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Hortus Regius Pillnitziensis: Frederick Augustus the Just and the royal botanical garden in Pillnitz
Abstract
Much has been written about Saxony's electors and their splendid baroque gardens surrounding the residence in Dresden. Every tourist visiting Dresden gets to know Augustus the Strong (1670–1733) and his passion for feasts, architecture and gardens, but just a few will blunder upon another important patron of gardening among the Saxon sovereigns: his great-grandson Frederick Augustus the Just (1750–1827) (figure 3.1).
... S pomočjo pisem lahko izvemo, kdo se je zanimal za novopridobljene rastline v dolskem vrtu, katere rastline so bile posebno priljubljene ali kje je baron naročal rastline -kot je z nekaj primeri predstavljeno v nadaljevanju. 6 O vsesplošnem botaničnem zanimanju dvora glej v Pfundheller, 1881;Baumgartner, 2001, 182, 183;Lack, 2006, 12, 19, 23, 28;Melzer, 2007Melzer, /2008Melzer 2008, 357, 364. V članku avtorice pričujočega prispevka, ki bo objavljen v okviru zbornika simpozija Arhitekturna zgodovina iz leta 2014, pa je ponazorjeno tudi prevzemanje te nove mode znotraj kranjskega plemstva. ...
V poznem 18. in zgodnjem 19. stoletju je zbiranje tujih rastlin postalo moda, ki je zajela evropske dvore ter posledično številne plemiče, intelektualce, vrtnarje in druge. Nove rastline so tako gojili v oblikovanih vrtovih, zbirali v herbarijih in navajali v katalogih ali jih dajali upodabljati. V tem času ni bilo pomembno le samo zbiranje rastlin, ampak tudi to, da so lastniki oz. zbiratelji pridobili botanično znanje, ki jim je omogočalo, da so te rastline pravilno uporabljali in predstavljali. Na Kranjskem bi tovrstno botanično zanimanje prepoznali pri baronu Jožefu Erbergu, baronih Zois, jezuitu Gabrielu Gruberju in mnogih drugih. Aktivnosti barona Erberga, kot jih lahko razberemo iz arhivskih virov (predvsem njegove ohranjene korespondence), so tako vključevale zbiranje rastlin, njihovo izmenjavo in nakup ter zanimanje za druge botanične novosti. Med kranjskimi ljubitelji rastlin so bile posebno priljubljene pelargonije, hortenzije in agave, ki so imele pomembno mesto v oblikovanih vrtovih, pogosto znotraj predela vrta, ki je bil namenjen neavtohtonim rastlinam. Zbiranje tujih rastlin pa seveda ni le domena obravnavanega časa in prostora, saj so ga poznali že v času starih civilizacij, kot sta bili npr. asirska in kitajska, ter v 16. in 17. stoletju, in sicer v okviru priljubljenih kabinetov kuriozitet. Ob primerjanju slednjih in botaničnih zbirk zgodnjega 19. stoletja lahko prepoznamo nekatere podobnosti (zbiranje redkih, predvsem eksotičnih rastlin ter zbiranje rastlin z namenom prikazati imperialno moč), vendar so družbene spremembe 18. in 19. stoletja vplivale na botanično zbiranje ter prinesle novosti in razlike. Razvoj botanike kot znanosti, uveljavljanje botaničnega ljubiteljstva, modne rastline, zanimanje za gospodarsko donosnost posesti, spremenjeno dojemanje narave in okolja ter drugih družbenih vrednot, kot sta bili družina in država – vse to je torej okoli leta 1800 vplivalo na priljubljenost zbiranja rastlin v evropskem prostoru oz. na Kranjskem. Tako lahko zbiranje rastlin v tem času posledično vidimo tudi kot zaton in preobrazbo nekdanjih naravoslovnih kabinetov kuriozitet.
... S pomočjo pisem lahko izvemo, kdo se je zanimal za novopridobljene rastline v dolskem vrtu, katere rastline so bile posebno priljubljene ali kje je baron naročal rastline -kot je z nekaj primeri predstavljeno v nadaljevanju. 6 O vsesplošnem botaničnem zanimanju dvora glej v Pfundheller, 1881;Baumgartner, 2001, 182, 183;Lack, 2006, 12, 19, 23, 28;Melzer, 2007Melzer, /2008Melzer 2008, 357, 364. V članku avtorice pričujočega prispevka, ki bo objavljen v okviru zbornika simpozija Arhitekturna zgodovina iz leta 2014, pa je ponazorjeno tudi prevzemanje te nove mode znotraj kranjskega plemstva. ...
In the late 18th and early 19th century, the collecting of exotic plants became a fashion that took hold of European courts, and was followed by many noblemen, intellectuals, gardeners and others. It was not only popular to grow new plants in gardens, collecting them in herbaria or illustrating and enumerating them in catalogues, but was also important to develop botanical knowledge to enable the owners of the plants to use and present them. In Carniola we can observe this interest in botany in the cases of Baron Joseph Erberg, Barons Žiga and Karl Zois, Jesuit Gabriel Gruber as well as many others. Baron Erberg's activity is recorded in archives which include lively correspondence concerning plant collecting, the exchange and purchase of plants and other botanical matters. So we can see that among plant lovers in Carniola foreign plants such as pelargonium, agave and hydrangea were popular and that they had a special role in gardens devoted especially to exotic plants. The collecting of exotic plants is not just a phenomenon of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries but can be traced back to early civilisations such the Assyrians and ancient Chinese and was also notable in a the 16th and 17th centuries with their cabinets of curiosities. But studying the botanical collection of exotic and new (or newly defined) plants gardens of the late 18th and early 19th centuries shows us that although we can recognize some of the old “habits” in the process of collecting (collecting of rare, fascinating plants or collecting plants to demonstrate imperial power) the social changes in the 18th century left their trace also in this aspect of human activity. Thus we can understand plant collecting of this time as a decline and metamorphosis of the former natural cabinets of curiosities. In botanical gardens of the late 18th and early 19th century we see the development of science of botany, the rise of the amateur botanist, a different perception of nature and the environment, the development of education and new social values including family and state, which all had an impact on the popularity of the plant collecting around the year 1800 in Europe and in Carniola.
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