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Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod

  • April 2006
DOI:10.4324/9781410615725
Authors:
Bala Kumaravadivelu at San Jose State University
Bala Kumaravadivelu
Lawrence Erlbaum
Lawrence Erlbaum
Lawrence Erlbaum
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Abstract

This book traces the historical development of major language teaching methods in terms of theoretical principles and classroom procedures, and provides a critical evaluation of each. Drawing from seminal, foundational texts and from critical commentaries made by various scholars, Kumaravadivelu examines the profession's current transition from method to postmethod and, in the process, elucidates the relationship between theory, research, and practice. The chief objective is to help readers see the pattern that connects language, learning, teaching methods, and postmethod perspectives. In this book, Kumaravadivelu: brings together a critical vision of L2 learning and teaching--a vision founded at once on historical development and contemporary thought;, connects findings of up-to-date research in L2 learning with issues in L2 teaching thus making the reader aware of the relationship between theory, research and practice;, presents language teaching methods within a coherent framework of language-, learner-, and learning-centered pedagogies, thus helping the reader to see how they are related to each other;, shows how the three categories of methods evolved historically leading ultimately (and inevitably) to the emergence of a postmethod condition; and provides the reader with a solid background in several interconnected areas of L2 pedagogy, such as concepts of competence, input factors, intake processes, interactional modifications, and instructional design. Understanding Language Teaching: From Method to Postmethod is intended for an international audience of teacher educators, practicing teachers and graduate students, researchers, curriculum planners, and materials designers in the field of second and foreign language teaching. © 2006 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The Reading Matrix
Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2008
Understanding Language Teaching:
From Method to Postmethod
B. Kumaravadivelu
Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates (2006)
Pages: xviii + 258
ISBN: 0-8058-5676-5
Cost: $ 31.95
Reviewed by Handoyo Puji Widodo and
Faishal Zakaria
Indiana University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
handoyopw@yahoo.com and
faishal.zakaria@gmail.com
Currently, ESL/EFL teachers are encouraged to explore what works and what does not work in a
certain ELT context, using what Brown (2007) calls an enlightened and eclectic
approach/method. This suggests that teachers explore all language teaching approaches and
methods since no single approach or method is best suited for all teaching contexts.
Kumaravadivelu has made a significant contribution in this regard in his book on Understanding
language teaching: From method to postmethod by presenting personal and professional
perspectives of ELT methods. This book is fundamentally intended to portray “the pattern that
connects the various elements of learning, teaching, and teacher education” in language teaching
(p. xiii).
Generally, the book is divided into three major sections: (1) Language, Learning, and Teaching,
(2) Language Teaching Methods, and (3) Postmethod Perspectives. In Chapter One, the author
fruitfully explores the underlying significance of language theoretically and pedagogically. In
this instance, he succinctly touches on theoretical concepts of language as system: how it is
phonologically, syntactically, and semantically constructed; as discourse: how language, either
spoken or written, fits coherently and cohesively within a communicative context; and as
ideology: how language is shaped by macrosocial factors, which impact language structure and
use. Thus, Chapter One synthesizes the core features of language to provide language teachers,
professionals, and applied linguists with valuable guidelines on language for pedagogical
purposes.
In Chapter Two, the author provides an insightful notion of the psychological and socio-
psychological perspectives of SLA. These concepts include the available and accessible sources
of language; internal and external factors such as age, anxiety, motivation, social context, or
educational context; cognitive mechanisms that mediate between and interact with input data
such as inferencing, structuring, and restructuring; and output--the body of utterances that
learners actually produce either in spoken or written forms. All of these aspects are important
features of adult L2 development and show the complex nature of language learning.
Chapter Three touches on the concepts of input and interaction. In this instance, Kumaravadivelu
sheds useful light on form-based (language as system), meaning-based (language as discourse),
and form and meaning-based (language as system and discourse) input modifications. Further, he
provides three major interactional types such as (1) interaction as a textual activity--how learners
modify their linguistic resources to maximize the chances of mutual understanding and reduce
instances of communication breakdown; (2) interaction as an interpersonal activity--how learners
negotiate and co-construct meanings of the utterances; and (3) interaction as an ideational
activity--how learners fit their linguistic and discoursal resources with social, cultural, and
political contexts. Indeed, these three types of interaction are inextricably interwoven. Thus,
throughout this chapter, the author sees that interaction is dialogically negotiated (Johnson,
2004). From this perspective, language teachers need to take into account communicative and
interactional competences in designing language syllabi and teaching materials.
In the second part of the book, Kumaravadivelu provides a brief description of language-
centered, learner-centered, and learning-centered language teaching methods in Chapter Four,
and then elaborates on each in Chapters Five, Six, and Seven by discussing relevant theoretical
principles, classroom procedures, and critical assessments. Chapter Five highlights indispensable
historical, psychological, and linguistic factors which shape the language-centered instruction. In
Chapter Six, the author outlines the theoretical principles and classroom procedures of learner-
centered pedagogies such as Communicative Language Teaching in which the main foci are on
learners and communication. In Chapter Seven, the author takes prominent examples of the
Natural Approach and the Communicative Teaching Project that fall into the category of
learning-centered pedagogy. Thus, the author provides a succinct survey and careful examination
of language teaching methodologies derived from linguistic, psychological, and social
perspectives of SLA.
In the last part of the book, Kumaravadivelu discusses three features of postmethod pedagogy,
including postmethod condition, postmethod pedagogy, and postmethod predicament. In Chapter
Eight, the author explores five myths of method:
(1) There is a best method out there ready and waiting to be discovered; (2) Methods
constitutes the organizing principle for language teaching; (3) Method has a universal
and historical value; (4) Theorists conceive knowledge, and teachers consume
knowledge; and (5) Method is neutral, and has no ideological motivation. (pp. 163-168)
These myths may discourage practicing language teachers to wait for recipes from established
authorities on the approaches and methods instead of exploring their own language teaching
approaches and methods to better understand “the potential strengths and limitations of particular
learners and contexts for learning, and make use of them in adapting learning/teaching
procedures” (Saville-Troike, 2006, p. 180).
Next, in Chapter Nine, the author proposes a three-part framework of postmethod language
pedagogy: particularity, practicality, and possibility. The first deals with teaching context
sensitivity such as people, local knowledge, physical settings, course and institution nature, time,
and teaching resources. The second encourages language teachers to “theorize what they practice
and practice what they theorize” (p. 173). The last criterion pertains to macro-social factors such
as institutional, social, economic, cultural, and political environments which shape identity
formation and social transformation. Together, these ideas encourage the teachers to go beyond
methods and promote a self-awareness of no best methods for learning and teaching.
Lastly, in Chapter Ten, Kumaravadivelu discusses possible challenges to the construction and
implementation of postmethod language pedagogy, including pedagogical and ideological
barriers in which learners, teachers, teacher educators, and policy makers are crucial actors. To
overcome these, the author proposes building solid and conducive ELT professional
communities and tapping local resources to overcome local problems using local expertise and
experience. In other words, the author points out that local culture and knowledge need to be
acknowledged as resources, not as limitations (Canagarajah, 2002).
One weakness of the book is that Kumaravadivelu provides purely theoretical and philosophical
notions of postmethod language pedagogy. In this respect, readers, particularly practicing
language teachers, should make a great effort to put such ideas into practice. Despite this minor
drawback, the author provides well-organized illustrations of the fundamental concepts of
language, language acquisition and learning, and language teaching along with a comprehensive
discussion of language teaching methodology. Understanding Language Teaching: From
Method to Postmethod also provides significant contributions to the historical development of
major language teaching methods pertaining to theoretical principles and classroom procedures,
with a critical evaluation of each. In short, the author has eloquently articulated his personalized
vision of language teaching, and successfully examined the profession’s current transition from
method to postmethod language pedagogy by elucidating the relationships among theory,
research, and practice. Therefore, this book is a great help for language teacher educators,
practicing teachers, and graduate students in gaining a solid theoretical understanding of
postmethod language pedagogy and recognizing the idea that the nature of language pedagogy is
socially-realistic and contextually-sensitive.
Works Cited
Brown, H.D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy.
White Plains, NY: Pearson Education.
Canagarajah S. (2002). Reconstructing local knowledge. Journal of Language, Identity, and
Education, 1, 243-259.
Johnson, M. (2004). A philosophy of second language acquisition. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Saville-Troike, M. (2006). Introducing second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Handoyo Puji Widodo, a tenured lecturer at Politeknik Negeri Jember, has taught EFL courses in
Indonesia, and is currently a Fulbright scholar working on an MA in TESOL at Indiana
University of Pennsylvania. He has published articles in refereed professional journals in
Indonesia, Singapore, India, USA, and New Zealand.
Faishal Zakaria has served as a free-lance EFL practitioner in schools and universities, and is
currently a Fulbright student working on an MA in TESOL at Indiana University of
Pennsylvania. His professional and academic interests include teacher professional development,
identity and language learning and teaching, postmethod language pedagogy, and second
language writing pedagogy.
... As a means to teach all these contents, it is advisable to activate intuitive heuristics and foster language awareness (Kumaravadivelu, 2006): these will bring the learners to the discovery of rules and form-function mappings in an intuitive manner, by themselves and 238_ based on many examples, and will help them to recognize the properties of the language in a more explicit manner. ...
... L2 instruction should likewise try to minimize perceptual mismatches and raise cultural consciousness (Kumaravadivelu, 2006). This helps to overcome the differences or ambiguities (in terms of language, culture, and communicative strategies) that might hinder language acquisition, and deal with cultural diversity, in a multicultural approach. ...
... The exposure to extensive input in the target language promotes a larger and faster learning, which means that the use of L2 should be maximized both inside and outside the classroom; the opportunities for output allow the learners to receive better input, test hypotheses, automatize existing knowledge, etc.; the interaction is associated with an increase in comprehensible input, corrective feedback, attention to language, as well as better output. Kumaravadivelu (2006) also highlights the importance of contextualizing the linguistic input (because showing the pragmatic, communicative context of the utterances contributes much to understanding its meaning) and facilitating negotiated interaction (because learners go beyond their previous receptive and expressive capacities, when they must reach the desired mutual comprehension in interaction with the teacher and other learners). While giving the learners many opportunities for receiving input, producing output, and interacting, the teacher can implement Kumaravadivelu (2006)'s recommendation of integrating the four language skills instead of approaching them separately. ...
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... Over the last few decades, a large body of research on Post-method pedagogy has been devoted to language in general (Richards, 1986;Freeman, 1991;Kumaravadivelu, 1994;Kumaravadivelu, 2003;Kumaravadivelu, 2006;Akbari, 2008;Baroudy & Mohseni Far, 2008;Can, 2008;Saengboon, 2010;Hayatdavoudi & Nejad Ansari, 2011) and teaching principles and Post-method pedagogy in language teaching in particular (Brown, 1994;Arikan, 2006;Phakiti, 2006;Gil & Najar, 2008;Cattell, 2009;Hazratzad & Gheitanchian, 2009). Post-method pedagogy as presented by Kumaravadivelu (1994Kumaravadivelu ( , 2001Kumaravadivelu ( , 2003Kumaravadivelu ( , and 2006) emerged as a response to a call for the most optimal way of teaching English that will release itself from the method-based stronghold. Some studies have focused on language teaching in a post method era. ...
... One of the ten macro-strategies (Kumaravadivelu, 2003(Kumaravadivelu, , 2006) mentioned is to cultivate learner's learning autonomy. On how to cultivate students' learning autonomy, he claimed that students learning strategies such as memorizing strategy, cognitive strategy and communicative strategy should be cultivated (Kumaravadivelu, 2003(Kumaravadivelu, , 2006. ...
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... Students will interpret the learning process and as a result of this interpretation will determine whether they will allow themselves to be "influenced" or not. According to Kumaravadivelu (2006), learning must always be evaluated by paying attention to student perceptions, so that optimal learning outcomes can be achieved. ...
... This finding supports Despagne (2010) in the sense that the students' attitude towards the learning which integrates 4C skills has been viewed very important which could have a better impact for the learning outcome. This is also in accordance with Entwistle (in Waes, et al., 2010) and Kumaravadivelu (2006) that their good perception in this case the integration of 4C skills in their own learning will bring them more maximum success. ...
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Call for Abstracts Title (Edited Volume) Re-conceptualising teaching and learning English in Chile: perspectives from the Global South
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