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Framing Europe: Television News and European Integration
... Iyengar [46] divided the frames in news reports into thematic and episodic structural frames. De Vreese [47] believed that news frames include issue-specific frames and generic frames. Issue-specific frames are necessarily related to specific issues and events, while frames that can cross issue boundaries and be used in multiple reports are called "generic frames". ...
... This study adopts the seven generic frames summarized by De Vreese [47] as research categories: fact frame, responsibility frame, conflict frame, human interest frame, economic consequences frame, morality frame, and leadership frame. ...
... According to De Vreese's [47] seven generic frame types, we treat frame annotation as an explicit multi-category classification task. Each report needs to be classified into one of the seven frames to reveal its core narrative logic and value orientation. ...
Framing theory is a widely accepted theoretical framework in the field of news communication studies, frequently employed to analyze the content of news reports. This paper innovatively introduces framing theory into the text summarization task and proposes a news text summarization method based on framing theory to address the global context of rapidly increasing speed and scale of information dissemination. Traditional text summarization methods often overlook the implicit deep-level semantic content and situational frames in news texts, and the method proposed in this paper aims to fill this gap. Our deep learning-based news frame identification module can automatically identify frame elements in the text and predict the dominant frame of the text. The frame-aware summarization generation model (FrameSum) can incorporate the identified frame feature into the text representation and attention mechanism, ensuring that the generated summary focuses on the core content of the news report while maintaining high information coverage, readability, and objectivity. Through empirical studies on the standard CNN/Daily Mail dataset, we found that this method performs significantly better in improving summary quality and maintaining the accuracy of news facts.
... Political communication can provoke intense, immediate public reactions. Beyond extreme cases research has demonstrated the ability of political communication to frame issues (de Vreese, 2003), set the agenda (Shaw, 1979;Feezell, 2018), and induce processes of learning (Bode, 2016). ...
... Research has provided robust evidence for the profound effect political communication can have on public sentiment (Shaw, 1979;de Vreese, 2003;Bode, 2016;Feezell, 2018). Scholars have begun to investigate the persistence of communication effects (Chong and Druckman, 2010;Lecheler and De Vreese, 2011;Hill et al., 2013). ...
... This article investigates the persistence of communication effects in the real world by using a natural experiment approach to analyze the announcement of the Balkan route closure. Experiment-based studies have provided strong evidence on the significance of communication effects on public sentiment (Shaw, 1979;de Vreese, 2003;Bode, 2016;Feezell, 2018) and shed some light on how these effects play out over time. However, we heretofore knew very little about whether communication effects persist in real-world scenarios. ...
Various robust communication effects have been identified, but evidence is overwhelmingly based on artificial survey treatments with limited real-world insight. I conducted a natural experiment on the impact of the European–Turkey statement closing the Balkan route during the 2015/16 European refugee crisis in Germany. This design tests the lasting effect of the statement's framing on public sentiment. I identify treatment and control groups based on timing to demonstrate its effect on perceptions of the crisis, asylum attitudes, and policy preferences. Effects are largest immediately following the announcement but decline rapidly. This shows political communication can significantly change opinion within a limited time frame. This study enhances our understanding of real-world communication effects and offers a broadly applicable methodology.
... Frames select and call attention to particular aspects of the reality described, which logically means that frames simultaneously direct attention away from other aspects (Kahneman and Tversky, that are specific to media routines, organizational constraints, and other factors. (Matthes, 2011;de Vreese, 2003de Vreese, /2005Scheufele, 1999). The external factors, of equal importance, can also affect the frame of an issue/event in a given medium, which includes ownership, political affiliation, funding, the degree of competition, and the interactions between journalists, managers, and politicians (De Vreese, 2005;de Vreese, 2003de Vreese, /2005Shoemaker & Reese, 1996;Iyengar, 1990). ...
... (Matthes, 2011;de Vreese, 2003de Vreese, /2005Scheufele, 1999). The external factors, of equal importance, can also affect the frame of an issue/event in a given medium, which includes ownership, political affiliation, funding, the degree of competition, and the interactions between journalists, managers, and politicians (De Vreese, 2005;de Vreese, 2003de Vreese, /2005Shoemaker & Reese, 1996;Iyengar, 1990). ...
... Unlike generic framing analysis, issue-specific framing is somehow limited in its power to generalize the findings. This is because the high degree of issue-sensitivity makes analyses difficult to generalize (de Vreese 2003(de Vreese /2005. Issue-specific framing approach is common in inductive qualitative studies, and it is usually employed in issue-specific frames. ...
The Ethiopia of 2018 was a country experiencing political reform from the three-years youth-led mass protest and violence. The reform became one of the top concerns in the Ethiopian media between 2018 and 2019. This study aims to determine media framing of the reform in major Ethiopian newspapers with public media input of op-ed commentaries. The purpose of this study is to examine how the media constructed the Ethiopian political reform which happened in 2018. Thus, the study uses the paradigms of constructivism, framing analysis and construction of media reality. The mass media studied were four major national newspapers. Applying qualitative approaches, data were collected through a constructed week sampling method, which is important to approximate media content for larger population of textual data. For the data analysis and findings of this research, an issue-based textual analysis was conducted to identify frames appearing in op-ed guest articles between 2018 and 2019 surrounding the political reform. The subject of the analysis is the framing of how the political reform case was played out in major national newspapers in the specified period. In a mediated deliberation, focusing on op-ed guest commentary as a sources of framing, the study identified ‘attribution of responsibility frame’ and ‘binary frame’ as key frames in the studied material. Attribution of responsibility frame, in conjunction with prognostic framing function, employed both prime minister-level attribution of responsibility and societal-level attribution of responsibility, in the selected stories. Taking frame-building process, both internal factors (in private newspapers) and external factors (in state-run newspapers) have determined the identified frames in the study.
... Respecto al proceso de construcción de los marcos de De Vreese (2003), el autor emprendió un estudio en Europa que le permitió analizar, con un esquema similar al de Scheufele (2000), las fases que componen los encuadres de las noticias. El proceso de enmarcación conlleva la consideración de los marcos como variables dependiente o independiente. ...
... Fuente: Framing Europe: television news and European Integration (De Vreese, 2003). ...
... Los periodistas han de recurrir a marcos simples que permita a la audiencia entender la noticia y mantenerla interesada en la temática. Por ello, los marcos cumplen dos funciones imprescindibles en la construcción de las noticias: orientan a los periodistas, editores y ejecutivos de las noticias a la hora de estructurar y organizarlas y ayudan al público a entender la información que les han proporcionado (De Vreese, 2003). ...
La teoría del framing permite comprender una versión de la realidad que, aunque puede presentarse de un modo diferente, adquiere la importancia suficiente para que el mensaje pueda ser interpretado conforme a esa realidad determinada. Ante las distintas aportaciones desde el campo de la comunicación política, en este trabajo se pretende aportar un acercamiento al estudio de la teoría, a sus antecedentes y a sus distintos mecanismos de impacto en la comunicación y en la ciencia política. Asimismo, ofrece una descripción teórica de los principales autores y sus distintas ramificaciones desde el inicio de su estudio vinculado a la psicología cognitiva y a la sociología. La teoría adquiere una gran relevancia actual debido a su aplicabilidad en distintas modalidades dentro de la rama de las ciencias sociales. Por ello, resulta indispensable que, desde un enfoque teórico, se aporte una recopilación sobre cuáles son sus principios y en qué consiste tal herramienta frecuentemente empleada en un escenario político competitivo.
... Aunque son diversas las clasificaciones que se han ido aportando en años posteriores, esta sería la principal adoptada dentro del campo de la comunicación, y en base a la cual se han ido generando las distintas nociones acerca de lo que constituye un frame. En este sentido, son muchos los autores que han seguido esta tipología, diferenciando entre el encuadre en la comunicación, más tarde denominado encuadre mediático (media frame), que sería el que se da en los mensajes que son transmitidos por los medios, y que es en el que parecía centrarse la atención de la teoría en el campo de la comunicación en un primer momento; y el encuadre del público (audience frame), derivado del anteriormente llamado encuadre en el pensamiento, y que sería el que se da en la audiencia, aunque se entiende que es transmitido a través de los primeros (Valkenburg et al., 1999;Scheufele, 2000;de Vreese, 2003). Así, aunque cuenta igualmente con definiciones dispares, en líneas generales el encuadre mediático se refiere a aquellas prácticas y rutinas que sirven a los periodistas para identificar y clasificar rápidamente la información, a fin de conseguir una recepción eficaz y muchas veces interesada del asunto transmitido por parte de la opinión pública (Valkenburg et al., 1999;Scheufele, 2000). ...
... A esta diferenciación inicial, ya en 2018, D'Angelo agrega una nueva clasificación, en la que, a parte de considerar los encuadres del público, divide los encuadres mediáticos en frames periodísticos y frames noticiosos, e incluye una nueva categoría, los frames de asunto (issue frames), referidos a los encuadres establecidos a nivel social por los actores que tienen la capacidad de construir y aportar al debate público sus puntos de vista acerca de los asuntos de la actualidad (de Vreese, 2012). En otra línea, centrando la atención específicamente en los media frames, encuadres en los medios o en los mensajes, a nivel general y según el ámbito de aplicación de los marcos estudiados, tal y como destaca Muñiz (2020), en primer lugar sería posible diferenciar entre: a) encuadres genéricos (generic news frames) (Iyengar, 1991;Cappella y Jamieson, 1997;Semetko y Valkenburg, 2002;de Vreese, 2003), los que son aplicables al estudio de cualquier tipo o forma de transmisión de información y acerca de cualquier tema; y b) encuadres específicos o temáticos (issue-specific news frames) (Kerr y Moy, 2002;Husselbee y Elliott, 2002;Igartua et al., , 2005, que profundizan en el estudio del framing sobre un tema concreto. Al respecto de estos dos tipos de marcos son muchos los autores que han realizado estudios en diversos ámbitos, ya que es en esta parte centrada en el enmarcado, en la construcción y establecimiento de los encuadres dentro de los medios, en la que se ha centrado la mayor parte de la investigación en el campo de la comunicación durante muchos años. ...
... Por su parte, de Vreese (2003) sobre el comportamiento (de Vreese, 2003(de Vreese, , 2005Scheufele, 2004Scheufele, , 2006. Estos efectos se tratarán más adelante en este capítulo. ...
El principal objetivo de esta tesis es analizar la relación existente entre la representación de migrantes y refugiados transmitida por los medios informativos y el discurso de odio racista y xenófobo que se propaga de manera masiva en redes sociales, pasando por las actitudes hacia la migración que son reflejadas en las encuestas sociológicas y en las propias plataformas sociales. La hipótesis general es que los medios informativos y la imagen de los migrantes y refugiados que transmiten afectan sobre las ideas, pensamientos, afecciones, actitudes y, finalmente, conductas, que tienen los ciudadanos con respecto a esos colectivos. De esta manera, cuando la imagen predominante difundida sea negativa, las actitudes hacia la migración serán cada vez más negativas, incrementándose el rechazo y, con ello, el odio de tipo racista y xenófobo, el que también influirá sobre esas dimensiones, alimentando así la espiral de odio al reforzar las actitudes y conductas discriminatorias. Con estas premisas, de manera específica, en esta tesis se analizan los marcos connotativos visuales de migrantes y refugiados transmitidos por los principales medios del sur de Europa durante la crisis migratoria, así como el nivel de apoyo a los refugiados expresado por los ciudadanos de esa región en encuestas sociológicas, y terminando por identificar tanto los marcos estudiados como esas actitudes de apoyo o rechazo en los mensajes que se propagan a través de redes sociales, prestando una atención especial al rechazo más explícito, que se expresa en forma de discurso de odio anti-inmigración, por entenderlo como posible detonante de los crímenes de odio. Para ello, se desarrolla una estrategia mixta que incluye desde métodos clásicos como el análisis de contenido manual, hasta técnicas computacionales avanzadas como el topic modeling, el aprendizaje automático supervisado o las poblaciones sintéticas. Los principales resultados evidencian la relación entre los marcos mediáticos de migrantes y refugiados y los mensajes que se propagan en redes sociales en forma de marcos de audiencia, sirviendo los negativos de base argumentativa y motivacional sobre la que se construye el discurso de odio más explícito. En esta línea, a nivel general se confirma que los marcos mediáticos y los marcos de audiencia comparten características similares, que los marcos mediáticos negativos parecen ser, a su vez, sobre los que se construyen los discursos de odio anti-inmigración que se expresan a través de redes sociales, y, además, que las actitudes frente a la migración a nivel social parecen mediar ese camino entre el consumo de ciertos marcos mediáticos
negativos y la conducta final en forma de manifestación verbal del odio en línea, ya que se observaron patrones similares en cada uno de los países en los que se analizaron las diferentes dimensiones. A parte de estos hallazgos empíricos, de manera colateral, con esta tesis se aportan nuevos métodos de investigación aplicados al estudio del discurso de odio online y todos los procesos y dimensiones involucradas, que permiten adaptar la investigación sociológica a los retos y amenazas que presentan los nuevos entornos digitales.
... Frames therefore not only define a problem and identify its cause, but also make moral judgments and suggest possible solutions (Entman, 1993). By framing issues and events in a particular way, the media can influence public opinion in favor of or against certain political, economic, and social trends (de Vreese, 2003). ...
... For example, in his early theoretical reflection, Gitlin (1980, p. 7) defined media frames as "persistent patterns of perception, interpretation, and presentation, selection, emphasis, and exclusion by which symbol handlers routinely organize discourse, whether verbal or visual." Gamson and Modigliani (1987) have also explicitly referred to visual images-together with metaphors, exemplars, catchphrases, and depictions-as five symbolic devices in a frame package (see also Borah, 2011;Tankard, 2001;de Vreese, 2005). ...
Framing is considered an important theoretical perspective for analyzing the influence of media information. Despite the explicit inclusion of visual elements within established frame definitions, visuals have long been marginalized in framing research. Based on a systematic review of 552 articles addressing visual framing, this article closely investigates 72 empirical studies on visual/multimodal framing effects. Drawing on framing as a multidimensional process, we discuss how existing studies have examined the sensory, affective, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions of impact. We explain the rising importance of visual communication and multimodality and conclude with implications for mass communication and visual journalism.
... Los medios de comunicación organizan, elaboran y ofrecen un tratamiento particular a la información sobre los asuntos de interés de maneras diversas, suministrando ciertos enfoques o encuadres dominantes y relegando otros. Éste es el planteamiento básico que establece la teoría del encuadre o del framing (Entman, 1993;de Vreese, 2003). Los resultados de los estudios realizados en España apoyándose en los postulados de la teoría del framing concluyen que el tratamiento de la inmigración es claramente negativo (Igartua, Muñiz y Cheng, 2005), en especial las informaciones emitidas en los informativos de televisión (Igartua y Muñiz, 2004). ...
... Se ha observado que los encuadres noticiosos generan efectos de tipo cognitivo y afectivo en el procesamiento de la información (de Vreese, 2003). Pero, también es posible hipotetizar que el refuerzo de estas representaciones negativas que realizan las fotografías puede contribuir al florecimiento de estereotipos y/o prejuicios hacia la inmigración como fenómeno y, de forma concreta, hacia determinados colectivos de inmigrantes, en tanto que pueden ser considerados amenazas hacia nuestra sociedad (Cea D'Ancona, 2004). ...
... En las investigaciones centradas en los encuadres noticiosos se han diferenciado dos tipos de frames que pueden detectarse en los contenidos informativos: los genéricos o generic news frames (de Vreese, 2003;Iyengar, 1991;Semetko & Valkenburg, 2000), y los específicos o issue-specific news frames (Kerr & Moy, 2002;Husselbee & Elliott, 2002;Igartua et al., 2005). Los primeros pueden aplicarse al estudio de cualquier mensaje y en relación con cualquier tema. ...
... Este listado de encuadres se ha utilizado ampliamente (de Vreese, 2003;2005) y ha sido una de las propuestas de tipologías de encuadres genéricos presentes en las noticias que ha tenido mayor influencia en la literatura sobre framing (Muñiz, 2022). Aunque el estudio de esta teoría en Iberoamérica es todavía deficiente en comparación con el desarrollo en otras regiones (Igartua et al., 2022), la aplicación de encuadres genéricos presenta antecedentes en la región. ...
Si algo podemos asegurar de la pandemia por COVID-19 es que provocó una irrupción de tal magnitud en el mundo entero, que las resonancias de los múltiples y variados cambios que generó aún no han terminado de verse. En relación con los procesos comunicativos, la demanda de información en tiempo real aumentó y los medios de comunicación se ubicaron en el centro de la escena, sobre todo en un primer período cuando las posibilidades de contrastación intersubjetiva de las personas se vieron disminuidas por los confinamientos. Pero esto no fue una constante: conforme la pandemia se extendió en el tiempo fue perdiendo su carácter de novedad y pasó de escenario central a telón de fondo en las coberturas mediáticas. Esta investigación describe cuáles fueron los desplazamientos temáticos y los encuadres predominantes que La Nación, Clarín (en sus versiones digitales) e Infobae desplegaron en sus coberturas sobre la pandemia entre 2020 y 2022. Enmarcado en los aportes de las teorías de la agenda setting y el framing, este trabajo parte de un análisis de contenido cuantitativo y compara cuatro cortes temporales específicos (abril de 2020, octubre de 2020, mayo de 2021 y enero de 2022), escogidos por haber representado picos significativos en el desarrollo de la pandemia en términos sanitarios nacionales. El análisis expone que la concentración del asunto sanitario, así como la prominencia de las variables que conforman los encuadres de moralidad y de interés humano fueron diluyéndose a lo largo del tiempo, volviendo a los frames en las coberturas del asunto menos compactos y más dispersos.
... En base a estas premisas teóricas, se considera necesario estudiar cómo los medios de comunicación participan actualmente en el proceso de creación y difusión de encuadres de la realidad relacionados con la polarización (Ardèvol Abreu, 2015). Se deben observar los frames in the news, entendidos como la plasmación de todos los condicionantes previos en la construcción de la agenda mediática en los textos periodísticos (De Vreese, 2003); los periodistas componen y ofrecen contenidos a la audiencia con una mirada que es definida por la propia concepción de los profesionales y que ha de tener cabida en la empresa informativa en la que trabajan (Sábada, 2008;García Hípola, 2011). Así pues, se hace necesario analizar una muestra extensa, representativa del periodismo desarrollado por cabeceras de diferente línea editorial en España durante los últimos años. ...
La polarización ha evolucionado de ser un concepto utilizado en ciencias sociales para definir un fenómeno político, a convertirse en una preocupación social significativa en España. Por ello, se hace imperativo estudiar cómo la prensa de referencia española construye este problema, considerando que el periodismo es un agente fundamental en la creación y difusión de los encuadres de la realidad que alimentan a la opinión pública.Este estudio analiza las menciones a la polarización en ABC, El Mundo y El País entre 2016 —año en que Donald Trump ganó las elecciones presidenciales estadounidenses y se produjo el Brexit— y 2024, mediante un análisis de contenido predominantemente cualitativo, asistido por inteligencia artificial. Los resultados demuestran que la referencia a la polarización política se utiliza para encuadrar un problema presente principalmente en España y Estados Unidos, pero también en gran parte de América y Europa. Sin embargo, su significado oscila entre la polarización entendida como afectiva —que activa emociones negativas hacia grupos opuestos— y la existencia de un clima político crispado. Según la prensa analizada, los principales inductores del fenómeno son las élites y los partidos políticos.
... La matriz se construyó para recoger información acerca del corte (hegemónico y no hegemónico), medio de prensa, tópicos y valoración presentes en publicaciones de los medios de prensa, en función de los encuadres genéricos, cuya relevancia data en su naturaleza inductiva, la cual, a priori, otorga mayor riqueza en cuanto a los resultados, pues involucra el análisis a fondo de las historias narradas en las noticias, con el fin de revelar los encuadres latentes. Este planteamiento se asienta en las definiciones clásicas del proceso del encuadre, es decir, la existencia de relaciones entre los elementos del mensaje (como palabras clave, expresiones, etc.), que permiten detectar los encuadres importantes del asunto informado y dejan al margen lo irrelevante (de Vreese, 2003;Entman, 1993;Tankard, 2001;Silva-Layera, 2024). ...
Las sociedades transmiten su cultura por medio de las expresiones de los diferentes medios de comunicación, por lo que desempeñan un papel crucial, al constituir una fuente de creación de identidades socialmente aceptadas. Por ello, mediante un estudio cuantitativo, a través de la teoría del framing, se buscó analizar la presencia de la mujer como agente noticioso en medios de comunicación escritos chilenos. Para ello, se llevó a cabo la selección de
medios de prensa escritos y se analizaron 236 publicaciones. Los hallazgos obtenidos muestran a la mujer como agente noticioso, vinculada principalmente a materias de trabajo y educación, siendo escasamente representada en tópicos económicos o en otros espacios públicos. Por tanto, se sugiere que los medios de comunicación escritos puedan contribuir sistemáticamente a visibilizar la presencia de las mujeres en roles no estereotipados.
... Mediante el encuadre, las personas desarrollan una conceptualización acerca de una problemática determinada (Chong y Druckman, 2007). Aquí, se entiende el proceso de framing como una selección y enfatización de la perspectiva de una información, expresiones y palabras (De Vreese, 2003). Es necesario tener en cuenta que un problema puede interpretarse desde múltiples perspectivas, con valores diferentes, y que "en nuestro tipo de sociedad, los medios de comunicación de masas son decisivos en la formación de la opinión pública que condiciona la decisión política" (Castells, 2008, p. 13). ...
Las percepciones sociales sobre la justicia y las políticas redistributivas son esenciales a la hora de diseñar políticas públicas. Los agentes no son indiferentes respecto de las recompensas que reciben los demás y pueden promover una visión positiva o negativa del merecimiento de ellas, por lo cual es necesario entender cómo se conforman estas percepciones. De esta manera, podríamos preguntarnos si la construcción de los discursos de los medios de comunicación presenta una carga valorativa sobre algunos temas. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es describir y comparar los frames sobre el merecimiento de quienes reciben las prestaciones sociales y las políticas de activación, en medios de prensa escrita en modelos sociales diferentes como Argentina y España.
... In terms of news content, beyond merely constructing a media agenda, it can also develop frames of interpretation of reality that benefit the discourses and positions of some candidates over others (De Vreese, 2003, 2005Semetko and Valkenburg, 2000). From this viewpoint, it is argued that information can manipulate a citizen's vote by framing the news within matrices such as moral, political, economic, social, and even religious values. ...
This study analyzes the publications of presidential candidates Daniel Noboa and Luisa González in editorial media during the campaign period from September 24 to October 12 for the runoff election in Ecuador in 2023. Using a mixed methodology, all publications from “El Diario” related to the candidates during the runoff campaign were collected and quantified. Additionally, the publications were categorized and analyzed according to thematic axes provided in the presidential debate of the runoff (economic, security, social, political, campaign, debate); according to tones (positive, negative, neutral); and according to the type of content (news, opinion-editorial, interview, reportage) that allows revealing differences in the media presentation of both candidates. The results show a positive trend for Noboa and criticism towards González, suggesting that “El Diario” presents possible media biases. The results highlight the relevance of equitable coverage for the integrity of the electoral process, emphasizing the need for future research to delve deeper into the dynamics between the media, citizenship, and democracy. This analysis contributes to the understanding of how the media can influence voters considering “El Diario” as the object and the candidates as subjects of study.
... Framing continues to be utilized in many studies (Cacciatore et al., 2016;De Vreese, 2003), especially in fields which include communication, anthropology, sociology, psychology and political science (Krishnatray & Shrivastava, 2021). Reese claims that framing is now as popular in "scholarly literature" as it is in the public domain (2007, p. 148). ...
In December 2019, a variant of Coronavirus was first detected in Wuhan, China. So relentless was the virus in its fecundity that on the 11th of March 2020, it was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). “COVID-19” as the disease came to be known, initially highlighted and heightened social inequalities as information about the detection of the virus, prescriptions and proscriptions as well as resources for dealing with the pandemic were beyond the reach of many people. In developing countries, lack of information resulted in misinformation and disinformation, dissemination of inaccurate information unconsciously, and deliberately, respectively, which militated against efforts to fight the disease. Developing countries accused developed countries of treating them as breeding grounds for the virus, undermining their participation in COVID-19 discourse and profiteering at their expense during the pandemic. Many governments and bodies like WHO partnered in promoting equal access to information and equipment. Through the theoretical lenses of framing theory and utilization of critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the method, this paper examined the representation of Africans in twelve articles published by two newspapers. Six articles from The Guardian, a British newspaper, and Al-Jazeera, a Qatari publication, which were published between August 2020 and November 2021 were chosen because of the reputation of these papers and the pervasiveness of COVID-19 during this period. This paper also analyzed the influence of sociopolitical factors on the papers’ reportage. Despite their geographical differences, the two newspapers basically promoted equal access to information and equipment for everyone. This paper recommends other newspapers to emulate the two papers’ adherence to truthful reporting and support for cooperation between rich and poor countries. Governments and corporations must increase partnerships which fight neocolonial tendencies.
... Framing analysis examines how specific frameworks are used to structure and interpret events, creating coherent narratives that aid in decision-making and action. 38 A frame is a focal enhancement of particular elements within a subject, 39 organizing discourse in a positive, negative or neutral tone. This, in turn, significantly influences the public's perception and cognitive approaches to various political, economic and social issues. ...
... Dependiendo de cuáles de estos elementos elija el periodista, subrayará determinados aspectos de los acontecimientos y obviará otros, con lo cual generará diferentes formas de ver la realidad (Tuchman, 1972;Entman, 1993;Tankard, 2001). También influyen en el enfoque de las informaciones los encuadres informativos (Vreese, 2003). De nuevo se confirma la H2. ...
Paste Cannabis is the most widely consumed illegal drug in the world and its use for therapeutic and recreational purposes is becoming increasingly common, regardless of its adverse health effects. This double aspect has been generating controversy for years in many countries around the world between its detractors and those in favour of its legalisation. The aim of this study is to analyze the treatment that the Spanish press gave to the cannabis issue during 2019. We content analyzed 508 news about cannabis published in the four most widely read general statewide newspapers in Spain: La Razón, El Mundo, El País, and ABC. The results show that the cannabis issue is on the agenda of the newspapers, although they give it an informative and low-specialization treatment. Its treatment as a drug and its negative aspects stand out, followed by research in the field of biotechnology and lines of business. In this way, the Spanish press continues with the informative line followed with cannabis in recent decades and differs from the treatment given by the media in countries where its use is being legalised.
... According to Gitlin [10], a news frame refers to the selection of certain content, organizing it, presenting it in a particular manner, interpreting it and emphasising it for the aim of making a specific meaning of an issue [10]. There are two types of news frames: first, issue-specific news frames; which deals with specific issues and occasions and the second is generic news frames; this do not based on specific topics but deals with different issue and in diverse social settings even intensely [11]. The current study used generic news frames which will help the researcher to understand the framing of deforestation issues within Daily News and The Guardian newspapers in Tanzania. ...
This research delves into the framing of deforestation issues within Tanzania's Daily News and The Guardian newspapers, focusing on political framing, responsibility, environment, and human impact framing. The study centred on a content analysis of deforestation-related articles in these national newspapers, treating the Daily News and The Guardian in Tanzania as a case study. Findings reveal an average coverage of 1.7 deforestation stories per day across both newspapers. Notably, the articles exhibited a predominant political framing, constituting 57% of the content. Despite this emphasis on political perspectives, the study underscores the significance of framing deforestation issues within Tanzanian newspapers and suggests that future research should explore additional newspapers to enrich our understanding of this critical subject.
... The one thing that stands out most clearly from that study and others (Culbertson 1974;Lerner et al. 2003;Zelizer 2004) on visuals in the context of conflict, is the prominence of the human frame. In general, academic research on images in the context of conflict identifies several generic frames, including conflict, violence, graphic, human interest/human impact, economic consequences, morality, moral-outrage, responsibility, casualty, political strategy, public engagement, public opinion, terrorism, victory, defeat, race/religion/culture, technical, anti-war, pro-war, and self-referential (De Vreese 2002;Matthes 2009;Semetko and Valkenburg 2000). However, the humanimpact or human-interest frame that brings a human or an emotional angle to the presentation of an event, issue, or problem is a common phenomenon. ...
This study examined the online visual framing of conflict mediation in West Africa. Consequently, it widens the scope of the literature on media visual framing as well as on conflict mediation. The manifest content of 51 photographs from the online version of the leading magazine Jeune Afrique from January 2008 to November 2021 was analysed. The findings suggest that the male gender universe, dominated by politicians and the military, is more visible than the female gender universe. It was also found that the majority of photographs depicted positive attitudes. While these findings undoubtedly extend the political and scientific discourses that give high visibility to official mediation initiatives and its messianic aspect, it also informs us that Jeune Afrique’s website tends to make more salient the mediation perspective which sets it up as a notable fact, worthy of media treatment.
... Desde esta perspectiva mediocéntrica, los frames se definen como conjuntos de recursos discursivos a través de los cuales diferentes actores políticos, corporativos o mediáticos ofrecen una forma de definir los asuntos de interés público (Schuck et al., 2013). Se trata de una especie de traducción de la información a través del uso de marcos desde los cuales ofrecer una perspectiva particular de la realidad (D'Angelo, 2002;de Vreese, 2003;Entman, 1993;Matthes, 2012). Sin embargo, este sesgo descarta la variedad que el proceso de encuadre podría aportar y su capacidad para intervenir en cualquier manifestación comunicativa que implique la creación, circulación y transmisión de mensajes. ...
... Selon cette optique médiacentrique, les cadrages sont définis comme des ensembles de moyens discursifs grâce auxquels différents acteurs politiques, corporatifs ou médiatiques proposent une manière de définir les questions d'intérêt public (Schuck et al., 2013). Il s'agit d'un type de traduction de l'information qui utilise des cadres pour proposer un point de vue particulier sur la réalité (D'Angelo, 2002 ;de Vreese, 2003 ;Entman, 1993 ;Matthes, 2012). Cependant, ce parti pris ne tient pas compte de la variété que le processus de cadrage peut apporter et du fait qu'il peut intervenir dans toute manifestation de communication impliquant la création, la circulation et la transmission de messages. ...
... According to this mediacentric perspective, framings are defined as sets of discursive devices through which various political, corporate or media actors propose a way of defining issues of public interest (Schuck et al., 2013). They constitute a type of information translation that uses frames to propose a particular point of view on reality (D'Angelo, 2002;de Vreese, 2003;Entman, 1993;Matthes, 2012). However, this bias does not take into account the diversity that the framing process can bring and its ability to intervene in any communicative event that involves the creation, circulation and transmission of messages. ...
... According to this mediacentric perspective, framings are defined as sets of discursive devices through which various political, corporate or media actors propose a way of defining issues of public interest (Schuck et al., 2013). They constitute a type of information translation that uses frames to propose a particular point of view on reality (D'Angelo, 2002;de Vreese, 2003;Entman, 1993;Matthes, 2012). However, this bias does not take into account the diversity that the framing process can bring and its ability to intervene in any communicative event that involves the creation, circulation and transmission of messages. ...
... Another important element for understanding how the EU has been politicized in the media and parliaments is the concept of newsworthiness, which is the set of attributes that may make a story worth reporting (Bednarek & Caple, 2014;Eilders, 2006). In this sense, and depending on the issues discussed and the quality of parliamentary activity, a certain topic might be newsworthy to the media (de Vreese, 2003), which in turn might change the relevance, salience and nature of certain events (O'Neil & Harcup, 2009). When the EU is considered, there is evidence parliamentary activity and parliamentary news supply on EU topics are relevant to the national media (Auel et al., 2018). ...
It has been well established in the literature that “something like politicization” has occurred with regard to the European Union (EU). The phenomenon has been assessed and confirmed in different venues, including party manifestos, parliamentary debates and the media. However, studies tend to overlook the potential differences between distinct arenas of political discourse and to disregard the fact Europe is a multidimensional political issue. This chapter contributes to the debate on EU politicization by highlighting the differences between some of the arenas of political discourse, namely parliaments and media, and its potential consequences on how the EU is portrayed. Furthermore, the EU is also considered in its multidimensionality, allowing us to disentangle between polity and policy-related European issues. This chapter’s results show that policy-related issues are, in general, more addressed than polity-related ones; that economic- and financial-related matters still dominate the European debate; and that important differences emerge between parliaments and the media. The findings support both the need to consider the EU as a compound issue and how different arenas might picture the EU differently.
... Despite those observed differences, the coverage of EU in the media, particularly outside major EU events, has been scarce in volume (Peter & de Vreese, 2004;Pfetsch, 1996) and predominantly neutral in tone (de Vreese, 2003;Norris, 2000). Differently than most of those studies, that look at the news coverage of the EU during major EU events, this chapter focuses, instead, on national election periods, which are more 'demanding' settings for EU to 'matter'. ...
This chapter assesses the politicisation of the EU in six European countries, by looking at the media coverage of 29 legislative elections held between 2002 and 2017. Using a combination of automated and manual methods of content analysis, this chapter goes beyond the existing studies to examine how the Eurozone crises impacted the traditional media coverage of the EU not only in terms of magnitude but also in terms of framing and content. Using a unique dataset of 165,341 news items, from 12 mainstream newspapers, this study answers three questions relevant to the main goal of this book: (1) does EU politicisation vary between left- and right-leaning newspapers; (2) is there a difference between news and opinion articles in terms of EU salience and tone; (3) what dimensions of EU debates are more prevalent in the media. Our analysis shows that, after the crisis, the countries’ politicisation of the EU diverged more in terms of content than magnitude. However, when we only consider opinion articles, the differences within mainstream media, from the left and right, become more salient. These results confirm the role and importance of the media for EU politicisation and its potential impact on national politics.
... Los encuadres pueden ser específicos de un tema o genéricos. Los primeros se pueden abordar desde aproximaciones inductivas y los segundos, de manera deductiva (Aruguete y Koziner, 2014;Aruguete, 2011;De Vreese, 2002;Semetko y Valkenburg, 2000). Para este trabajo aplicamos un análisis deductivo (a partir de una serie de preguntas que se le realiza a las noticias) que permite comprobar la prevalencia de cinco encuadres genéricos propuestos originalmente por Semetko y Valkenburg (2000) para medios de Holanda y para diferentes temas, los cuales son: conflicto, interés humano, consecuencias económicas, moralidad y atribución de la responsabilidad. ...
En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar la cobertura periodística en torno a los pueblos indígenas que habitan el territorio argentino en 15 portales informativos digitales del país. De este objetivo general se desprenden como objetivos específicos: 1) caracterizar la definición de la temática indígena en los medios analizados, 2) corroborar la presencia de los encuadres genéricos (Semetko y Valkenburg, 2000) en la información referida a poblaciones originarias, y 3) analizar el/los encuadres predominantes a partir de casos concretos. Para su concreción desarrollamos una estrategia metodológica exploratorio-descriptiva que contempló: relevamiento de casos, sistematización, análisis e interpretación de producciones informativas sobre pueblos indígenas publicadas en enero, febrero y marzo de 2021. Como resultados observamos una gran invisibilización de las agendas y realidades de estos grupos, y la preponderancia del encuadre de conflicto en las construcciones noticiosas. Como conclusión el trabajo da cuenta de la desigualdad en el acceso a las agendas mediáticas.
... Social media communication is inevitably associated with framing, a theoretical concept widely used in the social sciences, especially in political psychology and media research (in the context of migration, e.g., Castles, Withol de Wenden, 2006;Roggeband, Vliegenthart, 2007;Balabanova, Balch, 2010;or recently Klein, Amis, 2021), and also sociology and economics (Tewksbury, Scheufele, 2009, p. 18). Because of its diverse application and the diversity of approaches to this concept, there is no uniform definition and often no agreement on what the essence of this process is (e.g., de Vreese, 2005). As with other definitions, we encounter the problem of complexity: too broad a definition may lead to the loosening of the essence, or its disruption by including phenomena that are not quite related to the process; too narrow a definition can lead to the omission of important elements. ...
Populism represents one of the major trends in contemporary politics across all European democracies. A key element in the success of populist parties is their communication strategy, with social networks that have become an ideal platform for populist political communication. Concerns about the success of populist groups marked also the recent European Parliamentary elections in May 2019. This also applies to the Czech Republic, where populist rhetoric is mainly represented by the Freedom and Direct Democracy party (SPD). The main objective of the article is to reveal how SPD is framing migration in the political communication on Facebook during the period of three months before the elections to the European Parliament. It mainly focuses on its content and form regarding the posts' visual elements and technical parameters. As migration was the main topic of populist political communication, special attention is paid to the communication regarding this phenomenon, incl. an analysis of selected frames and manipulation techniques in the SPD political communication. The result shows, that migration played the most important role but was communicated selectively and manipulatively. Only the negative effects of migration were emphasised, it was framed in connection with other negative phenomena (especially rape, crime, and terrorism) and illustrated by pictures of aggressive Muslims, emotions of fear, anger, and hatred were evoked among the supporters, which further contributed to the radicalisation and sustainability of the mobilisation of the electorate.
... The way in which the institutions of the European Union (EU) are represented in Europe's national media has generated a considerable body of research (e.g. de Vreese, 2003, Machill et al, 2006Brüggemann and Kleinen-von Königslöw, 2009;Pfetsch, 2010;van Noije, 2010;Brosius et al, 2019). Its significance is underpinned by the notion that public trust and democratic accountability positively correlate with the kind of media visibility the EU receives. ...
Research doesn't always go according to plan. Here is a piece that has never been published anywhere else...
... Issue frames or candidate image attributes are examples of the substantive attribute dimension used in prior agenda-building (agenda-setting) studies. Six substantive attributes that have been consistently examined in the literature are the conflict, human interest, problem definition, responsibility attribution, moral evaluation, and consequence assessment frames (Entman 1993;Hallahan 1999;Iyengar 1991;Price, Tewksbury, and Power 1997;Semetko and Valkenburg 2000;Shah, Domke, and Wackman 2001;de Vreese 2003de Vreese , 2005. There are also affective attributes that refer to the affective dimension of salience based on emotions. ...
... Según este tipo de análisis, uno de los más extendidos en los estudios sobre comunicación (Muñiz, 2020), los periodistas elaboran sus noticias mediante diferentes enfoques con los que ofrecen un tratamiento informativo particular a la hora de narrar la realidad social (D'Angelo, 2002;De-Vreese, 2003;Matthes, 2012). Los profesionales de la comunicación construyen sus informaciones dando énfasis a unos matices y eliminando a otros, introduciendo sus criterios, valores y necesidades o los de su empresa (Amadeo, 2002). ...
El principal objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el papel que juegan las diferentes comunidades autónomas españolas en el debate mediático nacional. Se toma como referencia la ceremonia de toma de posesión de los presidentes regionales, un acto con una gran trascendencia institucional y política para cada territorio. El análisis de contenido del impacto de las 207 ceremonias de toma de posesión de los 107 presidentes autonómicos españoles en ABC y El País, apunta significativas diferencias en cuanto al protagonismo de cada región en la prensa nacional. Los datos demuestran la existencia de un grupo compuesto por las comunidades históricas y la Comunidad de Madrid, que focaliza la atención mediática. En cuanto al resto de autonomías, existe un tratamiento desigual que conduce, en algunos casos, a la invisibilidad de determinados territorios. Además, los resultados confirman que en la cobertura mediática también influyen otros factores, como el partido político al que pertenece el presidente o si existe relevo en la presidencia.
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
Since the concept of corporate diplomacy is at the core of this dissertation, this chapter will offer an extensive review of the previous literature on corporate diplomacy to derive a concise definition of corporate diplomacy, guiding this thesis. Corporate diplomacy originates to a large extent from public diplomacy. Therefore, this chapter will first introduce public diplomacy by outlining significant conceptualizations of the term and comparing public diplomacy with public relations to distinguish the two fields from each other.
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
In order to examine the role of corporate diplomacy in building organizational legitimacy, the current research builds on a theoretical and conceptual framework consisting of sociological neo-institutionalism, legitimacy and media frames, and public relations theory. In this chapter, the theoretical approaches and central constructs will be introduced, defined, and discussed.
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
Zusammenfassung
Four different research questions guide this research project. A mixed-method research design with qualitative and quantitative empirical methods was chosen since it enables an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of corporate diplomacy. This thesis used a triangulation of methods to study corporate diplomacy on the organizational, media, and general audience levels. This chapter presents each method and the procedure of every study in detail.
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
This subchapter presents the results of the first study, which sought to answer, firstly, to what extent and how is corporate diplomacy in the UAE performed as engagement with its social environment? and , secondly , to what extent and how is corporate diplomacy in the UAE used to gain organizational legitimacy?
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
Zusammenfassung
Now that this thesis has introduced the theoretical framework and discussed the related main concepts of corporate diplomacy, public relations, legitimacy and the role of the media, and institutional linkages, the fourth chapter reviews previous research on these constructs. The chapter firstly presents previous findings on corporate diplomacy and secondly on public relations as a legitimation strategy. Subsequently, previous research on the media’s role in gaining legitimacy and institutional linkages in the organizational legitimation process are reviewed.
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
... Framing is used to refer to certain (mostly media-induced) effects, to communication texts (e.g., media frames), or to a process that includes the production, content, and perception level (e.g., de Vreese, 2005;Scheufele, 1999). The latter perspective often distinguishes between frame-building, frame-setting, and the consequences on the individual and societal levels (de Vreese, 2002;Scheufele, 2000). Frame-building 6 There is no agreement in the literature on whether second-level agenda-setting and framing are the same or are different phenomena. ...
In today’s world, MNCs not only have great financial power but an immense impact on the communities in the host countries where they operate. In many cases, MNCs have an even greater effect on society than the local government does. However, organizations are constantly observed and scrutinized by different actors in their environment, including the media, NGOs, and governments in their home country as well as in their host countries. A summary of the conducted studies is provided hereafter to answer the research questions presented at the beginning of this thesis.
Despite many studies having investigated journalism and media transformation in China in recent years, how Chinese media communicate international issues to its public, and particularly its relations with government policies, remains an underexplored area. Although the extent and quality of the relationship between the European Union (EU) and China has developed fast over the past 20 years, the crises, such as the financial crisis, Eurozone debt crisis, refugee crisis, Brexit, and COVID-19 that the EU has faced have had a negative impact on Chinese perceptions of the EU. Adopting framing theory, this paper focuses on the role of, and the challenges to, Chinese media organizations in communicating the Eurozone crisis and the European refugee crisis to the Chinese public. The study uses content analysis and semi-structured interviews to explore how Chinese journalists and editors balanced journalistic professionalism and the national interest in framing the EU crises. This balance aimed to reduce to a minimum the negative impact of the crises on perceptions, thereby securing domestic support and the government’s closer ties with the EU.
In today’s hybrid media system, amplified news events rage not
only in “older” media such as legacy media but also on “newer”
digital platforms such as online alternative news media outlets
and social media. However, the role of both legacy news media
and digital platforms in constructing events has been little
explored. This study examines a hybrid media storm surrounding
a Belgian political scandal in 2021. Based on a quantitative
content analysis of 1,436 print and online articles from six
Flemish newspapers and the public broadcaster’s website, 204
articles from three right-leaning alternative media, and 801
tweets between 1 February and 31 October 2021, the study
reveals that digital platforms allow actors with little or no voice in
legacy news media to influence the narrative of events on those
platforms by actively promoting specific frames. Right-leaning
alternative media’s coverage, although less pluralistic than legacy
media, still offers a broader frame repertoire than Twitter where
the framing is one-sided. The case study shows that right-leaning
alternative media and Twitter do not necessarily broaden the
range of views, but are often a crucial factor in the amplification
of specific frames at the expense of others.
Biochar is a land-based greenhouse gas removal technology with potential to address the climate crisis. This article examines societal debate and discussion around biochar as represented in the UK print news media and reflects on its implications for the democratic governance of novel technologies. Using an "issue frame" analysis approach, the following frames are identified-Innovation, Economics, Security, Governance and Accountability, Risk, Justice, Substitution, Salvation and Tradition-with some more prominent than others. Economics and Innovation frames are particularly pronounced, together with the argument for market-based forms of governance, while Risk and Justice frames are weakly developed. The findings show that some frames and their associated actors dominate debate, while others are absent or side-lined. This might hinder opening up the debate to a wider group of stakeholders and publics and alternative framings, thus constraining effective governance of biochar.
El objetivo es analizar la representación de la población migrante en desinformaciones identificadas por 14 plataformas de fact-checking chilenas, entre 2018 y 2022. La muestra se caracteriza según fechas, fuentes, medios, estrategias, frames y ejes discursivos, a través de un análisis de contenido, encuadre y discurso en 93 casos. Los resultados muestran que existe contenido engañoso (42%) y fabricado (39%), con encuadre de derechos (33%) y seguridad (28%), junto a ejes discursivos como “invasores” (34%), “delincuentes” (25%) e “ilegales” (23%). Asimismo, se constata que circulan en redes sociales (66%) y medios nacionales (27%), aumentado en periodos electorales y siendo emitidas por supuestos testigos (31%), partidos políticos (20%), Gobierno e instituciones (18%). Esta investigación revela la confluencia de actores y discursos en la desinformación sobre migración en Chile, advirtiendo que podría tratarse de una estrategia generalizada de desincentivo a la movilidad humana que utiliza la falsedad como recurso.
This chapter examines the framing of political communication of high state and government officials about the European Union (EU) in Serbian mainstream and social media. Methodologically, the research is based on a case study relying on narratives about the EU during the outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. The main results show that confusing, often ambiguous and EU-sceptical political narratives of the Serbian government have been driven by pro-regime tabloids and mainstream media controlled by the political regime. Smear campaigns against prominent EU officials and the overall approach towards particular events and topics regarding the country’s EU integration have become more problematic in the Serbian media with the health crisis. This revealed various layers of Serbia-EU relations.
This article explores the factors that influence the online coverage of politics, such as European news. It seeks to examine the capacity of online media to enhance the comprehensive coverage of politics. The study draws on approaches that place media digitization in its societal context. This involves recognizing the subjectivity of the implementation of new information and communication technologies. This theoretical assumption is examined in the Cypriot context. The analysis approaches media production on two different levels: (a) the message level and (b) the production process level. The article argues that there is a managerial logic in the implementation of the digital technology. Media organisations do not use the potentialities of digital technology for the benefit of a comprehensive coverage. On the contrary, online news media exploit the potential of digital technology to reduce their investment in personnel and in time covering topics that are classified as unlucrative.
Despite many studies having investigated journalism and media transformation in China in recent years, how Chinese media communicate international issues to its public, and particularly its relations with government policies, remains an underexplored area. Although the extent and quality of the relationship between the European Union (EU) and China has developed fast over the past 20 years, the crises, such as the financial crisis, Eurozone debt crisis, refugee crisis, Brexit, and COVID-19 that the EU has faced have had a negative impact on Chinese perceptions of the EU. Adopting framing theory, this paper focuses on the role of, and the challenges to, Chinese media organizations in communicating the Eurozone crisis and the European refugee crisis to the Chinese public. The study uses content analysis and semi-structured interviews to explore how Chinese journalists and editors balanced journalistic professionalism and the national interest in framing the EU crises. This balance aimed to reduce to a minimum the negative impact of the crises on perceptions, thereby securing domestic support and the government’s closer ties with the EU.
Since the September 11 attacks, security issues have been embedded in the media routines of the world's mainstream media reporting on international affairs. This way of dealing with, managing and exposing information to the public is easily visible when the media report on the development of armed conflicts. In other words, several authors argue that there is a phenomenon of media securitization. Likewise, no one doubts that the information dimension of war conflicts has played an important role in their evolution. However, if we go to the specialized literature, we find two well-differentiated approaches. On the one hand, research framed within political communication, with a strong empirical component, which address issues such as the dehumanization of victims, the demonization of political leaders or the concordance between media discourses. And, on the other hand, works of international relations and strategic studies that pose information as a strategic entity on which one of the pillars of the relative power of state and non-state actors is based. However, it is still necessary to develop more applied studies with multidisciplinary theoretical frameworks in which both research areas converge. Therefore, the general objective of this doctoral thesis is to analyze whether this securitization process is also present within the Spanish media system. Specifically, this research aims to: (i) study and compare the incidence of security and human drama frames in reference newspapers in Spain; (ii) compare the use of frames in the media with different editorial lines and divergent ideological currents to clarify whether the ideology of the medium is a determining variable; (iii) explore whether the media securitization process is also identifiable within the so-called new media (specifically Twitter and YouTube); (iv) compare traditional media coverage with alternative media. The selected case studies represent some of the armed conflicts that have attracted the most media attention in the Spanish press in recent years: The civil conflict in Yemen (2015-2019), the war in the Donbass (2015-2019), the dynamics of violence within the Palestinian- Israeli conflict (2000-2019), the war in Syria (2011-2020), the Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan (2015-2020), the war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over Nagorno- Karabakh (2020) and the Libyan conflict (2018-2020). To achieve the different specific objectives and hypotheses, a multidisciplinary theoretical framework has been designed based on the postulates of framing theories (political communication) and the premises of the Copenhagen School (international relations). Regarding the methodological design, automated processing models have been used, specifically the supervised model SVM (Vector Support Machines) and the unsupervised model LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation). In short, techniques of the socalled Natural Language Processing. This doctoral thesis aims, in turn, to incorporate the use of computational science into the studies of media and conflicts, that are giving such good results in other areas of the social sciences. The main findings indicate that the security frame is predominant within the media routines of the Spanish media; leaving the news that refers to humanitarian issues in a very secondary place. Therefore, we can establish that the Spanish press has undergone a process of securitization when it reports on war. Likewise, it has been detected that the editorial line of the medium is not a determining variable in any case study except in the case of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Also, it is evident how this securitization is rooted within other communication channels (YouTube and Twitter) and how the use of frames allows to establish if there is an unconventional behavior. This last aspect has made it possible to detect how certain media (foreign public property) do not follow the classic media routines of what is known as traditional media.
Via a content analysis of 491 internet memes posted within the #maga and #trump2020 network on Twitter during the 2020 US presidential election, this study determined (1) who did the memes target, (2) how were the targets portrayed in the memes, and (3) what were the main themes, or ideas, of the internet memes posted within the community. Findings suggested that the community surrounding the #maga and #trump2020 hashtags primarily employed internet memes to express grassroots support for Donald Trump, his allies, Republican politicians, and conservatives. At the same time, they attempted to create an unfavorable, sometimes menacing, portrayal of Joe Biden, his allies, Democratic politicians, and liberals. Findings, as well as the political participation of internet memes during the election, were discussed.
This open access book focuses on the importance that EU politicization has gained in European democracies and the consequences for voting behaviour in six countries of the EU: Belgium, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal and Spain. Most of the studies which research the way the EU is being legitimised focus on the European Parliament elections. In this book we argue that to understand how EU accountability works, it is necessary to focus instead on national elections and the national political environment. Through a detailed, multimethod analysis this book establishes rigorously the paths of European accountability at the national level, its propitious contexts in the media and parliamentary debates, and whether the paths are similar from Greece to Germany. The findings have implications for both national and European Union democracy, underlining the importance that national institutions have in enabling citizens to hold the EU accountable.
Media framing plays an important role in shaping attitudes and behaviors toward climate change, but the literature remains split on whether positive or negative frames are more effective. Additionally, few studies have investigated the effects that message exposure may have on audiences long-term. This study used a longitudinal experiment to investigate how repeated exposure to negatively- or positively-valenced news articles about climate change impacts attitudes, behaviors, and policy preferences. Participants read either a positive or negative article each week over the course of four weeks, with a follow-up four weeks after treatment concluded. Exposure to both types of messaging increased climate concern and perceived importance in the short term, but this effect only persisted over time in the negatively-valenced article group. Exposure to positively-valenced articles was associated with short-term increases in self- and societal efficacy around climate change, but this did not persist over time. There were minimal effects on behaviors and policy preferences.
The public sphere is a communication arena where speakers discuss political and societal issues, positions, and arguments in order to arrive at solutions for common problems. Normative functions of the public sphere in democracies, such as monitoring and control of politics, deliberation, and public opinion formation, have been extensively debated in the fields of communication and political theory, most frequently against the backdrop of the nation-state. Trends of globalization and global governance, however, go along with transformations of the state, the increasing involvement of transnational institutions, and major changes in media systems.
Previous research has suggested that public broadcasters in Europe have traditionally approached and covered election campaigns in a cautious and reactive way, often adhering to the official party agendas. Based on interviews, newsroom observations and content-analytic indicators, the 1998 national and 1999 European election campaign coverage of the Dutch public broadcaster was investigated. Newsroom observations and interviews with reporters and news executives revealed an increasingly proactive and selective editorial approach to election campaigns. The analyses showed that the two elections were approached similarly, but given different priority in the news. The content analysis showed a decrease in the amount of election coverage and a more analytic and interpretative journalistic spin on election stories compared to earlier elections. The implications of the results are discussed in the light of changes in political communication and the increasingly competitive environments in which public broadcasters are challenged to operate.
This study investigated the effects of strategic television news coverage of a routine political issue in a nonelectoral context on political cynicism, issue evaluation, and policy support. An experimentally manipulated television news story about the en- largement of the European Union was produced in a strategy version and an is- sue-framed version, which were embedded in an experimental bulletin of a national news program. Results showed that exposure to strategic news fuelled political cyni- cism and activated negative associations with the enlargement issue. Politically knowledgeable participants displayed higher levels of cynicism and were more nega- tive in their evaluation. Strategic news did not suppress policy support. A 2-wave ex- perimental design with a second posttest was employed to test the longevity of effects. The effects of exposure to strategic news on political cynicism muted between the im- mediate and delayed posttest. These findings suggest that effects may not persist un- less participants are exposed to additional news framed in a similar way. News is the key source of information about politics and the economy for a major- ity of citizens in Western democracies. Previous studies of the impact of news on public perceptions of and engagement in politics have produced mixed results. These studies are characterized by a number of features, such as a strong focus on American politics during elections and often-assumed long-term effects on demo-
This study investigates the effects of live and non-live reporting on recall and appreciation of political television news. A sample of 161 randomly selected adults participated in an experiment testing the effects of format difference (a live cross-talk between reporters vs a canned field report). Using an authentic experimental news bulletin produced in cooperation with the national Dutch public broadcaster, NOS, the find-ings did not support the hypothesis that the live cross-talk format enhances recall or appreciation. In fact, the results showed that the non-live field report format resulted in greater recall. These findings challenge the common newsroom assumption about the attractiveness of live reporting and have practical policy implications for both news practitioners and actors in the political arena.
This study investigates how the information environment in the Danish 2000 euro referendum campaign served to crystallize opinion on the issue within the context of a number of other hypothesized influences on the vote, based on previous studies of referendum voting. Our data include a nationally representative two-wave panel survey and a content analysis of news coverage during the referendum campaign. We develop a weighted measure of exposure to news on public and private television channels, that takes into account the volume and tone of the coverage towards the YES and NO campaigns, and using this we find that exposure to public television news significantly influences vote choice when controlling for other predictors. We also find varied levels of support for hypotheses concerning the influence of other key variables such as ideology, economic evaluations, government approval and issue-specific contextual variables. The findings emphasize the importance of considering the information environment during referendum campaigns.
This paper analyzes the power of national election studies to detect the effects of exposure to political communication on vote choice in US presidential elections. In particular, it examines the power of surveys (with Ns from 500 to 5000) to detect exposure effects of different sizes (3, 5, 10 percentage points in aggregate) and shapes (linear, exponential, non-monotonic). The results indicate that most surveys—and many other political science data sets—have less power than most scholars appear to think. For example, the paper finds a case in which a plausible ‘wrong’ model that involves no exposure effect is more likely to be supported by standard data sets than a ‘correct’ model that involves an exposure term, despite the fact that a large exposure effect is present in the population from which the data have been sampled. The paper, which includes a tour of issues in power analysis, concludes by advocating increased sensitivity to this problem by those who create and those who consume survey data.