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Customer stress-relaxation: The impact of music in a hospital waiting room
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of music on customers, persons waiting for surgery patients, in a hospital’s surgery waiting room; an inherently stressful environment. These persons are customers of the hospital in that they are using the hospital’s services, are typically involved in the decision to use the hospital for the patient’s surgery, and are often responsible for financial payments. In self-reports from persons using the waiting room, the use of music was related to decreased stress and increased relaxation in comparison to times when no music was utilized. This improved mood state was not, however, correlated with better evaluations by these individuals of the quality of the hospital’s services or of improved perceptions that the hospital was meeting expectations concerning its overall service delivery. These findings contribute to the ongoing research concerning the role of atmospherics or ambience of a service system in customers’ quality/satisfaction evaluations.
... Abstract art can increases patient stress. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) The use of music around a hospital reduces patient stress. Hancock (1999) Gardens are a way to create a healthier environment. ...
... Ambiguous art will lead to increased levels of patient stress. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) Music can help improve patient satisfaction and recovery rate. Thorgaard et al. (2004) Music can help reduce patient stress but is rarely used within hospitals. ...
... significance level. These results indicate a positive relationship between the perceived servicescape and perceived wellbeing and support previous expectations in the literature (Berry et al., 2004;Bitner, 1992;Hancock, 1999;Sadler et al., 2011;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999;Ulrich, 1991;Ulrich et al., 2008). Based on these results, the regression model can be written as follows: ...
Wellbeing of end-users is a growing concern in services research. The growth of Transformative Service Research (TSR) and Evidence-Based Design (EBD) highlights the need to focus on hospital patients to improve their wellbeing state. This study combines the two fields to propose a conceptual model for the perceived servicescape of hospitals with focus on in-patient wellbeing. The effect of the servicescape on wellbeing is tested using a survey conducted with 372 in-patients from Egyptian private hospitals. Results indicate that servicescape designs should focus on art and visuals; plants and greenery; safety and hygiene; patient single rooms and atmosphere; and signage and way-finding. This study offers a theoretical contribution to research focusing on wellbeing by showing the effect of servicescape design on patient wellbeing. Results offer practitioners a sustainable competitive advantage through the servicescape design improvements.
... At the same time, the female experimenter observed the participant and made notes, including objective stress criteria (e.g., eyelid movement, tremor). She also completed the same stress measure (Tansik and Routhieaux 1999) that the participant was provided subsequently, but with an altered wording to capture the experimenter's perception of the participant's stress level (see Table 2). Meanwhile, the camera recorded the respondents after being told that three male communication researchers would analyze their facial expressions subsequent to the experiment. ...
... This call-center professional was not aware of the treatment group the participant was assigned to. After the telephone conversation the call-center professional filled out the same stress scale (Tansik and Routhieaux 1999) as the participants and female experimenter based on his impression of the participant's voice to gain a more extensive evaluation of the participant's stress level. ...
... The modification was necessary to better assess the assumed direction (positive or negative) in case of a low agreement. The questionnaire also included repurchase intention (three items; Maxham and Netemeyer 2002), WoM intention (four items; Zeithaml et al. 1996), and a stress measurement (three items; Tansik and Routhieaux 1999). Participants were asked how they thought the booking company would behave toward regular customers based on the constructs of perceived relationship quality and perceived relationship investment (trust, three items; commitment, three items; satisfaction, three items; and investment, three items; all four adapted from DeWulf et al. 2001). ...
This article examines positive effects of customer stress drawn upon the theory of excitation transfer. Contrary to previous marketing and management literature, the present study focuses on positive outcomes of stress based on a study by Dutton and Aron (J Pers Soc Psychol 30(4):510–517, 1974), who found increasing interpersonal attraction in stressful situations in a private context. The present study examines whether these findings can be applied to a service context and how interpersonal liking affects customer’s employee perception and customer-related responses. An experimental laboratory study (N = 104), including a service-employee interaction and a psychological stress induction (Social Evaluative Cold-Water Pressure Test [SECPT]), was conducted. Results indicate a positive effect of stress on relationship quality constructs (relationship trust, commitment, satisfaction, and relationship investment) and partially on behavioral constructs, fully mediated by the customer’s interpersonal liking of the service employee. The present research contributes to marketing and management literature in two ways: it highlights (a) the importance of context and emotion for the perception of the employee, and (b) the relevance of interpersonal liking of the service employee for the long-term customer relationship.
... In literature many researchers used music for stress reduction. David [41] conducted an experiment and showed that "relaxing" music can be used to decrease stress and increase relaxation in a hospital waiting room. Literature also shows that in order to reduce physical discomfort, contraction of muscles is very important [196,197]. ...
... Miluk-Kolasa et al. [124] showed that music was one of the relaxing adjuncts in modulating the ascent of autonomic responses to negative stress. David [41] conducted an experiment and showed that "relaxing" music can be used to decrease stress and increase relaxation in a hospital waiting room. ...
... The tempo of the music being listened to is an important parameter [92]. Steelman [41,179] investigated a number of studies of music effect on relaxation. He concluded that music items with tempos of 60 to 80 BPM reduce the stress and induce relaxation, while music items with tempos between 100 and 120 BPM stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. ...
... There are a few studies which have introduced sensory factors into health care situations, such as music and temperature manipulation in a dental office (Andrus 1986) and music in a hospital waiting room (Routhieaux and Tansik 1999). Because health care service is high in contact, the physical environment and the way in which operations are conducted by staff are essential to create a specific image of the institute and to develop the experience of the patient, whether he or she is a child or an adult. ...
... These are 1) the aesthetic dimension that allows the user to appreciate the physical aspects; 2) the functional dimension is the way in which the objects are organized within the space in an effective manner (a well organized space facilitates the movements of the users inside the space); and 3) the psychological dimension which procures wellness to the users. Routhieaux and Tansik (1999) examined the influence of the music on the relatives of patients who are in a waiting room of a surgical service. Relatives are considered as users because they are legally brought to authorize the medical care on the patients who undergo surgical operations and they are attentive and are in a position to evaluate the services provided by the hospital more than the patients themselves. ...
... This perceived complexity is due to the number of floors, rooms, sophisticated equipment, and complex variability in functions performed within the physical facility. Researchers advise, therefore, to give special consideration to the physical and sensory environment within health care facilities (Andrus 1986;Brand, Cronin and Routledge 1997;Routhieaux and Tansik 1999;Wayne 1984). ...
This paper addresses whether or not the diffusion of scents will positively change evaluations of a service experience and perceptions of personal wellness in a health service environment. Qualitative data was collected in a pediatric department and three situations were examined: no scent situation, ralxing scent situation and stimulating scent situation. The study revealed that both a relaxant and a stimulating odour improved the evaluation of the service experience in the pediatric service. It shows that the use of scents is helpful in creating an experiential context, allowing the children to be more positive about their hospital stay.
... However, for music to have such an effect, it seems to be necessary that there be an appreciation for the musical style. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) conducted a study in a hospital with patients undergoing cancer treatment about the effects of music in the waiting room. They found that lounge music, followed by classical and jazz, increased the participants' level of relaxation. ...
... They found that lounge music, followed by classical and jazz, increased the participants' level of relaxation. This choice was due, as the authors point out, to the more melodic and pleasant character to listen to, which makes the lounge the type of choice of excellence for most people (Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999). ...
Waiting rooms considered spacious, emptier, more organized, and less noisy were considered more comfortable and more capable of generating effective care. However, to date, no research investigated clients and psychotherapists perception on general items on the waiting room. The objective of our study was to compare clients and therapists perception on items in the waiting room in Brazil. The sample consisted of 79 clients and 105 behaviour cognitive psychotherapists from Brazil associated with the Brazilian Federation of Cognitive Therapies (FBTC). The material consisted of a set of 12 items commonly found in these spaces. In terms of procedures, both groups assessed the presence and quantified the importance of these items on a Likert scale as well as described their impressions about them. As results a significative difference was found on the items food, magazines, music, flavoring and window. Even though it was found a significative difference between clients and therapists perception on some items, this result should be careful considered. The magnitude of the difference between the two groups is low, so generalizations should consider cultural and clients age effects.
... Others have found that aspects of communication between health care practitioners and health care customers influence customer practices (Seiders et al. 2015;Street et al. 2009;Dubé, O'Donnell, and Novack 2000;Moldovan-Johnson et al. 2014). Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) found that music in hospital waiting rooms impacts customer stress levels. ...
... This is connected to aspects such as time pressure, emotions, and degree of involvement. Emotions and affective states have commonly been addressed as influencers of health care customer practices (Diener, Oishi, and Lucas 2003;Grindley, Zizzi, and Nasypany 2008;Botti, Orfali, and Iyengar 2009;Gallan et al. 2013;Tansik and Routhieaux 1999). Health care customers are often in anxiety-producing situations, facing significant uncertainty and risk. ...
... Regarding environmental factors, researchers showed that slow and relaxing music, instrumental music, and natural sounds have a positive effect on visitors' reported stress level, anxiety, and relaxation (Fenko & Loock, 2014;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999), as well as on patient satisfaction (Silverman et al., 2012;Waldon & Thom, 2015). Furthermore, Watts et al. (2016) identified a positive influence of natural sounds and images of natural landscapes on patients' reported tranquility. ...
... Waiting is not a desirable experience. Consequently, researchers studying patients' emotional responses in the waiting room have mostly focused on stress and anxiety levels (Fenko & Loock, 2014;Higuera-Trujillo et al., 2020;Laursen et al., 2014;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999), but other emotions should be explored. In general terms, it is expected that the waiting room physical environment triggers emotional responses in the users, influencing the UX. ...
Waiting to receive medical attention is universally present in outpatient health services and, therefore, is a critical experience for service satisfaction. Researchers find that the waiting room physical environment influences users, and it may reduce the adverse effects of waiting. In this study, we used the spatial user experience model (SUE) framework in order to better understand the impact of waiting room features on patient experience. We developed and administered a questionnaire in waiting rooms at two Chilean medical centers. Responses from 563 outpatients and their companions were analyzed through structural equation modeling, concluding that the model is appropriate to describe the SUE in waiting rooms. The dimensions of emotional reaction, spatial appreciation, physical compatibility, and spatial cognition had the most substantial influence on user experience. Furthermore, the user experience showed a strong influence on behavioral intentions desirable by the healthcare industry. Our study provides useful insights to managers and creative teams about the diversity of factors that should be taken into consideration to implement waiting rooms that facilitate positive experiences for patients and visitors.
... Higher empathy is associated with relaxing music, particularly in medical environments involving music therapy (Kemper & Danhauer, 2005;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999), suggesting a positive correlation between exposure to Pachelbel's Canon in D major and an increase in empathic decision making in social settings. In contrast, exposure to highly arousing music-as determined by percussive, fast-tempo, highly rhythmic, strongly articulated and loud qualities-is associated with increased heart rate and muscle tension (Bartlett, 1996), indicating the potential for reduced states of empathy, considering the prior statement. ...
... However, the music selections in this study did not associate autonomic response with empathic decision making in the hypothesized directions. This result is not consistent with the prior literature, specific to the effects of music therapy or musicbased therapeutic interventions on parasympathetic response (Kemper & Danhauer, 2005;Okada et al., 2009;Roque et al., 2013;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999). Sample sizes in the prior literature have, thus far, been relatively small. ...
Music and empathy are components of social experience. Similar and adjacent functional brain systems are required in the production and understanding of music, the processing of emotion, and engagement in social behavior. Activity in these brain systems is often reflected in autonomic features, including dynamic behavior of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Music may influence prosocial behavior and this effect may be reflected by the behavior of the autonomic nervous system. This experiment was designed to evaluate these relationships. Healthy undergraduate students ( N = 60) participated in Cyberball, a task sensitive to differences in prosocial behavior, while listening to or not listening to different types of music. Results indicated that music positively affects prosocial behavior, but autonomic activity does not reflect the degree of music’s effect on prosocial behavior.
... Affective variables could be mood, arousal and pleasure (Garlin and Owen, 2006). Several studies have emphasised on the music-mood effects of retail consumers (Garlin and Owen, 2006;Tansik and Routhieaux, 1999). Pleasure and arousal influence the time spending in a retail store (Garlin and Owen, 2006) and both positively related to a willingness to buy (Baker et al., 1992). ...
... • Retail music is used to make the customer feel relaxed and enjoy their shopping experience; is used to overcome the noise and disturbances inside the mall; and is an adding feature to enhance the shopping experience (Tansik and Routhieaux, 1999;Turley and Milliman, 2000;Allan, 2008;Jain and Bagdare, 2011). However, in the ad context, music is used to engage the attention and retention of the consumer towards ad music, towards the ad and towards the brand (Huron, 1989;Lantos and Craton, 2012). ...
Studying the role of advertising music (ad music) in a retail context can be an emergence of new marketing practices. The purpose of this paper is to identify the potential usage and utility of ad music as an atmospheric stimulus in contrast to music (retail music) as an atmospheric stimulus. This paper also aims to provide a model, which depicts how ad music could be an alternative to retail music in retail settings with regard to consumers’ attitudinal influence and its optimistic correlation with related marketing outcomes.
The paper reviewed the literature related to the role of retail music as an atmospheric stimulus and studies related to the role of music in the ad.
Advertising music as an atmospheric stimulus is more likely to influence consumers’ attitude towards advertising music, towards advertising and towards the advertised brand. Contrary to retail music, advertising music as an atmospheric stimulus may help a consumer for ad recall, ad message/brand information recall, brand recall, brand identification and brand recognition. Consequently, advertising music may always have an advantage over retail music with regard to purchase intent, brand choice and financial return.
This work may encourage the advertisers for the proper usage of ad music as an atmospheric stimulus that may holistically magnify the saliency of advertising theoretically and practically.
This study is a novel attempt to conceptualise the potential scope of utilisation of ad music in the retail context.
... In other kind of indoor environments, self-selected music can reduce the physiological parameters representing stress and anxiety [36]. Patients will feel less stressed and will relax with music in the waiting area of hospitals [58]. In terms of behavior, music helps individuals establish a connection with store staff and other customers, enhances people's desire to participate [4,18,39,56], as well as increases or reduces individuals' possibility of exploring and browsing according to need [1,57]. ...
... are in boldface. people's mood and reduce arousal, which corresponds to previous results [36,58]. For the overall emotional responses to the environment of shopping mall public spaces, the three points of PAD emotion responses value of each music setting are distributed in the following 3-D plane in Fig. 5. ...
The study aims at exploring the specific effects of different types of broadcast music in the public spaces of shopping malls on customers’ satisfaction, behavior intention, and emotional responses to the commercial service environment. An experiment was carried out in a laboratory: photos taken and sounds recorded on-site were shown to participants, who were then asked to answer questionnaires based on approach–avoidance behavior and pleasure-arousal-dominance emotion theories. The results showed that background music can increase individuals’ positive evaluation of the environment, facilitate approach behavior, and enhance pleasure and dominance emotions, while foreground music can increase arousal distinctly. The effect of music in a large atrium space is significantly greater when compared to other spaces. Men have a higher level of satisfaction and arousal than do women with specific music settings, while older people are less sensitive to music than their younger counterparts and more tolerant of the environment.
... Intraoperative music reduced postoperative pain, whilst postoperative music reduced stress/anxiety, pain and morphine intake. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999). ...
... Listening to relaxing music decreases stress and anxiety, and reduces cortisol levels, heart rate, and blood pressure in people across all ages (Fukui and Yamashita, 2003;Knight and Rickard, 2001;Pelletier, 2004;Tansik and Routhieaux, 1999). Music interventions have also been shown to reduce cortisol levels before, during and after invasive surgical procedures (Koelsch et al., 2011;Nilsson et al., 2005). ...
... Therefore, the author stresses on the importance of selecting the appropriate art for patients. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) highlight the importance of music in a hospital. Research has shown the positive effect of music in releasing patient stress, improving patient satisfaction and increasing patient recovery rate. ...
... Nonetheless, the physical environment of the waiting area is evaluated immediately. Accordingly, Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) conclude that the hospital physical environment can affect the immediate perception and evaluation of the hospital service by customers. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to combine the two fields of transformative service research (TSR) and evidence-based design (EBD) to improve the healthcare service provided in hospitals. TSR and EBD are two separate research fields that aim to improve the well-being of consumers within the service sector. Research propositions for making changes in the hospital physical environment to improve the patient well-being are developed to link the two fields.
Design/methodology/approach
This work takes a theoretical approach to develop research propositions based on the literature. The research propositions guide the development of the framework developed for future studies under TSR and EBD.
Findings
The research propositions should be tested empirically in future studies to develop a methodology for transforming a hospital physical environment. The implementation of these propositions would allow hospitals to reach a new and more sustainable competitive advantage.
Originality/value
The relationship between the domains of TSR and EBD has not been explored before in the literature. This study presents an unprecedented work that is needed to improve patient well-being. It contributes to TSR and EBD by providing a research agenda for healthcare practitioners and researchers to pave the way for achieving improved healthcare services focusing on patient well-being and sustainability.
... Heightened anxiety concerning medical appointments may potentially result in diminished treatment compliance and compromised executive functioning during appointments. In past investigations, researchers have utilized music in an attempt to influence patients' anxiety and satisfaction while in waiting rooms (Cooke, Chaboyer, & Hiratos, 2005;Cooper & Foster, 2008;Holm & Fitzmaurice, 2008;Jared, 2003;Silverman, Christenson, Golden, & Chaput-McGovern, 2012;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999). Generally, researchers have found that music in waiting room environments can be associated with decreased anxiety levels but the music does not seem to have a significant effect on patient satisfaction. ...
... However, as the music was mostly delivered via headphones, it may have limited social interactions between patients that may have resulted in decreased opportunities for normalization and universalization. Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) found that playing (what the authors considered to be) slow and relaxing recorded music in a surgery waiting room had a significant effect on reducing the stress and anxiety of visitors. Although there was no difference between experimental and control groups regarding their level of satisfaction with the hospital, participants who were more relaxed tended to have higher satisfaction levels. ...
Effects of Live Music in Oncology Waiting Rooms: Two Mixed Methods Pilot Studies
Michael J. Silverman
Abstract
Although music is frequently utilized in medical waiting rooms in an attempt to potentially decrease anxiety and enhance the environment, the mechanisms of how and why music might impact waiting rooms are not yet understood. More specifically, it is unclear how live music might affect environmental factors, patients, caregivers, staff, and the performing musicians. The purpose of these mixed methods pilot studies was to investigate the perceptions of patients, musicians, and staff members who experienced live music in gynecological oncology (Phase I) and chemotherapy (Phase II) waiting rooms. Using embedded mixed methods designs, the researchers collected quantitative data via a post-visit clinic survey concerning various measures of patients’ and caregivers’ experiences given live music (experimental group) or no music (control group). Qualitative data were collected via open-ended staff questionnaires, musicians’ reflexive journaling, focus groups including the researchers and staff supervisors, and an open-ended item on the patient survey. The researchers used an inductive approach to identify themes from qualitative data. Concerning quantitative results, there were no significant differences between control and experimental groups on any measure except “Overall Clinic Environment” in Phase I. In this measure, the experimental condition had a higher rating than the control condition. However, the assumption of homogeneity of variance was violated due to the small control group sample size. Emerging themes from qualitative data included: Live music distracted patients resulting in positive affective and physical changes; Staff experienced positive affective and environmental benefits of live music; Musician sensitivity, quality, and repertoire; Live music facilitated interaction and ensuing sense of community; and Appreciation and positive experiences. Staff members in both phases supported and recommended the continued use of live music in both waiting rooms. Patients, caregivers, staff members, and musicians tended to have positive perceptions of live music in the waiting rooms. Live music may facilitate increased interaction, positive affective changes, distractions from potentially stressful appointments, and appreciation. Limitations of the study, suggestions for future research, and implications for clinical practice are provided.
Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/ijmpa.v3n1a1
... Similarly, Dijkstra (2009) reported that playing classical music in a waiting area of a dental clinic reduced anxiety and stress as compared to a no music condition. Nevertheless, a differing view was put forward by Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) whereby the researchers suggested that Western classical music did not affect visitors' perceptions and evaluations of the service quality provided by the hospitals, although it did elevate mood states. Instrumental music that also contained some nature sounds was considered more pleasant and relaxing than Western classical music (Fenko & Loock, 2014). ...
Objectives:
To assess the impact of different types of background music on patients' anxiety and perceptions in a healthcare setting.
Background:
An overwhelming number of studies in the West have been conducted on the use of background music in reducing patients' anxiety and their perception of hospitals. Despite the optimism for Western classical music in such settings, evidence documenting the successful use of this genre of music in waiting rooms across other people groups has, thus far, been inconclusive.
Method:
A single-blind randomized study in which a total of 303 participants were recruited from both surgery and radiology clinics using a between-groups experimental design. Patients were seated in the waiting room for at least 20 min while music (Western classical, lo-fi) or no music was playing in the background. Participants were then required to complete a questionnaire that consisted of a shortened 6-item State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), and eight questions relating to overall perceptions of the hospital.
Results:
The results from both clinics revealed that patients in the no music condition rated themselves as feeling significantly less anxious than those in either of the two music conditions. Patients' perceptions of the hospital's overall service and expectations were higher in the no music condition.
Conclusions:
Firstly, the choice of background music should match the differing pace of the day; for example, a more upbeat song would better fit the mood of a busy clinic, leading to a more "congruent" atmosphere. Secondly, playing background music in a "task-oriented" and highly charged/anxious environment may increase arousal levels, which in turn could result in negative perceptions of the hospital and an increase in anxiety among patients. Finally, music is a cultural product and music that primes certain beliefs in one culture may not have similar effects among other people groups. Hence, specific curated playlists are necessary to convey "intentions" to different people groups.
... A customer's first impression of an organization is based on the displays, the lighting, the music, the color scheme, and the arrangement of the environment (Sweeney and Wyber 2002;Schlosser 1998). Research has shown that certain variables in the service environment can lead to store patronage (Baker et al 2002), increased sales (North et al 2007;Garlin and Owen 2006), purchase intentions Baker et al 1992) improved mood (Tansik and Routhieaux 1999;Bruner 1990) impulse purchases (Matilla and Wirtz 2001), time spent in store (Oakes 2000;Yalch and Spangenberg 1993;Milliman 1982,), and increased customer satisfaction (Lin 2010;Peevers et al 2009). ...
... The connection is less evident with other activities (preparation and productivity, relaxation and leisure, and social connection and sharing) which possibly explains why there is limited research investigating the correlation between these activities and health literacy. Relaxation and social support have been previously described in other studies of waiting areas evaluating their respective effects on patient experience (Cohn, 2001;Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999) but their impact on health literacy remains unknown. With regards to "preparation," the "Choosing Wisely" campaign encourages health services to share resources in waiting areas to assist consumers to prepare for their imminent appointment (Maine Quality Counts, 2015). ...
In this research, we explore and theorize on the potential of hospital outpatient rehabilitation waiting areas to respond and contribute to the health literacy needs of consumers. Constructivist grounded theory informed the sampling and analytical procedures. Thirty-three consumers attending outpatient rehabilitation for a range of health conditions were recruited to this multi-site study. Semi-structured interview and participant observation data were collected and analyzed concurrently using the constant comparison method. The substantive theory of “seeking choice to fulfill health literacy needs” and five interdependent categories were developed. Results indicated that consumers sought choice reflective of their needs; however, the waiting area offered limited choice. Consumers shared ideas to address the lack of choice. Results provide insight into the health literacy needs of consumers in hospital outpatient waiting areas and how health services can appropriately respond to these needs. Future research should investigate the effect of health service environments on health outcomes.
... In a narrative review, a researcher reported that compared to silence, use of soothing music could reduce stress and blood pressure among patients and caregiving nurses [29]. Music has been used in hospital setting among children, [30]- [33] in supportive cancer care, [34], [35] in psychiatric patients, [36] among the mentally retarded, [37] for the elderly for psychologic wellbeing, [38] in hospital waiting rooms, [39] for relieving anxiety in preoperative setting, [40] in intensive coronary care unit, [41] in anxiety care among the terminally ill [42], [43] and for anxiety and pain care [44]- [46]. A proposal has been made for music usage in many hospital settings [47]. ...
Aim: To determine the opinion of operating theatre users on the role of operating theatre background music on theatre users and patients in tertiary health care facilities in Port Harcourt. Background: The relationship between music and health has been described by researchers. Music has been used in several hospital settings with effects which some consider beneficial and others harmful. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among theatre users from March to June 2020 in two multispecialty tertiary healthcare facilities in Port Harcourt Nigeria. Using the convenience sampling method, data collected with pretested semi-structured questionnaires were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: One hundred and twenty-one (82.9%) respondents asserted to knowledge of relationship between music and stress hormone. 97 (66.4%) agreed that music has positive effect on workers in the operating theatre. One hundred and seventeen (80.1%) respondents were of the opinion that background music in the operating theatre is not a distraction, while 22 (15.1%) respondents felt otherwise. One hundred and forty-four (98.8%) respondents agreed to usefulness of background music while at work. High proportion of respondents who lack knowledge of the relationship between stress hormone and music had no preference for operating theatre background music and the relationship was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Operating theatre background music is useful as opined by the majority of operating theatre staff, though its preference is low among those with less knowledge of the positive relationship between such music and stress hormones.
... En resumen, la música ha mostrado tener impacto en diferentes varia bles afectivas como el estado de ánimo, la emoción y el placer; variables financieras, como el gasto y las compras; variables de actitudes y percep ciones, como lealtad de marca y calidad en el servicio; y otras variables de comportamiento, como frecuencia de consumo, elección de pro ductos y tráfico en tiendas (Bitner, 1992;Holbrook y Gardner, 1993;Tansik y Routheaux, 1999;Turley y Milliman, 2000;Grewal et al., 2003;Garlin y Owen, 2006;Andersson et al., 2012). Estos efectos se han encontrado en diferentes contextos de consumo, tales como tiendas, centros comercia les y bares (Jacob, 2006;Jain y Bagdare, 2011;Morrison et al., 2011). ...
La presente obra es resultado de una serie de reflexiones teóricas, conceptuales y metodológicas de los editores en el marco del proyecto de investigación titulado «Consumo de cerveza entre los millennials del área metropolitana de Monterrey: hábitos, motivaciones y efectos en su percepción de bienestar y procesos de socialización», el cual ha sido financiado por el Consejo de Investigación sobre Salud y Cerveza de México.
... En resumen, la música ha mostrado tener impacto en diferentes varia bles afectivas como el estado de ánimo, la emoción y el placer; variables financieras, como el gasto y las compras; variables de actitudes y percep ciones, como lealtad de marca y calidad en el servicio; y otras variables de comportamiento, como frecuencia de consumo, elección de pro ductos y tráfico en tiendas (Bitner, 1992;Holbrook y Gardner, 1993;Tansik y Routheaux, 1999;Turley y Milliman, 2000;Grewal et al., 2003;Garlin y Owen, 2006;Andersson et al., 2012). Estos efectos se han encontrado en diferentes contextos de consumo, tales como tiendas, centros comercia les y bares (Jacob, 2006;Jain y Bagdare, 2011;Morrison et al., 2011). ...
Este texto tiene como objetivo analizar el consumo de cerveza en relación con el género. Se quiere exponer que el consumo de cerveza en México sí puede estar asociado a un imaginario social, como los prejuicios y la representación de roles de género, pese a los logros y avances sobre equidad de género propios de sociedades acordes con el liberalismo moderno. Para el logro del objetivo, la metodología que se aplicó fue el análisis crítico con una perspectiva de género, tomando dos fuentes de datos. Por un lado, se examinaron datos estadísticos oficiales sobre el consumo de alcohol (y cerveza) en México y también datos empíricos del consumo de cerveza en Monterrey y su área metropolitana, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos de enfoque con consumidores millennials, es decir, aquellas personas nacidas entre 1980 y 1994 (American Marketing Association, 2020).
... The appropriate placement of feng shui elements, which are specific for Chinese culture, can also help improve the comfort of waiting [34]. The introduction of natural sound sources helps to stabilize the psychological state of a waiting crowd [35], and appropriate music also helps relieve the waiting stress [36]. At the same time, efficient natural ventilation can reduce the risk of disease transmission at a low cost [37]. ...
Subjective evaluation is an important topic in the study of hospital indoor air quality. This study investigates air environment perception and factors influencing that perception in different types of waiting spaces in large general hospitals. Field interviews and questionnaires were conducted in six typical large general hospitals in Harbin. First, we found that the rates of air environment dissatisfaction with halls spaces and corridor spaces were less than 20%. The air environment satisfaction with corridor spaces was significantly higher than it was with hall space, with an increase of 0.31; however, air environment acceptability was similar for both. Second, air stuffiness was the most important factor affecting air environment satisfaction. At the same time, crowd density and waiting time only affected satisfaction with hall spaces. The threshold for satisfaction with crowd density was approximately 1 person/m². Participants reported the least amount of satisfaction with the quality of acoustic environments and air environments, but these rates of satisfaction were closely related. Finally, in hall spaces, the higher the air environment satisfaction, the lower the anxiety and the higher the pleasure. The air environment satisfaction experienced by younger participants was significantly higher than that of older participants, with an increase of 0.39. In corridor spaces, the air environment satisfaction of patients and females was higher than that of escorts and males, with an increase of 0.62 and 0.31 respectively. Based on these results, this study provides recommendations for optimizing the air environment in large general hospitals.
... Music can have diverse effects on consumer behaviors, including emotion (Bitner, 1992;Tansik and Routhieaux, 1999;Eroglu et al., 2005;North et al., 2016), purchasing (North et al., 1999;Alpert et al., 2005), brand attitude and loyalty (Chebat et al., 2001;Grewal et al., 2003), subjective time recognition and time of stay in a store (Holbrook and Anand, 1990), and other behavioral variables (Turley and Milliman, 2000). In the past, consumers automatically accepted the spaces given to them based on the products they chose to purchase. ...
The mood and atmosphere of a service setting are essential factors in the way customers evaluate their shopping experience in a retail store environment. Scholars have shown that background music has a strong effect on consumer behavior. Retailers design novel environments in which appropriate music can elevate the shopping experience. While previous findings highlight the effects of background music on consumer behavior, the extent to which recognition of store atmosphere varies with genre of background music in sales spaces is unknown. We conducted an eye tracking experiment to evaluate the effect of background music on the perceived atmosphere of a service setting. We used a 2 (music genre: jazz song with slow tempo vs. dance song with fast tempo) × 1 (visual stimuli: image of coffee shop) within-subject design to test the effect of music genre on visual perception of a physical environment. Results show that the fixation values during the slow tempo music were at least two times higher than the fixation values during the fast tempo music and that the blink values during the fast tempo music were at least two times higher than the blink values during the slow tempo music. Notably, initial and maximum concentration differed by music type. Our findings also indicate that differences in scan paths and locations between the slow tempo music and the fast tempo music changed over time. However, average fixation values were not significantly different between the two music types.
... Research exploring the impact of music and visual art on individuals has focused primarily on anxiety. For example, participants reported significantly lower levels of anxiety when classical music was playing in the waiting room of an emergency department (Holm & Fitzmaurice, 2008), a surgery waiting room (Tansik & Routhieaux, 1999), and a radiation therapy waiting room, when they liked the music (Cooper & Foster, 2008). Inpatients with cancer who attended a live music concert reported lower anxiety after the concert (Toccafondi et al., 2017a), and patients hospitalized when a live music concert took place reported lower anxiety at discharge than those hospitalized at a time during which a concert did not take place (Toccafondi et al., 2017b). ...
Background:
Visual art and music have been found to improve the emotions and moods of patients and healthcare staff, and attendance of live performances has been shown to foster social interaction.
Objectives:
The aim of the study was to explore the effects of a visual artist on patients and nursing staff in an outpatient chemotherapy treatment environment.
Methods:
During an eight-week period, an artist painted in an outpatient chemotherapy treatment room, either interacting with patients (six weeks) or quietly painting while wearing headphones (two weeks). A total of 73 surveys were completed by patients and staff, providing quantitative and qualitative data about anxiety, distraction, enjoyment, and social interaction.
Findings:
Patients evaluated the experience positively, whether the artist was interacting with them or not. However, according to patient- and staff-reported data, greater social interaction occurred during the interaction weeks. Nurses reported that the artist's presence made their job easier, with a stronger effect observed during the interaction weeks.
... In sum, the effects of using background music to influence consumer behavior in different settings and situations have been widely recognized in service and retail contexts (Baker et al., 1992;Grewal et al., 2003). Music impacts arousal and pleasure (Bitner, 1992;Tansik and Routheaux, 1999), financial returns (North et al., 2000), attitudes and perception (Chebat et al., 1993;Grewal et al., 2003), temporal effects (Holbrook and Gardner, 1993) and behavioral variables (Garlin and Owen, 2006;Andersson et al., 2012). ...
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the psychological influence that the presence of music has on consumers’ evaluations of the service environment. Specifically, it investigates how emotion regulation processes and the impact of emotions/mood are linked to consumers’ evaluation of service and product quality.
Design/methodology/approach
An exploratory study was conducted using industry professionals in order to garner insight about the value of music and its benefits in the service environment. A field experiment was then conducted to test hypotheses.
Findings
Industry professionals offer implicit theories about the value of music. Specifically, they propose that music can be used to help customers regulate emotions and improve mood, enhance the customer experience and help in attracting new consumer segments. Results from the field experiment found that those exposed to music were likely to improve mood, express more favorable evaluations of the service and product quality of the establishment, as well as exhibit stronger intentions to continue to patronize the establishment.
Practical implications
Using live music in the service environment can be beneficial to organizations by improving customers’ emotional/psychological status as well as their evaluation of the consumption experience.
Originality/value
This research contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating how emotion regulation processes and the impact of emotions/mood are linked to consumers’ evaluation of service and product quality. Also, support for mood congruency judgment is found. Participants in the field study who had been exposed to music indicated that they made efforts to improve their mood and subsequently had more favorable judgments of service and product quality.
... This is in line with research conducted by Tansik and Routhieaux (1997) which stated that the relaxing music in the waiting room can effectively alleviate the stress and enhance the positive effect of relaxation than when it is devoid of music. 6 The Fish Bone diagram analysis result in terms of four factors revealed that the main problem is the uncertainty of estimated waiting time. ...
... Background music is an ambient environmental variable which is capable of evoking complex emotional, cognitive and physiological responses (e.g., Grewe et al, 2007;Magnini and Parker, 2009;Tansik and Routhieaux, 1999). Studies have revealed that music influences the experience of time (e.g., Bailey and Areni, 2006;Kellaris and Kent, 1992;Kellaris, Mantel and Altsech, 1996;Yalch and Spangenberg, 2000), but the area has been plagued by contradictory findings. ...
Much research in the field of public transport takes the approach that ravel time is lost time and values time as the ratio of the marginal utilities of time and money. As such, travel time is considered as a disutility or cost, but a view is emerging that some people actually enjoy travel time in the act of travel itself, and that travel time can be experienced intrinsically as meaningful and pleasurable. Although time can be spent on different activities (e.g., work, leisure, travel), people only have a limited amount of time to spent, (i.e., twenty-four hours per day), and they will allocate time and money budgets dependent on context and motivation. Following the pioneering work of Becker on the allocation of time, it can be postulated that an hour spent on a meaningful activity is more valuable than an hour spent on a less valuable activity. As such, the value of travel time is not only related to hours and money spent but also to the value of time as experienced by the passenger. In this article we present what the impact is when we look at the psychologically experienced time, using two case studies which show the impact on the service quality of a railway operator.
... Cognitive, emotional and behavioural dimensions of shopping Effects of music on consumers seem to be mediated by tempo, volume and gender Alpert and Alpert 1990;Babin et al. 1994;Turley and Milliman 2000;Chebat et al. 2001;Grewal et al. 2003;Andersson et al. 2012;Konečni 2008Bitner, 1992Dubé et al. 1995;Tansik and Routheaux 1999;Turley and Milliman 2000;Mattila and Wirtz 2001;Eroglu et al. 2005;Garlin and Owen 2006;Vaccaro 2009;Demoulin 2011;De Farias 2014Jain and Bagdare 2011Smith and Curnow 1966Milliman 1982;Kellaris and Rice 1993;Yalch and Spangenberg 2000;Caldwell and Hibbert, 2002;Kellaris and Altsech 2002;Eroglu et al. 2005;Forsyth and Cloonan 2008;Pentecost and Andrews 2010;Andersson et al. 2012;Knöferle et al. 2012; Strengthening the relation customer-brand Lahey 2000; Morrison and Beverland 2003 Perception of the store Store choice and in-store traffic flow Evaluation of the store Eliciting positive associations towards the store Hui et al. 1997;Grewal et al. 2003 Turley andMilliman, 2000;Garlin and Owen, 2006Spangenberg et al. 2005Treasure, 2007Krishna, 2013 Patronage and word-of-mouth Hatfield et al. 1994;Tombs and McColl-Kennedy 2003;Barger and Grandey 2006Baker and Cameron 1996Naylor and Frank 2000Ford 1995Kim and Kim 2010;Kim andKim 2012 Swinyard 1995;Grove and Fisk 1997;Tsai and Huang 2002;Kelley andHoffman 2006 Hawes et al. 1993;Sharma and Stafford 2000;Dubinsky 2003 Biong andSelnes 1997;Naylor and Frank 2000;Darian et al. 2001;Hunt and Price 2002;Barger and Grandey 2006;Henning-Thurau et al. 2006;Gwinner 2008 Pugh 2001;Tsai 2001;Tsai and Huang 2002 5. Beginning of the experience Freedom to move around Freedom to look around but under scrutiny Open approach w/o judgement Reassurance on waiting times Perception of waiting time duration Impulse buying Customer positive experience Customer satisfaction Baker and Cameron 1996;Eroglu et al. 2005b;Pan and Siemens 2011;Kim and Kim 2012Mattila and Wirtz 2008Jones 1999Speer 1995Litvan 1996 ...
... Cognitive, emotional and behavioural dimensions of shopping Effects of music on consumers seem to be mediated by tempo, volume and gender Alpert and Alpert 1990;Babin et al. 1994;Turley and Milliman 2000;Chebat et al. 2001;Grewal et al. 2003;Andersson et al. 2012;Konečni 2008Bitner, 1992Dubé et al. 1995;Tansik and Routheaux 1999;Turley and Milliman 2000;Mattila and Wirtz 2001;Eroglu et al. 2005;Garlin and Owen 2006;Vaccaro 2009;Demoulin 2011;De Farias 2014Jain and Bagdare 2011Smith and Curnow 1966Milliman 1982;Kellaris and Rice 1993;Yalch and Spangenberg 2000;Caldwell and Hibbert, 2002;Kellaris and Altsech 2002;Eroglu et al. 2005;Forsyth and Cloonan 2008;Pentecost and Andrews 2010;Andersson et al. 2012;Knöferle et al. 2012; Strengthening the relation customer-brand Lahey 2000; Morrison and Beverland 2003 Perception of the store Store choice and in-store traffic flow Evaluation of the store Eliciting positive associations towards the store Hui et al. 1997;Grewal et al. 2003 Turley andMilliman, 2000;Garlin and Owen, 2006Spangenberg et al. 2005Treasure, 2007Krishna, 2013 Patronage and word-of-mouth Hatfield et al. 1994;Tombs and McColl-Kennedy 2003;Barger and Grandey 2006Baker and Cameron 1996Naylor and Frank 2000Ford 1995Kim and Kim 2010;Kim andKim 2012 Swinyard 1995;Grove and Fisk 1997;Tsai and Huang 2002;Kelley andHoffman 2006 Hawes et al. 1993;Sharma and Stafford 2000;Dubinsky 2003 Biong andSelnes 1997;Naylor and Frank 2000;Darian et al. 2001;Hunt and Price 2002;Barger and Grandey 2006;Henning-Thurau et al. 2006;Gwinner 2008 Pugh 2001;Tsai 2001;Tsai and Huang 2002 5. Beginning of the experience Freedom to move around Freedom to look around but under scrutiny Open approach w/o judgement Reassurance on waiting times Perception of waiting time duration Impulse buying Customer positive experience Customer satisfaction Baker and Cameron 1996;Eroglu et al. 2005b;Pan and Siemens 2011;Kim and Kim 2012Mattila and Wirtz 2008Jones 1999Speer 1995Litvan 1996 ...
... Songs that are chosen by patients are increasingly being used to calm surgical patients in waiting rooms prior to their procedures or other medical procedures to calm and distract them. 37 In LTC settings, nurses could play background music while providing care (eg, dressing, bathing, toileting, feeding) to patients with AD. This music may make the experience less challenging for residents, particularly those who display symptoms of anxiety or agitation when care is being provided. ...
Sound stimulation is an important approach to consider when working with patients with Alzheimer's disease. Both music and other forms of sound stimulation can contribute to improved health and well-being and are often easily implemented in the long-term care (LTC) environment. This paper provides an overview of the two basic approaches to the use of sound with persons in LTC (music therapy and music medicine), as well as a discussion of considerations for implementing various types of sound stimulation in the LTC setting.
... It is a good choice to take a rest when people feel stressful, but it is not that easy to do so. Previous research showed that different colors [14] and music [15][16][17] can influence people's stress level. It is possible to offer a room with proper lights and songs to help stressful people get relaxed in a short time by sitting inside it. ...
A cyber-physical system (CPS) is a system of leveraging computational elements controlling physical entities that is widely applied in our daily life for all kinds of purpose. It helps us build smart devices and make life become much easier. In this report, two projects were designed to show the idea that how cyber-physical system works in human daily life. The first project is designed for personal security, especially for one of the most dangerous job: security service. It helps user defend his back while he/she is in a tough situation while he or she is alone. First there will be a passive infrared sensor working as a threshold and it also helps make sure the target is a human being. Then a web camera will start to work and take pictures of the user’s blind area. A face detection algorithm will be applied to those pictures to locate the position of the target. Finally two servo motors will work together to rotate to a certain degree, pointing the laser pointer to the target’s body to show the warning. A prototype is built to show that the idea works. The second project is focused on the mental stress problem in daily life. Based on the fact that proper light and music can help people get relaxed, a system is designed to help people find out the right choices. The system will be trained to learn a user’s preferences on the brightness and hues of colors, as well as the speed and emotion tone of the music. A commercial product of galvanic skin response sensor is used to indicate the stress level of the user as the response of the training process.
... Songs that are chosen by patients are increasingly being used to calm surgical patients in waiting rooms prior to their procedures or other medical procedures to calm and distract them. 37 In LTC settings, nurses could play background music while providing care (eg, dressing, bathing, toileting, feeding) to patients with AD. This music may make the experience less challenging for residents, particularly those who display symptoms of anxiety or agitation when care is being provided. ...
... embodied) meaning of music. Moreover, Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) demonstrate that music reduces pre-surgical anxiety. They find that music reduces cortisol levels in the saliva of patients (cortisol being an important hormone in the body, secreted by the adrenal glands, and an indicator of stress). ...
We demonstrate that ambient sounds influence consumers’ feelings of safety in public spaces. These feelings are mediated by perceived social presence, so that when perceived social presence is higher, perceived safety is higher. Different ambient sounds convey social presence to varying degrees and hence have disparate effects on perceived safety.
... embodied) meaning of music. Moreover, Tansik and Routhieaux (1999) demonstrate that music reduces pre-surgical anxiety. They find that music reduces cortisol levels in the saliva of patients (cortisol being an important hormone in the body, secreted by the adrenal glands, and an indicator of stress). ...
Within the wide range of virtual consumption experience (TV commercials, online shopping), consumers can see or hear a product, but cannot touch it. If numerous studies have focused on the visual dimension of the packaging, the sense of touch has been the least studied sense in marketing and the auditory modalities (sound) have been largely neglected. In this research, we suggest that the sound of a packaging can create an evaluative response about its physical features even though the haptic sense is not activated. We also expect physical features of a packaging wrap to influence customers’ evaluation of the product. Using an experimental study, we show that consumers effectively use auditory cues to infer packaging and product quality.
The intrinsic aim of delivering healthcare service is strictly related to patients’ wellbeing and quality of life. As the Transformative Service Research (TSR) suggests, successful interaction among several entities and users is crucial to realize wellbeing outcomes, such as access, literacy, decreasing disparity, and enhancing health and happiness.In the healthcare setting, value co-creation and physical environment affect psychological, existential, support, and physical components of wellbeing, including the eudaimonic and hedonic spheres.Digitization contributes in several ways: intensifying value co-creation activities by creating more opportunities for interactions outside the physical environment; moreover, technologies can reduce the sufferings on human lives and society through prevention, early detection, diagnosis, remote care, telehealth, and real-time communication. The chapter proposes a conceptual framework to enlighten the linkage between wellbeing, value co-creation, and physical environment.KeywordsWellbeingTransformative service researchAgenda 2030Quality of life
Bu çalışmanın amacı otel işletmelerinin ambiyansının otel imajına ve turist memnuniyetine etkisini araştırmaktır. Nicel bir veri toplama yöntemi olan anket tekniğinden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evreni, Alanya’daki otel işletmelerine gelen turistler oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla turistlere yüz yüze anket uygulanarak toplamda 420 anket içerisinde verileri eksik olan 34 anket çıkarılmış ve geriye kalan 386 anket ile çalışmanın analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, otel ambiyansının otel imajına ve turist memnuniyetine olumlu etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda otel işletmeleri imajlarını güçlendirmeleri için öncelikli olarak oteldeki ambiyansı daha nitelikli hale getirmelidirler. Ambiyans ve imajın güçlenmesi memnuniyeti ve sonrasında sadakati artıracaktır.
While digital technologies and digital devices have made our lives more convenient and efficient, they are associated with physical, mental, and social problems. In response to this, people desire to temporarily ditch their digital devices and refrain from the always-wired world when holidaying. This study examines factors that drive travellers to take a digital detox holiday (DDH), drawing on uses and gratifications theory. We used a mixed methods approach by carrying out a qualitative study followed by two quantitative studies. Through the qualitative study, we identified eight motives of the DDH: mindfulness, technostress, self-expression, social bonding, nature connectedness, relaxation, escapism, and novelty. Through the quantitative studies, we explored the factor structure of the DDH motives and tested the research model that explicates how the eight factors predict the intention to take a DDH. We found that mindfulness, technostress, relaxation, and self-expression each determine the traveller’s DDH intention.
Purpose
The aim of this paper is to be a "Call to Arms" for researching the impact of the changes to the mind body and senses with age on the design of the Servicescape.
Design/methodology/approach
Personal insight on servicescape research from someone who is both researcher and a healthy aging individual.
Findings
The over 65’s represent the only growing part of the market in most of the developed world and hence are of growing importance to service businesses the past 20 years this age group, more than any other, has seen significant improvements in health and a consequential increase in spending. Age brings with it changes directly relevant to the evaluation of the service experience and to consumer co-production. Very little is known about the impact of those changes.
Practical implications
Service businesses urgently need to recognize the opportunity and develop a strategy to deal with it. They will need to develop age neutral servicescapes offering all ages the same quality of experience and the same co-production facilities.
Social implications
Ageism is one of the major issues facing society today. Consumer ageism is a real issue that permeates the design of the servicescape and potentially services research. Research of all kinds is urgently needed to attack ageism.
Originality/value
This paper provides fresh insights into an emerging area that needs to have a higher priority. It is based upon the existing research on the servicescape and a multi-disciplinary view of ageing.
Purpose
This study aims to develop a model to analyze the effect of background music on Islamic consumer purchase behavior regarding to ambiguity in the Islamic texts.
Design/methodology/approach
In this experimental design, the population included chain store consumers in Tehran, among whom more than 17,000 consumers were selected during 42 days. ANOVA was used to analyze the collected data.
Findings
Based on the results, playing music in a store could significantly influence the total sales and average purchase value, while no positive role was observed on the number of purchases. Furthermore, dual impression form Islam viewpoints regarding music was observed in the present study as it failed to affect the number of sales in spite of influencing the amount of sales. Individuals affected by music buy more expensive goods, which may indicate that those who buy more luxury goods are less inclined to Islamic views or are inclined to those views which regards playing music as legitimate.
Research limitations/implications
Store managers and marketers in Islamic nation are recommended to play pop music in their store to improve total sales. Managers in islamic nation should play some music when they offer more luxury and less ordinary goods. Although the present study attempted to control potential intervening variables to increase validity, controlling intervening variables is a serious limitation for conducting a field study. Uncontrollable intervening variables established by other media are considered as another limitation in this study.
Originality/value
For the first time, this study sheds some light on how the types of background music influences on the Islamic consumers. The study shows the ambiguity in the islamic texts and the differences in the judgments of religious regarding playing music to muslim consumer.
The core function of marketing is to discover and stimulate opportunities for firms output ([1], p. 10). In doing so, market research plays an important role in gathering information that is crucial for making business decisions ([2], p. 36). Market research is extremely important, especially for technology-based companies to understand customer direct and latent needs ([3], p. 1003).
Il mercato della musica ha subito notevoli cambiamenti negli ultimi decenni. Dagli anni ’60 ad oggi, infatti, si sono susseguite numerose tecnologie per la sua fruizione, dalla musicassetta sino al dominio di Internet. Questi enormi cambiamenti hanno reso possibile il passaggio da un modello economico di produzione di massa e distribuzione fisica del prodotto musicale a quello dello scambio di file via Internet. Tuttavia, nonostante i profondi scossoni all’industria musicale, i dati evidenziano che il vinile, supporto legato al passato, tiene ancora nelle vendite e mantiene ancora il suo status di unicità. A tal fine questa ricerca ha l’obiettivo di esplorare, mediante 15 interviste in profondità l’approccio al vinile di un campione di consumatori di musica e la coesistenza di modelli alternativi di fruizione, quali il digitale ed il vinile stesso. In seguito all’analisi della letteratura scientifica sul tema, lo studio si focalizza sui contenuti delle interviste e sulle implicazioni che ne derivano.
Il mercato della musica, con l’inizio del nuovo millennio, ha subito dei profondi cambiamenti, che hanno rivoluzionato le modalità di fruizione della stessa. Attraverso questo studio, di carattere esplorativo ed ancora in itinere, si vuole analizzare l’impatto delle nuove tecnologie e di quelle del passato su diversi target di età, con il fine di poter comprendere le motivazioni in base alle quali alcuni supporti più diffusi nel passato (vinile in primis) riescano ancora a svolgere un importante ruolo nell’attuale mercato, dominato comunque dal supporto digitale.
BACKGROUND: The relaxing effect of music has been shown to reduce stress induced subjective anxiety and improve the performance of stressful cognitive tasks. OBJECTIVE: This experimental study evaluated the effect of music and induced mental load in a word processing task in terms of correct strokes and accuracy, typing force, variability of typing force and EMG (electromyography) of extensor digitorum muscle. METHODS: Eight subjects participated in the study. A 2 × 2 repeated measure design was adopted, with or without background music, and with or without induced mental load. A computer algorithm detected the shift, drift and fidget patterns of finger and hand movements, which caused the variation of the typing force. RESULTS: Although the overall typing productivity was compromised by music by 3.1%, the beneficial effect of music was the reduction of standard deviation of typing force by 23.2%, indicating a smoother or less erratic hand movement during typing. CONCLUSIONS: The behavior change by music resulted in reduction in hand motions during typing may reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorder related to typing task.
Stress Management is getting more and more attention now-a-days, particularly in the financial sectors. There is no such thing like stress- free job. Everyone in their work is exposed to tension and anxiety as they gets through the duties assigned to them. Banking industry which is the backbone of the country’s economy is not an exceptional one. The job nature of banking employees is very tedious as it involves the direct customer interaction in all levels. So this study aims to analyse the level of stress faced by bank employees who are under different categories from both public and private sectors of selected banks which resides in Tamilnadu.
The impact of music on ameliorating anxiety, improving mood, and enhancing patient satisfaction has been previously established. Given the heightened importance of mental health services in recent years and the perceived stigma associated with seeking psychiatric treatment, music may play an important role in mitigating negative affective states that would otherwise prevent patients from accessing care. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the effects of recorded music on patient satisfaction and anxiety among adult consumers awaiting a mental health evaluation. This study employed a two-group, cluster-randomized design to investigate the effects of recorded music on adults in an outpatient mental health clinic. Participants in the experimental condition were exposed to a recorded music program for up to 30 min while completing clinical background paperwork. Those in the control condition completed their paperwork without the recorded music program. Two instruments, a researcher-designed Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale, served as the dependent measures. There was a significant effect suggesting that participants in the music group were more satisfied than those in the control condition. There was no such finding for anxiety. This study may provide some empirical support for, and encourage wider spread adoption of, the cost efficient use of music in mental health settings.
This study concerns the effect that music has on consumer behavior in two different retail contexts during regular opening hours. Two studies were conducted in a field setting with consumers (N=550). Consumers were recruited to answer questions regarding behavioral measures, attitudes, and mood during days when background music was played. The conclusions from the two studies are that music affects consumer behavior, but also that the type of retail store and gender influences both the strength and direction of the effect.
Background:
Reducing waiting anxiety is an important objective of patient-centered care. Anxiety is linked to negative health outcomes, including longer recovery periods, lowered pain thresholds, and for children in particular, resistance to treatment, nightmares, and separation anxiety. The goals of this study were (1) to systematically review published research aimed at reducing preprocedural waiting anxiety, and (2) to provide directions for future research and development of strategies to manage preprocedural waiting anxiety in health care environments.
Methods:
We performed a systematic review of the literature via ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Medline. Included in this review were studies describing measurable outcomes in response to interventions specifically intended to improve the waiting experience of patients in health care settings. Primary outcomes of interest were stress and anxiety. Exclusion criteria included (a) studies aimed at reducing wait times and management of waiting lists only, (b) waiting in non-health care settings, (c) design of health care facilities with nonspecific strategies pertaining to waiting spaces, (d) strategies to reduce pain or anxiety during the course of medical procedures, and (e) interventions such as massage, acupuncture, or hypnosis that require dedicated staff and/or private waiting environments to administer.
Results:
We identified 8690 studies. Forty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. In adult populations, 33 studies were identified, wherein the effects of music (n = 25), aromatherapy (n = 6), and interior design features (n = 2) were examined. Eight pediatric studies were identified investigating play opportunities (n = 2), media distractions (n = 2), combined play opportunities and media distractions (n = 3), and music (n = 1). Based on results from 1129 adult participants in the 14 studies that evaluated music and permitted meta-analysis, patients who listened to music before a medical procedure exhibited a lowered-state anxiety (-5.1 ± 0.53 points on the State Trait Anxiety Scale) than those who received standard care. The efficacy of aromatherapy was inconclusive. Studies reporting on the impact of improved interior design of waiting areas, while positive, are minimal and heterogeneous. For children, insufficient evidence is available to corroborate the effectiveness of play opportunities, media distractions, and music for mitigating anxiety in children awaiting medical procedures.
Conclusions:
Music is a well-established means of decreasing anxiety in adult patients awaiting medical interventions. The effect of music on children's anxiety is not known. Limited studies and heterogeneity of interventions and methods in the areas of aromatherapy, interior design, digital media, and play opportunities (for children) suggest the need for future research.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate what factors influence the gap between caller's perception of how long they think they waited and how long they actually waited on hold and to determine what call managers can do to reduce this gap called estimation error.
Design/methodology/approach
A field experiment was conducted with a corporation's call center.
Findings
The findings were: the higher the estimation error of callers, the less satisfied they are; music increases estimation error, unless callers can choose the music; waiting information reduces estimation error; callers with urgent issues have more estimation error and they overestimate more; and females have higher estimation error and they overestimate more than males.
Research limitations/implications
Limitations are one call center in one context. Implications are identification of antecedents of overestimation.
Practical implications
The paper provides guidelines for call center managers for reducing estimation error and increasing caller satisfaction. It discusses the need for understanding callers and measuring items that are important to them.
Originality/value
The study investigates an under researched variable called estimation error. Study also provides information about some of the causes for why consumers overestimate or underestimate their waiting time. Study provides guidelines from an actual call center and discusses variables that managers can easily use to decrease estimation error and overestimation.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review that highlights significant findings from empirical research examining the impact of music within various real and simulated service environments.
Design/methodology/approach
– The paper examines the results of studies that have manipulated specific musical variables (genre, tempo, volume, and liking), and attempts to identify consistent patterns of findings to guide managers and researchers. The studies focus upon a range of dependent variables including evaluation of the environment, perceived wait and stay duration, consumption speed, affective response, and spending. Possible explanations for apparently inconsistent findings are discussed.
Findings
– A variety of studies reveal the positive influence of musical congruity upon desired outcomes. Future research proposals identify the need to examine defining‐attribute and prototype theories of musical congruity.
Originality/value
– The review highlights a range of implications drawn from the studies that will be of value to service organization managers who use music as a key component of their servicescape in order to enhance desired cognitive and affective responses.
Selling services supposes that customers and personnel meet. This service encounter is not haphazard. Behind each ordinary exchange, there are rules that everybody is supposed to follow. This paper looks at the different components of service encounter that are relevant for assessing service quality. A dyadic face-to-face survey undertaken in local branches of the ANPE Agency (the French National Agency for Employment) studies the perceptions of both personnel and customers. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, proposes a scale measuring the dimensions of service encounter.
Background:
Background music can be used to distract from ordinary sounds and improve wellbeing in patient care areas. Little is known about individuals' attitudes and beliefs about music versus ordinary sound in this setting.
Objectives:
To assess the preferences of patients, caregivers and healthcare providers regarding background music or ordinary sound in outpatient and inpatient care areas, and to explore their attitudes and perceptions towards music in general.
Methods:
All participants were exposed to background music in outpatient or inpatient clinical settings. 99 consecutive patients, 101 caregivers and 65 out of 70 eligible healthcare providers (93%) completed a survey about music attitudes and preferences. The primary outcome was a preference for background music over ordinary sound in patient care areas.
Results:
Preference for background music was high and similar across groups (70 patients (71%), 71 caregivers (71%) and 46 providers (71%), p=0.58). The three groups had very low disapproval for background music in patient care areas (10%, 9% and 12%, respectively; p=0.91). Black ethnicity independently predicted lower preference for background music (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.23, 0.98). Patients, caregivers and providers reported recent use of music for themselves for the purpose of enjoyment (69%, 80% and 86% respectively p=0.02). Age, gender, religion and education level significantly predicted preferences for specific music styles.
Conclusion:
Background music in patient care areas was preferred to ordinary sound by patients, caregivers and providers. Demographics of the population are strong determinants of music style preferences.
1. Music therapy is a research-based nursing intervention that can be used in perioperative nursing to reduce anxiety and prevent postoperative complications. 2. Music therapy provides patients with some degree of control and the opportunity to participate in their own care. 3. The use of headphones allows the patient to listen to the music without the distraction of other sounds.
A randomized clinical trial was recently conducted to investigate whether a new antiplatelet agent could prevent restenosis in patients who had undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA). Approximately 1,200 patients were enrolled at 13 separate clinical sites. To assess the impact of this intervention on health-related quality of life, a patient questionnaire for telephone administration was developed. This questionnaire focused attention on several specific dimensions likely to be important in this patient population: physical well-being, perceived health, emotional well-being, home management, work, recreation, and social and sexual functioning. This paper describes the instrument that was used in this trial and reports on its psychometric [corrected] properties based on completed interviews with approximately 500 patients at study entry and 1 month after PTCA.
90 female Ss were randomly assigned to one of three groups who responded to a battery of psychological tests while listening to exciting, calm, or no music. The major hypothesis was that the less feminine a woman's orientation the more would exposure to musical stimuli disturb her. This hypothesis was supported by significant negative correlations between femininity and anxiety under both music conditions. Further, femininity correlated with rated pleasantness and warmth of the exciting music and perceived safety and warmth of the calm music. Music also had significant effects on mood and responses to both structured and unstructured psychological tests.
Visual synthesis and analysis of geometric figures were correlated .69, using kindergarten and first-grade Ss. Both skills were correlated with more complex visual construction and Block Design, averaging .62. All 4 tasks were correlated with age (averaging .50) and vocabulary (averaging .33) but only the complex tasks were correlated with SES (averaging .34). Types of errors were analyzed. Basic perceptual abilities evidently operate in both synthesis and analysis and these visual skills are strongly related to higher level cognitive functioning.
Among the many in-store elements purported to impact patrons, background music is a leading feature of academic enquiry [Turley LW, Milliman RE. Atmospheric Effects on Shopping Behavior: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. J Bus Res 2000;49(2):193–211.]. Collectively, research examines a range of retail contexts, focuses on many different dimensions, and, uses different methods to explore the phenomena of background music in commercial settings. Therefore, conclusions are difficult on the extent to which the influences of background music on customer behavior are generalizable. The purpose of this study is to synthesize the results of extant research to identify common effects and the circumstances under which they differ. Our meta-analysis uses a sample size of 148, taken from 32 studies. A conservative approach to the analysis reveal small-to-moderate, yet quite robust effects in terms of background music and the dependents: value returns, behavior duration and affective response.
The role of music in relaxation was examined by having subjects rate their level of relaxation after 15 minutes of either
listening to one of five types of music or sitting in silence. Subjects also rated the pleasurable quality of the experience,
ability to empty the mind, and liking of the music. No single type of music was found to lead to significantly more relaxation;
however, atonal music produced significantly less relaxation. The most important factor in relaxation was the degree of liking
for the music; significant correlations occurred between liking and relaxation, pleasure and not thinking. Individual preferences
must thus be considered when using music to aid relaxation; precategorized soothing music may not always be soothing.
Objective.
—To determine the effects of surgeon-selected and experimenter-selected music on performance and autonomic responses of surgeons during a standard laboratory psychological stressor.Design.
—Within-subjects laboratory experiment.Setting.
—Hospital psychophysiology laboratory.Participants.
—A total of 50 male surgeons aged 31 to 61 years, who reported that they typically listen to music during surgery, volunteered for the study.Main Outcome Measurements.
—Cardiac responses, hemodynamic measures, electrodermal autonomic responses, task speed, and accuracy.Results.
—Autonomic reactivity for all physiological measures was significantly less in the surgeon-selected music condition than in the experimenter-selected music condition, which in turn was significantly less than in the no-music control condition. Likewise, speed and accuracy of task performance were significantly better in the surgeon-selected music condition than in the experimenter-selected music condition, which was also significantly better than the no-music control condition.Conclusion.
—Surgeon-selected music was associated with reduced autonomic reactivity and improved performance of a stressful nonsurgical laboratory task in study participants.(JAMA. 1994;272:882-884)
Purpose
This paper's aim is to determine whether shopping facilities in a waiting area influence customer behaviour and whether these behaviours positively influence their satisfaction and related sales of the displayed products.
Design/methodology/approach
The approach used was a field experiment. At two sites patient behaviours were directly observed before a reconstruction of waiting areas during two weeks; at both sites a two‐week follow‐up was performed after the reconstruction. The responses of patients were surveyed in a convenience sample in the same periods of weeks and the data on sales were collected with desk research.
Findings
In comparison with waiting areas that were almost empty, customers in a waiting area with shopping facilities had more interaction with the physical environment, experienced a shorter wait, were more satisfied with the prompt taking of orders, and spent more money.
Practical implications
Organizations seeking to positively influence patient behaviour during the wait should take into account the quality of facility design of waiting areas and, if well chosen, these facilities can also be used to positively influence satisfaction and sales.
Originality/value
This paper integrates theories from environmental psychology, marketing, and operations management in facility design to improve the properties of a waiting area, and by doing so, improve behaviour, satisfaction, and sales of customers. The study aims to inform marketers in the pharmacy shop sector allowing them to increase interaction with the shopping environment, improve customers' satisfaction, and raise customers' expenditures with facilities.
Music affects performance in both sensory and motor tasks. It can also provide a significant form of therapy for some mental illness, particularly anxiety. This study investigated the effects of music on anxiety between: (1) music and nonmusic majors; (2) females and males of each group; and (3) females and males, regardless of sex, to determine the combined interaction effect. Results showed that there were significant differences in responses between each of the stated groups. Moreover, the female responses to music were more consistent than the male responses in all groups.
Briefly describes five current debates in the service quality
literature. One debate, of importance to operations academics and
managers, is the identification of the determinants of service quality.
Seeks to investigate whether there are some quality determinants that
are predominantly satisfiers and others that are predominantly
dissatisfiers. The analysis is based on 579 anecdotes, from personal
account customers of a major UK bank, collected using the critical
incident technique. The study's main findings are that the predominantly
satisfying determinants are attentiveness, responsiveness, care and
friendliness; and the dissatisfiers are integrity, reliability,
responsiveness, availability and functionality. Responsiveness is
identified as a crucial determinant of quality as it is a frequent
source of satisfaction, and the lack of it is a major source of
dissatisfaction. Contrary to the existing literature, shows that the
causes of dissatisfaction are not necessarily the obverse of the causes
of satisfaction and, furthermore, that reliability is predominantly a
source of dissatisfaction not satisfaction.
Argues that one theme that has emerged consistently in the recent services marketing literature is the importance of frontline employees in service delivery. The internal marketing concept is based on the belief that a firm’s internal market/employees can be motivated to strive for customer-consciousness, market orientation and sales-mindedness through the application of accepted external marketing approaches and principles. Considers in this study that these objectives could be achieved by marketing, among others, the service firm’s goals, objectives and values to frontline employees. A causal model was constructed which included organizational commitment (as an intervening variable), frontline employees’ own perceptions of the service quality they deliver, and the service quality their supervisors believe they deliver as endogenous latent variables. The model was empirically evaluated with data from frontline employees in the banking and insurance industries.
Traditionally only cognitive measures, such as the disconfirmation of some comparison standard or perceived service performance, have been used to explain perceived service quality and satisfaction. Suggests that emotions could play an important role in determining satisfaction with a service. The results from an empirical study of customers’ experiences of the services of a labour force bureau show that customers experience different positive and negative emotions in connection with the service, and that these emotions influence service satisfaction. Finds that, on an aggregate level, direct disconfirmation of adequate service, together with positive emotions, explain satisfaction best. Identifies four groups of customers with different emotional profiles. Analyses of emotions in these groups show that negative emotions have the largest impact on customer response.
This study investigates the effects of 2 types of gender bias on customer evaluation of phone-based service encounters. Specifically, a field experiment was designed to determine (a) if customers had a stronger preference for dealing with female customer service representatives (CSRs) rather than male CSRs (a congruency bias); and (b) if customers had a preference for dealing with CSRs who were of the opposite gender (an opposite-gender matching bias). Results indicated that customers were equally satisfied with male and female CSRs, but that customers were more satisfied with CSRs of the opposite gender than with CSRs of the same gender.
Music, as an aesthetic and symbolic medium, has the ability to dispel much of the fear and anxiety associated with facing the unknown alone As such it is an ideal support for patients undergoing surgery where a non-general anaesthetic is administered However, it is important to consider whether, from the patient's perspective, the inclusion of music in such a situation is considered to be helpful A pilot study conducted at an acute hospital involved interviewing 25 patients who, through an athtudinal scale and their interview responses, revealed positive support for the music that they listened to during their operation Their remarks focused on the ability of the music, as a familiar personal and cultural medium, to ease their anxiety, to act as a distractor and to increase their threshold of pain From a nursing perspective, such an application of music as therapy to reduce fear and anxiety may be viewed as being highly relevant to the work of the anaesthetic nurse, with regard to a more individualized and holistic approach to patient care
Prior to the establishment of the first formal courses in service management
in the early 1970s, little research had been carried out to examine the properties of service activities that distinguished
them from more-extensively examined activities of manufacturing
organizations. While the traditional techniques of manufacturing management were invaluable to service managers, it was quickly
discovered that service managers had to contend with a set of problems that the traditional tools could not solve.
This paper attempts to develop a more thorough understanding of the different components of subjective quality of life (SQL). Based on that understanding and other theoretical considerations, the utility of SQL measures in evaluation and planning is discussed. It is concluded that the use of SQL measures in evaluation will mostly be limited to community support programs for chronic mental patients. Contrary to prior research focus, the potential of SQL measures seems to lie in its contribution to need assessment, when considered together with objective social indicators. Life-domains scales are most relevant for the purposes discussed above.
Strategic market planning -- Industrial marketing -- Research for marketing decisions -- Global marketing management -- Marketing management -- Strategic marketing for nonprofit organizations -- Principles of marketing -- Services marketing -- Marketing research and knowledge development -- The strategy and tactics of pricing -- Kleppner's advertising procedure -- Marketing channels -- Legal aspects of marketing strategy -- Design and marketing of new products
This paper is a report of a study conducted to examine the influence of the emotional stability of nurses on patient safety.
Individuals with greater emotional stability are less likely to exhibit strong emotional reactions to stressful situations, and tend to be more proactive and successful in problem-solving. Effectively managing patient safety is a priority concern in countries where nurses face high pressure. A heavy work load leads to burnout (a syndrome associated with negative emotions), reduced job satisfaction and increased turnover. While emotional stability influences job performance in various contexts, its influence on patient safety has not been addressed.
A cross-sectional design was adopted. The sample comprised 263 nurses working in two Taiwanese medical centres. The data were collected in 2007-2008, with a response rate of 926%. All participants were nursing college graduates aged below 50 years. Participants provided information on both their emotional stability and patient safety. Staffing adequacy, hospital, and years of nursing experience served as control variables.
Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that emotional stability predicted patient safety (beta = 0.18, P < 001). The addition of emotional stability as a predictor of patient safety increased the associated explained variance (deltaR2 = 0.03, P < 0.01).
It is important for to managers create an organisational climate that promotes the emotional stability of nurses. This could help to improve global patient safety by reducing the frequency of adverse events.
A comparison was made between muscle-relaxation training and relaxing music in the reduction of state and trait anxiety. Ss were 108 anxious female college students, half of whom received three sessions in muscle-relaxation training and half of whom received three sessions of relaxing music. Results indicate that both types of treatment significantly reduce state anxiety, but neither reduces trait anxiety. Results support Spielberger's state-trait anxiety theory and hold some implication for treatment.
The present paper tested hypotheses that (a) music can influence anxiety; (b) differences in response to music may be found between males and females; and (c) differences in response may be found between music and nonmusic majors. Subjects included 100 music majors, (50 male and 50 female) and 100 nonmusic majors, (50 male and 50 female) randomly selected from students at North Park College, Chicago, Illinois. Test instruments included a pencil-maze, blindfold goggles, GSR apparatus, and a musical recording. All three hypotheses were substantiated in terms of levels of significance ranging from .01 to .05 for different Ss.
This study examined the effect of music on pain, hemodynamic variables, and respiration in the PACU, and the impact of music on patients' recall of their PACU experience. Sixty patients scheduled for thyroid, parathyroid, or breast surgery under general anesthesia were studied. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups: group 1, control, not wearing headphones; group 2, wearing headphones but hearing no music; and group 3, wearing headphones and listening to music. A visual analogue pain scale was used to rate patients' perception of pain. There was no difference in pain level, morphine requirement, hemodynamics, respiration, or length of stay in the PACU among the 3 groups, yet the music group was able to wait significantly longer before requiring analgesia on the nursing unit. Patients who listened to music perceived their PACU experience as significantly more pleasant than the patients in the other two groups as recalled both 1 day and 1 month later.
Subjectively perceived quality of life is a priority concern in planning, implementing and evaluating health policy and treatment decisions. The lack of a universally accepted definition of this multivariate concept is a barrier to sound research. This article analyzes the concept of subjectively perceived quality of life to determine its critical attributes, antecedents and consequences to establish a basis for an operational definition for use in research.
Music, as an aesthetic and symbolic medium, has the ability to dispel much of the fear and anxiety associated with facing the unknown alone. As such it is an ideal support for patients undergoing surgery where a non-general anaesthetic is administered. However, it is important to consider whether, from the patient's perspective, the inclusion of music in such a situation is considered to be helpful. A pilot study conducted at an acute hospital involved interviewing 25 patients who, through an attitudinal scale and their interview responses, revealed positive support for the music that they listened to during their operation. Their remarks focused on the ability of the music, as a familiar personal and cultural medium, to ease their anxiety, to act as a distractor and to increase their threshold of pain. From a nursing perspective, such an application of music as therapy to reduce fear and anxiety may be viewed as being highly relevant to the work of the anaesthetic nurse, with regard to a more individualized and holistic approach to patient care.
Helping individuals to cope effectively with the many problems inherent in the cancer situation is a major challenge for those working in the oncology setting. Although by no means a cure-all, music, because of its many qualities, has numerous applications as an intervention for the coping process. Almost everyone relates to and enjoys music, whether participating in its creation by singing or playing an instrument, or by simply listening to it. Long recognized as a non-threatening form of communication, the "universal language" of music is capable of breaking down cultural, educational, linguistic, or emotional barriers. By eliciting feelings, thoughts, and memories, it can open lines of communication and serve as an outlet for emotions. Additionally, its use can be effective in treating physiologic problems, such as pain and insomnia. This article will acquaint the reader with the concept of music therapy, theoretical explanations for its effectiveness, areas of application in the oncology setting with corresponding case studies or research, and the role of the nurse in facilitating this intervention.
A mother's "holding" environment has been shown to be effective in reducing infant crying and irritability. When mothers hold or cuddle their infants they create a microenvironment with stimuli similar to those of the intrauterine environment. Several of these same stimuli were incorporated into a cradle designed to provide a similar "holding" environment for the infant when the mother was not there. Ninety healthy term newborn infants were randomized to an experimental (n = 45) or control group (n = 45). The experimental group used a cradle that produced motion, sound, tactile (containment), and reduced-light stimuli at stimulus levels that initially approximated intrauterine sensory stimulation levels and gradually decreased to the levels of the home environment over 16 weeks. The control group used an identical cradle with no stimulus modulation features. Infants were placed in their respective cradles from 2 hours after birth during the times they would normally be placed in an infant bed. The mother-infant interaction or parenting style was not changed or manipulated. Mothers' use of the cradles did not differ significantly. An electronic status monitor measured and recorded infant presence and crying in the cradles. The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale test was done at 1 to 2, 14, and 24 days of age by "blinded" examiners. Additionally, phone calls and home visits were conducted by a registered nurse.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
To determine the effects of surgeon-selected and experimenter-selected music on performance and autonomic responses of surgeons during a standard laboratory psychological stressor.
Within-subjects laboratory experiment.
Hospital psychophysiology laboratory.
A total of 50 male surgeons aged 31 to 61 years, who reported that they typically listen to music during surgery, volunteered for the study.
Cardiac responses, hemodynamic measures, electrodermal autonomic responses, task speed, and accuracy.
Autonomic reactivity for all physiological measures was significantly less in the surgeon-selected music condition than in the experimenter-selected music condition, which in turn was significantly less than in the no-music control condition. Likewise, speed and accuracy of task performance were significantly better in the surgeon-selected music condition than in the experimenter-selected music condition, which was also significantly better than the no-music control condition.
Surgeon-selected music was associated with reduced autonomic reactivity and improved performance of a stressful nonsurgical laboratory task in study participants.
Background:
In 1992 the 29-bed, Level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at White Memorial Medical Center in Los Angeles discovered that nursing care strategies designed to support the normal development of premature infants, as suggested by research findings, were often inconsistent with existing policies, protocols, and physician preferences.
Starting the infant stress reduction quality improvement (qi) team:
In 1993 a QI team set out to recommend changes in patient care which would reduce newborns' stress in the NICU. Given the complexity of neonatal care and the diversity of team members' professional training, the hospital contracted with a psychologist to present a two-day NICU training program that emphasized the application of current research findings regarding the physiologic and developmental effects (that is, complications) of stressors on infants.
Implementing changes:
Changes in care required negotiations with the physicians and directors of affected departments, extensive rewriting of policies, clinical evaluations, requests of additional supplies, and comprehensive staff training. Changes were made in the NICU environment (for example, light and noise reductions), NICU admission process (for example, placing of umbilical arterial lines, flexed positioning of infant extremities, thermal stress), developmental care (for example, the infant's need for soothing, ability for social interaction), and suctioning procedures (for example, suctioning and lavaging only when the infant is symptomatic rather than on a preset schedule, keeping the infant's head midline instead of turning it from side to side).
Results:
Improvement in a six-month period following implementation of the team's recommendations were identified, supporting the initial hypothesis that redesigning procedures and care protocols could reduce the stress of the patients in the NICU.
In this study, music was used as part of a comprehensive preoperative teaching session aimed at informing pediatric patients
about events pertaining to surgery. The purpose of the study was to investigate whether music therapy can transmit adequate
information about the surgical experience to the pediatric patient to help reduce his or her anxiety and fear behaviors during
induction of preoperative medication. Subjects were 75 children ages 3 through 8 who were admitted for elective surgery. The
experimental design incorporated a three-sample method, with the control group receiving only verbal preoperative instruction
the evening before surgery, Experimental 1 group receiving the previously mentioned verbal instruction with added music, and
Experimental 2 group receiving this treatment strategy plus music immediately prior to induction of preoperative medication
on the morning of surgery. The group receiving music therapy just prior to induction of preoperative medication was consistently
rated as indicating less anxiety before and during induction of preoperative medication.
American Journal of Nursing
- L.M Bailey
- Music’s soothing charms
American Health Care Association Journal
- Edwards, D.K, Music takes the heart home
Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement
- Floyd, A.M, An NICU infant stress reduction QI team: applying research findings to clinical care
Journal of Perinatology
- Gatts, J.D, Fernbach, S.A, Wallace, D.H, Singra, T.S, Reducing crying and irritability in neonates using a continuously controlled early environment