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Leraren over de inclusie van dove en slechthorende leerlingen
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This paper seeks to obtain the views of student teachers in Northern Ireland as to the benefits and challenges of inclusive education and the key issues that may need to be addressed to ensure they become effective teachers in an inclusive classroom. Because of the system of academic selection that has prevailed in Northern Ireland, issues relating to inclusion have been difficult to resolve mainly because principles of inclusion are at odds with existing structures. By 2008, however, aca-demic selection is to be set aside and it would seem reasonable to believe that more inclusive prac-tices will be adopted by all schools. Positive attitudes towards inclusion by practitioners will be essential in ensuring successful implementation. The majority of students entering Initial Teacher Education (ITE) programmes in Northern Ireland have been traditionally drawn from the academic grammar school sector where classroom contact with pupils who have diverse special educational needs may have been minimal. The results of this study show that while many student teachers claim to support inclusive policies, they believe that lack of appropriate preparation, concerns about class size, resources, managing other adults and coping with increasing numbers of pupils with di-verse special educational needs are the key issues to be addressed within ITE in advance of the rad-ical changes planned. Despite claiming to support inclusion, substantial numbers did not believe the removal of academic selection was the best way to ensure equality of provision for all pupils.
In deze overzichtsstudie wordt een beeld geschetst van de ontwikkelingen in het onderwijs aan leerlingen met specifieke onderwijsbehoeften, ook zorgleerlingen genoemd. Dat zijn leerlingen met leerproblemen, met gedragsproblemen of met andere beperkingen die het volgen van onderwijs bemoeilijken. De studie is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de Commissie Beleidsgericht Onderzoek Primair Onderwijs (BOPO) van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO). De studie vormt de afsluiting van de programmalijn ‘Samenhang tussen regulier basisonderwijs en speciaal (basis)onderwijs’ in het onderzoeksprogramma van BOPO voor de periode 2005–2008.
In de loop van de vorige eeuw heeft zich een uitgebreid systeem van speciaal onderwijs ontwikkeld dat steeds meer leerlingen telde. De afgelopen decennia zijn beleidsprogramma’s ingevoerd die ertoe moesten leiden dat meer zorgleerlingen onderwijs op een reguliere school zouden krijgen. De belangrijkste programma’s zijn Weer Samen Naar School (WSNS) en Leerlinggebonden Financiering (LGF). In deze overzichtsstudie worden de effecten van die programma’s beschreven. Daarnaast wordt een vooruitblik gegeven op ‘Passend onderwijs’. Met dat beleidstraject beoogt de overheid het onderwijs aan leerlingen met specifieke onderwijsbehoeften een nieuwe impuls te geven en regionale samenwerking tussen belangrijke partijen op het terrein van onderwijs en zorg te stimuleren.
This chapter is about change in teachers and teaching. The topic is complex because radically different approaches to change have been used in its scholarship. Teacher change is described in terms of learning, development, socialization, growth, improvement, implementation of something new or different, cognitive and affective change, and self-study.
This chapter also attempts to bring together 2 views of change that are contained within almost completely separate literatures: 1) Individual or small group change processes; and 2) the linking of structural, cultural, and political aspects of school organization to changes in teachers and teaching.
This article describes a model of teacher change originally presented nearly two decades ago (Guskey, 1986) that began my long and warm friendship with Michael Huberman. The model portrays the temporal sequence of events from professional develop- ment experiences to enduring change in teachers' attitudes and perceptions. Research evidence supporting the model is summarized and the conditions under which change might be facilitated are described. The development and presentation of this model initiated a series of professional collaborations between Michael and myself, and led to the development of our co-edited book, Professional Development in Education: new paradigms and practices (Guskey & Huberman, 1995), which was namedBook of the Year' by the National Staff Development Council in 1996.
A review of international research literature on teacher strategies for effective intervention with students presenting social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) is presented. Particular attention is given to evidence defining the qualities and skills of effective teachers and the value of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions.
In inclusive education different pupils, including pupils with special educational needs and high ability pupils, can be stimulated to learn according to their capacities and potentials. The research question concentrates on the design features of inclusive education that will optimally promote the motivation and learning processes and outcomes of all pupils, and how relevant changes can be developed and implemented in educational practice. A model of guidelines concerning ‘multilevel contextual learning theory’ was expected to aid in designing psychologically appropriate learning processes and motivating educational, organisational, and managerial characteristics and procedures for all pupils. From 2003 to 2005, a pilot in which researchers and teachers collaborated was carried out in three Dutch pre-schools. Initial findings resulted in the development of a prototype of a pedagogical-didactic kernel or competence structure and a prototype of Internet-based software. Using these results, the screening of children's entry characteristics by infant day care teachers, parents, and preschool teachers was developed and implemented in practice. Construction and use of diagnostically based instructional, playing and learning procedures were first based on the screening results. The pre-schools differed much in rates of development and implementation. It is concluded that the proposed approach to the design, development and implementation of inclusive education that was applied seems promising in realising desired progress with pupils in early educational practice. However, policy and financial support are necessary to make more progress.
This exploratory study examines how teachers perceive their work within the current context of educational reform. A cognitive social-psychological approach to emotions offers the theoretical framework for understanding what teachers have at stake within the context of the reforms. Six Dutch secondary school teachers with strongly differing professional orientations were interviewed. The results show the ways in which teachers appraise the relations between their professional orientations and the situational demands they face.
in our discussion of emotion and dysfunction, we have intimated that emotions are instructive about persons because both emotions and the personality are organized around the problem of surviving, getting along, and flourishing over the life course
begin by addressing the question of what an emotion is / describe our own [the authors'] recent work directed at illuminating what we see as one of the important issues in emotion theory—the role of cognitive appraisal
embed this work in a general model of emotion, which identifies the key variables and processes within a systems framework emphasizing person-environment relationships and cognitive mediation
illustrate how emotion theory makes firm contact with a variety of topics currently being pursued across diverse psychological disciplines, especially personality and social psychology
the adaptational problem and the evolution of emotion / appraisal theory / personality, society, and biology in emotion (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
This article discusses the importance of membership in the inclusive education of deaf/hard-of-hearing (D/HH) students. Membership refers to being an integral part of the classroom and school communities. Membership is a key philosophical concept in inclusion that may influence how classroom teachers and teachers of D/HH students share their expertise and how they work with students and each other. Membership can be contrasted with "visitorship." When programs treat D/HH students as visitors, these students face greater barriers to obtaining a quality education in classes with hearing students. A social constructivist perspective of learning and teaching that requires students in the classroom to interact with one another and the teacher may best promote learning and is consistent with a focus on membership. We suggest that inclusion is possible, but to sustain students as full members of their classes and school, programs must go beyond placement and communication access issues. To facilitate membership, inclusive programs must carefully address teacher attitudes, teacher roles and relationships, student knowledge and curriculum, structural barriers, extracurricular activities, community relationships, and parental support.
This study follows graduate interns and their cooperating teachers through a collaborative student teaching experience in
D/HH and hearing classrooms at the same grade level. Teacher teams, enrolled in a graduate course on collaboration, designed
and conducted collaborative instruction (K-junior high school level), which focused on cooperative learning activities. Measures
included student evaluations and separate intern and teacher evaluations of student performance, the integrated instructional
units, and professional collaboration. Student evaluations included positive responses to integrated instruction by both groups,
though there was more trepidation expressed by some D/HH students. Teachers reported very positive outcomes for all students
including increased motivation to learn about and to interact with the other group and, for D/HH students, an increase in
socially and academically appropriate behaviors. Specific student needs for training prior to integrated experiences were
noted. Teachers stressed the importance of topic selections that would involve the expertise of all participants equally,
needs for teacher in-service training and, administrative support for collaborative planning.
This article shows that 35 years of empirical research on teacher expectations justifies the following conclusions: (a) Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, but these effects are typically small, they do not accumulate greatly across perceivers or over time, and they may be more likely to dissipate than accumulate; (b) powerful self-fulfilling prophecies may selectively occur among students from stigmatized social groups; (c) whether self-fulfilling prophecies affect intelligence, and whether they in general do more harm than good, remains unclear, and (d) teacher expectations may predict student outcomes more because these expectations are accurate than because they are self-fulfilling. Implications for future research, the role of self-fulfilling prophecies in social problems, and perspectives emphasizing the power of erroneous beliefs to create social reality are discussed.
Content analysis is a widely used qualitative research technique. Rather than being a single method, current applications of content analysis show three distinct approaches: conventional, directed, or summative. All three approaches are used to interpret meaning from the content of text data and, hence, adhere to the naturalistic paradigm. The major differences among the approaches are coding schemes, origins of codes, and threats to trustworthiness. In conventional content analysis, coding categories are derived directly from the text data. With a directed approach, analysis starts with a theory or relevant research findings as guidance for initial codes. A summative content analysis involves counting and comparisons, usually of keywords or content, followed by the interpretation of the underlying context. The authors delineate analytic procedures specific to each approach and techniques addressing trustworthiness with hypothetical examples drawn from the area of end-of-life care.
Both the current school reform and standards movements call for enhanced quality of instruction for all learners. Recent emphases on heterogeneity, special education inclusion, and reduction in out-of-class services for gifted learners, combined with escalations in cultural diversity in classrooms, make the challenge of serving academically diverse learners in regular classrooms seem an inevitable part of a teacher's role. Nonetheless, indications are that most teachers make few proactive modifications based on learner variance. This review of literature examines a need for "differentiated" or academically responsive instruction. It provides support in theory and research for differentiating instruction based on a model of addressing student readiness, interest, and learning profile for a broad range of learners in mixed-ability classroom settings.
This report summarizes the results of a survey on attitudes toward inclusion, which was conducted in a middle school in a large school district in the Southeast. The survey was given prior to the beginning of the school year, and immediately prior to the implementation of full inclusion. Respondents were general and special educators, paraprofessionals, and administrators.Results of the survey revealed that, although the majority (98.2%) of respondents were willing to make needed instructional adaptations for their students with disabilities, most (76.8%) did not believe that most students with disabilities could be educated in regular education classrooms. Fewer than half (44.6%) indicated that inclusion was a desirable educational practice for regular education students, although a greater percent (57.9%) believed that inclusion was a desirable educational practice for special education students. Time was the most significant area of concern for respondents who indicated that they (a) did not have adequate time to consult with other teachers and specialists who were working with their students with disabilities, (b) lacked time to go to meetings pertaining to their students with disabilities, and (c) lacked time to undertake the responsibility to educate students with disabilities in regular classrooms.
Over the past decade there has been a significant increase in interest from educators and the general public about deafness, special education, and the development of children with special needs. The education of deaf children in the United States has been seen as a remarkable success story around the world, even while it continues to engender domestic debate. In Educating Deaf Students: From Research to Practice, Marc Marschark, Harry G. Lang, and John A. Albertini set aside the politics, rhetoric, and confusion that often accompany discussions of deaf education. Instead they offer an accessible evaluation of the research literature on the needs and strengths of deaf children and on the methods that have been used-successfully and unsuccessfully-to teach both deaf and hearing children. The authors lay out the common assumptions that have driven deaf education for many years, revealing some of them to be based on questionable methods, conclusions, or interpretations, while others have been lost in the cacophony of alternative educational philosophies. They accompany their historical consideration of how this came to pass with an evaluation of the legal and social conditions surrounding deaf education today. By evaluating what we know, what we do not know, and what we thought we knew about learning among deaf children, the authors provide parents, teachers, and administrators valuable new insights into educating deaf students and others with special needs.
Answering the question of what constitutes qualitatively good instruction for deaf students entails an analysis of what actually defines quality of instruction in education in general; what, in addition, is needed for effective instruction for deaf students; and, finally, to what extent special and regular schools are able to provide quality instruction to deaf students. This chapter explores these issues: What emerges from this exploration is a picture that is, at best, fragmented. Under specific conditions, it seems possible for deaf students to learn as much as their hearing peers, at least in postsecondary education. Whether these conditions are met frequently and in different educational settings is simply unknown. What we do know is that regular and special schools face different challenges in educating deaf students. Teaching mixed-ability groups (with respect to communication, language, literacy, and cognition) certainly is a challenge to teachers in these settings, and this challenge deserves much more attention in teacher training and coaching, since adaptive instruction seems problematic both in regular and in special education. To increase our knowledge about effective instruction for deaf students in different settings and at different education levels, we need more research and more focused research. Preliminary efforts in this direction are discussed in this chapter.
In recent years there has been a significant debate regarding the ways in which different educational systems throughout the world could develop more inclusive practices in their schools. Based on the notion that the education of children considered as having special needs should be considered as part of a wider process of school development, in this study, we investigated the implications of the integration of deaf and hard of hearing students (D/HH) in relation to the practices used by teachers. Using qualitative data from a secondary school in Cyprus, we formed two assertions which are supported by examples that embraced inclusive practices: (a) the presence of D/HH students obliged teachers to differentiate their teaching and what innovations were used in the class with D/HH pupils were also used afterwards in the classes with all students with success; and (b) the presence of D/HH students in the school led teachers to develop collaborations between themselves, a fact that facilitated the learning not only of the D/HH students, but also of all the children. The integration of D/HH students led teachers to the development of more inclusive practices, which in turn had an impact on all students of the school.
This paper explores the relationship between concepts of inclusive education and the school culture of late 1990s Britain. It begins by establishing what the concept of culture might imply within the traditions of British society and the social climate of schooling. Inclusive educational issues concerning pedagogy and curriculum content are related toother settings by drawing examples of inclusive classroom cultures from the American context. The extent to which broad cultural values in contrasting areas of the world can determine the nature of inclusivity in schooling is evaluated in the context of a global market. The paper concludes with a reflection on the tensions between inclusive educational values and the current emphasis upon competition and selection.
The Supporting Effective Teaching (SET) project consists of studies that examine the relationship between elementary general education teachers' beliefs about disability and ability and their roles in inclusive classrooms, and how these are related to teaching practices. Teaching effectiveness is operationally defined as multiple dimensions of teaching practices observed in inclusive classrooms. This paper examines previously reported and newly completed studies that investigate the characteristics of teachers in inclusive classroom settings, what they believe about their roles and responsibilities and about their students' learning, and how their beliefs relate to their teaching effectiveness with students both with and without disabilities.
Based on narrative-biographical work with teachers, the author argues that teachers’ emotions have to be understood in relation to the vulnerability that constitutes a structural condition of the teaching job. Closely linked to this condition is the central role played by teachers’ “self-understanding”—their dynamic sense of identity—in teachers’ actions and their dealing with, for example, the challenges posed by reform agendas. The (emotional) impact of those agendas is mediated by the professional context, that encompasses dimensions of time (age, generation, biography) and of space (the structural and cultural working conditions). Finally, it is argued that the professional and meaningful interactions of teachers with their professional context contains a fundamental political dimension. Emotions reflect the fact that deeply held beliefs on good education are part of teachers’ self-understanding. Reform agendas that impose different normative beliefs may not only trigger intense feelings, but also elicit micropolitical actions of resistance or proactive attempts to influence and change one's working conditions.
The purpose was to describe the beliefs and practices of general physical education (GPE) teachers at the high school level on inclusion and teaching students with severe disabilities. Participants were two experienced GPE teachers at separate suburban high schools. The research paradigm was descriptive using a combination of naturalistic observation and interviewing (Fontana & Frey, 2000; Gay, 1996). Data were collected from eighteen lessons using field notes, wireless microphones, a video camera, an observation instrument, and interviews. Descriptive statistics and thematic narratives were used to present findings. The teachers mostly verbally interacted with those students who had severe disabilities. They varied in their teaching efficacy. Three recurring themes emerged from the data: (a) wavering beliefs, complexities of inclusion, and troubled confidence. Teachers must believe they are adequately prepared, well equipped, and supported to confidently exhibit effective inclusive GPE pedagogies.
This study examined the influence of information about children's disabilities on preschool teachers' responses toward integrating children with disabilities in their classroom. Of particular interest was whether the severity of the child's educational needs and information about diagnosis were related to teachers' responses. Data were collected from 155 preschool teachers in two Midwest states in the United States to examine their responses in terms of levels of comfort, classroom adaptation, and need for support. Results showed that teachers responded differently to the types of disability regardless of the diagnostic labels; that is, teachers responded more positively to children with mild disabilities (e.g., children with Down syndrome) and those with physical disabilities (e.g., cerebral palsy). In addition, compared with children with diagnostic labels, teachers responded more positively to those with no diagnostic labels. Teachers' education and experience working with children with disabilities were associated with their levels of comfort. Implications and recommendations for service delivery and teacher training are discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)
In this study, we attempted to predict the performance of teacher behaviors associated with effective teaching in heterogeneous classrooms from a set of variables identified in the literature as important contributors to effective classroom practice. The variables - teacher beliefs and attitudes, principal beliefs and school norms, and teacher efficacy - were selected to represent the determinants of behavioral intention in Ajzen's widely used model of planned behavior. Data were collected in 33 classrooms (grades 2-8) from 12 schools. Teachers and principals provided questionnaire data for several measures of attitudes and beliefs about students with special needs and their inclusion in general education classrooms. Teachers also provided interview data and were observed using an instrument designed to measure effective teaching behaviors. Zero-order correlations and hierarchical regression analyses indicated that the strongest predictor of effective teaching behavior was the subjective school norm as operationalized by the principal's attitudes and beliefs about heterogeneous classrooms and his or her report of the school's pathognomonic-interventionist orientation (a measure of behaviorally grounded assumptions and beliefs about teaching in heterogeneous classrooms). This variable had a direct effect on the classroom observation measure of effective teaching (i.e., it was not mediated by teachers' attitudes). The second important predictor of effective teaching behavior was the teachers' responses on the pathognomonic-interventionist interview scale. The practical implications of these findings are discussed as well as their implications for the development of a comprehensive model of the teacher and school characteristics that are related to effective teaching in heterogeneous classrooms.
Literature is replete with evidence of considerable pressure that many mainstream teachers may experience in their bid to respond to the diverse needs of children with special educational needs and disabilities and to achieve ever better results. In this study, the results of 100 teachers from mainstream primary schools in three of the ten regions of Ghana were examined. The analysis involved five bi-polar emotional reactions; namely: anxious/relaxed; encouraged/discouraged; confident/diffident; satisfied/dissatisfied; self-assured/ worried. The results confirmed that in teaching children with SEN in the mainstream, teachers experienced psychological stress. On the basis of the findings, suggestions for more information about SEN, supply of resources and inter-agency collaboration were made.
The aim of this study was to examine the relation between teacher attributions of student school failure and teacher behavior toward the failing student. A structural equation model was proposed and its ability to fit the data was tested. It was found that teachers tend to behave in ways that indicate more pity and less anger when they attribute a student's low achievement to her or his low abilities, whereas they express more anger when attributing low achievement to the student's low effort. In contrast to previous research that argues in favor of anger as a high ability cue, this study has found that the presence of anger was associated with a teacher tendency to give-up efforts to help the student improve. This giving-up behavior was negatively related to the tendency of the teachers to accept some responsibility for the student failure. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
As trends in favour of inclusion continue, questions arise concerning the extent to which teachers in mainstream schools feel prepared for the task of meeting pupils' special educational needs. Little previous research has considered how the subject taught impacts upon the attitudes of mainstream teachers towards pupils with special educational needs. In this article, Jean Ellins, research fellow at the University of Birmingham, and Jill Porter, senior lecturer at the University of Bath, report on their research into the attitudes of teachers in one mainstream secondary school. Building a detailed case study using documents, records of pupil progress, an interview and a questionnaire using a Likert-type attitude scale and open-ended questions, these researchers set out to explore distinctions between the attitudes of teachers working in different departments. Their findings suggest that the teachers of the core subjects, English, mathematics and science, had less positive attitudes than their colleagues. Further, pupils with special educational needs made least progress in science where teacher attitudes were the least positive. Jean Ellins and Jill Porter review the implications of these findings and make recommendations for future practice and further enquiry.
Regular class teachers are increasingly being asked to accommodate children with intellectual and physical disabilities in their regular classrooms. This research in Western Australia considers the personal concerns that regular class and special education teachers entertain regarding inclusive educational practices. It is proposed that an increased understanding of teachers' concerns regarding inclusive practices will provide a substantial base upon which to implement new methodologies for inclusion and improve the likelihood of the effectiveness of such practices.
On the assumption that the successful implementation of any inclusive policy is largely dependent on educators being positive about it, a great deal of research has sought to examine teachers' attitudes towards the integration and, more recently, the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the mainstream school. This paper reviews this large body of research and, in so doing, explores a host of factors that might impact upon teacher acceptance of the inclusion principle. The analyses showed evidence of positive attitudes, but no evidence of acceptance of a total inclusion or 'zero reject' approach to special educational provision. Teachers' attitudes were found to be strongly influenced by the nature and severity of the disabling condition presented to them (child-related variables) and less by teacher-related variables. Further, educational environment-related variables, such as the availability of physical and human support, were consistently found to be associated with attitudes to inclusion. After a brief discussion of critical methodological issues germane to the research findings, the paper provides directions for future research based on alternative methodologies.
The role of cognition--and to some extent motivation--in emotion, the ways meaning is generated, unconscious appraising, and the implications of this way of thinking for life-span development are addressed. It is argued that appraisal is a necessary as well as sufficient cause of emotion and that knowledge is necessary but not sufficient. This position is examined in light of what is known about emotions in infants and young children, the effects of drugs on acute emotions and moods, and recent patterns of thought about the brain in emotions. The discussion of how meaning is generated is the core of the article. Automatic processing without awareness is contrasted with deliberate and conscious processing, and the concept of resonance between an animal's needs and what is encountered in the environment is examined. The idea that there is more than one way meaning is achieved strengthens and enriches the case for the role of appraisal in emotion and allows the consideration of what is meant by unconscious and preconscious appraisal and the examination of how they might work.
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