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Compétitivité territoriale : la recherche d'avantages absolus
Abstract
The article discusses the concept of territorial competitiveness by examining two subordinate questions: the solidity of the concept of territorial competitiveness itself, in terms of economic theory, and the new bases on which this competitiveness is relying, according to a cognitive-evolutionary type approach. The concept of territorial competitiveness appears theoretically strong not only because of the role played by the territory, supplying the individual firms with competitive instruments connected to the milieu, but especially because of its role in the building processes of knowledge, interpretative codes, models of co-operation and decision on which are founded the innovating courses of the companies. Moreover, economic laws about international trade, which refer to the Ricardian principle of comparative advantage, do not act on the intra-national level, adding to the importance of territorial competitiveness. Thus, for a more disaggregated territorial level, and thus for a more opened economy, not only with regard to trade but also factor mobility, if a certain level or a certain growth rate of competitiveness is not ensured, this economy can be subject to crisis, depopulation, and desertification.
... Territory; Territorial project; Strategic management; Stakeholders; Resources and skills INTRODUCTION À l'ère de la mondialisation, la mobilité des facteurs de production et des marchandises s'accroît et, à mesure que les frontières s'ouvrent et que les moyens de transport se développent, une logique de plus en plus compétitive (Camagni, 2006) s'inscrit entre les territoires (nations, régions, départements, communes, villes, etc.). Dans ce contexte, les territoires sont amenés à devenir plus attractifs et plus compétitifs, et à développer des stratégies de différenciation afin de capter les éléments nécessaires à leurs développements tels que les facteurs de production, le capital et le savoir-faire. ...
... Le territoire est alors « un simple lieu géographique présentant des caractéristiques physiques ou économiques directement exploitables » (Torre, 2002, p. 16). La notion d'actif se différencie alors de la notion de ressource du fait qu'il constitue un facteur « activé », alors que la ressource est un facteur latent, à exploiter (Colletis et Pecqueur, 2004 (Camagni, 2006), appréhender le territoire comme un ensemble de ressources spécifiques peut permettre de comprendre comment un territoire peut se différencier durablement des autres et ainsi attirer les facteurs (capital, travail, …) nécessaires à son développement. ...
... These resources can constitute either assets or constraints on the territory. Territorial development policies must above all help the territories to develop their territorial capital (Camagni, 2006). The coordination capacity of actors, to mobilize the resources of the territory, generates development and marks this territory. ...
... The success of a territorial system does not depend only on material resources, but also on the wealth of cognitive elements (Camagni, 2006). The active participation of local communities is considered today as one of the main factors at the origin of economic development, while contributing to the creation of links and trust between members of social groups. ...
... A valorização do recurso é uma construção social, que nasce da percepção comum, da visão partilhada dos atores sobre o território. Se há um ambiente institucional que favoreça a interação entre atores, onde compartilhar códigos comuns e atitudes recíprocas de confiança e cooperação (Camagni, 2006), os processos de ativação poderão ser mais freqüentes, pois a ação coletiva é facilitada. ...
... Em um contexto de crescente competitividade entre regiões, induzido pela globalização dos mercados mundiais, a ativação de recursos específicos torna-se um fator de desenvolvimento. Transformar um recurso em um ativo específico pode significar a substituição do princípio ricardiano da vantagem comparativa pela "vantagem diferenciadora" (Pecqueur, 2006) ou "vantagem absoluta" (Camagni, 2006). Significa, em última análise, escapar de uma lógica de guerra de custos e preços e entrar numa situação de monopólio. ...
RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar e discutir as bases teóricas que sustentam uma pesquisa sobre desenvolvimento territorial e ação coletiva para a valorização de recursos territoriais na região da Serra Catarinense. A pesquisa busca compreender as implicações do processo de construção social do território sobre seu desenvolvimento, guiando-se pela seguinte questão central: por que os espaços de interação social no território ainda não possibilitam aos atores da Serra Catarinense se mobilizar coletivamente para resolver os conflitos e transformar seus recursos territoriais em ativos territoriais? O artigo apresenta e discute as principais referências bibliográficas que dão sustentação teórica à pesquisa, em especial as contribuições da Nova Sociologia Econômica e nas pesquisas sobre recursos territoriais. À luz dessas teorias e do acompanhamento dos processos de criação e funcionamento do colegiado territorial, apresentam-se os resultados preliminares.
... A valorização do recurso é uma construção social, que nasce da percepção comum, da visão partilhada dos atores sobre o território. Se há um ambiente institucional que favoreça a interação entre atores, onde compartilhar códigos comuns e atitudes recíprocas de confiança e cooperação (Camagni, 2006), os processos de ativação poderão ser mais freqüentes, pois a ação coletiva é facilitada. ...
... Em um contexto de crescente competitividade entre regiões, induzido pela globalização dos mercados mundiais, a ativação de recursos específicos torna-se um fator de desenvolvimento. Transformar um recurso em um ativo específico pode significar a substituição do princípio ricardiano da vantagem comparativa pela "vantagem diferenciadora" (Pecqueur, 2006) ou "vantagem absoluta" (Camagni, 2006). Significa, em última análise, escapar de uma lógica de guerra de custos e preços e entrar numa situação de monopólio. ...
... Les ménages et investisseurs sont sensibles à différents facteurs d'attractivité du territoire pour s'y installer, que ce soit temporairement ou durablement. Relevant de plusieurs dimensions disciplinaires et apportant un avantage comparatif au territoire vis-à-vis des autres (Camagni, 2005(Camagni, , 2006, ces facteurs peuvent relever du domaine fonctionnel (s'y loger, y travailler, le visiter, y développer une activité), mais aussi d'autres registres ou dimensions (cadre de vie, bien-être, etc.). Pour les individus et les ménages, c'est la potentialité d'un territoire à offrir de plus fortes « capacités » 3 qui le rendra attractif, surtout s'il existe plusieurs alternatives permettant d'exercer sa liberté de choix (Sen, 2003). ...
... Strategic spatial plans have also been developed at the European scale (Healey, 2004). The need for better coordination of public policies, the search for a way to reinforce "territorial competitiveness" (Camagni, 2006), the sustainable development objective or the importance of ensuring better accessibility all appear as priorities at different scales. ...
The European territory cannot remain isolated from what happens beyond its borders. Many interactions currently exist with neighbouring countries. However, European institutions have not yet successfully understood the consequences of this reality. It is clear from the official documents relating to cohesion policy reveal a closed vision and inward looking concept of the European territory. Into the 2000s, such a vision, combined with a lack of coordination between the various DGs of the European Commission, has hampered the development of many regions located on the external borders of the European Union. Recently, the Commission has tried to come up with a new modus operandi in terms of better coordination between the cohesion and neighbourhood policies, with new regulations in respect of the structural funds and the financial instruments pertaining to external cooperation. These new regulations introduce real improvements to the previous instruments. However the new instruments still suffer from significant shortcomings. This paper addresses the important issue of territorial cooperation with third countries by raising three main questions. What is the content of the new regulations released by the Commission in December 2006? What kind of improvements did they bring to the former regulations? And, what kind of obstacles to these reforms have emerged?.
... Regional values refer to the concept of regional capital (this concept refers to the French concept of 'territorial capital'), i.e., a system of regional goods and items that characterize a certain region (economic, cultural, social and natural) and enable its development [82,83]. This multidimensional capital determines the regional competitiveness of a region in comparison with others, at a global scale [84,85]. Values are created through regional externalities (e.g., ability to attract innovative actors, healthy environment, infrastructures, etc.) that generally cannot be made private [86]. ...
For the last 20 years, the field of industrial symbiosis (IS) has raised interest among academics and industries. IS consists of dissimilar entities sharing and valorising underutilised resources such as materials, energy, information, services, or technologies in the view of increasing the industrial system's circularity. Despite the benefits brought by IS, though, barriers hindering the full dissemination of IS remain. This paper presents a methodology developed in the framework of the H2020 European project EPOS that aims at removing some of the obstacles to the implementation of IS. The method follows a multidisciplinary approach that intents to trigger the interest of industry decision-makers and initiate efforts to optimise the use of energy and material resources through symbiosis. It is applied to an industrial cluster located in the Humber region of UK. The case study shows how the approach helped to identify several IS opportunities, how one particular high-potential symbiosis was further assessed, and how it led to the creation of a business case. It was estimated that the identified symbiosis could bring substantial economic (+2000 k pa), environmental (−4000 t of CO 2 eq. pa) and social (+7 years of healthy life) gains to the region.
... Ardinat (2012) l'envisage comme l'« avatar territorial d'un contexte néolibéral ». Le spectre des définitions est large et dépend des positionnements idéologiques de chacun, mais d'un point de vue opérationnel, la recherche de compétitivité est au coeur de la production d'innovations et de la concentration des acteurs sur des espaces la favorisant (Fache, 2002 ;Daviet, 2005 ;Camagni, 2006). L'aménagement des territoires de l'innovation et la recherche de compétitivité territoriale sont intimement liés et ce d'autant plus qu'ils ont été renforcés par la multiplication des crises économiques et financières, la volatilité accrue des capitaux et des grandes entreprises, l'initiation du processus de démondialisation annoncé par certains pays. ...
EnglishThis paper examines how to mobilize the concept of territorial capital to renew geographic inquiry into the mechanisms of development of local territories. Borrowed from the trend that evokes the territorial economy, this concept leads geographical analysis to consider the linkages between the different dimensions of territorial development : the appreciation of new resources, the establishment of networks of cooperation and the governance of project territories. The exercise of conceptual transposition is applied here to the analysis of the European LEADER programme, as a public policy based on the constitutive paradigms of local development. The article first discusses the concepts mobilized by the social sciences to analyze the development of local territories. It then adopts a monographic approach and a case study in a Central European country, Hungary, to measure the activation of territorial capital by characterizing the forms of coordination of collective action that favour socio-economic development at a local level. In this, the geographical approach poses questions for the social sciences on how to analyze territorial innovation. francaisCette contribution etudie la maniere de mobiliser le concept de capital territorial pour renouveler le questionnement geographique sur les mecanismes du developpement des territoires locaux. Emprunte au courant de l’economie territoriale, ce concept conduit l’analyse geographique a penser l’articulation entre les differentes dimensions du developpement territorial : la valorisation de ressources nouvelles, l’institution de reseaux de cooperation et la gouvernance de territoires de projets. L’exercice de transposition conceptuelle est ici applique a l’analyse du programme europeen LEADER, en tant que politique publique qui se fonde sur les paradigmes constitutifs du developpement local. L’article revient tout d’abord sur les concepts mobilises par les sciences sociales pour analyser le developpement des territoires locaux. Puis, il privilegie l’approche monographique et l’etude de cas dans un pays d’Europe centrale, la Hongrie, pour mesurer l’activation du capital territorial par la caracterisation des formes de coordination de l’action collective en faveur du developpement socio-economique a l’echelle locale. En cela, la demarche geographique questionne les sciences sociales sur la maniere d’analyser l’innovation territoriale.
The discourse around the competitiveness of spatial socio-economic systems of different levels (countries, regions, cities) has developed very actively in recent decades. The article shows that the degree of elaboration of such important from the methodological point of view aspects of the problem as the consistent conceptualization of the "regional competitiveness" phenomenon, the identification of objects to which this concept is applied, as well as the choice of evaluation methods, leave much to be desired. © 2018 Russian Presidental Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. All rights reserved.
Territory managers aim to foster territorial integration of foreign subsidiaries to maintain a sustainable attractiveness. In doing so, the main point is not to attract multinational companies, but rather to retain their foreign subsidiaries, in a long term perspective. Meanwhile a considerable stream of research has dealt with the attraction of foreign subsidiaries, the issue of their territorial integration remains under studied. It raises key questions : what are the dimensions of the territorial integration concept ? How to assess the intensity of territorial integration from one foreign subsidiary to another ? This is the first step in the design of a territory integration theory of foreign subsidiaries to enhance the territories’ sustainable attractiveness. Through a qualitative case study, the findings shed light on three main dimensions that territorial managers have to handle : spatial, reticular and teleological. The results also emphasize the complexity of the phenomenon which consists in a persistent tension between proximity and distance.
Dans les années 50 et 60, le tourisme haïtien représentait ce qu’il y avait de mieux dans la
Caraïbe. Son offre reposait essentiellement sur un tourisme historique couplé avec un tourisme balnéaire. Depuis cette période, Haïti affiche de médiocres performances en termes de croissance et de développement. Ainsi, l’ensemble des secteurs de l’économie est touché par une crise structurelle due, en grande partie, aux instabilités sociopolitiques récurrentes et au déficit de vision globale des principaux dirigeants du pays. Aujourd’hui, ces instabilités peuvent expliquer, en grande partie, le fait que cette destination touristique est l’une des moins visités de la région.
Cette étude apporte un éclairage sur les ressources à mobiliser ainsi que les stratégies
d’acteurs à mettre en place en Haïti afin d’offrir des produits touristiques compétitifs sur le marché caribéen. Elle part d’une mise en contexte global sur la réalité haïtienne (à la fois descriptif, historique et analytique) pour construire un modèle de reterritorialisation de l’activité touristique à l’échelle départementale puis nationale. Il est question de s’attaquer aux disparités territoriales, sociales et économiques par des politiques publiques d’aménagement touristique efficaces. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de proposer une analyse des méthodes de l’aménagement touristique local dans sa dimension d’anticipation, d’implantation négociée et de médiation.
This article presents a study of the European programme LEADER 2007–2013 in its role as a public policy mechanism for enhancing territorial development. It focuses on the Local Action Groups (LAGs) in the Languedoc-Roussillon region in France and the Andalusia region in Spain and their efforts to tackle the development problems of rural areas. In our geographical analysis we combine the processing of statistical data with a case study in an attempt to assess the relationship between public action and the socioeconomic development of rural areas. This analysis uses the concept of territorial capital as a base for characterizing the different methods for coordinating local development action. The LAGs operate on the principles of local, bottom-up governance and are intended to be action systems that design development strategies and implement projects based on the enhancement and promotion of local resources. This study shows that the LEADER approach varies according to the particular geographical context and depends on local stakeholders learning the rules of public policy.
The book is divided into three parts. The first, written by the editors, deal specifically with the multi-faced dimensions of local develpement, placing particulry emphasiss on the role of territory in producing/reproducing Learning processes, tacid/codified knoledges storage and governement structures. The second part reports different case studies and their theoretical systematisation, carried out with the same methodology by some ten équipes working in six different European countries. The last part i devoted to a more general view on the structural adjustment dynamic of innovation milieux, raising useful questions of strategy and policy
If capital stock is considered in a broad sense, to include both physical and intellectual capital, the law of diminishing returns may not apply and the higher the investments in intangible assets the higher a country?s growth rate. The so-called ak growth models by taking into account both tangible and intangible capital do succeed to establish a positive relationship between growth rate and the capital stock. The empirical studies confirm this relationship but they fail to make an explicit account of the contribution of intangible capital to growth. This stems from the fact that lots of investments in intellectual capital and other intangible assets are not counted as such in national income and product accounts. The development of the ak models help to identify the neglected elements of growth and show the importance of taking them explicitly into account in order to better explain the current growth rates of the new economy.
The paper investigates the nature and extent of regional collective learning processes and networking by innovative, technology based, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Cambridge region. It highlights the importance of socio-cultural preconditions for learning involving the University of Cambridge, and documents the significance of firm spin-offs, inter-firm and organization networking, and local scientific and managerial recruitment, as dynamic collective learning processes. It also, however, identifies the complementary importance of wider national and global networks for SME innovation inputs, research collaboration and professional staff recruitment. Finally, it assesses the relevance of the concept of 'institutional thickness' in evaluating firms' experience of regional support structures and services.
This paper outlines the aims and objectives of the TSER Networks on Networks, Collective learning and Research and Technology Development in Regionally Clustered High Technology Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs), and considers evolutionary trajectories of European regional clusters of such SMEs in the 1990s. It reviews the development of ideas concerning regional clustering, from Marshall's industrial districts, through innovative milieux, to notions of regional untraded interdependencies, networks and collective learning. Particular attention is paid to how firms and regions develop competences and new knowledge as the basis for successful innovation. It concludes by outlining the focus of individual papers.
Thirlwall A. P. (1980) Regional problems are balance-of-payments problems, Reg. Studies 14, 419–425. A demand-oriented model of regional growth and unemployment is developed in which it is argued that regional problems of slow growth and high unemployment are, in essence, balance-of-payments problems stemming from a weak trading sector, working through the Harrod trade multiplier. The model contrasts with the supply orientated models of neoclassical theory with their stress on factor supplies and productivity growth, apparently exogenously given and independent of demand. The model is in the Keynesian spirit, with supply adjusting to demand through factor mobility and with exports as the major component of autonomous regional demand.
Philip Cooke and Kevin Morgan explore important issues of corporate reorganization in the context of heightened global competition. Their special focus is upon how firms associate with regional milieux. Innovation is a key factor in corporate and regional economic performance and the authors show how interactive innovation based on collective learning and associative practices are becoming increasingly significant. In-depth studies of inter-firm and firm-agency interactions are presented for four European regions: Baden-Wurttemberg and Emilia-Romagna as accomplished regional economies; Wales and the Basque Country as learning regions. The book is theoretically informed by an evolutionary economics perspective and draws policy conclusions which emphasise the importance of decentralized industrial policy in support of both corporate and regional economic development ambitions. It concludes that the associational economy may be the `third way' between state and market co-ordination of modern economies. Available in OSO: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/management/9780198290186/toc.html
190 p., ref. bib. : 3/4 p. En se mondialisant et en se globalisant, l'économie aiguise les concurrences entre les lieux et les États. Elle dessine de nouveaux territoires en réseau à l'échelle planétaire. Mais, contrairement aux idées reçues, elle ne devient pas indifférente aux ancrages locaux : les ressources essentielles qui guident la localisation des activités sont désormais immatérielles, attachées d'abord au tissu humain et social, à la densité des coopérations, à la qualité des compétences. Ces ressources, loin d'être des dotations figées, se construisent en permanence au cœur des sociétés locales et nationales. Le rôle de l'aménagement du territoire, comme de la politique industrielle, s'en trouve renforcé. Il s'agit bien de créer, en amont, les conditions de la compétitivité, et pas seulement de gérer, en aval, les conséquences de dynamiques externes. L'ouvrage explore ce paradoxe du global et du local, à partir de synthèses et d'études sectorielles. Il présente aussi un premier bilan des inégalités spatiales qui accompagnent l'ouverture économique, et qui menacent la cohésion sociale et territoriale, facteur de compétitivité.
An analysis of the definitions provided so far in the literature shows ambiguities in the conceptualization of collective learning. A parallel analysis of the concepts of learning and collective learning is provided, and similarities and differences underlined. One of the main distinguishing features of collective learning is embedded in the element of 'club externality', while 'continuity' and 'dynamic synergies' are common properties of learning and collective learning. These reflections lead to some interesting empirical questions which are investigated in the empirical part of the paper. In particular, the empirical analysis addresses the questions: (1) is it true that collective learning is not the result of co-operative behaviour, but of a collective behaviour; and (2) is it true that collective learning is the way of achieving new creative resources for SMEs in local areas, and not other kinds of learning? The empirical analysis is based on three Italian high technology milieux. Descriptive and interpretative statistical methodologies are used in this part of the paper.
The debate over national competitiveness is marked by some basic misperceptions. With few exceptions, those who use the term have a crude, essentially mercantilist view of world trade, in which competition among nations is just like competition between corporations. Not only do the authors and readers of reports on national competitiveness usually not understand comparative advantage, they are unaware of the most basic adding-up constraints. Economists, however, find it hard to believe that seemingly well-informed people can really be this naive, and assume that there must be more sophisticated ideas lying behind what they say. The rationales offered by economists, in turn, offer false comfort to the would-be sophisticates who like the term "competitiveness"; they believe that they have transcended conventional economic theory, when the fact is that they have failed to comprehend it. In short, the actual level of discussion is lower than any of the participants imagines. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
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