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Fundamentals of Physics, Part 3 (Chapters 22-33)
Abstract
Chapter 21. Electric Charge. Why do video monitors in surgical rooms increase the risk of bacterial contamination? 21-1 What Is Physics? 21-2 Electric Charge. 21-3 Conductors and Insulators. 21-4 Coulomb's Law. 21-5 Charge Is Quantized. 21-6 Charge Is Conserved. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 22. Electric Fields. What causes sprites, those brief .ashes of light high above lightning storms? 22-1 What Is Physics? 22-2 The Electric Field. 22-3 Electric Field Lines. 22-4 The Electric Field Due to a Point Charge. 22-5 The Electric Field Due to an Electric Dipole. 22-6 The Electric Field Due to a Line of Charge. 22-7 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Disk. 22-8 A Point Charge in an Electric Field. 22-9 A Dipole in an Electric Field. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 23. Gauss' Law. How can lightning harm you even if it do es not strike you? 23-1 What Is Physics? 23-2 Flux. 23-3 Flux of an Electric Field. 23-4 Gauss' Law. 23-5 Gauss' Law and Coulomb's Law. 23-6 A Charged Isolated Conductor. 23-7 Applying Gauss' Law: Cylindrical Symmetry. 23-8 Applying Gauss' Law: Planar Symmetry. 23-9 Applying Gauss' Law: Spherical Symmetry. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 24. Electric Potential. What danger does a sweater pose to a computer? 24-1 What Is Physics? 24-2 Electric Potential Energy. 24-3 Electric Potential. 24-4 Equipotential Surfaces. 24-5 Calculating the Potential from the Field. 24-6 Potential Due to a Point Charge. 24-7 Potential Due to a Group of Point Charges. 24-8 Potential Due to an Electric Dipole. 24-9 Potential Due to a Continuous Charge Distribution. 24-10 Calculating the Field from the Potential. 24-11 Electric Potential Energy of a System of Point Charges. 24-12 Potential of a Charged Isolated Conductor. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 25. Capacitance. How did a fire start in a stretcher being withdrawn from an oxygen chamber? 25-1 What Is Physics? 25-2 Capacitance. 25-3 Calculating the Capacitance. 25-4 Capacitors in Parallel and in Series. 25-5 Energy Stored in an Electric Field. 25-6 Capacitor with a Dielectric. 25-7 Dielectrics: An Atomic View. 25-8 Dielectrics and Gauss' Law. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 26. Current and Resistance. What precaution should you take if caught outdoors during a lightning storm? 26-1 What Is Physics? 26-2 Electric Current. 26-3 Current Density. 26-4 Resistance and Resistivity. 26-5 Ohm's Law. 26-6 A Microscopic View of Ohm's Law. 26-7 Power in Electric Circuits. 26-8 Semiconductors. 26-9 Superconductors. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 27. Circuits. How can a pit crew avoid a fire while fueling a charged race car? 27-1 What Is Physics? 27-2 "Pumping" Charges. 27-3 Work, Energy, and Emf. 27-4 Calculating the Current in a Single-Loop Circuit. 27-5 Other Single-Loop Circuits. 27-6 Potential Difference Between Two Points. 27-7 Multiloop Circuits. 27-8 The Ammeter and the Voltmeter. 27-9 RC Circuits. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 28. Magnetic Fields. How can a beam of fast neutrons, which are electrically neutral, be produced in a hospital to treat cancer patients? 28-1 What Is Physics? 28-2 What Produces a Magnetic Field? 28-3 The Definition of 736 :B. 28-4 Crossed Fields: Discovery of the Electron . 28-5 Crossed Fields: The Hall Effect. 28-6 A Circulating Charged Particle. 28-7 Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons. 28-8 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire. 28-9 Torque on a Current Loop. 28-10 The Magnetic Dipole Moment. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 29. Magnetic Fields Due to Currents. How can the human brain produce a detectable magnetic field without any magnetic material? 29-1 What Is Physics? 29-2 Calculating the Magnetic Field Due to a Current. 29-3 Force Between Two Parallel Currents. 29-4 Ampere's Law. 29-5 Solenoids and Toroids. 29-6 A Current-Carrying Coil as a Magnetic Dipole. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 30. Induction and Inductance. How can the magnetic .eld used in an MRI scan cause a patient to be burned? 30-1 What Is Physics? 30-2 Two Experiments. 30-3 Faraday's Law of Induction. 30-4 Lenz's Law. 30-5 Induction and Energy Transfers. 30-6 Induced Electric Fields. 30-7 Inductors and Inductance. 30-8 Self-Induction. 30-9 RL Circuits. 30-10 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field. 30-11 Energy Density of a Magnetic Field. 30-12 Mutual Induction. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 31. Electromagnetic Oscillations and Alternating Current. How did a solar eruption knock out the power-grid system of Quebec? 31-1 What Is Physics? 31-2 LC Oscillations, Qualitatively. 31-3 The Electrical-Mechanical Analogy. 31-4 LC Oscillations, Quantitatively. 31-5 Damped Oscillations in an RLC Circuit. 31-6 Alternating Current. 31-7 Forced Oscillations. 31-8 Three Simple Circuits. 31-9 The Series RLC Circuit. 31-10 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits. 31-11 Transformers. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Chapter 32. Maxwell's Equations; Magnetism of Matter. How can a mural painting record the direction of Earth's magnetic field? 32-1 What Is Physics? 32-2 Gauss' Law for Magnetic Fields. 32-3 Induced Magnetic Fields. 32-4 Displacement Current. 32-5 Maxwell's Equations. 32-6 Magnets. 32-7 Magnetism and Electrons. 32-8 Magnetic Materials. 32-9 Diamagnetism. 32-10 Paramagnetism. 32-11 Ferromagnetism. Review & Summary. Questions. Problems. Appendices. A. The International System of Units (SI). B. Some Fundamental Constants of Physics. C. Some Astronomical Data. D. Conversion Factors. E. Mathematical Formulas. F. Properties of the Elements. G. Periodic Table of the Elements. Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions and Problems. Index.
... Despite much discourse on advanced models in the literature [1]- [3], a significant deficiency persists in simplified, application-focused models that aim to connect theoretical comprehension with actual execution. This study aims to fill this gap by introducing a 6-Degrees-of-Freedom (6-DoF) dynamic model specifically designed for thrust vectoring rockets, based on fundamental scientific principles [8]- [10]. The suggested model functions as a valuable instrument for education and investigation, establishing a concrete link between theoretical principles and practical issues in rocket dynamics, stability analysis, and control systems. ...
This research serves as an extensive resource for undergraduate, postgraduate students and early-career researchers to provide them with detailed insight into the design, modeling, and implementation of control strategies for thrust vectoring rocket systems. The study presents a dynamic model that incorporates real-world complications, including nozzle oscillations, thrust variations, and fluctuating mass moments of inertia, based on a simplified flat-Earth premise. The performance of two control schemes—Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control and Fractional-Order PID (FOPID) control—is assessed and compared using a systematic manner. The tutorial methodically illustrates how FOPID management enhances system stability, adaptability to disturbances, and overall performance, positioning it as a viable alternative for aerospace applications. The study instructs readers on constructing a physical prototype with SolidWorks software and experimentally evaluating the control algorithms. This text offers a fundamental comprehension of robust control approaches, enabling students and researchers with practical abilities to tackle high precision thrust vectoring issues in aerospace systems and space missions.
Navigation in orthopaedic surgery is becoming more accepted as a means of improving and documenting accuracy. Yet, despite the improvements made, the road towards recognition of the capability and versatility of computer-assisted surgery has not always been smooth. Initially, navigation involved imagery, which utilized a localizer to calculate the geometry of the infrared reflective surfaces and light emitting diodes or tracking grids [1]. Image guided procedures utilized patient X-rays and fluoro-imaging obtained prior to or during a procedure as a guide for the physician. However, this was constrained by the necessity of direct, unobstructed line of sight. Both image-guided and imageless navigation systems require trackers to establish the position of the patient as movement occurs, whereas traditional imageless infrared (IR) navigation eliminates the need for fluoro-imaging while still requiring line-of-sight. Constraints on signal strength as well as a limited arc or azimuth of signal reception hinder its use. Additionally, IR accuracy is proportional to the separation between reflector markers, requiring expansive arrays, which are obtrusive to the surgical field and may injure soft tissue as movement of the extremity is performed. Due to problems including fixation, signal acquisition, soft tissue trauma, and operative constraints, a technology using a signal that does not require line-of-sight reception was desirable. An electromagnetic computer-assisted surgery (EM-CAS) system has this capability. Some of the first reports of the use of EM in surgery were in neurosurgical and ENT applications for cranial surgery [2,3]. Other applications of EM technology arose in cardiovascular surgery, where an electromagnetic field was used to guide ferrous-tipped catheters into tortuous vessels that were non-navigable by traditional catheterization techniques. These were tracked by fluoro-imaging yet had the distinction of reversing the role of EM to steer them rather than track them into extremely tight, convoluted vessels [4]. Part of the suspicion about EM technology for orthopaedic applications arises from concerns over the stability of the signal around metallic objects. However, with the advent of multiplex magnetic generators, known as localizers and receiver coils or trackers called dynamic reference frames (DRFs), much of the instability and signal inaccuracy is removed. Precision and accuracy is vastly improved to well beyond the industry standard of ±2 mm and ±2° of angulation. Achieving this level of accuracy allows EM tracking to have equivalent status as traditional line-of-sight IR navigation systems with the added benefit of soft tissue penetration.
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