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NISTIR 5575
Measurements of Indoor Pollutant Emissions
from EPA Phase II Wood Stoves
Steven J. Nabinger
Andrew K. Persily
Building and Fire Research Laboratory
Katherine S. Sharpless
Stephen A. Wise
Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory
February 1995
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Commerce U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
Ronald H. Brown, Secreta~ Directorate for Health Sciences
Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology Washington, DC 20207
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Arati Prabhaker, Director
ABSTRACT
Measurements of indoor pollutant emissions were made on four wood stoves meeting the
EPA Phase II emission requirements in a37 m2 (400 ft2) test house at NIST. The stoves were
operated in amanner consistent with typical residential use and in accordance with the
manufacturers’ instructions. Three tests were conducted for each stove, with each test lasting
approximately ten hours. During the tests the following quantities were monitored: combined
gaseous and particulate phase concentrations of 13 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) averaged over the test period, including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P); total particulate phase
PAH concentrations using areal-time monitoq mass of particulate matter below ten pm in
diameter (PM1O) averaged over the test period; continuous particle counts in six size ranges;
continuous indoor and outdoor concentrations of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide; building
air change rates; pressures across the test house walls and in the stove flue; wind speed and
direction; and indoor and outdoor air temperature and relative humidity. Based on these
measurements, emission rates of total PAHs (i.e., the sum of eight individual compounds) ranged
from 0.05 to 0.24 ngk and total PAH source strengths ranged from67to711 ngllcg of wood.
Emission rates of B[a]P ranged from 0.003 to 0.028 rig/s and B[a]P source strengths ranged from
7to 90 ngkg of wood burned.
Keywords: benzo[a]pyrene, emission rates, indoor air quality, particulate, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons, wood stoves
...
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DISCLAIMER STATEMENT
Certain commercial equipment are identified in this report to describe the instrumentation
used in the tests. The mention of trademarks or registered trade names of commercial products in
this report does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the equipment identified are the only appropriate
or best available devices for the purposes cited in this report.
This project has been funded in part with federal funds from the U.S. Consumer Product
Safety Commission under interagency agreement number CPSC-IAG-93- 1125. The content of the
report does not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission, nor does the mention of trade
names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the Commission.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ...............................
INTRODUCTION ..........................
DESCRIPTIONOF TESTHOUSEAND STOVES
...
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...................................1
...................................1
MEASUREMENTPROCEDURES AND INSTRUMENTATION .......................3
MeasurementTechniques andInstmmentation .................................3
Average PAHon SorbentTubes. .....................................3
Real-Time PAHand Building Pressures ................................5
PMIO ...........................................................6
Particle Counts ...........................$.$.....................s7
Carbon Monoxide, CarbonDioxide and RelativeHumidity .................7
Building Air Change Rate,Temperature andWindSpeed ..................8
Wood Consumption ................................................8
TestProtocols ...........................................................9
Stove Operation ...................................................9
Instrumentation ..................................................10
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS ...................................................ll
SumrnaryofTests ......................................................11
Test Results ...........................................................12
PAHMeasurements withSorbent Tubes .....................................14
PAHConcentrations ..............................................14
PAHEmission Rates ..............................................18
Carbon Monoxide Emission Rates .........................................24
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION ................................................25
REFERENCES ..............................................................26
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................27
FIGURES .................................................................o.29
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIXC
APPENDIX D
STOVE OPERATION PROTOCOL .......................