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Relationship between different swimming styles and somatotype in national level swimmers
Abstract
This study had been done to categorise the swimmers in India according to there somatotype in different swimming styles at an early age. This study aims to find out the somatotype of swimmers in different swimming styles and analyse the relationship between somatometric variables and swimming performance in competitive national swimmers under 19 years of age. Total of 96 swimmers (50 males and 46 females) aged younger than 19 years were picked up on their age-group championships and classification of the swimmers was done according to their primary swimming specialty, as self-reported. Method of selecting the subject was randomised. Ten anthropometric dimensions were needed to calculate the anthropometric somatotype:: height, weight, chest circumference, arm span, arm length, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale and calf), two biepicondylar bone breadth (humerus, femur) and two limb girths (arm flexed and tensed calf). By means of equations, anthropometric somatotype was obtained into which data were entered. Results showed that (1) sprint freestyle and backstroke swimmers were taller and heavier, compared with others, for both sexes. (2) Butterfly group swimmer had a distinct physical structure with lowest values for height and weight. (3) Significant correlations were obtained between swimming performance and somatometric variables such as height, weight, chest circumference, arm span, arm length, endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy and fat percentage. This study also concluded that swimmers in different swimming styles or events have variations in their body size and form at an early age. Early determination of somatotype of swimmers or athletes participating in different sports helps to improve their performance and development of body according to their requirement in particular sports or event.
... Such studies on Indian adolescents and particularly swimmers are limited (3,4). Relationship between anthropometric parameters and swimming performance is well established (5)(6)(7)(8). ...
Background: During adolescence, a number of changes take place in growing children. Current study has been conducted to understand effect of sports training on the growth. Objective: The main objective of the study is to compare the anthropometric parameters in adolescent swimmers and non-swimmers. Methods: 61 boys (30 swimmers and 31non-swimmers) between age group12-17 years were selected for the study. Height, weight, biacromial breadth (BAB), bicristal breadth (BCB), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), sum of four skinfolds (SSF) namely triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac, total leg length (TLL), sitting height (SH) and arm span (AS) were the anthropometric measurements taken. Independent sample t-test was used to study the difference between the two groups with p<0.05 as level of significance. Conclusion: As a response to training stimulus, the development of anthropometric parameters of swimmers are significantly different from non-swimmers. However, they follow the normal growth pattern like their non-swimming peers.
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... Countries around the world have also trained a large number of outstanding athletes, and they have also achieved excellent results [3] in international competitions [4]. Swimming is divided into four categories according to different swimming styles [5]: breaststroke [6], butterfly [7], backstroke [8] and freestyle [9]. Different swimming styles have different techniques and methods, as shown in Figure 1. ...
The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of different swimming strokes on the performance of swimmers and the resistance of each part from the perspective of hydrodynamics. In this paper, the influence of internal and external factors on the swimming speed is analyzed comprehensively and meticulously from the macro and micro perspectives. In the macroscopic part, the swimming speed representation model is established, and the validity of the model is further verified by the analysis of experimental data and hydrodynamic equations. In the microscopic part, we carefully analyzed details such as the opening angle of the palm, the timing of the arm and leg and the angular velocity of each link of the human body. Combined with computer simulation, stereo modeling and numerical analysis are carried out, and the best scheme FOR how to cooperate with each part of the body in swimming is given.
... Por lo cual, el somatotipo y la composición corporal tiene gran influencia en el rendimiento de varios deportes de alto nivel, constituyéndose como variables que desempeñan un papel determinante en el potencial del éxito en el deporte escogido (Fonseca-Toledo, Roquetti y Fernandes-Filho, 2010). Además la determinación de los biotipos específicos de los deportistas permitirá mejorar su rendimiento y su composición corporal, según sus necesidades, especialmente según las disciplinas y deportes individuales (Nigam, 2011), por esta razón, el atleta que se asemeje más al somatotipo de referencia para el deporte que practica, tendrá mayor ventaja a nivel físico y en consecuencia, su rendimiento deberá verse influenciado directa y positivamente (Valbuena y González, 2012). En ese contexto, este estudio pretendió conocer la composición corporal y el somatotipo, debido a los escasos estudios científicos tanto nivel nacional como regional, por ende, existe la necesidad de poder comparar los resultados de los deportistas pertenecientes a la selección de la liga de natación del departamento Norte de Santander, frente a deportistas de alto rendimiento de otras ciudades y países, igualmente, se vuelve este análisis de la composición corporal y el somatotipo un requisito para lograr establecer unas características propias de los nadadores que participaron en los XX Juegos Nacionales 2015, debido a que esta información podría ayudar a encaminar mejor la preparación de los deportistas y realizar las modificaciones pertinentes en la nutrición y en la planificación de las cargas, para la consecución de futuros logros en próximos Juegos Nacionales. ...
RESUMEN
Actualmente la estructura física está altamente relacionada con el rendimiento deportivo puesto que se ha evidenciado que determinadas características antropométricas incrementan la
predisposición del deportista para alcanzar altos logros, por esta razón el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición corporal y el somatotipo de los deportistas de la liga de natación del Departamento de Norte de Santander, de esta manera se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con un diseño de campo y una muestra a conveniencia conformada por cuatro sujetos de género masculino (edad 13,75±1,26 años, estatura 168,05±8,36 cm, peso 60,55±9,65 kg y un índice de masa corporal de 21,35±1,85) a los cuales se les recolecto las medidas antropométricas. Para establecer la composición corporal (CC), se aplicó el protocolo del Grupo Español de Cineantropometría (GREC) y para el somatotipo se utilizó el método de Heath-Carter, por otra parte la tabulación y análisis de los resultados obtenidos se realizó en el paquete estadístico IBM
SPSS V.22 con un nivel de confianza del 95%, adicionalmente para generar graficar de la somatotipo en la somatocarta, se utilizó una plantilla realizada en el programa Microsoft Excel 2007. Después de analizar los resultados obtenidos en la CC y el somatotipo se obtuvo una masa grasa de 6,26±1,75 kg (10,2±1,49%), y una masa muscular de 30,15±4,66 kg (49,83±1,90%), así como también se encontró un somatotipo meso-endomorfo (3,43-4,77-2,83), de acuerdo a los tres
componentes del mismo., siendo diferentes estas características antropométricas con otros estudios de la misma disciplina deportiva. Por consiguiente, se concluye que los deportistas evaluados presentan un somatotipo no relacionado con el máximo rendimiento en este deporte,
pero si una composición corporal con respecto al porcentaje graso similar al de otros estudios.
Palabras clave: Natación, antropometría, composición corporal, somatotipo.
ABSTRACT
Currently the physical structure is highly related to the sport performance since it has been evidenced that certain anthropometric characteristics increase the predisposition of the athlete to reach high achievements, for this reason the objective of the present study was to determine the body composition and the somatotype of the athletes of the swimming league of the Department of Norte de Santander, in this way a quantitative study was carried out with a field design and a convenience sample conformed by four male subjects (age 13.75±1.26 years, height 168,05±8.36 cm, weight 60.55±9.65 kg and a body mass index of 21.35±1.85) to which the anthropometric measurements were collected. To establish the body composition (CC), the protocol of the Spanish Group of Cineanthropometry (GREC) was applied and for the somatotype we used the Heath-Carter method, on the other hand the tabulation and analysis of the results obtained was performed in the package Statistic IBM SPSS V.22 with a confidence level of 95%, in addition to generate a graph of the somatotype in the somatocarta, we used a template made in the program Microsoft Excel 2007. After analyzing the results obtained in the CC and the somatotype A fat mass of 6.26 ± 1.75 kg (10.2 ± 1.49%) was obtained, and a muscle mass of 30.15 ± 4.66 kg (49.83 ± 1.90%), as well As well as a meso-endomorphic somatotype (3,43-4,77-2,83), according to the three components of the same, being different anthropometric characteristics with other studies of the same sport discipline. Therefore, it is concluded that the athletes evaluated present a somatotype not related to the maximum performance in this sport, but a body composition with respect to the fat percentage similar to that of other studies.
Key words: Swimming, anthropometry, body composition, somatotype.
... As studied by Buśko and Lipińska (2012), relatively high fat content if found in volleyball players can hinder rapid and varied movements [2]. For gymnasts it can affect lifting the body up against gravity while the same fat provides added buoyancy to swimmers [3][4][5]. It has also been mentioned in one of the studies that endurance declines with a low fat levels among track and field runners and in marathon runners also, it is the stored form of fat i.e. glycogen which fulfils prolonged energy requirements [6]. ...
Objective: The study was conducted to find application of bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometry as interchangeable methods to assess body composition of sportspersons. Design: A 4 months long cross-sectional study was conducted at Sports Authority of India during pre-competition period. Method: 83 national and international level players from Sports Authority of India with age 18-25 years were selected as participants and body fat percentage was estimated using both the techniques following strict adherence to pre-measurement criteria. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all the parameters. Bland-Altman analysis was carried out to compare the methods. Result: Internal consistency of the data was confirmed by Pearson's correlation value of 0.739 at p≤0.05. Mean body fat percentage from anthropometry came out to be 13.08±5.00 and from BIA 14.78±9.29. Mean difference between the body fat percent values between anthropometry and BIA was found to be 1.70±6.53. Limits of agreement from Bland-Altman plot were found to be clinically significant with values from-14.51 to 11.11 at 95% confidence interval suggesting large discrepancies. Discussion: Based upon the findings of the study, it is not advisable to use anthropometry and BIA as interchangeable methods of body fat estimation however results need to be validated with further studies in future. Out of the two methods, BIA involves certain pre-measurement criteria like players falling in normal BMI ranges with emptied bladder, no vigorous training and food beverage intake before assessment. As, a result the study suggests anthropometry as a preferred method for body fat estimation of sportspersons.
... Además, se determina de manera clara y concisa la información de la estructura del deportista en un determinado momento, detallando las modificaciones causadas por el entrenamiento en la composición corporal y el somatotipo. Con respecto a lo anterior se afirma que el somatotipo propio de cada deportista, es información relevante la cual permitirá luego mejorar su desempeño y desarrollo del cuerpo según sean las necesidades específicas de cada disciplina deportiva (Nigam, 2011). De igual manera el conocimiento de la composición corporal de un deportista y particularmente de la masa grasa del cuerpo la cual actúa como reserva energética del organismo, es primordial ser determinada para la planificación y desarrollo del plan de entrenamiento, debido a su concentración en exceso durante la etapa competitiva sería un obstáculo para el rendimiento deportivo en aquellos deportes en que los deportistas requieren desplazar su cuerpo para la ejecución de los mismos (Acosta y García, 2013). ...
El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición corporal (CC) y somatotipo (SM) de patinadores de la selección Norte de Santander. Por lo tanto, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo con un diseño de campo y una muestra a conveniencia conformada por dos hombres de especialidad velocidad (HEV) y cuatro de especialidad fondo (HEF), dos mujeres de especialidad velocidad (MEV) y cuatro de especialidad fondo (MEF), a los cuales se les tomo mediciones corporales. Para establecer la (CC) se aplicó el protocolo del Grupo Español de Cineantropometría (GREC) infiriendo principalmente en el porcentaje graso (%G) y el muscular (%M), y para el SM se utilizó el método de Heath-Carter, por otra parte el análisis de los resultados obtenidos se realizó en el paquete estadístico IBM SPSS V.22 con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En los resultados obtenidos, se pudo observar en los HEV un %G de 10,48±1,30% y un %M de 40,60±15,83%, mientras que en los HEF un %G de 8,85±0,83% y un %M de 50,91±3,69%. En cambio las MEV presentaban un %G de 17,43±0,81% y %M de 46,09±0,33%, las MEF un %G de 18,04±2,75% y un %M de 46,80±7,49%. Por otra parte, el SM de los HEV fue meso- endomórfico (3,98-5,47-1,05), de los HEF fondo mesomorfo balanceado (2,71-4,27-2,86), en las MEV fue endo-mesomórfico (4,60-3,72-1,96) y en las MEF endomorfo balanceado (4,76-3,15-2,28). Por consiguiente, se concluye teniendo en cuenta otras investigaciones que los patinadores de este estudio presentan una CC y SM relacionado con el máximo rendimiento de su deporte.
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