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Isolation of Macro Mutants and Mutagenic Effectiveness, Efficiency in Black Gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper)
Abstract
The Present investigation was undertaken to study the frequency and spectrum of macro mutants along with the mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of different dose/ concentration of gamma rays and EMS in Black gram variety (Vamban-1). The seeds were treated with gamma rays (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100kR) and EMS (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25mM). The biological damage was calculated in M and M generation based on lethality (L) 1 2 and seedling Injury (I). In this genotypes number of chlorophyll mutants and viable mutants with effectiveness and efficiency were observed. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was calculated based on the biological damage of both generation in chlorophyll mutants and viable mutants. In general the mutation frequency was high on M plant basis than M plant for both the mutagens. The spectrum of chlorophyll mutants (Chlorina, 1 2 Albino, Xantha, Variegata) and Viable mutants (Dwarf, Tall, Tiny leaf, spreading, Bushy type) were observed in M and M generation. The mutagenic effectiveness decreased with the increased in dose/ concentration of 1 2 mutagen. Mutagenic efficiency (mutation rate in relation to damage of seedlings) increased at lower dose/ concentration and decreased with higher concentration. Mutagenic efficiency varied depending upon the criteria selected for its estimation. The present investigation the EMS treatments were found more efficient in causing less biological damage and inducing maximum amount of mutations.
... Mutation breeding is the tool in the hand of breeder to create variability in crop population and to make selection in the population with the view to bring about further improvement in crop. In general mutation breeding has been playing a key role in self-pollinated crop with limit variability has been reported by many workers, in cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008) [4] , in black gram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009) [22] and soybean (Padmavathi, Devi and Kiranmai, 1992;Pavadai et al., 2010) [17,18] . To determine effectiveness of the mutagens Chlorophyll mutations are one of the important criteria which are potentially useful in understanding of different physiological functions, various biochemical reactions and pathological invasion. ...
... Mutation breeding is the tool in the hand of breeder to create variability in crop population and to make selection in the population with the view to bring about further improvement in crop. In general mutation breeding has been playing a key role in self-pollinated crop with limit variability has been reported by many workers, in cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008) [4] , in black gram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009) [22] and soybean (Padmavathi, Devi and Kiranmai, 1992;Pavadai et al., 2010) [17,18] . To determine effectiveness of the mutagens Chlorophyll mutations are one of the important criteria which are potentially useful in understanding of different physiological functions, various biochemical reactions and pathological invasion. ...
... Similar observations were reported by Giri et al.(2010) [7] in pigeonpea, in which they used ICPL-87 genotypefor mutation screening in which seeds were irradiated with 100, 200, 300, 400 gray and treated with EMS at 10, 20, 30, 40mM concentration and they recorded similar four types of chlorophyll mutants. Also similar findings were recorded by Girija and Dhanavel (2009) [4] in cowpea; Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) [22] and Arulbalachandran (2009) [1] in blackgram. ...
... The mutants breed true for the altered characters. Similar observations were made by Girija and Dhanavel (2009) in cowpea; Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) and Arulbalachandran (2006) in black gram; Solanki (2005) in lentil; Jayakumar and Selvaraj (2003) in sunflower; Pavadai (2006) in soybean; Mensah and Obadoni (2007) in Arachis hypogaea. Gaul (1964) classified viable mutations as macro and micro mutations, while Swaminathan, (1964) grouped them as macro mutations are systematic mutations. ...
... The maximum mutagenic effectiveness was observed at 50mM of EMS (12.38) while the minimum was observed at 50mM of sodium azide (6.25). Similar results were recorded by Solanki (2005) in lentil; Sassikumar et al. (2003) in Lima bean, Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) and Arulbalachandran (2006) in black gram. ...
The present study was undertaken in maize Zea mays (L.) var. JKMH-1001. Seeds were treated with different concentration of ethyl methane sulphonate, diethyl sulphate and sodium azide in treated level for 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mM which induced chlorophyll mutation and morphological mutation in maize. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants' viz., Albino, Viridis, Xantha and Chlorina were identified in the treated population. The morphological mutation consisted of tall, dwarf, early maturity, late maturity, triangular leaf, bold size seed, long ear, short ear and male sterility in all the level. EMS was found to be more effective than DES and SA in producing chlorophyll and viable mutants on M 1 and M 2 plant basis as well as efficient on lethality and injury bases. While the mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency generally decreased and increased in higher doses of mutagens.
... The analysis of the chlorophyll mutations revealed that in general, the frequency of chlorophyll mutation increased with the increase in dose and was irrespective of the variety (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009). Based on the intensity of pigmentation at the seedling stage, wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutations were observed in this study in M 1 generations viz., albino, xantha, chlorina, viridis and albino-xantha. ...
... The mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency decreases at higher doses/concentrations seen here was reported by Dhanavel et al. (2008) in cowpea. Higher mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were observed at lower doses of EMS in black gram (Waghmare and Mehra, 2001;Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009). In the present study, Pusa Komal appeared to be mutagen sensitive at a higher degree than Arka Garima as seen elsewhere. ...
Mutation induction is considered as an effective way to enrich plant genetic variation, particularly for traits with a very low level of genetic variation. In the present study, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency in two morphologically divergent cultivars of cowpea viz., Pusa Komal and Arka Garima were investigated and efficiency was calculated based on pollen sterility (%) and lethality. Seeds were treated with different doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 Gy (gray)) and chemical ethylmethane sulphonate (EMS) concentration (0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35%, 0.40%, 0.45%) for 6 h. Untreated seeds were used as control. In general, the mutagen effectiveness and efficiency increased with increasing dosage and then declined. A non-linear effect was seen up with 300 Gy doses of gamma rays in var. Pusa Komal. Dose dependant (more than 200 Gy) linear decline in the effectiveness was observed in Arka Garima. The effectiveness increased with the increase in concentrations of the chemical mutagens till 0.30% in Pusa Komal and 0.35% in Arka Garima and showed a decline. In variety Pusa Komal, mutagenic efficiency decreased at higher dose (lethal) of gamma rays. In case of sterility, the maximum mutagenic efficiency was observed at 100 Gy of gamma rays and 0.25% of EMS. Mutagenic efficiency increased up to 300 Gy dose in case of lethality and 200 Gy for sterility but decreased thereafter in Arka Garima. In case of chemical mutagen, 0.35% treatment proved to be the most efficient concentration for sterility and lethality. Higher efficiency on sterility was observed in both the varieties. Pusa Komal appeared to be more sensitive than Arka Garima
... Mutagenic using EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) showed more effective result than using other mutagens. EMS is known as having more power in generating useful mutation compared to gamma rays in rice (Kaul and Bhan, 1977), lentil (Solanki and Sharma, 1994), green beans (Singh, 2001), peas (Shah et al., 2008), and urdbean (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009). EMS treatment on pea (Girija and Dhanavel, 2009) and soybean (Khan and Tyagi 2010) suggests a more effective and efficient cause for mutations compared to gamma rays and a combination of both. ...
Abiotic stresses, particularly drought, are harmful for the plant productivity. Mutagenesis is widely used as method that is potential to increase the variability of crop development. Mutagenic using EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) shows more effective results than using other mutagens. DREB1 gene is a subclass of DREB gene which is a transcription factor and it also serves as a key regulatory response of plants to drought stress. Mutation induction combines concentration treatment and immersion time in EMS. RNA isolation employs RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen). GmDREB-1 expression is analyzed using Real Time PCR (Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction or Q-PCR). The analysis shows that mutation treatment with EMS using 0.07% concentration with a wide range of immersion time indicates that GmDREB-1 expression is higher than other treatments. The results of this study proved that mutation induction using EMS can be used as an alternative to plant breeding to obtain drought resistant soybean. Induction mutation useful for improvement genetic variability of plant. Â
... 01 to 0.03%) as compared with control groups. These findings agree with those in black gram(Sharma et al., 2005; in cowpea(Dhanavel et al., 2008), in little millet;(Thilagavathi & Mullainathan, 2009) and in sesame (Begum and Dasgupta, 2010). However, reductions in seed germination percentages at the highest concentration (0.04 and 0.05%) may be due to the effect of mutagens on various crop plants have earlier been reported byMensah et al. (2005). ...
... on chlorophyll mutant basis and mutagenic effectiveness found maximum in 0.2% EMS treatment in both varieties on morphological mutant basis. This was in confirmation with the findings of Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) [1] in Black gram, Khan and Tyagi (2010) [17] in Soya bean, Satpute et al. (2012) [31] in Soya bean, Bhosale and Kothekar (2010) [5] in Cluster bean, Sikder et al (2013) [35] in Tomato, Burghate et al (2013) [9] in Ground nut, Mangaiyarkarasi et al (2014) [24] in Catharanthus roseus, Kulthe and Mongle (2014) in Winged bean, Ambli and Mullainathan (2016) [1] in [28] , Pigeon pea (Sangle and Kothekar, 2013) [5] Black gram (Bhosale and Hallale, 2013) [4] and Green gram (Mishra and Singh, 2014). When the mutation rates based on efficiency were compared, EMS was found to be more efficient than gamma rays in Glycine max (L.) Merill. ...
... In the present pursuit, the order of mutagenic effectiveness as determined on the basis of frequencies chlorophyll mutants was HZ > gamma rays + HZ > gamma rays. Superiority of effectiveness of chemical mutagens over gamma rays was also reported by in rice [13], lentil [14], mung bean [15], chickpea [16], urd bean [17], cowpea [18] and soybean [19]. In the cultivar DPL 62, moderate concentrations of gamma rays and HZ treatments were found to be more effective while lower concentrations of combination treatments were proved more effective. ...
In mutation breeding, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the base parameters to predict the mutagenic potency of any mutagen. Studies on mutagenic effectiveness and mutagenic efficiency of physical mutagen (gamma rays) and chemical mutagen (hydrazine hydrates; HZ) on two cultivars of lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.), viz. DPL 62 (macrosperma) and Pant L 406 (microsperma) have been reported. Dry and healthy seeds were treated with four doses of each gamma rays (100-400 Gy), HZ (0.1-0.4 %) and their combinations. Frequencies of the induced agro-morphological variations into different phenotypic categories were estimated in M 2 population that resulted into identification and isolation of wide range of mutants with altered phenotypes. Data on effectiveness and efficiency of various mutagenic treatments calculated on the basis of the frequency of chlorophyll mutations, which showed effectiveness and efficiency were higher at the moderate doses of gamma rays and HZ, while in case of combination treatments; lower doses were most effective and efficient with few inter-varietal exceptions. Phenotyping of the mutants revealed that growth habits was the most sensitive category to which most of the mutant belongs, followed by leaf and flower/pod/seed in both the cultivars studied. Overall, the screened and isolated mutants with economically important agronomic traits can be further propagated in the subsequent generation for development of elite lentil mutant cultivars.
... in cowpea,Parmhansh et al. (2009) in mung bean,Tripathy (2009) in mung bean,Arulbalachandran and Mullainathan (2009) in black gram,Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) in black gram, Wani Aijaz (2011) in mungbean,Kozgar et al. (2011) in Vigna andVairam et al. (2014) in mung bean. ...
The present study was conducted at K-block, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru. Theexperimental material for the present investigation consists of two varieties of Bambara groundnut havinggood agronomic base belonging to different accessions viz., SB-42 (light brown, round shape and whitehilum) and S165A (dark brownish, dark spotted surface and oval shape). Five different concentrations ofEMS 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 per cent were used to treat the seeds. After the treatment, the seeds were sownin the field along with control (untreated seeds) to raise M1 generation. The M2 generation was raisedduring 2014 summer season by pooling all the seeds of M1 plants on plant to row basis along with controlplants. In both the varieties of Bambara groundnut, the mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of mutagenictreatments varied not only between the two varieties but also between the treatments. A concentration of0.3 per cent EMS was more effective than the other concentrations of EMS. Hence 0.3 per cent EMS has beenregarded as LD50 for inducing useful mutations.
... This is in concordance with earlier reports by Nair and Mehta (2014), Gnanamurthy and Dhanavel (2014), and Sahrish et al. (2019) in cowpea treated with EMS. Similar results were obtained in the studies conducted by Arisha et al. (2015) when pepper was subjected to EMS treatment and Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) in black gram. Previous studies reported that chlorophyll development seems to be wild type led by many genes that are located on different chromosomes (Larkin and Scowcroft, 1981;Wang et al., 2013). ...
Unique variants are desired in the development of genetically improved crops to meet farmer and market needs hence ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was used to induce genetic variability in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Asontem). The main objective of this research was to characterize induced variations in EMS chemically mutagenized population of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp Var. Asontem) in the M1 and M2 generations. The optimum concentration (LD50) of EMS for generating the mutagenized population was determined by treating seeds with different concentrations of EMS (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8% v/v) and observing the germination count after 5 days of planting the seeds in Petri dishes. Three thousand cowpea seeds were treated with the 0.4% EMS to generate the M1 and M2 populations that were evaluated for agronomic and morphological traits with untreated seeds serving as control. Data analysis involved distribution of qualitative and quantitative traits. Germination was significantly reduced in the mutagenized population (17.8%) and compared with that of the wild type (61.6%). Percentage survival was significantly higher in wild type (98.38%) as compared with the M1 population (78.46%). Percentage germination in the M2 population (74.03%) was lower than the wild type (80%). A wide spectrum of agro-morphological abnormalities was observed in the M2 population. Wide variations and uniquely different phenotypic classes were observed in leaf color, leaf shape, growth habit, plant pigmentation, twining tendency, pod curvature, seed shape, and seed coat color. M2 individuals were widely distributed for days to flowering, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of locules per pods, percentage seed set, pod length and number of seeds per plant. In conclusion, the EMS mutagenesis was effective in inducing the unique variations that will be useful for breeding and development of new farmer preferred varieties.
... The physical and chemical mutagenesis creates genetic variation, produces new varieties with enhancing characteristics (4). Mutation breeding can be a valuable technique to traditional breeding methods and have been successful in the improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in many crops such as cowpea (5)(6)(7), soybean (8,9), black gram (10)(11)(12). Moreover, mutation breeding takes less time, easy to handle and is highly useful in producing crop cultivars than traditional breeding methods (13,14). ...
An annual pulse crop cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), commonly named southern pea, is a nourishing constituent for the human diet and fodder. Gamma rays are a potent mutagenic agent to stimulate genetic variation with better characteristics, improving the yield relating traits in crops. Hence, the present study focused on exploring genetic variation between three generations in the mutant populations of cowpea through SCoT markers. The mutant populations of three successive generations, M1, M2 and M3, were induced by different doses [200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 Gray (Gy)] gamma irradiation. The results depict that the quantitative characters were reduced by increasing the dosage of gamma irradiation in the M1 generation. In contrast, the second and third generation of plants showed a significant increase in yield and yield contributing traits than control and the maximum increase was noticed at 200 Gy and 400 Gy. Days to first flowering was delayed in irradiated plants than control of M1 generation. In contrast, in consecutive generations (M2 and M3), the early first flowering was noticed at 400 Gy and late flowering was observed at 800 Gy compared respectively to control and other doses. Seed yield per plant mean value was increased at 200 Gy in both generations (M2 and M3); it may produce new genotypes to desirable traits such as yield and quality. SCoT markers were used to explore genetic variation at the genomic level of mutant populations and screened with eight primers. Among them, seven primers showed amplification of 222 bands, in which 133 bands showed polymorphism. The polymorphic bands varied from 3.03–96.07%. The genetic variation, such as the number of different alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), expected heterozygosity (He) and unbiased expected heterozygosity (uHe) showed an average value of 1.352 ± 0.092, 1.278 ± 0.027, 0.293 ± 0.023, 0.184 ± 0.016, and 0.194 ± 0.016, respectively. AMOVA depicted significant genetic variation between all generations and indicated a total of 95% within populations and 5% among population variation by the marker used. The present investigations prominently showed that the variations induced by gamma irradiation were inherited from successive generations of the improvement in cowpea quantitative traits. This investigation gives acceptable proof that the SCoT markers are a valuable tool to identify the genetic variation among the three generations of cowpea.
... Chlorophyll mutations provide one of the most dependable indices for the evaluation of genetic effects of mutagenic treatments and have been reported in greengram and other crops by several workers (Das et al., 2006;Singh, 2007;Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009;Goyal and Khan, 2010;Vikram et al., 2014). Since chlorophyll deficient mutants could not survive long and observed in treated population for a variable-length period depending on the deficiency of chlorophyll. ...
Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, Ethyl methane sulfonate
(EMS), Nitrosoguanidine (NG), Maleic hydrazide (MH), and their combined
treatments were studied in greengram. The percentage of lethality, pollen sterility,
frequency of chlorophyll mutations, mutagenic effectiveness, mutagenic efficiency, and mutation rate of each mutagen and their combination treatments were estimated to
determine the mutagenic effect of these mutagens and their combinations. The result
indicated that the values of mutagenic effectiveness gradually decreased with
increases in dose/concentration of mutagens. Among all mutagens, NG exhibited as
the most effective mutagen. The lower dose of NG (0.005%) was recorded as the most
effective and efficient among all mutagenic treatments. Among combined treatments,
gamma rays with NG were found as more effective than other mutagenic
combinations whereas gamma rays with EMS were found as the more efficient
mutagenic combination. Among all mutagens, the maximum mutation rate based on
lethality and pollen sterility observed in gamma rays treatments.
... Higher efficiency at lower concentration /dose of the mutagen is reported by Savant et al. (2010) in sesame and Wani (2009) in chickpea. Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) reported higher mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency at lower doses of EMS in black gram. Decreased mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency at higher doses /concentrations observed in present investigation was also reported by Dhanavel et al. (2008) and Nair et.al. ...
Background: Mutation breeding is one of the cheapest and surest method of plant breeding. In mutation breeding program effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens could be helpful to realize the spectrum of desirable mutations in the treated populations. The effectiveness and efficiency of two mutagens EMS and gamma rays were studied in two varieties of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)Walp.]. Methods: In the present investigation, the seeds of two varieties of cowpea, phulepandhari and VCM-8 were treated with gamma rays and EMS to obtain the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were calculated using frequency of chlorophyll mutations.Result: The individual treatment of EMS was found to be more efficient than gamma rays to induce chlorophyll mutants. A progressive increase in mutation frequency of chlorophyll mutations was observed with increasing doses. Four different types of chlorophyll mutants, such as, chlorina albina, xantha and viridis were induced with effect of mutagens. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutations was reported in the gamma rays. There was a dose dependent increase in the spectrum and frequency of chlorophyll mutations. The lower dosages of gamma rays and EMS were proved to be most effective and efficient. Among two mutagens used EMS was much more effective than gamma rays in both the varieties viz. variety phulepandhari and VCM-8.
... In combine treatments, maximum chlorophyll mutation (2.15) recorded in GN2 followed by GE2. The occurrence of chlorophyll mutations had reported earlier by several researchers in greengram (Vikram et al., 2014), blackgram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009;Goyal and Khan, 2010) and in horse gram (Kulkarni and Mogle, 2013). The occurrence of chlorophyll deficient mutant was noticed due to change in gene and a set of genes responsible for chlorophyll mutations (Monika and Seetharaman, 2017). ...
A field experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness and efficiency of one physical mutagen i.e. gamma rays and three chemical mutagens i.e. ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS), nitrosoguanidine (NG), maleic hydrazide (MH) and their combinations in greengram. To study the nature and effect of mutagens in greengram, the percentage of lethality, pollen sterility, frequency of chlorophyll mutations, mutagenic effectiveness, mutagenic efficiency and mutation rates of each mutagen were estimated. The result from the study indicated that the values of mutagenic effectiveness gradually decreased with increases in dose or concentration of mutagens. NG exhibited as the most effective mutagen, whereas EMS found as the most efficient mutagen. Among combined treatments, gamma rays with NG found as more effective than other mutagenic combinations. Among all the mutagenic treatments the maximum efficiency observed in EMS 0.2% treatment (based on pollen sterility) and NG 0.01% treatment (based on lethality), whereas the lowest efficiency observed in MH 0.03% treatment basing on lethality as well as pollen sterility. Among all mutagens, the maximum mutation rate based on lethality observed in NG treatments, whereas a higher mutation rate based on pollen sterility observed for EMS treatments which can further be increased in combination with gamma rays.
... Based on codon usage, EMS may also induce nonsense and missense mutations (Behera et al. 2012). If compared to other mutagens, genetic mutations induced by EMS were proven to be more effective than gamma rays in rice, lentil, mungbean (Singh et al. 2001), pea (Shah et al. 2009) and urad bean (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009). In addition, mutations using EMS in pea (Girija et al. 2013) and soybean (Khan and Tyagi, 2010) also caused mutations higher than the combination of gamma rays and EMS. ...
This study aimed to detect and evaluate the genetic mutation from mutagenized soybean by RAPD markers. Soybean seeds of “Grobogan” variety were treated with two different concentrations of EMS (0.5% and 1%) and three incubation times (4, 6 and 8 h). DNA whole-genome was isolated from young leaf seedling with the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit. Twenty OPA primers (OPA-1 to OPA-20) were used for DNA amplification. The results showed that EMS treatments successfully generated genetic variation in soybean, which indicated by high values of PIC, EMR, and MI. RAPD primers that effective to detect the mutation were OPA-2, OPA-07, OPA-10, OPA-11, OPA-12, OPA-13, OPA-14, OPA-15, OPA-16, OPA-18 and OPA-20. The band expression of those primers was exhibited a stronger intensity along with increasing of EMS concentration and incubation time used in this study. Treatment of 0.5% EMS in 6 hours incubation was successfully generated soybean mutants with the lowest genetic similarity compared to the wild-type. Thus, this study provides a new approach to generate genetic variability in soybean and has the potential to improve for soybean breeding program.
... The reduction was more pronounced in the case of 60mM of EMS. Such a concentration was depended in physiological characters for different crops Pugalendi, (1992) in Sesame;Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, (2009) in Black gram, Girija and Dhanavel, (2009) in Cowpea. ...
Maize (Zea mays) variety JKMH-1001 was treated with different concentration of chemical mutagen namely, Ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) Diethyl sulphate (DES) and Sodium azide (SA). For inducing mutation various concentration such as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100mM for six hours were applied to 200 seed sample of each concentration and one respective control. The LD 50 value was observed in 50mM of EMS, 40mM of DES and 40mM of Sodium azide. The morphological and yield character were significantly reduced seed germination, seedling survival, days to first tassel, days to first silking, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of ears per plant, number of grains/ear, ear length and breadth, 100 grains weight, grains yield per plant, fresh weight per plant and dry weight per plant. The increasing concentration of EMS, DES and Sodium azide decreased in phenotypic and yield characters have been attributed to the physiological difference or chromosomal anomalies caused to the cells of the plant by the mutagen.
... In general, mutation breeding has been playing a key role in self-pollinated crop with limited variability. In this context, it is to be noted that many workers have observed, in Castor (Ankineedu et al., 1968), in Wheat (Swaminathan, 1969), in sesame (Sharma, 1993), in cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008), in black gram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009) and soybean (Padmavathi et al., 1992 andPavadai et al., 2010) developed plants by mutation on breeding. Gamma irradiation is one of the main physical mutagens for mutation studies in plants. ...
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) walp) variety CO7 was exposed to varying doses of gamma rays to study their effect on various characters like plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, days to first flower, number of cluster per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, hundred seed weight and yield per plant. In M 1 generation the results revealed that there was more reduction at higher doses compared to lower doses for all the characters. The results were obtained in the present study clearly indicate that different doses of gamma rays can be effectively utilized to create variability for various quantitative traits of the crop.
... Mutation breeding of crop cultivation has been used for self-pollinated crop with limited genetic variability. Up to now, a lot of researchers have developed plants by mutation breeding techniques for sesame (Sharma, 1993), cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008;Horn et al., 2016), horsegram (Dhumal and Bolbhat, 2012), black gram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009), mungbean (Tah, 2006) and soybean (Padmavathi et al., 1992;Pavadai et al., 2010;Arefrad et al., 2012). The use of gamma-ray irradiation has resulted in various mutants identifi ed in soybean breeding programs (Rahman et al., 1994;Mudibu et al., 2012). ...
Selection is the important process in conventional plant breeding for character improvement. The objective of this study was to select individual plant in Kipas Putih M 3 generation to obtaine early maturity and high yielding mutant lines. The M 3 generation seeds in each dose treatment were planted with a spacing of 40 x 20 cm. All technical cultivation practices such as fertilizing, watering, weeding and pest control were carried out during the period of plant growth. Plant selection was based on morphological appearance, early maturity and high yielding plant. The research findings show that the gamma-rays irradiation treatment resulted in a population with very different mean values with the control except for number of branches of 300 Gy doses, number of pod at 200 Gy and 300 Gy, number of empty pod at 300 Gy, seed weight per plant at 200 Gy and days to harvest at 200 Gy. In general, the means values of low agronomic characters were in the population of 100 Gy doses in all of observed characters except for days to fl ower and days to harvest. As a result of genotype selection on M3 generation, 233 early maturity and high yielding mutants were obtained.
... The higher efficiency of a mutagen indicates relatively less biological damage in relation to mutations induced Jain andKhandelwal, 2009 andPavadai et al. 2009). The selections of effective and efficient mutagens are very essential to recover a high (Mahla et al. 2010;Sonu Goyal and Samiullah 2010;Thilagavathi and Mullainathan 2009;Ganapathy et al. 2008). ...
Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) fruits are rich source of minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc and copper. It is a fair source of fatty acids and is used for medicinal purposes in curing diabetes, asthma, cholera, bronchitis and diarrhoea. Leaf and fruit, fresh or dry produce marked drop in blood cholesterol level. The de-cholestrolizing action is due to high concentration (65.1%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (lion oleic and linolenic) present in flesh and seeds. The presence of magnesium and potassium salts also help in decholesterolizing action. Aqueous extract of fruit inhibits choline esterase activity of human plasma. Dry fruit is reported to contain goitrogenic principles. Mutation breeding is important from theoretical and applied points of view and is one of the most effective tools for creating genetic variability (Khan and Goyal 2009). Cultivars have been developed through mutation breeding coupled with crossing in eggplant. Yet many specific character improvement like resistance to bacterial wilt, drought tolerance, etc. calls for adoption of induced mutation breeding program. In mutagenesis, the choice of the mutagen is most important. Even though, mutation breeding, a powerful tool for inducing variability has been attempted in many crops, only very meagre reports were available in eggplant. In view of the above facts, the present investigation was undertaken to identify the most effective and efficient mutagen among the gamma rays, DES and EMS on the magnitude of induced genetic variability in M 2 and M 3 generations. The present study was conducted during 2007-2010 at Plant Breeding Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Chidambaram for creation of variability and to workout effectiveness and efficiency of mutagens in eggplant. Healthy and pure seeds of five eggplant cultivars, viz. Angoor, Annamalai, Hissar Pragath, PLR 1 And Putheri were treated with physical mutagen, viz. gamma rays and two chemical mutagens, viz. Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) and Diethyl Sulphate (DES) for inducing mutation on seven quantitative characters, viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. Healthy and dried seeds were treated at the Gamma Chamber, Kidway Institute of Cancer Research, Bangalore. The treated seeds were placed in the moist germination paper as per the standard method of seed testing and rolled separately for each treatment including control with three replications. The bulked seeds from individual treatments of M 1 generation were used for raising the M 2 generation. The M 2 generation was grown with three replications in randomized block design. The number of plants per treatment was fifty and was transplanted to experimental plots of 3 m × 4.5 m. The M 2 generation was critically screened for chlorophyll mutations and mutation frequency was determined. All the recommended cultural operations namely weeding, protective irrigations and plant protection measures were carried out during the crop growth. Genotype wise and treatment wise seeds from three replications in M 2 generation were mixed for advancing to M 3 as bulk families. One hundred plants were raised per treatment per genotype. For estimation of induced variability, five plants were randomly selected from each treatment in M 2 and M 3 generation and mean values and coefficient of variation were calculated using standard statistical procedures. The usefulness of a mutagen in mutation breeding not only depends on its mutagenic effectiveness (mutation per unit dose of mutagen), but also on its mutagenic efficiency (mutation in relation to undesirable changes or damages like sterility, lethality, injury etc.). The higher efficiency of a mutagen indicates relatively less biological damage in relation to mutations induced (Goyal et al. 2009; Jain and Khandelwal, 2009 and Pavadai et al. 2009). The selections of effective and efficient mutagens are very essential to recover a high
... and Tech. Gautam et al. (1992), Khan and Siddique (1993) and Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009). The mutagenic effectiveness was high in higher doses and less in low doses. ...
... Results show that the effectiveness of EMS was higher than those of individual doses of gamma rays and combination treatments. Many workers have reported that EMS is more superior in causing useful mutations than gamma rays, as reported in rice (Kaul and Bhan 1977), lentil (Solanki and Sharma 1994), brinjal (Zeerak 1992), mungbean (Singh 2007), chickpea (Shah et al. 2008), urdbean (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan 2009), faba bean (Khursheed et al. 2016a), cowpea (Girija and Dhanavel 2009) blackcumin (Tantray et al. 2017) and soybean (Khan and Tyagi 2010). Decline in effectiveness at higher doses was observed, indicating that the increase in mutation rate was not proportional to the increase in the doses of mutagens. ...
Faba bean is one of the most important grain legumes in the world because of its multiple uses and its ability to grow over a wide range of climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of single and combination doses of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) on two different varieties of faba bean. Studies on induced mutagenesis in faba bean involving EMS and gamma rays are sparse. Genetically pure, uniform, dry and dormant seeds of Vicia faba varieties Vikrant and PRT-12 were treated with four different doses of gamma rays (100, 200, 300 and 400 Gy) and of EMS (0.01, 0.02, 0.03 and 0.04%). However, the utility of a mutagenic agent is determined by its ability to induce a high frequency of desirable mutations as compared to undesirable ones; thus, it is necessary to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of mutagens. The results indicated that EMS is more effective in inducing mutations than gamma rays, with the following trend: EMS > gamma rays+EMS > gamma rays. However, with regard to mutagenic efficiency measured based on seedling injury, gamma rays were more efficient than EMS, with the following trend: gamma rays > gamma rays+EMS > EMS. Both mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were found to be higher at lower doses of both the mutagens. The possible reason for decrease in mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness with increase in dose may be the higher dose of mutagens and less damaging effect of lower doses of mutagens. ARTICLE HISTORY
... In the present pursuit, the order of mutagenic effectiveness as determined on the basis of frequencies chlorophyll mutants was HZ > gamma rays + HZ > gamma rays. Superiority of effectiveness of chemical mutagens over gamma rays was also reported by in rice [13], lentil [14], mung bean [15], chickpea [16], urd bean [17], cowpea [18] and soybean [19]. In the cultivar DPL 62, moderate concentrations of gamma rays and HZ treatments were found to be more effective while lower concentrations of combination treatments were proved more effective. ...
In mutation breeding, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency are the base parameters to predict the mutagenic potency of any mutagen. Studies on mutagenic effectiveness and mutagenic efficiency of physical mutagen (gamma rays) and chemical mutagen (hydrazine hydrates; HZ) on two cultivars of lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.), viz. DPL 62 (macrosperma) and Pant L 406 (microsperma) have been reported. Dry and healthy seeds were treated with four doses of each gamma rays (100-400 Gy), HZ (0.1-0.4 %) and their combinations. Frequencies of the induced agro-morphological variations into different phenotypic categories were estimated in M 2 population that resulted into identification and isolation of wide range of mutants with altered phenotypes. Data on effectiveness and efficiency of various mutagenic treatments calculated on the basis of the frequency of chlorophyll mutations, which showed effectiveness and efficiency were higher at the moderate doses of gamma rays and HZ, while in case of combination treatments; lower doses were most effective and efficient with few inter-varietal exceptions. Phenotyping of the mutants revealed that growth habits was the most sensitive category to which most of the mutant belongs, followed by leaf and flower/pod/seed in both the cultivars studied. Overall, the screened and isolated mutants with economically important agronomic traits can be further propagated in the subsequent generation for development of elite lentil mutant cultivars.
... The maximum mutagenic effectiveness was observed in 30mM of EMS (0.417) and the minimum mutagenic effectiveness was recorded in 30KR of gamma rays (0.319). This was in confirmation with the findings of Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) in Black gram, Khan and Tyagi (2010) in Soya bean, Satpute et al.(2012) in Soya bean, Bhosale and Kothekar (2010) in Cluster bean, Sikder et al (2013) in Tomato, Burghate et al (2013) in Ground nut, Mangaiyarkarasi et al (2014) in Catharanthus roseus, Kulthe and Mongle (2014) in Winged bean, Ambli and Mullainathan (2016) in Pearl Millet. ...
... Another reason for higher frequency of chlorophyll mutants in combination treatments may be due to higher induction of mutations in genes controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis. Some authors are of the view that chlorophyll mutations increase with an increase in doses/ concentrations of mutagens and are independent of variety used [29]. Some authors have described chlorophyll mutations to be caused by the change in nucleotide sequences controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis [30]. ...
Chlorophyll mutations form an important part of study during the mutation breeding experiments. During a mutation breeding experiment, a breeder has to screen chlorophyll mutations grown in a particular mutant population. This is important for a breeder to check the potency of a particular mutagen in inducing mutagenesis. Chlorophyll is an important pigment in plant for making food during photosynthesis. So, for a breeder it is important to check the optimum dose/concentration of mutagen in inducing chlorophyll mutations in addition to other parameters. The present experiment was conducted to develop and screen different chlorophyll mutations by single and combined treatments of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate. The screening of mutants was carried out in M2 generation of two varieties of Vicia faba L. viz., Vikrant and PRT-12. The seeds of both varieties were given individual doses/concentrations of gamma rays (100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy and 400 Gy), EMS (.01%, .02%, .03% and .04%) and their combinations (100 Gy + .01% EMS, 200 Gy + .02% EMS, 300 Gy + .03% EMS and 400 Gy + .04% EMS). The seeds were sown to raise the M1 generation. The M1 generation seeds were collected and sown in the next season to raise the M2 generation. M2 generation was screened for different chlorophyll mutations. Different chlorophyll mutations observed were chlorina, albina, xantha, viridis, aurea, tigrina and maculata. The frequency of chlorophyll mutations increased with increasing concentrations of both single and combined treatments. Combined treatments produced more chlorophyll mutations followed by individual concentrations/doses of EMS and gamma rays. Reason for higher frequency of chlorophyll mutants in combination treatments may be due to higher induction of mutations in genes controlling chlorophyll biosynthesis Both single and combined treatments induced more chlorophyll mutations in variety Vikrant than in variety PRT-12.
... The higher efficiency of a mutagen indicates relatively less biological damage in relation to mutations induced Jain andKhandelwal, 2009 andPavadai et al. 2009). The selections of effective and efficient mutagens are very essential to recover a high (Mahla et al. 2010;Sonu Goyal and Samiullah 2010;Thilagavathi and Mullainathan 2009;Ganapathy et al. 2008). ...
Gamma rays, Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS), diethyl sulphate (DES) were employed and M1, M2 and M3 generations were studied for the characters, viz. days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of branches, fruits per plant, fruit length, fruit girth, fruit weight and fruit yield per plant. A significant reduction in seed germination, shoot length and RL were observed with increase in concentration of mutagens. Among the mutagens gamma rays were found to bring more reduction for all the major traits studied. The mean performance showed significant increase in the number of branches, fruits per plant, fruit length and fruit yield per plant in M2 and M3 generations. Whereas, days to 50 per cent flowering and plant height showed a slight deviation from the control in the treated populations.
... Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency is calculated based on the biological damage (i.e. reduction in plant growth parameters) and decreased with increasing doses or concentrations of mutagen (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009). Our results agree with those of a previous study (Roychowdhury and Tah, 2011) which demonstrated that with increasing EMS levels, germination and survivability decreased. ...
We attempted to create a new germplasm of cucumber cultivar Chinese long (9930) using different doses of ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS) to induce variability. We tested EMS concentration (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2, 3% v/v) with post-treatment (0.1 M Na2S2O3 and water), EMS concentration (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% v/v) over different treatment times (8, 16, 24 h), and EMS concentration (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% v/v) with different treatment temperatures (20 and 28°C). In all experiments with increasing EMS concentration, germination percent, index, and rate were decreased. After addition of stop solution (0.1 M Na2S2O3), post-treatment mutated seeds showed higher germination (84.44%) and rate (37.5%) than seeds treated with water (80 and 34.07%, respectively),while the germination index was high in seeds treated with water. At 20°C, the germination index (4.13) and rate (56.25%) were affected to a greater extent than at 28°C (7.68 and 91.31%, respectively). Treatment times of 16 and 24 h showed similar results for germination percent and rate, while the germination index was decreased over time. There were significant differences in seedling height, fresh true leaf weight, seedling weight, and plant survival with increasing EMS concentration and time. Higher variations in the form of dwarf seedlings were recorded after treatment with 1.5% EMS for 24 h. Based on germination and morphological data, an EMS concentration of 1.5% for 24 h at 20°C and post-treatment with stop solution (0.1 M Na2S2O3) efficiently caused mutation.
... The values of efficiency provide an idea of the extent and type of damage caused by the mutagen in question. Sharma and Sharma (1979) and Gautam et al. (1992) have reported that mutagenic efficiency increased with increase in dose of the mutagens, but Khan and Siddiqui (1993) in mungbean and Khan (1999) in black gram reported higher mutagenic efficiency at lower doses. At lower concentrations, the higher efficiency of mutagenic agents is presumably due to the fact that biological damage, viz. ...
Breeding of pulses, especially chickpea, by exploiting genetic diversity using conventional methods has been practiced in the past. Nevertheless, these methods at present are inadequate for making any significant breakthrough to handle the world’s ever-increasing food demand. In this bizarre scenario, induced mutations have emerged as big relief, and are largely exploited for developing improved high-yielding crop varieties and for discovering desired genes that control important agronomical traits. Gene mutation, leading to the quality advancement of well-adapted existing varieties, has been the pedestal for germplasm improvement. Pulses are more prone to biotic and abiotic stresses as compared to cereals. As a result, there is a serious need to develop such varieties having high resistance to the above-mentioned stresses. During the past eight and a half decades, around 3,139 improved crop varieties have been released globally derived either as direct mutants or from their progenies (http://mvgs.iaea.org). Vast numbers of these varieties like cereals, pulses
, oil crops, root and tuber crops and ornamentals have been released in developing countries for cultivation, including India, resulting in massive economic impact. Lately, mutagenesis has received an immense impel for its use in a newfangled promising technique known as targeting induced local lesions in genomes. With the unfolding of novel biological fields such as genomics, functional genomics, bioinformatics and the emergence of other technologies based on these sciences, there has been an increased surge in induced mutations within the scientific community. The knowledge of functional and basic genetics of model legume crops will benefit chickpea breeders to comprehend that marker-assisted selection has great potential to develop biotic and abiotic stress
-resistant varieties. The basic understanding of genes, which direct major agronomical traits, is essential for plant breeders to frame apposite approaches and execute them in breeding programmes for promising results. In this era, with growing human population, hunger ghosts are haunting millions of people all around. Under these circumstances, the salvaging step lies in tailoring better crop varieties embedded with superior proteins, minerals
and high yield. Mutagenic agents, physical as well as chemical, are used to induce mutations and generate variations from which desired mutants may be selected. However, basic information vis-à-vis effectiveness of various mutagens and their possible role in generating polygenic variability is meagre among pulses in general and chickpea in particular. Hence, the present review condenses various facets of contemporary knowledge for pulse crop varietal improvement, particularly chickpea, through induced mutagenesis with special thrust on qualitative as well as yield-attributing traits.
... In general mutation breeding has been playing a key role in self-pollinated crop with limit variability. Mutation breeding has been reported by many workers, in castor (Ankineedu, Sharma, & Kulkarni, 1968), in wheat (Swaminathan, 1969), in sesame (Sharma, 1993), in cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008), in black gram (Thilagavathi & Mullainathan, 2009) and soybean (Padmavathi, Devi, & Kiranmai, 1992;Pavadai, Girija, & Dhanavel, 2010) developed and improve plant varieties by mutation breeding. Gamma irradiation as mutagen can induce useful as well as harmful mutation in plants (Gupta, 1996;Micke & Domini, 1993). ...
Dry seeds (12% moisture) of two finger millet cultivar viz., Dapoli-1 and Dapoli Safed were irradiated with four doses of gamma-rays viz., 400 Gy, 500 Gy, 600 Gy and 700 Gy at BARC, Mumbai. In laboratory test, root and shoot lengths of seedlings were decreased with increase in dose of gamma rays. Similarly, germination percentage and survival rate of seedlings were decreased with increase in dose of gamma irradiation during field study. In M1 generation, three types of chlorophyll mutations viz., albino, xantha and viridis were observed. Albino and xantha were observed in all treatments, whereas, viridis observed only in lower doses viz., 400 Gy and 500 Gy. Based on the chlorophyll mutation frequency on M1 plants, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were computed. In Dapoli-1 variety, two early maturing mutants and three high yielding mutants were isolated from 500 Gy dose and 600 Gy dose, respectively. In M2 generation, the mutagenic treatments were effective in inducing various types of chlorophyll and morphological macromutants, few of those show significant change in flowering, maturity and plant height character and few of them have good breeding value.
... The results for the M1 generation revealed that lower doses of mutagens were effective and efficient in causing polygenic variability in various quantitative characters, with a negative relationship between effectiveness and mutagen dose. These findings agreed with those in mungbean (Roychowdhury et al., 2004), in black gram (Sharma et al., 2005; in cowpea (Dhanavel et al., 2008), in little millet (Ganapathy et al., 2008;Lal et al., 2009;Thilagavathi & Mullainathan, 2009) and in sesame (Ajibolu, 2005;Aliero, 2006;Begum & Dasgupta, 2010). The lowest concentration of the chemicals (0.01%) was the most effective in causing mutations. ...
The effects of mutation induction through the use of a
chemical mutagen as a method of improving few
agronomic traits in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) were
investigated. Healthy and dry seeds of sesame varieties
(Abasena and Kelafo 74) were treated with
hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HA) at six different
concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 % (w/v) and
control) with the aim of improving the growth and yield
parameters of the plant. Bioassay studies showed highly
significant difference in germination percentage of the
two varieties under the treatment of the mutagen
compared to the control. The results obtained from the
quantitative parameters also revealed highly significant
increase (P≤0.01) in the plant heights, number of
seeds/pod, number of capsules/plant, internode length
and capsule length with decrease in the concentration of
the mutagen. In addition, days to maturity have shown a
negative mean shift in all the treatments and days to
flowering showed a significant positive mean shift only at
0.02% concentration of HA. The chemical mutagen was
therefore found to improve the quantitative traits
associated with growth and yield of sesame. The induced
variation can be exploited in the evolution of new
varieties of sesame with improved agronomic traits.
... Chlorophyll (chl) mutations are generally used for assessment of genetic effects of mutagenic treatments (Lal et al. 2009). This type of mutation is very important to study dose sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency of mutagen and their doses (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan 2009). The manifestation of chl mutation not only depends upon property of the genotype, but also on the nature of the mutagens applied. ...
Induced mutations often produce abnormalities which cause morphological alterations in external form of plants including colour, shape, size etc. In the present study two white flowered varieties of opium poppy i.e. NBRI-1 and NBRI-5 were subjected to physical (gamma rays), chemical (ethyl methane sulphonate; EMS) and combined (gamma rays + EMS) mutagenesis to determine the effective doses of mutagens to create plants deformities and chlorophyll (chl) mutation. The study also includes selection of elite lines for specific alkaloids especially for thebaine and codeine. The frequency of chl mutations was maximum for the treatment 50 kRad (0.42%) followed by 40 kRad (0.24%) in NBRI-1 while frequency was highest for the treatment 50 kRad + 0.8% EMS (0.86%) followed by 50 kRad + 0.4% EMS (0.60%) and 50 kRad + 0.6% EMS (0.56%) in NBRI-5. Among the chlorophyll mutations, albino was the most frequently screened followed by xantha type at all doses. The variety NBRI-5 was more responsive to the mutagens than NBRI-1 for chl factor. A typical chl variant was observed in M 1 generation in the combined dose of 10 kRad + 0.4% EMS in plant no.9 of NBRI-5. The treatments 20 kRad in NBRI-1 and 30 kRad, 40 kRad and 10 kRad + 0.4% EMS in NBRI-5 showed high thebaine in both M 2 and M 3 generations.
... Total 4 (2.50 %) bushy mutant only in Kala Namak, broad leaf mutant (3.19 %) in both genotypes, while narrow leaf mutant 2 (1.31 %) in only Badshah Bhog were observed. Bushy mutant was also reported in rice (Agrawal et al., 2000; Singh and Singh, 2003; Domingo et al., 2007), Black Gram (Thilagavathi and Mullainathan, 2009) and narrow leaf mutant was also reported in rice (Singh et al., 1998; Singh and Singh (2003).) mutants with straw colour having brown glum and apiculate as compared to dark brown grain in normal Kala Namak were observed. ...
With a view to including viable mutations of economic importance in two traditional non–Basmati rice varieties,
namely, Kala Namak and Badshah Bhog, dry seeds were treated with 10, 20, 30 and 40kR doses of gamma rays
and EMS (0.2%), alone and in combination. Bulk seeds of M1 plants (showing pollen sterility greater than 40% or
more) from each treatment were sown for generation advancement. Both frequency and spectrum of viable
mutants and characterizations of economic importance varied with the treatment as well as genotypes. The
treatment 40kR + EMS followed by 20kR + EMS in Kala Namak while EMS followed by 20kR + EMS and 40kR
+ EMS in Badshah Bhog were most desirable in including viable mutants; combination treatments were most
effective. The genotypes Kala Namak was more sensitive than the Badshah Bhog with regard to the frequency of
viable mutants. As regards to spectrum of viable mutations, a total of 15 types of macro- mutations were observed;
10 types in Kala Namak and 12 types in Badshah bhog. Out of 313 viable mutants in two genotypes, the frequency
of different mutants over genotypes were 135 (semi-dwarf), 29(early maturing), 24(increased tillering), 9(bushy
and stiff stem), 12(broad and narrow leaf), 4(pigmented node), 13(short slender grain), 38(straw colour grain),
11(change in grain size) and 29(high yielding). Isolation of few semi- dwarf mutant coupled with earliness have
assumed great significance in improving traditional aromatic rice.
... The results for the M 2 generation revealed that lower doses of mutagens were effective and efficient in causing polygenic variability in various quantitative characters, with a negative relationship between effectiveness and mutagen dose. These findings agreed with those of Roy Chowdhury et al. (2004) in mungbean, Dhanavel et al. (2008 in cowpea, Ganapathy et al. (2008) in little millet, and Sharma et al. (2005) and Thilagavathi and Mullainathan (2009) in black gram. The lowest concentration of EMS (0.5%) was the most effective in causing mutations. ...
Three sesame genotypes (Rama, SI 1666 and IC 21706) were treated with physical (γ-rays: 200 Gy, 400 Gy or 600 Gy) or chemical (ethyl methane sulphonate, EMS: 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% or 2.0%) mutagens and their mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency were estimated in the M (2) generation. The M (3) generation was used to identify the most effective mutagen and dose for induction of mutations. The average effectiveness of EMS was much higher than γ-rays. The lowest dose of γ-rays (200 Gy) and the lowest concentration of EMS (0.5%) showed the highest mutagenic efficiency in all genotypes. Analysis of the M (3) generation data based on parameters such as the variance ratio and the difference in residual variances derived from the model of Montalván and Ando indicated that 0.5% concentration of EMS was the most effective treatment for inducing mutations.
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Chromolaena odorata (CO) has been reported to exhibit normoglycemic potential, however, the mechanisms of action of this plant has not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, the methanolic extract of leaves of Chromolaena odorata was investigated for its antioxidant activity; inhibition of carbolytic enzyme activity and potential to improve glucose uptake in yeast cells. The extraction was carried out by maceration in methanol. The phytochemicals were determined by qualitative chemical tests and spectrophotometric methods. Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase inhibition was determined in vitro by using the dinitrosalicylic acid and ρ-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranose methods respectively. Theantioxidant activity was monitored by radical scavenging and reducing power assays while the glucose uptake was monitored in yeast cell using glucose oxidase method. The phytochemistry analysis revealed the presence of high level of polyphenols (124.67 mg gallic acid eqv/g of CO, 48.5 mg rutin eqv/g of CO and 72.3 mg tannic acid eqv/g of CO, for total phenolics, flavonoids and tannin respectively). The extract exhibited a moderate inhibition of α-amylase (IC50: 1.858 mg/ml) and higher inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.653 mg/ml). The extract also showed a moderate capacity to enhance the uptake of glucose by yeast cells, scavenge DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and high reducing power. In conclusion, the study showed that methanolic extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves has the potential to ameliorate hyperglycemic condition and this may be due to a combination of multiple mechanisms of amelioration of oxidative stress, improved uptake of glucose and reduction of postprandial sugar. Further work should be carried out to further characterize this extract.
Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook), a fast-growing and economically important timber tree species in China, is widely used in construction, furniture, and paper manufacture but has a long breeding cycle. Chemical mutagens, such as ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and sodium azide (SA), are widely used in crops such as rice, wheat, cotton, soybean and sugarcane but their utility for tree breeding is unknown. In this study we examined the effects of EMS and SA on Chinese fir seed germination and growth. Chinese fir seeds were treated with the two chemical mutagens; were planted in Jiangle County, Fujian Province, China; and their heights were measured from 2011 to 2017. The concentrations and durations of treatment with the two chemical mutagens were significantly associated with the Chinese fir seedling and mortality rates, as well as with the heights of trees from the seedling stage to 3 years old. We also generated 127 mutants with abnormal branches and reproductive growth. We report here the effects of two chemical mutagens on Chinese fir breeding; our data will contribute to knowledge of the utility of EMS and SA in forestry.
Induction of mutation played a vital role in the crop improvement among methods of plant breeding. Genetic improvement through induced mutation was found to be very effective for induction of variability in the quantitative and qualitative characters. The mutagenic effect of gamma rays (200Gy, 300Gy and 400Gy) and Electron beam (200 Gy, 300Gy and 400 Gy) alone or in combination (200+200Gy, 300+300 Gy and 400+400 Gy) on frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll and micromutations in cultivar, ADT 3 and CO 6 of blackgram was studied. Micro and macro-mutants play an important role to assess the effectiveness of the mutagens. The individual treatment of electron beam was found to be more efficient than gamma rays and combined treatment to induce chlorophyll mutants. Five different types of chlorophyll mutants such as, chlorina, albino, xantha, viridis and xanthoviridis in M 2 generation were observed. The chlorophyll mutants were scored from 7 to 10 days after sowing. Among the chlorophyll mutations, xanthoviridis was the most frequent mutant in both the varieties. The highest frequency of chlorophyll mutants was reported at dose of 200 Gyelectron beam. Thus, it is concluded that the lower doses of mutagens are more useful to induce different type of chlorophyll mutants.
Legumes play a pivotal role in combating the chronic hunger and malnutrition in the developing nations and are also ideal crops to achieve global food and nutrition security. In the era of climate change, erratic rainfalls, depleting arable land and water resource, feeding the rapidly growing population is a challenging task. Among breeding programs for crop improvement, induced mutagenesis has proven to be the viable, effective, robust and coherent tool to facilitate the process of creating varieties with improved yield. Like most other pulses, cowpea is a self pollinated, nutritious, versatile and widely adapted grain legume, but harbour a little accessible genetic variability. Lack of sufficient genetic variability and small size of flowers, traditional plant breeding methods are not enough to meet the demands of improvement of cowpea. Hence, induced mutagenesis was employed to induce significant genetic variability across a range of agro-economical traits in two cowpea varieties Gomati VU-89 and Pusa-578 from M 1 to M 4 generations. The success of induced mutagenesis largely depends on the selection of appropriate mutagen, its dose, effectiveness and efficiency. Hence present study was conduct to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of single and combined doses of sodium azide and gamma rays to set an appropriate protocol for induced mutagenesis experimentation in cowpea.
A study was undertaken in a cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] var. Arka Garima to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of physical as well as chemical mutagens and to induce viable mutation in qualitative traits which could be utilized directly or introduced into cowpea improvement programme. Germination percent decreased in general with increase in dose/concentration of mutagens. The inhibitory effect on these characters was more prominent with gamma rays than with EMS. The frequency of chlorophyll mutation increased with the increase in dose/concentration. Wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutations were obtained in the present study which includes albino, xantha, chlorina, viridis and xantha-viridis. The lower and intermediate doses of gamma rays (200 and 300 Gy) and EMS (0.25% and 0.30%) are recommended as most effective and efficient for exploring variability and isolating promising mutants. Significant morphological variability was created which include abnormalities in growth habit, leaf, flower, pod and seed coat. The frequency of morphological abnormalities increased with increase in dose of gamma rays until 300 Gy followed by a decline. However, in chemical mutagen treated population, a linear decline in frequency up to 0.35% was seen followed by increase in higher concentrations.
Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is one of the famous legume crops. The grain yield of mungbean is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors. The yield can be increased by improving the genetic makeup and incarporating the resistance against the environmental stresses. Common breeding methods are not useful in enhancing production of mungbean because of low genetic variability. The production can be improved by improving the available genotypes through mutation or by using other advanced breeding methods. The present review article will provide information about the use of mutation breeding in improving the grain yield of mungbean. [Javed I, Ahsan M, Ahmad HM and Ali Q. Role of mutation breeding to improve Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.
A study was undertaken in a cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] var. Arka Garima to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of physical as well as chemical mutagens and to induce viable mutation in qualitative traits which could be utilized directly or introduced into cowpea improvement programme. Germination percent decreased in general with increase in dose/concentration of mutagens. The inhibitory effect on these characters was more prominent with gamma rays than with EMS. The frequency of chlorophyll mutation increased with the increase in dose/concentration. Wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutations were obtained in the present study which includes albino, xantha, chlorina, viridis and xantha-viridis. The lower and intermediate doses of gamma rays (200 and 300 Gy) and EMS (0.25% and 0.30%) are recommended as most effective and efficient for exploring variability and isolating promising mutants. Significant morphological variability was created which include abnormalities in growth habit, leaf, flower, pod and seed coat. The frequency of morphological abnormalities increased with increase in dose of gamma rays until 300 Gy followed by a decline. However, in chemical mutagen treated population, a linear decline in frequency up to 0.35% was seen followed by increase in higher concentrations.
Breeding programmes to improve nutritious pulse crop have not been commensurate with its role in the Indian diet. Induced mutations have played a great role in increasing world food security, since new food crop varieties embedded with various induced mutations have contributed to the significant increase of crop production. Though, the crop improvement work on urdbean ( Vigna mungo L. Hepper) has been in progress for several years at various state Agriculture universities and ICAR institutes in India, the programmes lacked systematic and coordinated efforts. It was only after 1967 that the crop along with other pulses started receiving thrust under the All India Coordinated Programme on Improvement of Pulses (AICPIP). Plant breeding requires genetic variation of useful traits for crop improvement. Mutagenic agents, such as radiations and certain chemicals, can be used to induced mutations and generate variation from which desired mutants may be selected.
Effect of gamma rays and EMS on biological and
- G M Green
- R L Layman Reddy
- C P Suganthi
- E Renu
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