrial processing, as currently they are most often toxic and harmful to the human body and health (Budama et al., 2013;Cheng et al., 2014;Morais et al., 2016;Shalini & Anitha, 2016). In contrast, natural compounds that provide antibacterial property are considered more human-friendly (Gokarneshan et al., 2017). ...
... Interestingly, bamboo has been reported as naturally antibacterial and this property is expected to be retained if the fibers are extracted in their natural form along with some nonfibrous trace elements. Since most of the existing natural and synthetic fibers do not have antibacterial activity, but rather some promote bacteria growth (Budama et al., 2013;Comlekcioglu et al., 2017;Gupta & Bhaumik, 2007;Ibrahim et al., 2011;Morais et al., 2016;Shalini & Anitha, 2016), extraction of NBFs with such activity is of great interest. Studies have concluded that extracts from bamboo leaves have shown antibacterial activity against some bacteria . ...
In an effort to extract natural bamboo fiber (NBF) from bamboo for textiles and other uses, four bamboo species Bissetii, Giant Gray, Moso, and Red Margin were chosen for investigation. Conventional fibers such as cotton, polyester, regular rayon, and 12 commercial bamboo viscose were included for comparative study. By using different chemicals and routes, 144 types of NBFs were produced. Assessments on fiber yield percentages (40-77%), average lengths (1.50-37.10 cm), fineness (9.68—93.3 Tex), and overall qualities, determined at least 47 sets were prospective for commercial use. Hand-spinning was executed on three sets of NBFs after blending with cotton fibers. Investigation on moisture regain (M_R) and moisture content (M_C), revealed that bamboo plants and NBFs had M_R=8.0% and M_R=7.5% which was lower than rayon and bamboo viscose fiber (~11% and ~10%) but higher than raw cotton …
... According to Budama et al. (2013), the reduction with N2H4, provided that it is stoichiometrically controlled, does not form dangerous by-products, according to Equation 2: ...
... Initially, Budama et al. (2013) synthesized the amphiphilic and block copolymer polystyreneco-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) by radical polymerization by atomic transfer. Then, the copolymer was dissolved in toluene and heated to 135° C for 20 minutes to form reverse micelles. ...
Polymeric nanocomposites based on cellulose fibers, mainly cotton, and loaded with silver nanoparticles have been used mainly in health products (such as endotracheal tubes, bandages, medical dressings, mesh, catheters and filters) thanks to the fact that these nanoparticles have broad-spectrum antiseptic properties. Based on the analysis of scientific publications, this work aims to investigate how these nanocomposites have been prepared and characterized in general, with regard to the characteristics and properties of silver nanoparticles and their synthesis by chemical, photochemical, physical and biological methods and how they are impregnated in cellulosic fibers. Specific considerations will also be made regarding the antimicrobial mechanism of nanostructured silver and its toxicity to humans.
... The presence of diffraction peaks corresponding to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of silver are visible for S-GK1-AgNPs and S-GK2-AgNPs. The results confirm the values reported for AgNPs in the literature [35,36]. ...
... The main phase in both samples was silver with a face-centered cubic structure (Fm-3 m space group). Furthermore, the lack of other peaks in the diffraction pattern suggests that only crystalline AgNPs were formed [35]. The mean nanoparticle size was 32 ± 3 nm for both samples (S-GK1-AgNPs and S-GK2-AgNPs). ...
The aim of this study was to obtain stable star polymer layers with incorporated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and to study the antimicrobial activity of these hybrid materials. In this work, a novel approach regarding the synthesis of AgNPs directly by the star polymer layer is presented. Nanolayers of poly(N,N’-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and hydroxyl-bearing poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate] (P(DMAEMA-co-OEGMA-OH)) stars, covalently bound with solid supports, were obtained through chemical reaction of hydroxyl groups in the star arms with substrate modified with imidazole derivative. Quantitative chemical composition analysis and tracking of the changes in the morphology and wettability after every step of surface modification confirmed the covalent attachment of stars with the support. In the next step, the polymer nanolayers were modified with AgNPs formed in situ using only amine groups of the star arms and followed by the crystal quartz microbalance (QCM). The analysis of the layer thickness and affinity to water, both with the shape, size and amount of silver incorporated into the layer, confirmed the efficacy of AgNPs formation. The amount of silver incorporated into layers was correlated with the molar masses of the grafted stars, and a possible location of AgNPs within layers was shown. The antibacterial activity tests of prepared nanolayers showed that obtained hybrid materials were highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria strains. This study shows that the obtained layers are promising as stable coatings for antibacterial applications.
... In textile fabrication, metal oxides can be used to protect fabrics from UV, microbes, retard flame, conduct electricity, repel water, self-clean, etc. [5][6][7][8]. Zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), copper oxide (CuO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) are commonly used metal oxides in the textile industry as antibacterial agents [9][10][11][12]. For the UV protection and self-cleaning functionalities, nano-sized, and crystalline structure zinc oxide and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) are mostly used [13,14]. ...
... Afterward, the samples were left to dry in the laboratory ambient. Finally, samples were exposed to sunlight illumination for different periods and the colour difference was assessed according to CIE Lab colour space using Equation (11) [47]. ...
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have acquired great significance in the textile sector due to their impressive efficiency and multifold utilization, such as antimicrobials, UV protection, photo catalytic activity, and self-cleaning. The aim of this work is in-situ growth of ZnO NPs on 100% cotton fabrics with the one-step hydrothermal method for preparation of multifunctional textile with UV protecting, antibacterial, and photo catalytic properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2•6H2O] were used as reactants for the growth of zinc oxide on the 100% cotton fabrics. The loaded amount of Zn contents on the cotton fabric was determined by using induced coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The surface morpho-logical characterization of deposited ZnO NPs was examined, employing scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and, Fourier- transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The characterization results showed the presence of ZnO NPs on cotton fabrics having hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The synthesized ZnO NPs on fabrics exhibited promising results for antibacterial, UV protection, and photo catalytic performance.
... In other work [14], Ag nanoparticles have been used within polystyrene-blockpolyacrylic acid copolymer (PS-b-PAA) micelle nuclei, synthesized by the freeradical polymerization method, in different relations. It has been determined that the impregnation method into the fabric is by an esterification reaction between PAA and the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fabric. ...
... Finally, the fabrics were added treated and untreated. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37°C [14,46]. The inoculum was made from 24-h cultures that were in an oven at 37°C. ...
... The WHO and US EPA have concluded that silver levels of 0.1 mg/L are tolerable in drinking water, and the EFSA (European Food Safety Agency) recommends thresholds of 0.05 mg/L in water and 0.05 mg/kg in food [6]. The concentration of silver which allows for antimicrobial activity can be as low as 10 −4 mg/L; this is well below the threshold values, indicating the safety of applications involving silver [7][8][9]. It is generally believed that positively charged silver metal ions can effectively bind to the surface of bacterial cell membranes, facilitated by electrostatic attraction; subsequently, they penetrate the cell wall, causing it to rupture and leading to the release of cellular contents, ultimately resulting in bacterial death [10,11]. ...
Environmentally friendly powder coatings which have the advantages of being VOC-free, low-cost, and high-efficiency with a high recovery rate have been attracting increasing research attention. The introduction of antibacterial agents into the powder coatings endows them with a capacity to kill bacteria and viruses on the surface of objects; additionally, this enables them to inhibit the indirect transmission of pathogenic microorganisms. Silver, possessing broad-spectrum, strong, and stable antibacterial properties, is considered to be a promising antibacterial material for use in coating applications. Carrier materials for active silver play an important role in its activity and stability. However, there is a lack of systematic studies on the effects of different types of carriers in such coating systems, especially in green powder coating systems. In this paper, we investigated two types of carriers for active silver agents: zeolite, i.e., Linde type A (LTA) zeolite and Y-type zeolite; clay-based materials, i.e., montmorillonite and vermiculite. All the agents showed high antibacterial activity, with antibacterial rates of over 99% as compared to commercial agents. Among the four agents, the Ag-LTA zeolite antimicrobial agent showed a reduction rate of over 99.99%; additionally, it maintained a reduction rate of 99% after seven washing cycles. Thus, this agent was demonstrated to have the highest effectiveness and high durability; these features can be attributed to the high silver content and small particle size. The LTA zeolite also provides a protective effect for silver ions, protecting them from reduction, due to the restriction of elemental silver formation within the confined interior space of the α-cage structure. The Y-type zeolite antimicrobial agent exhibited a slightly lower antimicrobial performance due to its higher silicon-to-aluminum ratio and its lower cation exchange capacity. Comparatively, antimicrobial agents utilizing clay-based carriers have lower cation exchange capacity, resulting in poorer antimicrobial effectiveness than zeolite carriers. In addition, silver loaded on clay-based materials is prone to detach from the carrier and undergo a reduction reaction, making the coating yellowish in color. This study first provides information on the roles of different types of carriers in powder coating systems; then, this information guides the selection of carriers for active silver for the development of efficient antimicrobial agents and coatings.
... Lastly, the treated and untreated fabrics were added. The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C [10,11]. The inoculum was made from 24h cultures that were in an oven at 37 ºC. ...
... XRD studies: The XRD patterns of the biosynthesized A. sessilis AgNPs revealed four intense peaks at 38.6º, 43.1º, 64.34º and 77.56º, which correspond to the silver planes (111), (200), (220) and (311), respectively (Fig. 4). Standard silver data from JCPDS card No. 04-0783 [30] was used to confirm the results. The XRD pattern verified the crystalline character (FCC) of the produced AgNPs, which was previously reported [31]. ...
The current study evaluates the biogenesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) utilizing an aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis (Linn.) leaf. Biological nanoparticle production has recently gained appeal due to its eco-friendliness, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, non-hazardous nature and difficult circumstances. Aqueous extract of Alternanthera sessilis leaf contains terpenoids, carbohydrates and flavonoids to convert metal ions into metal and so stabilize the resultant nanoparticles. The UV-visible spectrophotometer obtained a distinctive peak at 420 nm, the XRD validated the crystalline FCC nature of biogenic Ag NPs and the FTIR and zeta-potential (± 14) tests revealed that phyto-chemicals were responsible for reduction and stabilization of Ag NPs. TEM examination revealed a spherical form and size of about 24 nm. The biogenic Ag NPs displayed intriguing dose-dependent antioxidant activity, with an EC50 percent of 69.9g/mL and a maximum activity of 66.36 at 150 μg/mL against DPPH, as well as considerable catalytic activity against Eosin-Y red dye, 84% of Eosin-Y dye destroyed after 60 min. Furthermore, the experiments demonstrated that Ag NPs were more effective against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria and also show the anticancer activity against Hela cells and breast cancer cell line (MCF-7).The anticancer activity is more potent in higher concentrations.
... A weak absorption at ~285 nm was observed for the TA-treated sample compared to the pristine cotton fabric, which was attributed to the π-π * electron transition of the polymerized TA [37]. After the addition of silver ammonia solution, the sample exhibited a strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band centered at ~415 nm, indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles on the cotton fabric [38]. The intensity of the SPR peak increased upon increasing the concentration of silver ammonia solution (Fig. S4), which was probably due to the change of shape, size and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum was recorded to characterize the chemical composition of the cotton fabric with and without Ag deposition. ...
The deposition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on different substrates is promising in antibacterial applications. But it is limited by the aggregation problem and complex deposition procedure of Ag NPs. Herein, facile fabrication of antibacterial substrates with controllable deposition of Ag NPs via polyphenol reduction strategy is presented. Polyphenol with surface independent coating property is used to in situ deposit Ag NPs on diverse substrates (e.g., cotton textile, copper foil, steel sheet, iron sheet, glass slide, rubber and plastic sheet) via the reduction of Ag⁺. The modified substrate shows several unique properties, including high color maintenance (4.7% change from the original), sustained and pH-responsive Ag⁺ release behavior (about 40-10% of Ag⁺ ions at pH values of 4-8 at day 9, respectively), large diameters of inhibition zones (over 1 cm) and low minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.1 mg·mL–1). The continuous contamination tests (5 cycles with the almost same effectiveness) and long-term stability analysis (over 25 days) manifest excellent recycling performance and stable antibacterial benefits. Finally, the results of practical applications on mask, shoe-pad and fresh box materials show that all the modified materials inhibited E. coli and S. aureus by more than 95%. This work provides a versatile interfacial polyphenol reduction strategy for depositing Ag nanoparticles on various substrates. Such Ag-deposited product could be used for packaging and clothing sanitation.
... At a dosage of 20 g/ml, Ag nanoparticles displayed antibacterial action against E. coli and S. zooepidemicus, while exhibiting zero cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblast cells [98]. Effectiveness of Ag nanoparticles against bacteria and fungi were described [7,[99][100][101]. In the study, some common mechanisms have been reported as: (i) Aggregation of nanoparticles, movement via cell membrane; (ii) cell wall damage;(iii) silver ions leaching into microbial cells, results in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production [7,[102][103][104], and (iv) Ag ions interaction with DNA, leads to cell death [103,[105][106][107] as depicted in Fig. 3. Silver nanoparticles biocidal activity depends on size, shape, surface chemistry, stability and capping agents. ...
Infectious diseases are a leading cause of mortality around the world. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved bacterial resistance as a result of –lactamase production. The World Health Organization’s (WHO) new GLASS (Global Antimicrobial Surveillance System) revealed in 2018 that antibiotic resistance is widely spread among 500,000 sick people in 22 countries infected with drug-resistant bacteria. Among billions of fungus, 300 fungi poses serious threat to human health. Due to prevalence of infectious diseases, more focus has been given on the nanoparticles application in various fields of life including textile industry, biomedicine, cosmetology, self-cleaning, antibiotics, drug delivery system, UV defense, removing impurities, water and air filtration system. Nanoparticles shows potency due to their small size, high penetration rate and cell damaging potentiality via different mechanisms. Nanoparticles are used in textiles to eliminate undesired effects such as degradation of fabrics, production of unwanted odor and potential for health risks. Natural fibers are susceptible to the accumulation, multiplication and propagation of micro-organisms due to large surface area, moisture, heat and body secretions providing ideal habitat for micro-organisms growth when in contact with human body. Consequently, variety of textiles are coated, with nanoparticles to protect the wearers from irritation and skin allergies, able to withstand the washing, drying and leaching. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a simple, cost effective and ecofriendly approach. Nanoparticles ranges from the nano-metals like silver, copper, gold, palladium and graphene nanoparticles to the metal oxides including zinc oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, graphene oxide, calcium oxide and magnesium oxides to the carbon nanotubes and nano-clay. Gold nanoparticles cause the oxidative stress in the cytoplasm, which leads to microbe’s death. Copper nanoparticles shows antifungal activities for food related pathogens. Copper oxide nanoparticles shows antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus by releasing the Cu+2 ions which triggers the reactive oxygen species production. Copper is used as water purifier and anti-fouling agent. Introduction of copper into fabrics and other items provide them biocidal effects. Copper is vital for aerobic organisms, though excessive copper ions inhibit microbial development via enzyme deactivation, protein functional group disruption, and plasma membrane damage. Zinc oxide nanoparticles shows biocompatibility, stability, antimicrobial property, and harmless to human cells. Zinc oxide nanoparticles strongly attack the micro-organisms. Nano-silver is applied against different strains of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Bacteria’s surface is negatively charged while graphene is positively charged and graphene family nanomaterials act as bridge to transport the charge from graphene to bacteria. CaO nanoparticles functions against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and yeast. It is widely used against microbes in food items. This review paper emphasized on the characteristics and utilization of the inorganic nano-structured materials with anti-microbial properties in textiles. Nanoparticles exhibits best results against bacteria and fungi. Nanomaterials are promising materials because they can be made to do numerous tasks at the same time.
... The materials based on silver ions or silver nanoparticles have favorable antibacterial activities, but the effect of silver toxicity on the body cannot be ignored. 24,25 Polytetrahydropyrimidine (P-THP) is an antibacterial polymer with certain biological activity and can be used for antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities. In our previous work, we prepared a PTHP-based hydrogel, tested its antibacterial and biological activities, and proved by TEM that the PTHP hydrogel destroyed the cell membrane of bacteria. ...
Modern medicine has increasingly higher requirements for antibacterial materials. To overcome this challenge, we use alkynyl monomers, amino monomers, formaldehyde, and acetic acid as raw materials to synthesize a series of poly-tetrahydropyrimidine (P-THP) polymers through multicomponent polymerizations (MCPs). P-THP polymers can effectively inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia. coli, E. coli), and can prevent bacteria from developing drug resistance within at least 16 generations. Besides, we prepared P-THP antibacterial coatings and explored their antibacterial properties. In vitro antibacterial experiments showed that P-THP coatings can prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms, and the coatings have a lasting killing effect on E. coli and S. aureus. The mouse wound infection experiments proved that P-THP polymers can significantly accelerate skin tissue regeneration and wound healing. Moreover, the P-THP textile obtained by electrospinning also has antibacterial properties and has great application prospects in the field of N95 masks. Generally speaking, P-THP polymers have considerable application potential in the field of treating bacterial infections and promoting wound healing.
... Enhanced dispersibility can increase the surface area of NMs, leading to higher probabilities of interaction with the microorganisms [56] and more effective prevention of bacterial growth [61]. The ion release, as in the case of the controlled release of ions on the textile surface [62]; the density functional calculation properties (structural and electronic) directly related to NMs reactivity [63,64]; and viscosity can affect the antimicrobial properties of NMs [65,66]. ...
In this paper, we exhibit how to construct a template for capturing antimicrobial capacity data of nanomaterials or nanoenabled products. The template promotes the principles of making data scientifically findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable (FAIR), encouraging scientists to reuse it. The template construction roadmap entails the following steps: (1) recognize appropriate stakeholders, (2) allocate surveys to collect a general explanation of the data that will be created, (3) comprehend each stakeholder’s requirements, (4) cooperating and using straightforward communication with the participants for the selection of the minimum data requirement reporting and (5) template layout and ontological annotation. We provide an annotated template for capturing antimicrobial data, increasing their interoperability while populating it with real measurements as an example. By applying the roadmap or by utilizing the template portrayed herein, in the case of a safe-by-design nanoproject (Anticipating Safety Issues at the Design of Nano Product Development (ASINA)), data creators of antimicrobial assessments can store the data using the FAIR approach. Furthermore, data shepherds and scientists can skip the lengthy template generation process and speed up the community’s progress on the FAIR route.
... Agcopolymer encapsulation padded fabrics provided stable attachment of Ag NPs onto the cotton, where an esterification reaction took place between polyacrylic acid (corona) and hydroxyl groups of cellulose. The antibacterial activity remained up to 5 washings against E. coli and 20 washings against S. aureus (Budama et al. 2013). DNA from salmon milt was used as templates to produce spherical Ag NPs (\ 10 nm) and formed a thin layer around Ag NPs core. ...
Cotton is one of the most important cellulose fibers, but the absence of antimicrobial capacity along with the self-cleaning, UV protection and electric conductivity often frustrates its wider applications in many fields. Nanotechnology has provided new insights into the development of functional nanomaterials with unique chemical and physical properties. Silver has been effectively incorporated into the cotton fabrics as the antimicrobial agents due to the strong inhibitory and antimicrobial effects on a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi and virus with low toxicity to human being. In this review, a variety of strategies have been summarized to load silver on cotton fabrics in situ or ex situ and to fabricate high performance value-added cotton fabrics with self-cleaning, UV protection, electric conductivity and antimicrobial capability depending on the synthesis of silver coating or silver-based nanocomposite coating.
Graphic abstract
... 15 In brief, AgNPs have been observed to attach to the cell membrane of bacteria, leading to critical damages such as membrane penetration and disabled membrane functions such as respiration (due to deactivation of membrane-bound essential enzymes such as respiratory chain dehydrogenases), 16,17 which in turn increases bacterial membrane permeability. 18,19 AgNPs that penetrated a bacterial cell can damage DNA and deactivate intracellular enzymes, 18,20 leading to rapid cell death. 21 Furthermore, AgNPs are known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion (O 2 ...
Otitis Media (OM) is the most common reason for US children to receive prescribed oral antibiotics, leading to be a potential to cause antibiotic resistance. To minimize oral antibiotic usage, we developed polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs‐PVP), which completely eradicated common OM pathogens, that is, Streptococcus pneumoniae and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) at 1.04 and 2.13 μg/ml. The greater antimicrobial efficacy against S. pneumoniae was a result of the H2O2‐producing ability of S. pneumoniae and the known synergistic interactions between H2O2 and AgNPs. To enable the sustained local delivery of AgNPs‐PVP (e.g., via injection through perforated tympanic membranes), a hydrogel formulation of 18%(w/v) P407 was developed. Reverse thermal gelation of the AgNPs‐PVP‐P407 hydrogel could gel rapidly upon entering the warm auditory bullae and thereby sustained release of antimicrobials. This hydrogel‐based local delivery system completely eradicated OM pathogens in vitro without cytotoxicity, and thus represents a promising strategy for treating bacterial OM without relying on conventional antibiotics.
... Several mechanisms have been considered to explain the antimicrobial efficacy of AgNPs 15 . In brief, AgNPs have been observed to attach to the cell membrane of bacteria, leading to critical damages such as membrane penetration and disabled membrane functions such as respiration (due to deactivation of membrane-bound essential enzymes such as respiratory chain dehydrogenases) 16,17 , which in turn increases bacterial membrane permeability 18,19 . AgNPs that penetrated a bacterial cell can damage DNA and deactivate intracellular enzymes 18,20 , leading to rapid cell death 21 . ...
Otitis Media (OM) is the most common reason for U.S. children to receive prescribed oral antibiotics, leading to potential to cause antibiotic resistance. To minimize oral antibiotic usage, we developed polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-PVP), which completely eradicated common OM pathogens, i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) at 1.04µg/mL and 2.13µg/mL. The greater antimicrobial efficacy against S. pneumoniae was a result of the HO-producing ability of S. pneumoniae and the known synergistic interactions between HO and AgNPs. To enable the sustained local delivery of AgNPs-PVP (e.g., via injection through perforated tympanic membranes), a hydrogel formulation of 18%(w/v)P407 was developed. Reverse thermal gelation of the AgNPs-PVP-P407 hydrogel could gel rapidly upon entering the warm auditory bullae and thereby sustained release of antimicrobials. This hydrogel-based local delivery system completely eradicated OM pathogens in vitro without cytotoxicity, and thus represents a promising strategy for treating bacterial OM without relying on conventional antibiotics.
... For preventing transmission of pathogens in hospitals, antimicrobial fabrics with self-disinfecting function have been implemented (Meng et al., 2016). Different antimicrobial finishing methods have been developed (Budama et al., 2013) in the textile industry based on the use of novel fabrics, particularly in hospital environment where blood, body fluids, and secretions, easily in contact with cotton fabrics, are possible reservoirs of pathogens. Accordingly, the demand for fabrics with verified virucidal activity is quickly increasing not only in healthcare system but also in public areas (i.e. ...
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped RNA virus responsible for the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that represents a global health threat, causing an ongoing pandemic in many countries and territories. WHO recommendations emphasize the importance of all personal protective equipment (PPE) that can interrupt COVID-19 transmission. The textile industry and scientists are developing hygienic fabrics by the addition of or treatment with various antimicrobial and antiviral compounds. Methods for determining the antiviral activity of fabrics are reported in the International Standards Organization (ISO) 18184 (2019) guidelines.
Three different fabric samples treated with silver derivate, copper derivative and a not treated cotton fabric used as control were examined and put in contact with a suspension of feline coronavirus (FCoV). After 2 h of incubation a significant decrease of viral titer, as high as 3.25 log10 Tissue Culture Infectious Dose (TCID)50/50 μl, in feline cells was observed in treated fabrics, with respect to not treated fabrics.
In this study, we optimized laboratory methods to evaluate the virucidal activity of silver- and copper treated cotton- based fabrics against coronavirus, using FCoV suitable as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 but safe for laboratory technicians.
... Gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus are among the most widely used bacteria in the reported studies, to test the antibacterial activities of NPs-based fabrics. 11,13,17,19,20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]32 Others have tested the biocidal activities against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Xanthomonas aconopodis, Enterococcus faecalis, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus cereus. 15,19,23,24,27,28,69 Based on those studies, the employment of various NPs could effectively kill the bacteria, including multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis and S. aureus. ...
Use of face masks and respirators are significant in preventing the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) via respiratory droplets or aerosols. The development of face masks and respirators have been focused on the modification using nanoparticles (NPs) to obtain biocidal activities. The incorporation of NPs can also increase the hydrophobicity of the material that assists the repelling of virus carrying droplets or aerosols. Nevertheless, the common cost of gaining those benefits is breathability. Previous studies have reported on the discomforts of wearing a face mask or respirator, one of which is stems from breathing difficulty. At the time of pandemic, maintaining the comfort wearing of face masks or respirators is even more crucial. Thus, this review article is important to keep the breathability aspect gaining a spotlight in the development of NPs-modified face masks or respirators. Herein, we discuss the relationship between the addition of NPs with breathability of the material. In the beginning of discussion, types of protective respiratory equipments, and biocidal activities of the modified fabrics are discussed. Strategies in maintaining the air permeability for long duration use and self-cleansing feature are also discussed.
... Similar findings have been reported by other researchers Wang et al. 2013). After the addition of silverammonia solution, the suspension exhibited strong surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band centered at about 415.6 nm, suggesting the formation of silver nanoparticles on the MFC (Budama et al. 2013). The shape of the plasma band is symmetrical and narrow, indicating that the synthesized silver nanoparticles are spherical and monodisperse (Ma et al. 2021). ...
Synthesis of nanocomposites containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has drawn growing interest owing to their antimicrobial activity and tuneable physicochemical properties. In this study, we report the surface modification of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) with bio-inspired polydopamine (PDA) followed by in-situ growth and immobilization of AgNPs. The resultant AgNPs-PDA-MFC nanocomposites were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that crystalline face-centered cubic AgNPs with a mean diameter of 19.1 nm were randomly and firmly immobilized on MFC. The attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared analysis results confirmed the formation of AgNPs, and the content of silver in AgNPs-PDA-MFC was determined by thermogravimetry. The aqueous suspension of AgNPs-PDA-MFC was stable during 30 days of storage. Antibacterial activity of the AgNPs-PDA-MFC nanocomposites was evaluated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Importantly, AgNPs-PDA-MFC exhibited excellent long-term antibacterial activity. This was ascribed to the extremely slow but sustained release of silver from the AgNPs-PDA-MFC (0.56% in 14 days). Furthermore, the application of AgNPs-PDA-MFC as coating and filling agents was preliminarily evaluated. This study suggests that the AgNPs-PDA-MFC nanocomposites with long-term antibacterial performance provide a promising solution for fighting against pathogenic bacteria.
Graphic abstract
... The necessity and demand for such products has led to novation and development of antibacterial textiles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Accordingly, the research and the production of antibacterial textiles has grown to help meet the demand [18]. ...
... Over the past few decades, antibacterial properties have been valued by various industries as an attractive feature in products including sportswear, outdoor clothing, and wound care products [1]. Antimicrobial textiles could ensure a better quality of life because the antibacterial agents on the surface or within the fabrics deter the undesirable growth of microorganisms that leads to infection, unpleasant odor, color degradation, and fabric deterioration [2][3][4][5]. The selection of antimicrobial agents used in the fabric functionalization depends on the degree of antimicrobial efficacy needed, tendency of leaching, and toxicity to human. ...
The objective of this study was to develop a novel electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber membrane with enhanced antibacterial property. During the synthesis process, the PAN nanofiber membrane was first subjected to alkaline hydrolysis treatment and the treated membrane was subsequently grafted with chitosan (CS) to obtain CS-modified nanofiber membrane (P-COOH-CS). The modified membrane was then coupled with different dye molecules to form P-COOH-CS-Dye membranes. Lastly, poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) was immobilized on the modified membrane to produce P-COOH-CS-Dye-PHMB. Physical characterization study was conducted on all the synthesized nanofiber membrane. The antibacterial efficacy of the modified nanofiber membranes with different synthesis conditions were evaluated systematically. Under the optimum synthesis condition, it was found that the P-COOH-CS-Dye-PHMB was highly effective in disinfecting high concentration of Escherichia coli, with an antibacterial efficacy of approximately 100%. Additionally, the P-COOH-CS-Dye-PHMB exhibited outstanding wash durability as its antibacterial efficacy was only reduced in the range of 5%–7% even after 5 repeated cycles of treatment. Overall, the experimental results of this study suggested that the P-COOH-CS-Dye-PHMB is a promising antibacterial nanofiber membrane that can be adopted in the food, pharmaceutical, and textile industries.
... Since the beginning of the 2000s, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been used in various applications from pharmaceutics [1][2][3][4] to textiles [5][6][7] and from hygiene products [8] and packing materials [9] to daily food supplements [10][11][12][13][14]. Undoubtedly, Ag possesses unique antiseptic properties that have been known since antiquity [15]. For example, people in the past successfully used silver dishes as antiseptics [16]. ...
The influence of daily prolonged administration of silver nanoparticles on the cognitive functions of a model mammal was studied. The accumulation of silver in the whole brain and the hippocampus, cerebellum, cortex and residual brain tissue of the mouse was investigated by highly precise and representative neutron activation analysis, and histological studies were conducted. Here, we show that long-term memory impairments were caused by the accumulation of silver nanoparticles in the brain and its subregions, such as the hippocampus, cerebellum and cortex, in a step-like manner by disturbance of hippocampal cell integrity. Three different approaches allowed us to observe this phenomenon and discover the reasons it occurred.
... Textiles that exhibit antibacterial properties are of great importance for health, sanitation, and consumer demands. Fibers that have antibacterial properties have been the target of developmental research, especially if it is a characteristic property of a natural fiber (Budama et al. 2013;Boothroyd and McCarthy 2011;Rocky and Thompson 2018;Comlekcioglu et al. 2017;Gokarneshan, Nagarajan, and Viswanath 2017;Simoncic and Tomsic 2010;Tanaka et al. 2011). Bamboo, which can be a source of fiber, has innate antibacterial properties (Rocky and Thompson 2019;Singh et al. 2010;Tanaka et al. 2011;Keski-Saari et al. 2008). ...
... The application of nano Ag in antibacterial cotton fabric Among the inorganic antibacterial agents, nano silver (nano Ag) is used in cotton fabric to obtain stronger bactericidal capability due to its small size and larger specific surface area. Besides, the antibacterial activity of the nano Ag cotton fabric was tested by selecting E. coli (ATCC 11303) and S. aureus (ATCC 6538), and then the AATCC method was selected to determine the antibacterial durability (El-Shishtawy et al. 2011;Budama et al. 2013). ...
Cotton fabric is a prevalent natural textile. The fibers in the cotton fabric are polymers made of thousands of glucose residues linked by glycosidic bonds. Cotton fabric has good air permeability and comfortable softness, which becomes a necessity in life. However, the surface of cotton fabric contains hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl groups that can absorb moisture. When people wear cotton fabric, it is easy to absorb moisture and breed bacteria, which reduces fabric the performance. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out long-term antibacterial treatment on cotton fabric, which extends the application scope and prolongs the service life of the fabric to a certain extent. Based on this point of view, this paper summarizes the long-acting antibacterial surface construction of cotton fabric by diverse antibacterial materials with assorted ways of action, so that cotton fabric has a better prospect.
... Von Goetz et al. [20] described that silver released more readily to form Ag-chloro complexes when treated with sweat, due to its high chloride content. An excessive amount of Ag + released from unprotected biocide additive is unnecessary and wasteful, because antimicrobial activity concentration can be as low as 10 − 7 g/L [21]. Therefore, a slow but smooth release of Ag + is preferable for longevity of the antimicrobial function. ...
Applying silver into coatings has become a prevalent method in fabricating antimicrobial surfaces. However, the concerns about durability always exist and limit its applications. Here, a highly inhibitory, active, durable, and easy-to-use silver ions-nanosilver antimicrobial additive for powder coatings was fabricated in this study. Silver nanoparticles were chemically bonded to the Ag, Cu, and Zn-ternary ion-exchanged zeolite by
α
-lipoic acid, which was then encapsulated by hydrophilic polymers. The fabricated silver ions and silver nanoparticles (Ag+-AgNPs) complementary structure provides a synergistic effect. Ag+ is the main antimicrobial agent, while AgNPs act as a supplementary reservoir of Ag+. As well, the formed thin layer of silver nanoparticles and hydrophilic film prolongs the release of active Ag+ from zeolite, and Ag+ facilitates the activation of AgNPs. The results show that this additive indicates excellent antimicrobial activity to E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, and that the coatings with the additive exhibit over 99.99% reduction rate for the tested bacteria and fungi. The coating film is able to maintain over 99% antimicrobial reduction even after 1200 repeated solution wipings, or over 30 wash cycles of artificial sweat solution, indicating high durability. Furthermore, the yellowness of the coating is not evident (Δb<2) despite the high loading of silver, and the silver nanoparticles have little impact on gloss, haze, and distinctness of the coating film image.
The development of eco-friendly and sustainable nano textile materials has become a crucial response to the environmental problems facing the textile industry as well as the need for increased functionality. This review delves into the history of nano textiles, following advancements from their inception to present-day uses and potential future directions. In the past, the textile industry has struggled with environmental problems such as pollution and overuse of resources. With the use of nanotechnology, textiles can now have better qualities like increased stain resistance, durability, and antibacterial performance. There is currently a major shift toward the integration of eco-friendly nanomaterials, such as biodegradable and bio-based nanoparticles, which support more sustainable production practices. These developments not only address environmental issues but also enhance textile performance, offering attributes like water resistance, UV protection, and self-cleaning capabilities. Future directions are expected to center on refining nanomaterial synthesis, scaling production, and ensuring comprehensive lifecycle sustainability. Emerging trends, such as smart functionalities and circular economy approaches, are anticipated to further revolutionize the industry. This review summarizes previous accomplishments, assesses recent innovations, and identifies future research opportunities to advance the field of green nano textiles.
This study introduces a new method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles on a cotton fabric surface by an in situ method. Reactive hyperbranched polymer (EPDA-HBP) was synthesized using epoxy chloropropane dimethylamine and amino hyperbranched polymer. Then, the fabric was modified with reactive hyperbranched polymer to obtain the amino-grafted fabric. The prepared fiber can complex Ag+ and convert Ag+ to Ag0 through the reducibility of amino acids. EPDA-HBP-grafted cotton fibers and silver nanoparticle-coated fibers were then characterized by FTIR, antibacterial, FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS methods. FE-SEM, EDS, and XPS indicated that Ag NPs were uniformly coated on the cotton fabric. FTIR results confirmed that EPDA-HBP was grafted onto the surface of cotton fiber. When the Ag content was more than 180 mg kg-1, the treated cotton fabric showed above 99.9% bacterial reduction against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have attracted substantial attention in several research fields owing to their unique physicochemical properties, which make them suitable for industrial, biotechnological, and commercial applications (e.g., coatings, catalysts, biological markers/probes, etc.). Similarly, the potential use of AgNPs in agriculture has been extensively explored. However, the agricultural application of AgNPs requires the use of carefully designed greener methods. Although AgNPs with well-defined morphological structures, shapes, and sizes are synthesized using a wide variety of physical and chemical methods, greener procedures have also been developed to avoid the generation of toxic active and waste by-products. Biological methods, including the use of plant extracts, microorganisms, and fungi, have been widely reported. Nevertheless, these biological methods need to be activated by a carefully selected spectrum of electromagnetic radiation to produce AgNPs with the properties of interest. The current study summarizes biological protocols for the synthesis of AgNPs via conventional and irradiation-assisted methods. In addition, the application of AgNPs for control of agricultural pests is concisely highlighted.
Based on the philosophy of Green Chemistry, in order to grant antimicrobial properties to fabrics, in this work a 100% cotton fabric was used impregnating silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) with the addition of carbon extracted from disused batteries, in the intuition of reuse them in a conscious and relevant way. For this, a simple and greener chemical route that occurs at low temperatures was used, the silica-based sol-gel method, which requires a precursor, in this case, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and a catalyst to generate the basic hydrolysis using ammonium hydroxide. To evaluate the durability of the coating on the fabric, it was subjected to several wash cycles. Finally, its antimicrobial activity against fungal and bacterial strains was evaluated by the modified standard method (DIN 53931) and the agar-based diffusion method (SN 195920–1992), respectively. The sol-gel green method was effective for obtaining coating for the inhibition of fungal and bacterial strains. In addition, there was a high degree of persistence of the additives after the washing cycles before the antimicrobial tests, registering inhibition up to 20 cycles, making not only the process but also the final alternative fabric greener and more sustainable.
Most wood species can rapidly deteriorate due to biological factors, especially those caused by fungi or molds that form as wood is subjected to fluctuating moisture. Many conventional treatments use toxic chemicals, but their effects on the environment are being taken into account. Also, the physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood products can decrease significantly due to environmental and manufacturing processes. Today, nanotechnological processes for wood preservation show improved properties, compared with conventional wood preservation methods. Nanomaterials can be applied to wood via direct impregnation, by modification of the wood, or by embedding nanosized biocides into a nanocarrier and controlling their release into the wood. Nanosized metal preservatives have certain advantages, such as deeper penetration of small particles that are uniform in size, which contributes to their uptake in wood. Therefore improvements in the physical, chemical, and mechanical characteristics of wood and its products combined with nanomaterials, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been able to resist extreme conditions such as biological agents and climate changes. Wood coated or impregnated with AgNPs as well as AgNP-treated textiles provide eco-friendly preservatives and have increased product durability, as the fungal growth is inhibited or reduced, thus extending the shelf life of wood, wood-based products, and textile products.
Successful conversion of cellulose hydroxyl (OH) to carboxyl (COOH) groups is the goal of many modification procedures since COOH groups enhance the polarity of the fibers' surface and can be used for further fibers' functionalization. In this work, in order to obtain 2,3-dicarboxycellulose, the regenerated cellulose fibers (viscose) in the form of fabric were functionalized through two-step oxidation: with NaIO 4 to introduce CHO groups followed by NaClO 2 for CHO conversion to COOH groups. After oxidations, the fibers' morphology, surface chemistry, crystallinity, and surface charge were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and zeta potential measurements, respectively, as well as content of COOH groups determined by volumetric titrations. Sorption properties, i.e. moisture sorption, water retention power, and sorption of silver ions (Ag +) were evaluated and correlated with oxidation parameters. The interaction with model ion-Ag + revealed that COOH groups, when maximum content obtained in oxidized fibers was 0.27 mmol·g-1 , were available for binding Ag + in nearly 1:1 ratio. The proposed oxidative protocol represents an effective method for COOH groups' introduction into regenerated cellulose fibers, improvement of fibers' sorption properties without deterioration of their crystallinity, and opens up a possibility for further functionalization of 2,3-dicarboxycellulose.
One of the most detrimental consequences of surface colonization by bacteria is healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), which contribute to increased patient mortality and morbidity. Medical devices inserted into the body provide a route for bacterial migration and conducive surfaces for their attachment and proliferation. Antibacterial coatings can potentially minimize bacterial colonization and consequently reduce the occurrence of HAIs. Antibacterial coatings function by either inhibiting the attachment of bacteria (antifouling coatings) or killing bacteria attached to the surface and/or in the vicinity (bactericidal coatings). On an antifouling coating, any bacterium that manages to attach will proliferate, while on bactericidal coatings, the accumulation of dead bacteria and debris provides opportunities for other bacteria to colonize the surface. As such, the integration of antifouling and bactericidal functionalities in a single coating combines the advantages of each, increasing the probability that bacterial colonization can be successfully inhibited. This Review highlights recent developments in dual-functional polymer-based antibacterial coatings for specific biomedical applications. General strategies for endowing surfaces with either antifouling or bactericidal polymeric coatings are first discussed, followed by more detailed descriptions of coatings with integrated antifouling and bactericidal functionalities that target the important biomedical applications: blood-contacting devices, orthopedic implants, wound dressings, ocular devices, urinary catheters, endotracheal tubes, and hospital textiles. The importance of tailoring the coatings to meet the specific constraints and requirements of the intended application beyond the antibacterial functionality is emphasized, and finally, the potential challenges in translating such coatings to clinical application are highlighted.
Unprincipled use of antibiotics has led to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) against mostly available compounds and now become a major cause of concern for the scientific community. However, in the past decade, green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received greater attention for the development of newer therapies as antimicrobials by virtue of their unique physico-chemical properties. Unlike traditional antibiotics, AgNPs exert their action by acting on multiple mechanisms which make them potential candidates against AMR. Green synthesis of AgNPs using various medicinal plants has demonstrated broader spectrum of action against several microbes in a number of attempts. The present paper provides an insight into the scientific studies that have elucidated the positive role of plant extracts/phytochemicals during green synthesis of AgNPs and their future perspectives. The studies conducted so far seem promising still, a few factors like, the precise mechanism of action of AgNPs, their synergistic interaction with biomolecules, and industrial scalability need to be explored further till effective drug development using green synthesized AgNPs in healthcare systems against AMR is established.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano particles have great importance in textile industry, because of remarkable efficiency and multiple applications such as antibacterial, UV protection, self-cleaning etc. The aim of this research work was in situ growth of ZnO nano particles on 100 % cotton fabrics with the help of ultrasonic acoustic waves. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO3)2·6H2O] and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as precursors for ZnO growth. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were done to examine the surface morphology and characteristics of deposited nano particles. Furthermore the functional properties i.e. antibacterial, UPF rating, self cleaning, air permeability and bending rigidity of the developed samples were evaluated. The results regarding SEM, EDS, XRD and FTIR confirmed the deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on cotton fabric with pure hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure. The developed samples showed excellent results for antibacterial, UPF rating and self cleaning with increased bending rigidity and slightly decreased in air permeability.
In the current study, the conditions that influence the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by A. terreus NRRL265 cell free filtrate (CFF) were first considered through the “one factor per time” ordinary strategy. At that point a response surface methodology (RSM) was built to study and identify the interdependence between the efficient factors that influence the biosynthesis of AgNPs, utilizing the central composite design (CCD) procedure. Sphere shaped AgNPs in a range between 13 and 49 nm were detected via electron microscopy approaches. The spectroscopy of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) suggested the contribution of peptides as a reducing and capping tool. The viability of AgNPs like an antimicrobial factor was set up by means of its capacity to apply a significant antimicrobial action in opposition to Candida albicans, Bacillus mycoides, and Escherichia coli. Human Caucasian breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) tumor cells showed a direct dose–response relationship with AgNPs to give an IC50 value of 46.7 μg/ml. AgNP deposition on a polyester cotton blended fabric surface was detected as a thin reliable surface layer through checking scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In spite of the presence of little amounts of silver on the treated fabrics as demonstrated by EDX analysis profile, the fabrics treated with AgNPs were capable to restrain the tested microorganism’s growth.
Functional films with antimicrobial efficacies and resistance of bacterial adhesion have great potential applications. In this paper, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes-(poly(trifluoroethyl methacrylate))8 (POSS-(PTFEMA)8) block copolymer and olefinic N-halamine monomer precursor containing quaternary ammonium groups (HQS) were used to prepare antibacterial porous films. The HQS compound was chlorinated (HQS-Cl) with tert-butylhypochlorite to achieve antibacterial functionality, and the stability and regenerability of HQS-Cl were examined. The porous film was prepared from POSS-(PTFEMA)8 by the breath figure approach and the stability of the porous films was examined. The surface morphology, stability and mechanical property of the porous films were studied. Moreover, the adding and spraying methods were carried out with HQS-Cl on the pincushion porous films to obtain hydrophobic antibacterial films. The static and dynamic hydrophobic properties were investigated by water contact angle and water droplet impact behavior. In addition, the bacterial adsorption of S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 on the flat, porous and pincushion structure films were studied. The antibacterial testing results showed that the HQS-Cl modified pincushion films had great antibacterial activity and could completely inactivate 2.38×10⁶ CFU/sample of S.aureus and 3.07×10⁶ CFU/sample of E. coli O157:H7 within 30 min of contact time.
At present, nanotechnology is a priority in research in several nations due to its massive capability and financial impact. However, due to the uncertainties and abnormalities in shape, size, and chemical compositions, the existence of certain nanomaterials may lead to dangerous effects on the human health and environment. The present review includes the different advanced applications of nanomaterials in textiles industries, as well as their associated environmental and health risks. The four main textile industry fields using nanomaterials, nanofinishing, nanocoatings, nanofibers, and nanocomposites, are analyzed. Different functional textiles with nanomaterials are also briefly reviewed. Most textile materials are in direct and prolonged contact with our skin. Hence, the influence of carcinogenic and toxic substances that are available in textiles must be comprehensively examined. Proper recognition of the conceivable benefits and accidental hazards of nanomaterials to our surroundings is significant for pursuing its development in the forthcoming years. The conclusions of the current paper are anticipated to increase awareness on the possible influence of nanomaterial-containing textile wastes and the significance of better regulations in regards to the ultimate disposal of these wastes.
This study was conducted with 12 commercial bamboo viscose, conventional rayon, cotton fibers, 4 bamboo species and 12 natural bamboo fiber (NBF) samples to test antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The accuracy and efficacy of test methods were investigated and modified for antibacterial assessment. While the spectrophotometric method was found to be less effective due to low bacterial reduction, the revised viable plate counting technique was consistent and effective for samples in fabric, fiber or powder form. Results revealed that only one viscose product showed antibacterial activity but the majority of the specimens from bamboo plant species and NBFs showed a quantifiable percentage reduction of bacteria against K. pneumoniae (8–95%) but had more modest results against S. aureus (3–50%). As the quantity of bacteria promoting compounds is lower than bacteria-killing compounds due to processing; NBFs showed higher reductions of bacteria than raw bamboo specimens.
The study was focused on the usability of olive tree leaves fallen during olive harvesting in dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabrics for cleaner production. Valorizing these waste (olive tree leaves) obtained during harvesting and using them in textile treatment processes would ensure a cleaner and more sustainable production. For this aim, olive tree leaves were subjected to an extraction process before their use in dyeing as well as directly use without any previous extraction. Six mordanting agents were also tested. Dyeing was done at two different temperatures (80 °C and 100 °C), and the liquor ratio was 1:60. First, the treated samples were tested for fastness and color variety. It was observed that sufficient fastness and color variety can be produced by using olive tree leaves with or without mordanting agents. Antibacterial tests were also conducted for samples dyed without mordanting agents. The antibacterial effects of mordants were also tested. The samples were tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that mordanting agents provide significant antibacterial efficiency against both tested bacteria and minimum of 90% bacterial reduction was observed. Using olive tree leaves without any mordants also demonstrated antibacterial efficiency and better bacterial reductions were observed for both bacterial species in dyeings at 80 °C. The reason of antibacterial efficiency caused by the olive tree leaves were investigated by ICP-MS analysis. Addition to the oleuropein content of the extract, the elements detected by ICP-MS assumed as responsible for the bacterial reduction.
Self-disinfecting textiles with high efficient antimicrobial function play a vital role in the prevention of pathogen transmissions, such as bacteria in hospitals and medical institutions. However, low reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation of current photodynamic materials cannot meet the efficiency of microbial inactivation. Herein, to increase the singlet oxygen (¹O2) generation, we constructed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) pair with GQDs as the donor and PCN-224 as the acceptor. The GQDs and PCN-224 were immobilized onto the cotton fiber surface by chemical coupling and in-situ growth, respectively. A series of properties including the promotion effect of ¹O2 and the photodynamic antibacterial effect of the self-disinfecting fabrics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were studied, the results showed that ¹O2 generation was increased by 1.61-fold via FRET process. The fabrics showed high bactericidal efficiency (99.9999+% against four kinds of bacterial strains in 30 min) and low cytotoxicity. The construction of self-disinfecting textiles based on the photodynamic and FRET strategy proposed in this work is of constructive significance for expanding and promoting the applications of textile materials in medical fields.
The article proposes a new method of obtaining silver nanoparticles on polysiloxane networks using the reducing properties of Si–H groups. Three types of networks with different architecture and distribution of Si–H groups were studied as reducing agents for silver ions and as matrices for the obtained silver nanoparticles. As established by FTIR spectroscopic studies, the redox reaction between Ag⁺ ions from the silver heptafluorobutyrate solution in toluene and Si–H groups of the networks occurred, which resulted in the appearance of silver nanoparticles in the systems. The amount of metal introduced into individual polysiloxane networks is closely related to the consumption of Si–H groups in them. The type of polysiloxane networks used affects the size of Ag NPs obtained and their distribution on the carrier. Polysiloxane‐Ag systems are observed to be an effective catalyst on reduction of hazardous dye like methyl red, which is confirmed by a decrease in absorbance maximum values.
Attempts were made to enhance the antibacterial properties of the cotton fabrics via pre-crosslinking with trimethylol melamine followed by subsequent treatment with iodine ( NH and NI) solution to create new active sites. The treated fabric shows the ability to inhibit as well as to arrest the growth of both of the bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity is determined by the degree of modification, the extent of iodine retention, as well as the ease of iodine liberation. Repeated laundering—recharging cycle could fully bring back the antibacterial functions of the finished cotton fabrics.
This study discusses the possibility of using the corona (electric discharge at atmospheric pressure) treatment for fiber
surface activation that can facilitate the loading of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) from colloids onto the polyester and polyamide
fabrics and thus enhance their antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The laundering durability of achieved effects and the influence of dyeing of fabrics with disperse dyes on their antifungal
efficiency were studied. The morphology of fibers loaded with Ag nanoparticles was characterized by SEM whereas X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy was used for the evaluation of surface chemical changes. Corona pretreated polyester and polyamide fabrics loaded
with Ag nanoparticles showed better antifungal properties compared to untreated fabrics. The advantage of corona treated fabrics
became even more prominent after washing test, particularly for polyester fabrics. Antifungal efficiency of polyester and
polyamide fabrics loaded with Ag nanoparticles were almost unaffected by dyeing process.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have been synthesized in reverse micelle cores of PS(10912)-b-PAA(3638) copolymer synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at various precursor:copolymer ratios. The size and morphology of nano ZnO particles have been characterized via TEM and XRD measurements. The average size of nano ZnO particles were determined as 25 ± 6, 21 ± 4 and 22 ± 6 nm for Zn+2:copolymer ratios of 10:1, 20:1 and 40:1, respectively. The copolymer solution including nano ZnO particles has been coated onto textile fabrics to enhance UV-blocking, self-cleaning and anti-bacterial properties. Ultraviolet protecting factor (UPF) indicating UV-blocking properties of nano ZnO coated textile fabrics were determined as 60, 179 and 271 for Zn+2:copolymer ratios of 10:1, 20:1 and 40:1, respectively. Also, self-cleaning capacity was determined by investigating photocatalytic activity of methylene blue as well as antibacterial activity against facultative gram-negative Escherichia coli and aerobic gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. It has been determined that the UV protective textile fabrics have rather high photocatalytic efficiency with 78.2% and antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Microorganisms play an important role in toxic metal remediation through reduction of metal ions. Studies demonstrated that silver ions may be reduced extracellularly using Fusarium oxysporum to generate stable gold or silver nanoparticles in water. These particles can be incorporated in several kinds of materials such as cloths. These cloths with silver nanoparticles are sterile and can be useful in hospitals to prevent or to minimize infection with pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. In this work, the extracellular production of silver nanoparticles by F. oxysporum and its antimicrobial effect when incorporated in cotton fabrics against S. aureus were studied. In addition, all effluent was bioremediated using treatment with C. violaceum. The results showed that cotton fabrics incorporated with silver nanoparticles displayed a significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The effluent derived from the process was treated with C. violaceum and exhibited an efficient reduction in the silver nanoparticles concentration. In conclusion, it was demonstrated the application of biological synthesis to silver nanoparticles production and its incorporation in cloths, providing them sterile properties. Moreover, to avoid any damage to the environment the effluent containing silver nanoparticles can be treated with cyanogenic bacterial strains.
A low temperature and cost-effective process for antimicrobial finishing of cotton textiles has been developed by sol–gel
method. The antimicrobial treatment was performed by treating cotton textile with silica sols from water glass and then with
silver nitrate solution. The antimicrobial activity was determined by using E.coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the treated textile has an excellent antimicrobial effect
and laundering durability. SEM analysis showed coarse surface morphological change on the water glass treated cotton textile.
The residual concentration of silver ion on fabrics was informed by ICP-MS. XPS results indicated that two different states
of silver were present on the surface of the antimicrobial textile.
An ecological and viable approach for the in situ forming silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on cotton fabrics has been used. Silver
nanocoated fabric of brownish yellow color (AgNPs, plasmon color) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM images revealed that the surface
of the modified cotton was rougher than that of normal cotton. In addition, SEM images showed the presence of AgNPs on the
surface of the treated fabric. Silver mapping and elemental analysis of the silver nanocoated cotton fabric using EDS confirmed
the presence of AgNPs in a homogeneous distribution. Also, FTIR spectra of silver nanocoated sample showed more intense and
broad peaks with a slight red shift if compared with those of blank sample indicating the binding of AgNPs with cellulose
macromolecules. Different coating levels and the impact of repeated washings have been evaluated against different microbial
strains by growth inhibition zone. The results of antimicrobial studies reveal that the presence of a low coating level of
nanosilver is enough for producing an excellent and durable antimicrobial cotton fabrics.
KeywordsNanotechnology–Glucose–Silver nanoparticles–Antimicrobial–Cotton fabric–In situ loading
Bacterial cellulose was produced by Acetobacter xylinum (strain TISTR 975). Bacterial cellulose is an interesting material for using as a wound dressing since it provides moist environment to a wound resulting in a better wound healing. However, bacterial cellulose itself has no antimicrobial activity to prevent wound infection. To achieve antimicrobial activity, silver nanoparticles were impregnated into bacterial cellulose by immersing bacterial cellulose in silver nitrate solution. Sodium borohydride was then used to reduce the absorbed silver ion (Ag+) inside of bacterial cellulose to the metallic silver nanoparticles (Ag0). Silver nanoparticles displayed the optical absorption band around 420 nm. The red-shift and broadening of the optical absorption band was observed when the mole ratio of NaBH4 to AgNO3 (NaBH4:AgNO3) was decreased, indicating the increase in particle size and particles size distribution of silver nanoparticles that was investigated by transmission electron microscope. The formation of silver nanoparticles was also evidenced by the X-ray diffraction. The freeze-dried silver nanoparticle-impregnated bacterial cellulose exhibited strong the antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive).
Silver nanoparticles were synthesized and deposited on different types of fabrics using ultrasound irradiation. The structure of silver-fabric composites was studied by physico-chemical methods. The mechanism of the strong adhesion of silver nanoparticles to the fibers is discussed. The excellent antibacterial activity of the Ag-fabric composite against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) cultures was demonstrated.
Nanotechnology is expected to open new avenues to fight and prevent disease using atomic scale tailoring of materials. Among the most promising nanomaterials with antibacterial properties are metallic nanoparticles, which exhibit increased chemical activity due to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. The study of bactericidal nanomaterials is particularly timely considering the recent increase of new resistant strains of bacteria to the most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. The present work studies the effect of silver nanoparticles in the range of 1-100 nm on Gram-negative bacteria using high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Our results indicate that the bactericidal properties of the nanoparticles are size dependent, since the only nanoparticles that present a direct interaction with the bacteria preferentially have a diameter of approximately 1-10 nm.
Ionic silver exhibits antimicrobial activity against a broad range of micro-organisms. As a consequence, silver is included in many commercially available healthcare products. The use of silver is increasing rapidly in the field of wound care, and a wide variety of silver-containing dressings are now commonplace (e.g. Hydrofiber dressing, polyurethane foams and gauzes). However, concerns associated with the overuse of silver and the consequent emergence of bacterial resistance are being raised. The current understanding of the biochemical and molecular basis behind silver resistance has been documented since 1998. Despite the sporadic evidence of bacterial resistance to silver, there have been very few studies undertaken and documented to ascertain its prevalence. The risks of antibacterial resistance developing from the use of biocides may well have been overstated. It is proposed that hygiene should be emphasized and targeted towards those applications that have demonstrable benefits in wound care. It is the purpose of this review to assess the likelihood of widespread resistance to silver and the potential for silver to induce cross-resistance to antibiotics, in light of its increasing usage within the healthcare setting.
The antibacterial activity of silver has long been known and has found a variety of applications
because its toxicity to human cells is considerably lower than to bacteria. The most widely
documented uses are prophylactic treatment of burns and water disinfection. However, the
mechanisms by which silver kills cells are not known. Information on resistance mechanisms is
apparently contradictory and even the chemistry of Ag+ in such systems is poorly understood.
To investigate the mechanism of inhibition of silver ions on microorganisms, two strains of bacteria, namely Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), were treated with AgNO3 and studied using combined electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Similar morphological changes occurred in both E. coli and S. aureus cells after Ag⁺ treatment. The cytoplasm membrane detached from the cell wall. A remarkable electron-light region appeared in the center of the cells, which contained condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. There are many small electron-dense granules either surrounding the cell wall or depositing inside the cells. The existence of elements of silver and sulfur in the electron-dense granules and cytoplasm detected by X-ray microanalysis suggested the antibacterial mechanism of silver: DNA lost its replication ability and the protein became inactivated after Ag⁺ treatment. The slighter morphological changes of S. aureus compared with E. coli recommended a defense system of S. aureus against the inhibitory effects of Ag⁺ ions. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 662–668, 2000.
This article discusses experiments that found that the germicidal action of a specified amount of silver was related to the concentration of silver ions rather than to the physical nature of the silver from which the ions were originally derived. Neither the presence or absence of light nor the change in the density of test organisms within the range of 1,680 – 1,800,000 per milliliter produces a discernible effect on the bactericidal action of silver. Phosphate tends to decrease germicidal efficiency, whereas increases of pH accelerate death rates. Of the several neutralizers studied, a mixture of sodium thiosulfate and sodium thioglycollate was found to be most efficient. In the presence of inefficient neutralizers, bacteriostasis may be mistaken for bactericidal action. When silver-contaminated glass is reused, some of the silver is desorbed and exerts a germicidal action. In these studies, boiling in sodium chloride solution was the most effective method of removing the silver from glassware. Radioactive Ag110m is useful in determining silver concentrations in solution and the residual remaining on surfaces.
Disinfection due to copper or silver ions may result from action at the cell or capsid protein surface or on the nucleic acid of cells or viruses. Metals may alter enzyme structure and function or facilitate hydrolysis or nucleophilic displacement. The means by which cells may reduce the toxic effect of metal ions include: biomethylation, complexation with metallothionen, development of efflux pumps, the binding of metal ions to cell surfaces, and the removal of metal ions by precipitation. The phenomenon of “multiplicity of reactivation” may reduce the effect of a disinfectant on a virus by allowing a clump of partially inactivated viruses to produce a productive infection in a susceptible cell. Conditions which may affect metal ion‐biomolecule interaction include: pH, ionic strength, temperature, dissolved oxygen, presence of interfering substances or light, the chemical form and valency of the metal ion, and the condition of the microorganisms.
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of tert-butyl acrylate is reported. Controlled polymerizations were performed using a CuBr/N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine catalyst system in conjunction with an alkyl bromide as the initiator. Low molecular weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained by the addition of a solvent to create a homogeneous catalytic system. The addition of the solvent was necessary to decrease the polymerization rate and afford low polydispersity materials. This differs from the ATRP of methyl or n-butyl acrylate using this catalytic system, which do not require the addition of a solvent to obtain well-defined polymers. Subsequent hydrolysis of the polymer in refluxing dioxane with addition of HCl afforded poly(acrylic acid). Characterization using 1H NMR and FT-IR confirmed complete hydrolysis of the ester group. Further use of poly(tert-butyl acrylate) as a macroinitiator for block copolymerizations followed by hydrolysis of the ester group produced amphiphilic block copolymers. In addition, the preparation of an ABC triblock copolymer of poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-b-poly(styrene)-b-poly(methyl acrylate) by ATRP is reported.
In this research, investigating the possibility of producing, processing and also characterization of antibacterial organic/inorganic nanocomposite polypropylene fiber has been presented. For this purpose, PP powder and inorganic nanocomposite filler were mixed using a twin screw extruder and modified granule was produced. After producing as-spun filament yarns by a pilot plant melt spinning machine at the take-up speed of 2000 m/min, samples were drawn, textured and finally weft knitted. Physical and structural properties of as-spun and drawn yarns with constant and variable draw ratios were investigated. The experimental results revealed that the crystallinity reduction of modified as-spun yarns could be compensated by drawing process. Tensile properties of modified drawn yarns with the variable draw ratio were higher than the pure PP, whereas the inverse observation was noticed in the case of constant draw ratio. The investigation of antimicrobial activity showed a high percentage of biostatic efficiency on the modified samples.
A series of composite hydrogels containing silver nanoparticle used for bioadhesives were prepared from acrylic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate, and silver nanoparticles through ex situ polymerization. Silver nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution were prepared by the reduction of a silver nitrate solution with ascorbic acid. The influence of the content of the silver nanoparticles in the hydrogels on the equilibrium swelling ratio, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and inactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was investigated in this study. The results showed that the swelling ratios of the composite gels were reduced by silver nanoparticles in the gels but were not reduced with an increase in the content of silver nanoparticles. In addition, the crosslinking density and shear modulus of these hydrogels did not increase with an increase in the content of silver nanoparticles. The adhesive force of these hydrogels (the APECAg series) was not obviously changed. Finally, the initial rate of E. coli inactivation for the APECAg series hydrogels showed excellent antibacterial properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3653–3661, 2006
In this paper we describe a new method for the grafting of cyclodextrins (CDs)onto cotton or wool fabrics. The novelty principally concerns the chemical approach of the grafting reaction that was carried out in the presence of polycarboxylic acids, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, citric acid, or polyacrylic acid. All types of native or CD derivatives could be used successfully as long as they carried enough remaining hydroxyl groups. For example, the amount of native β-CD fixed onto the fabrics increased up to 12% in weight, whereas this value decreased to only 3% for the randomly methylated derivative of β-CD (RAMEB). We observed that phosphorous salts, such as sodium mono- and dihydrogen phosphate or sodium dihydrogen hypophosphite, catalyzed the reaction. On the other hand, the conventional and convenient pad–dry–cure technique that is currently used at the industrial scale in textile processing was applied. We report that the polycarboxylic acids play the role of linking agent through an esterification (or amidification) reaction with the OH (or NH2) groups of both CD and cotton (or wool) fibers. In addition, this reaction could lead to the graft of a copolymer formed between CD and the polycarboxylic acid. The reaction yield depends on the concentration and nature of the aforementioned reactants and catalysts and on the curing conditions (time and temperature). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1449–1456, 2002
Bicomponent sheath-core fibers were prepared by a general melt-spinning method with polypropylene chips and silver nanoparticles. The melt-spun fibers were characterized by DSC, WAXS and SEM. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by an AATCC 100 test, a quantitative method. The results of the DSC thermogram and the intensity pattern of X-ray diffraction indicated that the crystallinity of polypropylene including silver nanoparticles was slightly decreased compared with that of pure polypropylene fibers. SEM micrographs showed that the average diameter of the silver nanoparticles was approximately 30 nm and some particles had aggregated. The fibers, which contained silver in the core part, did not show antibacterial effects. Fibers with added silver in the sheath part, however, exhibited excellent antibacterial effects. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Silver nanoparticle thin layers were deposited onto formaldehyde-radio frequency (RF)-plasma-functionalized medical- and food-grade silicone rubber, stainless steel, and paper surfaces. The silver deposition was carried out under ex situ plasma conditions using the Tollen's reaction. Results from survey and high-resolution electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy investigations confirmed the presence of thin silver layers on the plasma-exposed and subsequently modified substrate surfaces. In addition, SEM and AFM demonstrated the nanoparticle-based morphology of the deposited layers. Our results showed that thin macromolecular layers bearing aldehyde functionalities can be deposited onto silicone rubber, stainless steel, and paper surfaces. The bactericidal properties of the silver-coated surfaces were demonstrated by exposing them to Listeria monocytogenes. No viable bacteria were detected after 12 to 18 h on silver-coated silicone rubber surfaces. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1411–1422, 2004
Silver nanoparticles were produced by a chemical reduction method that reduced silver nitrate with reducing agents such as hydrazine and glucose. The silver nanoparticles were characterized with transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope, and optical microscope. The effects of process parameters such as the stirring speed, temperature, type of reducing agent, and dispersing agent on the particle size were studied. The particle size decreased with an increase in the stirring speed and a decrease in the process temperature. Smaller particles were formed when the silver nitrate was reduced by glucose versus those that were formed by reduction with hydrazine. Silver nanoparticles with average sizes of 10 and 35 nm, produced by reduction with hydrazine at 5 and 40°C, were applied to silk by an exhaust method. Silk fabrics treated with 40 ppm silver hydrosol produced at 5°C and 60 ppm silver hydrosol produced at 40°C showed 100% antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The durability of the antimicrobial property of the treated silk fabric to washing was also examined and is presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
In this study, cotton fabric was successfully modified to have an antibacterial property through use of the sol–gel process. Dodecanethiol-capped silver nanoparticles, which have powerful antibacterial activity, were incorporated in silica sol. The starting materials were silver nitrate, tetraoctylammonium bromide, sodium borohydride, chloroform, 1-dodecanethiol, ethanol, tetraethylorthosilicate, and water. The cotton fabric was padded with dodecanethiol-capped silver nanoparticle–doped sol, dried at 60°C, and cured at 150°C. Scanning electron microscopy showed a uniform and continuous layer of doped sol on the fiber surface. The antibacterial effects of the treated cotton fabric against Escherichia coli were examined and found to be excellent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:2938–2943, 2006
Antibacterial activity has become a significant property of textiles used in applications such as medicine, clothing, and
household products. In this study, we compounded polypropylene with either micro- or nano-sized silver powders. These polypropylene/silver
compounds were prepared by direct melt-compounding using a conventional twin-screw mixer. We analyzed the characteristics
of the compounds using wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM). The DSC and WAXS results indicated that the crystallinity of the polypropylene component decreased slightly
when compared with that of the pure polymer. The SEM micrographs indicated that the silver particles had good dispersibility
in the matrix. We measured the mechanical properties of these materials using a universal tensile tester and evaluated the
antibacterial activities of these compounds by performing quantitative antibacterial tests using the AATCC-100 test method.
From these evaluations of antibacterial activity, we conclude that the compounds incorporating the silver nanoparticles exhibited
superior antibacterial activity relative to the samples containing micron-sized particles.
This paper deals with the antibacterial efficacy of nanosized silver colloidal solution on the cellulosic and synthetic fabrics. Two kinds of Bacteria; Gram-positive and Gram-negative, were used. TEM observation of silver nanoparticles showed their shape, and size distribution. The particles were very small (2–5 nm) and had narrow distribution. SEM images of treated fabrics indicated silver nanoparticles were well dispersed on the surfaces of specimens. WAXS patterns did not show any peak of silver as the fabric had very small quantity of silver particles. However, ICP-MS informed the residual concentration of silver particles on fabrics before/after laundering. The antibacterial treatment of the textile fabrics was easily achieved by padding them with nanosized silver colloidal solution. The antibacterial efficacy of the fabrics was maintained after many times laundering.
Antimicrobial silver nanoparticles were immobilized on nylon and silk fibers by following the layer-by-layer deposition method. The sequential dipping of nylon or silk fibers in dilute solutions of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and silver nanoparticles capped with poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) led to the formation of a colored thin film possessing antimicrobial properties. The layer-by-layer deposition was monitored by measuring the K/S value, which is the ratio between the sorption coefficient (K) and the scattering (S) of the coated fibers, with a reflectance spectrophotometer. The K/S values for both silk and nylon fibers were found to increase as a function of the number of deposited layers. Although the film growth was observed on both fibers, the K/S value of the nylon fiber was significantly lower than silk fibers. Scanning electron microscopy studies of both fibers confirmed that the layer-by-layer coating on the nylon fibers was not as uniform as on the silk fibers. Antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were performed and antimicrobial activity was demonstrated for both coated fibers. The deposition of 20 PDADMAC/PMAcapAg layers onto the fibers resulted in 80% bacteria reduction for the silk fiber and 50% for the nylon fiber. Although the film growth was more efficient on the silk fibers, these results suggest that this technique could be used in the design of new synthetic or natural technical fibers where antimicrobial properties are required.
Ag nanoparticles with diameter in the range of 10–25 nm had been synthesized using a simple sucrose ester micellar-mediated method. Ag nanoparticles were formed by adding AgNO3 solution into the sucrose ester micellar solution containing sodium hydroxide at atmospheric condition after 24 h of aging time. Trace amount of dimethyl formamide (DMF) in the sucrose ester solution served as a reducing agent while NaOH acted as a catalyst. The produced Ag nanoparticles were highly stable in the sucrose ester micellar system as there was no precipitation after 6 months of storage. The as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and UV–vis spectroscopy (UV–vis). Formation mechanism of Ag nanoparticles in the micellar-mediated synthesis is postulated. The antibacterial properties of the Ag nanoparticles were tested against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Gram-positive) and Aeromonas hydrophila (Gram-negative) bacteria. This work provides a simple and “green” method for the synthesis of highly stable Ag nanoparticles in aqueous solution with promising antibacterial property.
This paper presents a novel idea to achieve permanent antibacterial activity with no negative effect on other properties such as comfort and strength. To this end, PET fabric samples were treated with crosslinkable polysiloxane via different methods, simultaneous or after treatment with various concentrations of nanosized colloidal silver. Furthermore, this research has investigated and compared the effect of presence or absence of the spin finish on fabric surfaces in the same treatment condition to indicate the possibility of applying this method without spin finish elimination. Finally, the antibacterial efficiency of modified fabrics was quantitatively evaluated and compared against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus according to AATCC 100. Very good biostatic efficacy against S. aureus appeared even by applying a low nanosilver content. However, a higher nanosilver content was necessary to attain such antibacterial effects against K. pneumoniae. Crosslinked polysiloxane resulted in a remarkable control in the release of silver from the coating and can improve the long-term microbiological activity, especially against home laundering. Increasing nanosilver mass fraction resulted in bioactivity enhancement against both kinds of tested bacteria. Simultaneous application of nanosized silver solution and polysiloxane emulsion on the fabric surfaces showed improved antibacterial efficiency as compared to separate application. The presence of spin finish declined bioactivity because of providing an enrichment culture for fast thriving of microorganisms. The polysiloxane treatment has compensated for this difference to some extent. The experiment results revealed that polysiloxane also compensated for some adverse effects of nanosilver treatment such as decreasing conductivity and softness.
1. Properties of X-rays. 2. Geometry of Crystals. 3. Diffraction I: Directions of Diffracted Beams. 4. Diffraction II: Intensities of Diffracted Beams. 5. Diffraction III: Non-Ideal Samples. 6. Laure Photographs. 7. Powder Photographs. 8. Diffractometer and Spectrometer. 9. Orientation and Quality of Single Crystals. 10. Structure of Polycrystalline Aggregates. 11. Determination of Crystal Structure. 12. Precise Parameter Measurements. 13. Phase-Diagram Determination. 14. Order-Disorder Transformation. 15. Chemical Analysis of X-ray Diffraction. 16. Chemical Analysis by X-ray Spectrometry. 17. Measurements of Residual Stress. 18. Polymers. 19. Small Angle Scatters. 20. Transmission Electron Microscope.
Pure anatase, nanosized and Sn(4+) ion doped titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) particulates (TiO(2)-Sn(4+)) were synthesized by hydrothermal process. TiO(2)-Sn(4+) was used to coat glass surfaces to investigate the photocatalytic antibacterial effect of Sn(4+) doping to TiO(2) against gram negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Relationship between solid ratio of TiO(2)-Sn(4+) in coatings and antibacterial activity was reported. The particulates and the films were characterized using particle size analyzer, zeta potential analyzer, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), SEM, AAS and UV/VIS/NIR techniques. The results showed that TiO(2)-Sn(4+) is fully anatase crystalline form and easily dispersed in water. Increasing the solid ratio of TiO(2)-Sn(4+) from 10 to 50% in the coating solution increased antibacterial effect.
This chapter discusses antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Silver and its compounds have long been used, in one form or another, as antimicrobial agents. The silver compound of major therapeutic interest at the present time is silver sulphadiazine. Many in healthcare know that other silver compounds are still in use. It is worth stating that the treatment of ophthalmia neonatorum was revolutionized by the instillation of silver derivatives into the eyes of new-born sufferers. Several factors influence the antimicrobial activity of silver salts. Silver has a marked tendency to adsorb to surfaces and bactericidal activity is reduced in the presence of phosphates, chlorides, sulphides and hard water. Activity is increased as the temperature is raised and is pH-dependent, increasing with increasing pH. Sodium thioglycollate has been recommended as a suitable neutralizing agent for use in bactericidal testing although other SH compounds also fulfil this role. Silver, one of the native metals and second only to gold in its stability amongst the metals of antiquity, has provided several therapeutic agents which have been employed since the beginning of recorded history. These agents range from the metal itself, its salts and complexes with proteins and other macromolecules to the latest, silver sulphadiazine (AgSD).
To investigate the mechanism of inhibition of silver ions on microorganisms, two strains of bacteria, namely Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), were treated with AgNO(3) and studied using combined electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Similar morphological changes occurred in both E. coli and S. aureus cells after Ag(+) treatment. The cytoplasm membrane detached from the cell wall. A remarkable electron-light region appeared in the center of the cells, which contained condensed deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules. There are many small electron-dense granules either surrounding the cell wall or depositing inside the cells. The existence of elements of silver and sulfur in the electron-dense granules and cytoplasm detected by X-ray microanalysis suggested the antibacterial mechanism of silver: DNA lost its replication ability and the protein became inactivated after Ag(+) treatment. The slighter morphological changes of S. aureus compared with E. coli recommended a defense system of S. aureus against the inhibitory effects of Ag(+) ions.
Two silver-impregnated activated carbons (SIACs) (0.05 and 1.05 wt % silver) and their virgin (i.e., unimpregnated) granular activated carbon (GAC) precursors were investigated for their ability to remove and sequester iodide from aqueous solutions in a series of batch sorption and leaching experiments. Silver content, total iodide concentration, and pH were the factors controlling the removal mechanisms of iodide. Iodide uptake increased with decreasing pH for both SIACs and their virgin GACs. The 0.05% SIAC behaved similarly to its virgin GAC in all experimental conditions because of its low silver content. At pH values of 7 and 8 there was a marked increased in iodide removal for the 1.05% SIAC over that of its virgin GAC, while their performances were similar at a pH of 5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses prior to reaction with iodide showed the presence of metallic silver agglomerates on the 1.05% SIAC surface. After the reaction, elemental mapping with EDX showed the formation of silver iodide agglomerates. Oxidation of metallic silver was observed in the presence of oxygen, and the carbon surface appears to catalyze this reaction. When the molar ratio of silver to iodide was greater than 1 (i.e., M(Ag,SIAC) > M(I,TOTAL)), precipitation of silver iodide was the dominant removal mechanism. However, unreacted silver leached into solution with decreasing pH while iodide leaching did not occur. When M(Ag,SIAC) < M(I,TOTAL), silver iodide precipitation occurred until all available silver had reacted, and additional iodide was removed from solution by pH-dependent adsorption to the GAC. Under this condition, silver leaching did not occur while iodide leaching increased with increasing pH.
In the present study, silver-doped silica thin films were successfully prepared by sol-gel method to apply for antibacterial materials. The starting solution was prepared from 1:0.24:3.75:2.2 molar ratios of Si(OC2H5)4):AgNO3:H2O:C2H5OCH2CH2OH and then the pH value controlled at 3 with 0.5 N HNO3 solution. The formation of silver-doped glassy silica thin films at various temperatures was investigated through infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. From these analysis data, it was found that silver ions were completely trapped in the silica matrix and their reduction could be achieved at 600 degrees C annealing temperature. The antibacterial effects of silica thin films against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were examined by film attachment method. The coating films had an excellent antibacterial performance.
Antibacterial coatings based on hydrogen-bonded multilayers containing in situ synthesized Ag nanoparticles were created on planar surfaces and on magnetic colloidal particles. We report the antibacterial properties of these coatings, determined using a disk-diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test, as a function of the film thickness and the concentration of Ag nanoparticles in the hydrogen-bonded multilayers. The zone of inhibition (ZoI) determined by the disk-diffusion test increases as the thickness of the multilayer film is increased. Results obtained for the values of the ZoI as a function of film thickness can be described adequately with a simple diffusion model (i.e., the square of the zone of inhibition (ZoI) depended linearly on the logarithm of the thickness of the silver-loaded films). This observation suggests that, in order to incrementally increase the ZoI, an exponentially increasing amount of Ag is required within the multilayers. In general, there was no statistically significant correlation between the zone of inhibition and the number of Ag loading and reduction cycles. The duration of sustained release of antibacterial Ag ions from these coatings, however, could be prolonged by increasing the total supply of zerovalent silver in the films via multiple loading and reduction cycles. These results indicate that the release of silver is controlled by an oxidation mechanism at the surface of the nanoparticles and that repeated loading and reduction of silver leads preferentially to growth of the existing silver nanoparticles in the film as opposed to nucleation of new Ag nanoparticles. We also show that magnetic microspheres coated with silver nanoparticle loaded hydrogen-bonded multilayer thin films can be used to deliver antibacterial agents to specific locations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanocomposite coated microspheres was determined by the agar dilution technique: antibacterial magnetic microspheres with higher concentrations of Ag nanoparticles exhibited lower MIC values.
Well-defined amphiphilic block copolymers poly(styrene-b-acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) with controlled block length were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Pectinase enzyme was immobilized on the well-defined amphiphilic block copolymers PS-b-PAA. The carboxyl groups on the amphiphilic PS-b-PAA diblock copolymers present a very simple, mild, and time-saving process for enzyme immobilization. Various characteristics of immobilized pectinase such as the pH and temperature stability, thermal stability, and storage stability were valuated. Among them the pH optimum and temperature optimum of free and immobilized pectinase were found to be pH 6.0 and 65 degrees C.
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