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EFFICIENCY OF TRICHOGRAMMA EVANESCENS WESTWOOD IN THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HBN) ON CORN

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Ján Tancik at Ecophyta s.r.o. Nitra, Slovakia
Ján Tancik
  • Ecophyta s.r.o. Nitra, Slovakia
Ľudovít Cagáň at Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Ľudovít Cagáň
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Abstract

Summary In 1995, egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westwood was applied in maize fields against the European corn borer (ECB). The experiment was conducted at the locality Malanta near Nitra in south-western Slovakia. T. evanescens was provided by Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy in Zürich-Reckenholz. It was breed in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra. The time of releases was estimated from the field observations of eggs. The release was done on June 29, two days after the first eggs on the maize plants occurred.. 10 000 individuals of T. evanescens were released on 1000 m2 (100 000 individuals per hectare). The corn borer damage of stalks and cobs was examined on September 10. Number of plants damaged by the ECB decreased by 38.9%.
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Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 7, 2004, Special Number, Proceedings of the XVI. Slovak and Czech
Plant Protection Conference organised at Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia
311
EFFICIENCY OF TRICHOGRAMMA EVANESCENS WESTWOOD IN THE CONTROL OF EUROPEAN CORN BORER
(OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HBN) ON CORN
Ján TANCIK, Ľudovít CAGÁŇ
Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republik
Summary
In 1995, egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westwood was applied in maize fields against the European corn borer
(ECB). The experiment was conducted at the locality Malanta near Nitra in south-western Slovakia. T. evanescens was
provided by Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy in Zürich-Reckenholz. It was breed in the laboratory of the
Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra. The time of releases was estimated from the field
observations of eggs. The release was done on June 29, two days after the first eggs on the maize plants occurred.. 10 000
individuals of T. evanescens were released on 1000 m2 (100 000 individuals per hectare). The corn borer damage of stalks
and cobs was examined on September 10. Number of plants damaged by the ECB decreased by 38.9%.
Key words: Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn, maize, Slovakia
Introduction
The egg parasitoids of he genus Trichogramma Westw. are used as biological agents to control numerous Lepidoptera pest
in more than 20 crops throughout the world (Hassan, 1992). In Europe they are used mainly against Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. in
grain, sweet and seed maize (Bigler, 1986, Hassan et al., 1990, Tancik et al., 1994).
Releases of this parasitoids has become popular during the last two decades (1970-1990) in the control of the ECB (Bírová,
1990). A very first release of Trichogramma of local origin occurred in sweet corn at the 4-ha area at PD Druzba Piestany,
Slovakia in 1988. This release was enabled due to the cooperation on mass rearing of parasitoids between Nitra and
Experimental Pytopatology Institute in Ivanka pri Dunai. T. evanescens, reared in eggs of Sitotroga cerealella, were used in
trails (Bírová, 1990).
In this paper we report on our evaluations of inundative releases of T. evanescens to suppress O. nubilalis in grain corn.
Material and Methods
Experiments were carried out at locality Malanta, near Nitra, in south-western Slovakia, in 1995. Locality Malanta is situated
12 km east from Nitra at altitude of 230 m, Average yearly temperature in Nitra is 9.6°C (according to the data of
Agrometeorogical station Slovak Agricultural university in Nitra).
Two plots (70 by 14 m), 200 m apart and 25 m from the edge of the field and randomly assigned as a release or control plot.
Trichogramma evanescens Westw., mass reared from eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller),
were supplied by Swiss Federal Research Station for Agronomy in Zürich-Reckenholz. It was breed in the laboratory of
Department of Plant Protection, Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra.
Eggs parasitized with Trichogramma were attached to a paper divided into leaflets of 40 x 20 mm. These leaflets were
spread over the experimental plot with intermediate net-like spacing of 14 m. Leaflets were placed in leaf sheaths. The time
of releases was estimated from the field observations of eggs. ECB egg masses was determined by the inspection of 100
plants - 10 plants in 10 places distributed diagonally in plot in the same fields in tree-day intervals.
At control plots (1000 m2) were used 10 000 individuals of Trichogramma evanescens ( 100 000 individuals per hectare).
Evaluation of Trichogramma efficiency
This evaluation was done on September 10, when corn was in technological maturity. All sampled plants were observed in
order to determine ECB attack. The same inspection was done in experimental and control plots. The biological efficiency of
Trichogramma was calculated from the obtained data on infested plants and the number of caterpillars according to the
formulae:
A-B
Biological efficiency =—— x 100
A
where:
A - the number of infested plants in the control
B - the number of infested plants in the treatment
Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, Vol. 7, 2004, Special Number, Proceedings of the XVI. Slovak and Czech
Plant Protection Conference organised at Slovak Agricultural University in Nitra, Slovakia
312
Results and Discussion
In 1995 the European corn borer eggs were found on corn plants from June 27 to July 17. The release was done on June 29,
two days after the first eggs on the maize plants occurred.
The time of the first application is very important (Bigler, 1986, Hassan et al., 1986). Bigler (1986) made the first application
in the beginning of oviposition. The first application is recommended in the beginning of the pest flight into the light traps
(Hassan et al., 1986, Hluchý et al., 2003), the second 7-10 days later on (Hluchý et al., 2003).
The number of infested plants in the control was 85 % and in the treatment 58 %. Biological efficiency of Trichogramma
evanescens according to the attacked plants was 38,5%. A similar result was achieved in Croatia in 1987-1988. Biological
efficiency of Trichogramma pretiosuma according to the attacked plants was 22.5-51.7 % (Danon, 1989). In Slovakia in 1987
biological efficiency of Trichogramma evanescens according to the attacked plants was 24.2% (Bírová, 1990). In Serbia in
1989-1991, according to the number of attacked plant, biological efficiency amounted to 14.3 to 36.1 for Trichogramma
evanescens and to 36.6 to 41.2% for T. maidis (Tancik et al., 1994).
The highest efficiency of 76.0-84.9% was denoted in Germany with two releasings of 75 000 individuals of Trichogramma
evanescens after the beginning of egg hatching (Hassan, Guo, 1991). In Switzerland, biological efficiency of Trichogramma
maidis according to the attacked plants was 60-90% (Bigler, 1986). The efficacy of Trichogramma in the Czech Republic
during 2001 was 61.4% in average. The biological product Trichoplus, which contains mix of pupe and prepupe of two
species of Trichogramma (T evanescens and T. pintoi) was used in dosage of 2 x 50 capsules per hectare, 1000 individuales
per capsula (Hluchý et al., 2003).
Better results, almost as good as the results of the insecticide application, could be probably attained with Trichogramma
release time shifting towards the beginning of ECB moth eclosion. This idea should be followed in the subsequent studies.
References
BIGLER, F. 1986. Mass production of Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. and its field application against Ostrinia nubilalis
Hbn. in Switzerland. In: Z. angew. Ent., vol. 101, 1986, p. 23-29.
BÍROVÁ, H.- BRESTOVSKÝ, J. - JAKUBČIN, P. - LONGAUEROVÁ, J. 1990. Skúsenosti s vypúšťaním trichogramy hnedej,
Trichogramma evanescens, proti vijačke kukuričnej, Ostrinia nubilalis, na cukrovej kukurici. In: Ochr. Rostl., vol. 26, 1990,
no. 1, p. 29-36.
DANON, V . 1989. Biolosko suzbijanje kukuruznog moljca, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) pomocu parazitske osice
Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Zastita bilja, 40, 1989, p. 131-141.
HASSAN, S. A. 1992. The comercial use of Trichogramma and other egg parasites. In: Trichogramma News, 6, 1992, p. 13-
14.
HASSAN, S. A. - GUO, M. F. 1991. Selection of effectve strains of egg parasites of the genus Trichogramma (Hym.,
Trichogrammatide) to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lep. Pyralidae). In: J. Appl. Ent., vol. 111, 1991,
p. 335-341.
HASSAN, S. A. - STEIN, E. - DANNEMANN, K. - REICHEL, W. 1986. Massenproduktion und Anwendung von
Trichogramma. Optimierung des Einsatzes zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. In: J. appl. Ent., vol.
101, 1986, S. 508-515.
HASSAN, S. A. - BAYER, H. - DANNEMANN, K. - HEIL, M. - PFISTER, J. A. - REICHEL, W - SCHLEGEL, C. - STEIN, E. -
WEISLMAIER, H. - WINSTEL, K. 1990. Massenzucht und Anwendung von Trichogramma: 11. Ergebnisse von
Ringvesuchen zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers (Ostrinia nubilalis). In: Gesunde Pflanzen, vol. 42, 1990, S. 387- 394.
HLUCHÝ M. – BAGAR, M. – BROKLOVÁ, M. – KALMÁN, S. – LÁSZLÓ, G. – TAMAŠEK, Z. 1993. The result of testing
a product based on Trichogramma sp against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (hbn.) and Cotton Bollworm,
Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) in maize. XVI Slovak and Czech Plant Protection Conference, Abstracts suplement, Nitra, 2003,
ISBN 80-8069-235-1. p 176.
TANCIK, J. - RADINOVÁ, Ž. - BAČA, F. 1994. Účinnosť druhov Trichogramma evanescens Westwood a Trichogramma
maidis Pint. et Voeg. proti vijačke kukuričnej (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) na cukrovej kukurici. In: Ochr. Rostl., 30, 1994, s. 209-
220.
... In Western Europe, Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) is used commercially for the biological control of the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Hassan 1981(Hassan , 1984Bigler 1986;Tancik et al. 1994, Hluchy et al. 2003Tancik & Cagáň 2004). ...
Natural parasitism of the second generation European corn borer eggs Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) by Trichogramma spp. in sweet corn fields in Vojvodina, Serbia – short communication
Article
Full-text available
  • Nov 2016
Tancik J. (2017): Natural parasitism of the second generation European corn borer eggs Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) by Trichogramma spp. in sweet corn fields in Vojvodina, Serbia – short communication. Plant Protect. Sci., 53: 50–54. Natural parasitism of the European corn borer eggs (Hübner) by Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) was assessed in sweet corn field in north-west Serbia, region Vojvodina at the localities of Ruski Krstur, from 2004 till 2007. The rate of egg parasitism in 2004 varied from 35.89% to 73.58%. The parasitism in 2005 was lower than in 2004. On four different sampling dates in 2005 parasitism varied from 28.48% to 57.05% and averaged 39.4%. In 2006 parasitism fluctuated between 9.31 and 62.9%, averaging 32.15%. In 2007 parasitism varied from 36.8% to 54.54% and averaged 43.48%. The egg parasitoid species was identified as Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood). The study showed that this natural enemy occurred constantly in sweet corn fields but its number greatly fluctuated from year to year. © 2017, Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Molecular identification of Trichogramma species parasitizing Ostrinia nubilalis in corn and pepper in south–east border of Europe
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Full-text available
  • Jun 2020
The current study extends the faunistic survey of Trichogramma species parasitizing ECB to all agricultural growing regions in Serbia. Specimens of Trichogramma were reared from parasitized egg masses of ECB collected from field-grown corn and pepper crops. The number of egg masses parasitized varied by location. Using sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, we examined intra and interspecific variation in Trichogramma parasitizing the ECB egg masses. Seventy specimens were successfully sequenced of which, 65 were identified as T. brassicae. The remaining five were identified as T. evanescens, and this second species was only collected from pepper.
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Pesticide Toxicity to Parasitoids: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies
Chapter
  • Aug 2016
Parasitoids occur naturally as well as reared and released against target pests, which is included as an important component in integrated pest management (IPM) programme. Mostly parasitoids are host specific and they are exposed to pesticides directly while spraying or through contaminated host insects or by consuming nectar of the crop plants treated with pesticides. Hence, it is essential to assess the impact of pesticides on natural enemies like parasitoids. Mostly acute toxicity bioassays are conducted using eggs, immature stages (cocoons/ mummies) and adults to determine the median lethal concentrations to assess the effect of pesticides. Ingestion toxicity assays are also being carried out since the adult parasitoids feeds on the nectar of the flowering plants. Apart from these bioassays, sublethal studies are also important to assess the chronic effects of pesticides on the fecundity, adult emergence, host foraging ability, longevity, generation time, sex ratio and reproduction of parasitoids. In field conditions also, pesticide toxicity on parasitoids are being assessed by examining their parasitization efficiency. Risk assessment of insecticides for parasitoids were studied mostly using LC50 values of parasitoids and the risk quotient was derived based on which the pesticide was categorized from harmless to dangerous. Thus, the insecticide effective against target pests and selective to parasitoids can be identified and included in the IPM packages.
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Selection of effective strains of egg parasites of the genus Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lep., Pyralidae)
Article
  • Jan 1991
  • J APPL ENTOMOL
Trichogramma strains were compared for their suitability to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. The host preference was tested in laboratory experiments by offering single parasite females the choice between eggs of the target pest and eggs of the replacement mass rearing host Angoumois grain moth Sitotroga cerealella . Only the following three strains, from a total of 20 tested, showed preference to and/or satisfactorily parasitized the corn borer eggs, in order of effectiveness: Trichogramma ostriniae from China P.R. (strain 62), Trichogramma evanescens from Moldavia, USSR (strain 10) and T. evanescens from Germany F.R. (strain 105). The number of parasite eggs laid in the corn borer and that laid in the Sitotroga eggs were 17.6 and 5.83 for strain 62; 9.1 and 12.73 for strain 10; and 3.73 and 16.1 for strain 105. The remaining 17 strains almost completely ignored the Ostrinia eggs and only parasitized the grain moth eggs. The searching capacity of T. ostriniae and T. evanescens was compared by conducting parasite release experiments on corn plants in cages. No significant differences between the two species were found. The results of these experiments confirmed that the choice of the two species T. ostriniae and T. evanescens (Moldavia), that are presently being used in practice to control the corn borers in Asia and Europe is justified. The simple laboratory method to test the host preference used in these experiments was found to be suitable for the selection of effective species of the genus Trichogramma for biological control. Zusammenfassung Zur Auswahl geeigneter Eiparasitenstämme der Gattung Trichogramma (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) für die Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lep., Pyralidae) Es wurden 20 Trichogramma ‐Stämme auf ihre Eignung zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner getestet. Zur Feststellung der Wirtspräferenz wurden einzelnen Trichogramma‐ Weibchen Eier des Zielschädlings zusammen mit Eiern des Ersatzwirtes Sitotroga cerealella Oliv. (Getreidemotte) angeboten. Nur 3 der 20 geprüften Eiparasitenstämme ließen meßbare Leistungen bei der Suche nach und bei der Parasitisierung von Eiern des Maiszünslers in nachstehender Reihenfolge erkennen: 1. Trichogramma ostriniae (Stamm 62 aus China), 2. T. evanescens (Stamm 10 aus der Sowjetrepublik Moldau) und T. evanescens (Stamm 105 aus Eiern von Mamestra brassicae in einem Kohlfeld bei Darmstadt). Die Anzahl der abgelegten Trichogramma ‐Eier in den Maiszünsler‐ und Getreidemotteneiern betrug bei Stamm 62 17,6 bzw. 5,83, bei Stamm 10 9,1 bzw. 12,73 und bei Stamm 105 3,73 bzw. 16,1. Die restlichen 17 Stämme hatten kaum Kontakte mit den Eiern des Maiszünslers und parasitierten fast ausschließlich die Eier des Ersatzwirtes S. cerealella . Das Suchverhalten von T. ostriniae (Stamm 62) und T. evanescens (10) an Maispflanzen wurde in Käfigversuchen verglichen. Hierbei waren keine signifikanten Unterschiede zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit bestätigen, daß die Auswahl der Arten T. ostriniae und T. evanescens (Moldau), die gegenwärtig in Asien bzw. in Europa zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers in der Praxis eingesetzt werden, gerechtfertigt ist. Die hier erarbeitete einfache Labormethode zur Prüfung der Wirtspräferenz von Trichogramma hat sich bei der Auswahl von geeigneten Stämmen dieser Eiparasitengattung zur Anwendung im biologischen Pflanzenschutz gut bewährt.
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Massenproduktion und Anwendung von Trichogramma: 8. Optimierung des Einsatzes zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn
Article
  • Jan 1986
  • J APPL ENTOMOL
Mass-production and utilization of Trichogramma: 8. Optimizing the use to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. After the effectiveness of trichogramma evanescens Westw. to control the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. has repeated1 been shown and large scale commercial use in the Federal Republic of Germany has been established, experiments to optimize the dose and time of the parasite treatments became necessary. Four different application rates of Trichogramma to control the European corn borer were compared in six corn fields (5 for seed production and 1 sweat corn) each in 1984 and in 1985. At each experimental plot, two Trichogramma releases were carried out by placing cards each containing 1500 parasitized host eggs. The rate of a plication was varied by changing the distance between the releasing points. Two treatments, each with the following spacings and application rates were compared: 20 × 20 m = 38,000 parasites/ha, 15 × 15 m = 67,000, 10 × 10 m = 150,000,5 × 5 m = 600,000. The reduction in the number of European corn borer larvae in the Treated seed corn plots at the different Trichogramma releasing rates in 1984 was 62, 77, 83, 91 % and in 1985 it was 65, 77, 87 and 93 % compared to untreated control plots respectively. The reduction in the sweet corn field plots in 1984 was 39, 46, 50, 76 % and in 1985 it was 74, 80, 86 and 89 % respectively. The results of these experiments indicate that the Trichogramma releasing rate for each of the two currently used applications for Ostrinia control at 75,000 parasites per ha and treatments for seed production corn and 150,000 for sweet corn are well justified. Single Tricbogramma treatments carried out at different time intervals in 1984 and 1985 confirmed previous findings that the beginning of the Ostrinia adult flight as indicated by light traps is the most suitable time for the parasite application. Nachdem die Wirksamkeit von Trichogramma evanescens Westw. zur Bekämpfung des Maiszüns-lers Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. wiederholt bewiesen wurde, und inzwischen großflächige kommer-zielle Anwendungen dieses Nützlings in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erfolgen, waren Unter-suchungen zur Optimierungder Parasiten-Dosis sowie der Freilassungstermine erforderlich. 1984 und 1985 wurden Trichogramma-Freilassungen zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers in 4 verschiedenen Dosen in jeweils 6 Maisfeldern (5 Körner- und 1 Süßmais) verglichen. Bei jeder Versuchsvariante erfolgten zwei Trichogramma-Freilassungen durch Ausbringen von Papprähm-chen mit je ca. 1500 parasitierten Wirtseiern. Durch Veränderung der Abstände zwischen den Freilassungsstellen ließ sich die Dosis in den verschiedenen Versuchsvarianten variieren. Folgende Abstände und Dosen wurden bei jeweils zweimaligen Behandlungen verglichen: 20 × 20 m = 38 000 Parasiten/ha, 15 × 15 m = 67 000, 10 × 10 m = 150 000 und 5 × 5 m = 600 000 Parasiten/ha. Die Verminderungen der Maiszünslerlarvenzahlen betrugen 1984 bei den verschiedenen Freilassungsdosen im Vergleich zu den unbehandelten Kontrollparzellen 62, 77, 83, 91 %; 1985 waren es 65, 77, 87, 83 %. Bei Süßmais lagen die Verminderungen 1984 bei 39, 46, 50, 76 % und 1985 bei 74, 80, 86, 89 % in dieser Reihenfolge. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Trichogramma-Freilassungsdosis für die gegenwärtig in der Praxis üblichen zwei Behandlungen von je 75 000 Parasiten/ha bei Körnermais bzw. 150 000 bei Süßmais durchaus vertretbar sind. Die hier durchgeführten einmaligen Trichogramma-Behandlungen zu verschiedenen Zeitab-standen in den Jahren 1984 und 1985 bestätigen den früheren Befund, daß als günstigster Zeitpunkt für die erste Behandlung der Beginn des Maiszünslerfluges, wenn die ersten Maiszüns-ierfalter in Lichtfallen erscheinen, anzusehen ist.
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The comercial use of Trichogramma and other egg parasites
  • Jan 1992
  • 13-14
  • S A Hassan
HASSAN, S. A. 1992. The comercial use of Trichogramma and other egg parasites. In: Trichogramma News, 6, 1992, p. 13-14.
Skúsenosti s vypúšťaním trichogramy hnedej, Trichogramma evanescens, proti vijačke kukuričnej, Ostrinia nubilalis, na cukrovej kukurici
  • Jan 1990
  • 29-36
  • H Bírová
  • J. -Jakubčin Brestovský
BÍROVÁ, H.-BRESTOVSKÝ, J. -JAKUBČIN, P. -LONGAUEROVÁ, J. 1990. Skúsenosti s vypúšťaním trichogramy hnedej, Trichogramma evanescens, proti vijačke kukuričnej, Ostrinia nubilalis, na cukrovej kukurici. In: Ochr. Rostl., vol. 26, 1990, no. 1, p. 29-36.
Účinnosť druhov Trichogramma evanescens Westwood a Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. proti vijačke kukuričnej (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) na cukrovej kukurici
  • Jan 1994
  • 209-220
  • J. -Radinová Tancik
  • Ž Bača
TANCIK, J. -RADINOVÁ, Ž. -BAČA, F. 1994. Účinnosť druhov Trichogramma evanescens Westwood a Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. proti vijačke kukuričnej (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) na cukrovej kukurici. In: Ochr. Rostl., 30, 1994, s. 209-220.
Biolosko suzbijanje kukuruznog moljca, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) pomocu parazitske osice Trichogramma pretiosum Riley
  • Jan 1989
  • 131-141
DANON, V. 1989. Biolosko suzbijanje kukuruznog moljca, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) pomocu parazitske osice Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Zastita bilja, 40, 1989, p. 131-141.
Mass production of Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. and its field application against Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. in Switzerland
  • Jan 1986
  • 23-29
BIGLER, F. 1986. Mass production of Trichogramma maidis Pint. et Voeg. and its field application against Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. in Switzerland. In: Z. angew. Ent., vol. 101, 1986, p. 23-29.
Biolosko suzbijanje kukuruznog moljca, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) pomocu parazitske osice Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Zastita bilja
  • Jan 1989
  • 131-141
  • V Danon
DANON, V. 1989. Biolosko suzbijanje kukuruznog moljca, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) pomocu parazitske osice Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. Zastita bilja, 40, 1989, p. 131-141.
Massenzucht und Anwendung von Trichogramma: 11. Ergebnisse von Ringvesuchen zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers (Ostrinia nubilalis)
  • Jan 1990
  • 387-394
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  • J A . -Reichel
  • C Stein
HASSAN, S. A. -BAYER, H. -DANNEMANN, K. -HEIL, M. -PFISTER, J. A. -REICHEL, W -SCHLEGEL, C. -STEIN, E. -WEISLMAIER, H. -WINSTEL, K. 1990. Massenzucht und Anwendung von Trichogramma: 11. Ergebnisse von Ringvesuchen zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers (Ostrinia nubilalis). In: Gesunde Pflanzen, vol. 42, 1990, S. 387-394.
The result of testing a product based on Trichogramma sp against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (hbn.) and Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) in maize. XVI Slovak and Czech Plant Protection Conference, Abstracts suplement
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  • M. -Kalmán Broklová
HLUCHÝ M. -BAGAR, M. -BROKLOVÁ, M. -KALMÁN, S. -LÁSZLÓ, G. -TAMAŠEK, Z. 1993. The result of testing a product based on Trichogramma sp against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (hbn.) and Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hbn.) in maize. XVI Slovak and Czech Plant Protection Conference, Abstracts suplement, Nitra, 2003, ISBN 80-8069-235-1. p 176.