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65
Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2006. 34: 65-74
DISTRIBUTION, BREEDING AND STATUS OF THE STRIATED CARACARA
PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS (GMELIN, 1788) IN SOUTHERN CHILE
DISTRIBUCIÓN, NIDIFICACIÓN Y ESTATUS DEL CARANCHO NEGRO
PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS (GMELIN, 1788) EN EL SUR DE CHILE
Manuel Marín
1, 3
, Alejandro Kusch
2,3
, David Oehler
3
& Scott Drieschman
3,4
ANTECEDENTS
The genus Phalcoboenus of caracaras is
a New World group that is comprised of four me-
dium size species, mainly scavenger birds of prey.
The four species are linked mainly to vegetation
free zone along the Andean-patagonian axis, from
Ecuador south to the southern end of South America
(Vuilleumier 1970, 1991). The Striated Caracara
(Phalcoboenus australis) has been considered a
rare and near-threatened species, very local or with
unknown status, inhabiting the southern islands of
extreme southern South America, including the
Falklands Islands (or Islas Malvinas), and as a casual
visitor to the southern and southeastern coast of the
Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Blake 1977, Collar
1986, Jaksic & Jiménez 1986, del Hoyo et al. 1994).
Here we present new information on distribution,
breeding and status of this species in Chile.
We review and summarize published ac-
counts, additional information from museum spe-
cimens, and our own personal observations on the
species gathered throughout the southern islands,
channels, and fjords of southern Chile. We include
observations from three cruises between Punta Arenas
and Noir Island, between 11-16 November 2003,
14-21 November 2004 and 8-11 November 2005.
One trip through the exterior islands between Noir,
Recalada and Inman Islands on 12-18 November
2005. Additional observations were made by (MM)
during cruises on board of M/V Terra Australis and
Mare Australis, on 13 different passages between the
strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel, from 2001
through 2003 and dates ranging from December
to April (2001: 27 January to 3 February; 10-17
February; 3-10 March; 10-17 March; 17-24 March;
14-21 April; 1-8 December; 2002: 19-26 January;
9-16 February; 9-16 March; 23-30 March; 2003: 25
January to 1 February; 22 February to 1 March). We
also include observations by (MM) on 24 different
passages between Puerto Montt and Cape Horn
on board of the M/S Nordnorge on dates ranging
from December to February, between 2002-2006.
(2002: 14-19 December; 20-26 December; 2003:
11-16 January; 17-22 January; 9-13 February; 14-
19 February; 13-18 December; 19-25 December;
2004: 11-16 January; 17-22 January; 7-12 February;
13-19 February; 11-16 December; 17-23 December;
2005: 8-14 January; 15-20 January; 5-10 February;
11-16 February; 10-16 December; 17-22 December;
1
Section of Ornithology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles CA 90007, USA, Current
address: Casilla 15 Melipilla, Chile. mma559@yahoo.es
2
Casilla 19, Punta Arenas, Chile.
3
Feather Link, Inc. 1013 Westchester way, Cincinnati, OH 45244, USA.
4
Wildlife Concepts International, Inc., Grant Pass, OR 97527, USA.
Recibido 28/4/2006 Aceptado 5/5/2006
66
M. MARÍN et al.
2006: 6-13 January; 14-19 January; 3-9 February;
and 10 to 16 February). Observations made during
one cruise by (AK) on board of L. A. M. Austral II
from Punta Arenas south to Cape Horn, between
18 - 24 October 2002. Two cruises made by (AK)
on board of R/R Pto. Edén, from Puerto Natales
to Puerto Montt, between 17-20 and 25-27 No-
vember 2000. We used a Garmin portable GPS
for geographical positions otherwise latitude and
longitude localities were taken from Riso Patron
(1924), Paynter (1988) or navigational charts. The
nomenclature of egg shape follows Preston in Palmer
(1962). Egg measurements were taken with a dial
caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm. Egg masses were
taken with an AVINET 100 g Pesola.
DISTRIBUTION
Historically, the Striated Caracara (Phalco-
boenus australis) apparently was first mentioned for
Chile (sensu Hellmayr & Conover 1949) by Forster
in Darwin, Zoology of the Beagle in 1838. Without
much specific localities, they reported the species
from small islands near Tierra del Fuego, Diego
Ramírez, Ildefonso, etc. Gay (1847) mentioned the
species as occurring in the extreme south of Chile;
his account was based mainly on Darwin’s accounts
of the Beagle. Hellmayr & Conover (1949) also
reported for Chile a specimen collected by Cassin
in 1858, at Orange Harbour (55°S) (Hoste Is.) and
“Tierra del Fuego”. For localities and geographical
positions, see figure 1 and appendix 1). Curiously, the
Striated Caracara was not included in the Southern
Hemisphere species list Cassin (1855). Most of the
information on the species came from the Falklands
Islands (Malvinas) in the 1930’s and thereafter.
It is worthwhile to mention that Reynolds
(1932) reported a sight record from the Woodcock
Islands (also known as Becasses (55°S)(on Argentinean
territory which is less than 2 km from the Chilean
border) on the Beagle Channel. Hellmayr (1932) on
his publication on Chilean birds did not include the
species, because he did not considered birds from
the far south. Apparently, the next account for the
species on Chilean territory was by Reynolds (1935)
on which breeding was first reported for Chile. He
indicated that a number of birds were breeding on
some of the islands of the Wollaston Archipelago
(55°S), Freycinet, Deceit, and Barnevelt. Nevertheless,
he only mentioned two nests for Barnevelt Island
(see below). The species was not mentioned by Reed
& Philippi (1938) and Housse (1945). The next
account for the species was by Orlog (1948) who
mentioned the sighting of isolated birds in February
on Yendegaia (54°S) and Puerto Navarino (54°S).
On 13 visits to Yendegaia and 7 to Puerto Navarino
between 2001 and 2005, in December, January,
February, March and April, the Striated Caracara
was never observed there, although subadults and
adults of the White-throated Caracara (Phalcoboenus
albogularis) were occasionally present. Later, Orlog
(1950), reported without providing any details the
Striated Caracara for all the islands of the Cape Horn
Archipelago, with a specimen from Herschel Island
(55°S) and breeding on Grevy, Bayly, Freycinet,
and Herschel Island. Goodall et al. (1951) citing
Reynolds, mentioned that species did occur on the
islands south of the Beagle Channel.
According to Philippi (1964), the species
was found in Chile only on the islands south of the
Beagle Channel and the Wollaston and Cape Horn
Fig. 1. Map showing the different localities where the Striated Caracara
have been found in Chile (see also appendix 1 for names and geographical
positions).
67
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL CARANCHO NEGRO PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS
Archipelagos. Johnson (1965), Meyer De Schauensee
(1970), and Blake (1977) repeated the same infor-
mation. Humphrey et al. (1970) did not add much
new information about the species in Isla Grande
de Tierra del Fuego, in addition to what was already
published, except that it was an uncommon species,
and “possibly is a breeding resident along the southern
and northeastern coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del
Fuego”. Barros (1976) observed a pair on Nueva Is.
and local people did inform him that the species
breed on the southeastern end of the island.
On the next account, Venegas & Jory
(1979) indicated that the Striated Caracara was
not only restricted to the southernmost islands, as
mentioned by previous authors, but was a relatively
common species along the western outer islands of
the Magellanic region. Venegas & Sielfeld (1979)
mentioned a series of sightings for this species along
the coastal islands of the XII Region, and found four
birds at Vorposten islands (49°S). These islands seem
to be the northernmost sites for the species along
the Chilean coast (see also Appendix 1). They also
reported the observation of 18 birds at Recalada
Island. Venegas (1982) reported but without providing
detailed information, dates, etc., the species breeding
at Diego Ramírez Islands, with a sight record in March
1980, at estancia Consuelo (ca. 50°S), prov. Última
Esperanza. Schlatter & Riveros (1987) reported the
species as resident on the Diego Ramírez, islands but
did not comment further. Wallace (1991) reported
the observation on 23 February 1989, of 15 birds
at Gonzalo Island, one of the islands of the Diego
Ramírez Archipelago. Curiously, during two visits
by MM to Gonzalo Island, on 6 January 2006 and
on 3 February 2006, the species was not observed.
Oddly enough, Clark et al. (1992) writing on the
birds of Cape Horn Islands (55-56°S) mentioned
the species on Guarello Island (50°S).
According to Humphrey et al. (1970), the
Striated Caracara is rare and with uncertain status
on Tierra del Fuego. During our cruises we observed
one or two and up to three birds between 2001 to
2003 and dates ranging from December to April,
on mainland Tierra del Fuego, at Seno Agostini,
prov. Antártica, in an area locally named as “Con-
dor Bay” (54°S). On 24 February 2003, we found
a bird in juvenal plumage at “Condor Bay”, which
might indicate breeding on or near the site. If that
were the case it would be the first breeding site on
mainland Tierra del Fuego. In this area, there are
about five to six small colonies (ranging from 5 to
10 pairs) of Rock (Phalacrocorax magellanicus)
and Imperial cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps)
and nearby, within ± 2 km a small colony of South
American Sea Lions (Otaria flavescens) those co-
lonies can serve as food sources. Another potential
breeding site observed during those cruises was on
the smallest of the three major and northernmost
islands Tucker (54°S), prov. Tierra del Fuego. On
16 February 2001, we encountered two adults, on
15 April 2001 a single adult, on 19 January 2005,
we encountered two juvenile birds, on 18 January
2006 we encountered a single adult, on 15 Februa-
ry 2006 we encountered two adults, on the same
island. On this island, there is a colony of over 800
pairs Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellani-
cus) about 300 and 50 pairs of Imperial and Rock
cormorants, respectively plus gulls and other birds.
We must mention that during 24 passages between
December and February between Cape Horn and
Puerto Montt, the Striated Caracara was only obser-
ved in four areas, namely: islands Tucker, Solitario,
Terhalten, and Hornos. During two cruises between
Puerto Natales and Puerto Montt in November, it
was not observed. Even though the internal channels
offer several potential sites for the species.
We found very few Chilean specimens
in museums, and most of them with little or no
information. The localities and dates of specimens
are listed in appendix 1. The dates of observations
or collections range from October to April. We did
not find, or have any reliable data for the austral
winter months, although, Couve & Vidal (1998) and
Matus & Barría (1999) mentioned the species as
accidental winter visitor, in Torres del Paine National
Park, but did not provided further information on
it. However, it is likely that, both publications refer
to either or both, Venegas (1982) report [which
was actually on March] at estancia Consuelo, prov.
Última Esperanza; and/or a photo published by
Garay & Guineo (2000)[however, the actual photo
was taken at Laguna Amarga (51°S) in March/April;
O. Guineo pers. com. to AK]. Both records are in
autumn and actually outside of the park limits; as
a consequence, there are no actual winter records
for the area. Jaksic et al. (2002) in a recent review
of the raptors of Torres del Paine National Park do
not mention the species for the park nor referred
68
M. MARÍN et al.
to its potential presence in the area. The species
might make short inland moves but it is primarily
a coastal species. Strange (1996) indicated that, in
some regions of the Falkland Islands (Malvinas),
some Striated Caracaras, particularly immature,
are nomadic and have a post-breeding dispersal
from mid-April to July. Similar behavior should be
expected for Chile, but how far or as to where do
Chilean birds go is unknown.
BREEDING
Gay (1847) mentioned a general account
on the breeding of the species as nesting on small
islands and in rock crevices, but did not specify
nests sites. Gay based his account on Darwin’s
observations during the Beagle voyage. As far as
we know, the only reliable accounts on breeding in
Chile are by Reynolds (1935); that have been repea-
ted by multiple and subsequent authors. Reynolds
mentioned two nests with a single nestling each, in
December. Both nestlings were in a yellow-downy
plumage. He described the nests as being placed in
fissures, crevices, or ledges at the top of perpendi-
cular cliffs, running from the sea. The nests were
similar in shape and form to those of the Crested
Caracara (Caracara plancus), made mainly of bents,
roots, grasses and seaweeds. Although the species
was mentioned as resident by Schlatter & Riveros
(1987) in the Diego Ramírez Archipelago, there
is no mention of nesting or nests in the area. We
found a nest on 12 November 2003 at Noir Island
(Figs. 2 y 3). The nest was located about 3 m from
the ground, in a crevice, in a beach boulder and the
boulder was covered on the top with vegetation. The
nest platform, c. 35 cm in diameter, was made of
fine sticks, and lined with fine, soft and brownish
vegetation. The nest contained 3 eggs, all short
sub-elliptical in shape, cream-colored, overlaid
irregularly from light to heavy, brown and reddish-
brown blotches, covering the entire surface. The
eggs of the Striated Caracara were similar in color
to those of other caracara species. They measured
62.3 x 45.1 mm (63 g), 62.1 x 45.5 mm (60 g),
and 62.3 x 45.3 mm (63.5 g). A second nest was
found on Noir Island on 9 November 2005, clearly
seen with binoculars, the adult bird was sitting on
the nest, and most likely with eggs, but we could not
check the contents. This nest was located among
some live plants on a crevice on a cliff at about 15
m from the ground.
STATUS
In accordance with previous observations
on the species, we mainly observed the Striated
Caracara directly associated with colonial birds or
mammals (see also below). However, the observations
with no association to a colonial bird or mammal,
e.g., Woodcok Island, Agostini Sound, Condor Bay,
Hornos Island, either penguins, cormorants or ma-
rine mammals colonies were within short distance.
The only main exceptions were the two “inland”
records at Estancia [Pto.] Consuelo and at Laguna
Amarga, both in prov. Última Esperanza. Along the
Chilean territory, all observations of Striated Cara-
caras involve from one to four birds; exceptionally
large numbers have been reported in association with
Fig. 3. Nest and eggs of Striated Caracara at isla Noir.Fig. 2. Adult Striated Caracara (Phalcoboenus australis).
69
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL CARANCHO NEGRO PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS
Rockhopper Penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) (Clark
1988, Venegas & Soto 1992). The same occurred
on Falkland Islands (Malvinas) (Strange 1996), Sta-
ten Island (Schiavini et al. 1999), Año Nuevo and
Staten Islands (Frere et al. 1999). At Noir Island
the species was mainly observed over and around
Rockhopper Penguin colonies, but also observed
over Macaroni Penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome),
Magellanic Penguins, Imperial Cormorants and Giant
Petrels (Macronectes giganteus) colonies, although
in smaller numbers on the last species. However,
out of 28 observations on different locations, 71%
of the cases were associated with cormorants, 60%
with penguins, 25.5% with marine mammals, 14%
no association and 7% with petrels or albatrosses.
At Condor Bay, Noir and Hershel Islands,
the birds spent a considerable amount of time on
rocks or beaches of the intertidal zone, during low
tide, apparently foraging on mollusks. According
to Strange (1996) the species feed on limpets and
mussels on the Falklands Islands (Malvinas), and
southernmost Chile.
In November 2003, 2004 and 2005, we
found a healthy population of Striated Caracaras on
Noir Island. The maximum number of birds observed
in a single count at one point of the island was 18
individuals (both sub-adults and adult birds). Counts
of 7 to 10 birds at different points of the island were
not uncommon. The population of Noir Island (15.3
km
2
) was in the order of 150 individuals. Similarly, F.
Todd (fide Strange 1996) that visited Noir Island in
November 1984, estimated the population to reach
at least 100 birds. This agree with G. S. Clark (fide
Strange 1996) that visited Noir in February 1984
and found it very common on the island counting
seven at one time. Reynolds (1935) reported 200
birds on Barnevelt Island (55°S) in 1932. However
the largest concentration observed by us was 38
birds in a single count, on 14 November 2005 at
Islote Leonard (53°S). Leonard, is a small island of
500 x 200 m, on Otway Bay, near Recalada Island,
that contains a colony of Imperial Cormorants of
about 400 -500 breeding pairs, several seals, and
penguins. The second largest concentration of
Striated Caracaras was observed at Terhalten Island
(55°S) on 4 February 2006, where 30 birds were
observed on a single count around a colony of Im-
perial Cormorants (ca. over 500 pairs) and next to
a colony of fur seals. We agree with the assertions
of Venegas & Jory (1979) that the species is more
common, particularly farther north, as initially
thought by many authors, e.g., Philippi (1964), Jo-
hnson (1965), Humphrey et al. (1970). Still recent
summaries on Chilean birds e.g., Jaramillo et al.
(2003) have their distributional map off by several
hundred kilometers. However, based on present data,
Striated Caracaras are far more common and their
distribution is farther north than indicated by most
publications. The species should be considered locally
abundant on the outer islands of the XII region of
Chile, most likely north to the southern part of the
Taitao Peninsula. The listing of this species as rare
in Chile, is perhaps a reflection of how infrequent
ornithological surveys are conducted on the outer
islands of southern Chile.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We are grateful to the museum curators and
collection managers for providing data from Striated
Caracara specimens (when the acronims are in pa-
renthesis indicated they had Chilean specimens of
the species): P. Sweet, American Museum of Natural
History (AMNH); John Bates, Field Museum of Natural
History (FMNH); Claudio Venegas, Instituto de la
Patagonia (CZIP); A. Pirie, Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard University; J. Artigas, Museo
Zoología Universidad de Concepción; J. C. Torres-
Mura, Museo Nacional Historia Natural, Santiago;
R. Schlatter, Museo Zoología Universidad Austral
(MZUA); Kimball Garret, Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County; Gary Graves and James
Dean, United States National Museum; Western
Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology; Kristoff Zyskowski,
Yale Peabody Museum. This work was supported
by Feather Link, Inc. By grants-in-aid for scientific
research from local and international foundations.
We would like to thank Briant Hunt, African Safari
Wildlife, Park and Faunia for their support of this
and past expeditions. Our gratitude must also be
expressed to W. Roger Fry and Leonard Weakly, Jr.
Fortheir Continued support and participation in this
project. We also are grateful to Fantástico Sur Birding,
to the crews of the M/V Terra Australis, M/V Mare
Australis, M/S Nordnorge, L.A.M. Austral II, and
M/V Chonos, for transport to different parts of the
austral seas. We are also grateful to the reviewers
for comments and improving the manuscript.
70
M. MARÍN et al.
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Patagonia Chilena: Estudios preliminares.
Anales Instituto Patagonia, Serie Cs. Nat.
(Chile) 20: 83-88.
Wallace, G.E. 1991. Noteworthy birds records from
southernmost Chile. Condor 93: 175-176.
72
M. MARÍN et al.
Appendix 1. Dates, localities and positions of sightings and specimens of the Striated
Caracara from southern Chile. Localities are ordered from south to north.
Dates Localities Latitude/Longitude Sources
1832-1836 ?? Diego Ramírez Islands 5632/6843 Hellmayr & Conover (1949)
Dec.- Feb. 1980-81 Diego Ramírez Islands 5632/6843 Schlatter & Riveros (1987)
23 Dec. 1980 Diego Ramírez Islands 5632/6843 MZUA
24 Dec. 1980 Diego Ramírez Islands 5632/6843 MZUA
23 Feb. 1989 Islote Gonzalo 5632/6843 Wallace (1991)
18 Dec. 1914 Hornos Island 5554/6717 AMNH
21 Oct. 2002 Hornos Island 5554/6717 Present Study
20 Jan. 2005 Hornos Island 5554/6717 Present Study
11 Jan. 1949 Herschel Island 5551/6720 Orlog (1950)
21 Oct. 2002 Marcial Cove, Herschel Island 5551/6706 Present Study
1832-1836 Ildefonso Island 5550/6917 Hellmayr & Conover (1949)
18 Dec. 1914 Ildefonso Island 5550/6917 AMNH
Dec. 1932 Deceit Island 5550/6707 Reynolds (1935)
26 Mar. 1916 Hermite Island 5550/6740 FMNH
Dec. 1932 Barnevelt Island 5549/6648 Reynolds (1935)
Dec. 1932 Freycinet Island 5547/6713 Reynolds (1935)
16-17 Jan. 1948 Freycinet Island 5547/6713 Orlog (1950)
6-8 Jan. 1948 Baily (=Bayly) Island 5540/6740 Orlog (1950)
20 Feb. 1980 Baily (=Bayly) Island 5540/6740 CZIP
25 Feb. 1980 Lientur Cove, Wollaston Island 5539/6721 CZIP
19 Oct. 2002 Lientur Cove, Wollaston Island 5539/6721 Present Study
3-6 Jan. 1948 Grevy Island 5533/6740 Orlog (1950)
1858 Orange Harbour 5531/6803 Hellmayr & Conover (1949)
22 Dec. 2005 Terhalten Island 5526/6704 Present Study
4 Feb. 2006 Terhalten Island 5526/6704 Present Study
24 Feb. 1968 Nueva Island 5515/6635 Barros (1976)
15 Jan./1 Feb. 1977 Island Hoste 5505/6850 Sielfeld (1977)
4 Feb. 2006 Solitario Island 5459/6708 Present Study
Feb. 1940 Puerto Navarino 5455/6820 Orlog (1948)
Feb. 1940 Yendegaia 5452/6845 Orlog (1948)
11 Feb. 2002 Cockburn / Occasion Channels 5430/7203 Present Study
14-22 Feb. 1984 Noir Island 5429/7302 Clark (1988)
73
DISTRIBUCIÓN DEL CARANCHO NEGRO PHALCOBOENUS AUSTRALIS
Dec. 1983 Noir Island 5429/7302 Venegas (1993)
Nov. 1984 Noir Island 5429/7302 Strange (1996)
11-16 Nov. 2003 Noir Island 5429/7302 Present Study
14-21 Nov. 2004 Noir Island 5429/7302 Present Study
6-19 Nov. 2005 Noir Island 5429/7302 Present Study
29 Jan. 2001 Agostini Sound, “Condor Bay” 5427/7027 Present Study
11 Feb. 2002 Agostini Sound, “Condor Bay” 5427/7027 Present Study
12 Mar. 2001 Agostini Sound, “Condor Bay” 5427/7027 Present Study
19 Mar. 2001 Agostini Sound, “Condor Bay” 5427/7027 Present Study
16 Apr. 2001 Agostini Sound, “Condor Bay” 5427/7027 Present Study
10 Nov. 2003 Dora Island 5416/7228 Present Study
18 Jan. 2006 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
19 Jan. 2005 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
15 Feb. 2006 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
16 Feb. 2001 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
16 Mar. 2001 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
15 Apr. 2001 Tucker Island 5409/7017 Present Study
3 Feb. 1984 (Cerro) Helado Sound 5352/7225 Clark, in Strange (1996)
Mar. 1997 Carlos III Island 5340/7220 Present Study
14 Nov. 2005 Leonard Island 5323/7404 Present Study
14 Nov. 2005 Recalada Island 5319/7412 Present Study
15 Nov. 2005 Recalada Island 5319/7412 Present Study
14 Nov. 2005 Inman Island 5318/7417 Present Study
23 Mar. 1979 Recalada Island 5317/7415 CZIP
No date/March (?) Recalada Island 5317/7415 Venegas & Sielfeld (1979)
No date Cabo Pilar 5244/7441 Venegas & Sielfeld (1979)
Mar. 1980 Estancia Consuelo [Puerto Consuelo] 5136/7238 Venegas (1982)
April/March (?) Laguna Amarga 5059/7248 Garay & Guineo (2000)
22 Jan. 1984 Buenaventura Island 5045/7509 Clark in Strange (1996)
No date Guarello Island 5022/7519 Clark et al. (1992)
No date Cabo Primero 4952/7535 Venegas & Sielfeld (1979)
No date Grupo Vorposten 4922/7542 Venegas & Sielfeld (1979)
