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Female Entrepreneurs: Are They Really Any Different?
... Örneğin, Birleşik Krallık'ta öğrenciler, işsizler, yöneticiler, etnik azınlıklar ve kadınlar gibi nüfusun tüm kesimleri serbest meslek sahibi olmayı düşünmeye teşvik edilmektedir. Geçmiş verilere göre, ABD'de yeni kurulan işletmelerin üçte birinden fazlası kadınlara aittir, ancak kadın girişimcilere ilişkin veriler sınırlıdır (Birley, 1988). ...
... Son dönemde Batı ekonomilerinde (ve tüm dünyada) daha fazla kadının üniversite ve lisansüstü eğitimini tamamlaması ve tam zamanlı çalışmaya başlamasıyla toplumdaki kadın ve erkek rollerinin değiştiği görülmektedir. Bu gibi nedenlerle kadın girişimcilerin erkek girişimcilerden farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığının tespit edilmesine ve değişimin kadın girişimci arzı üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır (Birley, 1988). ...
... İkinci faktör, "kadın girişimcinin girişimi kurmadan hemen önce çalıştığı kuruluş türünü, edindiği bilgi ve beceri türünü, diğer girişimcilerle iletişim ve küçük işletme ortamındaki deneyimini" tanımlayan kuluçka kuruluşudur. Üçüncü faktör ise, risk sermayesinin mevcudiyeti gibi ekonomik koşulları, rol modellerini ve destek hizmetlerine erişimi kapsayan çevresel unsurları içermektedir (Birley, 1988). Bruin vd. ...
Existing literature suggests that women’s digital entrepreneurship is still in its infancy, revealing a need for comprehensive studies to deepen and expand the field. This study aims to address this gap by contributing to the understanding of women’s digital entrepreneurship, a relatively unexplored topic.This study explores key aspects of women’s digital entrepreneurship, including how it differs from other types of entrepreneurship, its fundamental characteristics, and the ways in which women entrepreneurs utilize digital technologies. It also examines strategies to support women in digital entrepreneurship and highlights successful examples from both Türkiye and the global arena.
Corresponding author: ayseasilturk@trabzon.edu.tr
... Los primeros estudios sobre emprendimiento de mujeres, en los años setenta y ochenta, se concentraron en mostrar las diferencias y similitudes entre hombres y mujeres respecto a la actividad emprendedora (Birley, 1989). Con el paso del tiempo, los enfoques incorporaron consideraciones sociales sobre los roles de género (Fischer, Reuber y Dike, 1993;Mirchandani, 1999), y reflexiones acerca de la necesidad de estudiar a las mujeres emprendedoras como sujeto particular en un tiempo y espacio determinados (Ahl, 2006). ...
... En esos años destacan las publicaciones de Bowen y Hisrich (1986) y de Birley (1989), por resaltar -el primero de ellos-, las características psicológicas y criticar el uso excesivo de estereotipos cuando se habla de emprendimiento femenino y -el segundo-, por enfatizar los diferentes efectos que tiene la cultura en el comportamiento emprendedor de hombres y mujeres. Ambas investigaciones ayudaron a construir el perfil de una mujer emprendedora (Bowen y Hisrich, 1986, p. 404) y -aunque dejaron de lado las responsabilidades y experiencia gerencial de ellas en el hogar-ayudaron a incrementar la conciencia sobre la participación de la mujer en el mercado laboral y en el emprendimiento en particular (Minniti, 2009, p. 10). ...
... Así también, enfoques psicosociales como el trabajo de Sullivan y Meek (2012), que cuestiona algunos estereotipos existentes y convoca a profundizar el estudio de las consideraciones subjetivas de las mujeres en las distintas fases del proceso emprendedor. Es decir que el análisis del emprendimiento liderado por mujeres observa la conducta emprendedora; se analizan los rasgos psicológicos (Birley, 1989;Brush, 1992) y las variables perceptuales (Minniti, 2010) que inciden en la decisión de emprender un negocio propio como un acto producto de la voluntad (Bird, 1988;Kolvereid, 1996 En resumen, la evolución de la investigación sobre el emprendimiento de mujeres ha avanzado. Se reconoce que el análisis comparativo hombre-mujer es un aporte importante al mostrar que hay más similitudes que diferencias a la hora de emprender. ...
El estudio del emprendimiento femenino en países en desarrollo es relevante por su potencial económico e impacto en el empoderamiento de las mujeres. La revisión de la literatura muestra, además de la evolución del estudio del emprendimiento liderado por mujeres, la pertinencia de abordar el comportamiento emprendedor de ellas desde la perspectiva psicosocial; una perspectiva que supera la aproximación binaria oportunidad-necesidad y destaca la incidencia de la autoconfianza en dicha acción. La aplicación de ese enfoque al caso boliviano permite observar que la conducta emprendedora se manifiesta en particular entre mujeres jóvenes con cierto respaldo económico y con altos niveles de autoconfianza; esta última característica psicológica que expresa determinación y constancia para lograr un objetivo por encima del riesgo y la incertidumbre en mercados altamente competitivos. La autoconfianza emprendedora en las mujeres bolivianas convoca a valorar los incentivos psicosociales en la construcción de políticas públicas.
... Considering the contribution of successful entrepreneurship to economic development (Bosma et al., 2021), ESE has emerged as a key psychological construct in entrepreneurship research (Batista-Canino et al., 2024;Newman et al., 2019). Accordingly, lower ESE among women has raised concerns (Birley, 1989;Dempsey and Jennings, 2014) and motivated studies on the effect of entrepreneurship education on gender differences in entrepreneurial motivation (e.g. van Ewijk and Belghiti-Mahut, 2019). ...
... Previous studies find that, on average, women display significantly lower ESE than men (Birley, 1989;Dempsey and Jennings, 2014;Kalleberg and Leicht, 1991;Newman et al., 2019;Wilson et al., 2007). For example, Nowi� nski et al. (2019) found that men from four different countries scored themselves higher than women on searching, planning and marshalling. ...
Purpose
Entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) has a dark side largely ignored in the field of entrepreneurship education. Research in educational psychology indicates that self-efficacy is prone to misjudgment, with novice learners often displaying overconfidence. Furthermore, this misjudgment is gendered; studies suggest that men are more likely to display overconfidence and less likely to correct erroneous self-assessments. However, realistic self-assessments are essential for effective learning strategies, pivotal for performance in the ambiguous entrepreneurial context. Therefore, this study explores whether entrepreneurship education helps mitigate overconfidence, and if this impact varies by gender.
Design/methodology/approach
Common in educational psychology, but new in the field of entrepreneurship education, a calibration design captures discrepancies between perceived and actual performance. Data from before and after an introductory undergraduate entrepreneurship course ( N = 103) inform descriptive analyses, statistical comparison tests and calibration plots.
Findings
As expected, nearly all novice students showed significant overconfidence. Curiously, gender difference was only significant at the end of the course, as overconfidence had decreased among female students and increased among male students.
Originality/value
The paper advocates a more nuanced stance toward ESE, and introduces ESE accuracy as a more fitting measure of entrepreneurial overconfidence. The findings flag the common use of self-perception as a proxy for actual competence, and evoke new research avenues on (gender differences in) learning motivations of aspiring entrepreneurs. Finally, the study shares guidance for entrepreneurship educators on fostering a “healthier” level of self-efficacy for better entrepreneurial learning.
... Studies consistent with the social feminism theory have analysed several psychological characteristics such as self-actualization, tendency to conform, risk-taking propensity, autonomy and self-confidence, and could only find little differences between men and women (Birley 1989;Kalleberg and Leicht 1991;Sexton and Bowman-Upton 1990). These marginal gender differences in psychological characteristics allow to conclude the importance of structural barriers and different preferences in explaining the differences between male and female entrepreneurs. ...
... In contrast, female franchisees show significantly higher values for commercial autonomy in product assortment and website contents. No significant differences are observed in risk-taking propensity or innovativeness in our study, in the line of previous evidence under the social feminism theory (Birley 1989;Kalleberg and Leicht 1991;Sexton and Bowman-Upton 1990). Mixed evidence is obtained for autonomy, since significant differences are only observed for some commercial autonomy dimensions; in particular, male franchisees show higher levels for autonomy in price setting ( p < 0.01), whereas female franchisees show higher levels for autonomy in product assortment ( p < 0.05) and website contents ( p < 0.10). ...
This paper investigates why agricultural cooperatives exhibit different principles for the allocation of decision rights between the Board of Directors and the Management. A mass-action interpretation of the Nash equilibrium in an investment proposal game shows that, on the one hand, board structure variety is an equilibrium outcome while, on the other hand, the traditional model (the board has full control) and the management model (the professional management makes up the Board of the cooperative society) perform better than the corporation model (the Management is in full control of the cooperative firm).
... Not only did women join industry in large numbers, but a lot of them chose to become full-time entrepreneurs as well. Birley (1988) went on to investigate if women entrepreneurs are any different from their male counterparts and concluded. that a paradigm shift had taken place in the evolution of female-led businesses, further observing that the future for women in businesses looked very bright and constantly adapting to changing times when compared to their male counterparts. ...
This paper examines the strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations that accompany financing and investing in women-led businesses in Kosovo, India, and the United Kingdom. Its main goal was to observe what the strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations were for these businesses, based on consideration of three factors: Factor 1 (Strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations), Factor 2 (Financing and investing expectations), and Factor 3 (Strategic profits). Were these factors associated with one another when making financing and investment decisions, and which variables should be considered more carefully by businesses to improve performance, survive as a business and stay ahead of competitors, meet stakeholder expectations, and achieve strategic profit forecasts? Through data processing (SPSS program for Windows 16) using tests and econometric analysis (descriptive, factorial, reliability, and multiple regression) the model shows that all three factors play a significant role in determining strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations. However, it is suggested that if staff cannot quickly adapt to changes in the environment, and the managerial skills and correct leadership are not in place to execute ideas that increase profit, ensure the regular repayment of debts and loans, deploy innovative strategies, maintain a company's legal status and evaluate the work of employees, then businesses will struggle to increase their strategic profit and guarantee their market survival when compared to their competitors.
... Accordingly, women's decision to act entrepreneurially is positively influenced by parents' occupations and parents' entrepreneurial status (Birley, 1988;Bowen & Hisrich, 1986;Ergeneli & Boz, 2013;Gray & Finley-Hervey, 2005;Greene et al., 2013;Mathews & Moser, 1995). Shapero and Sokol (1982) noted that "The family, particularly the father or mother, plays the most powerful role in establishing the desirability and credibility of entrepreneurial action for the individual". ...
In recent decades, Algeria has witnessed a significant drop in gender gaps; however, gender disparity in entrepreneurship remains pronounced. Women in Algeria display a lower propensity to initiate new businesses compared to men. Prevailing analyses attributes this gender disparity to inherent traits, considering female as less risk-taking and confident and lacking key attributes for entrepreneurship. In this paper, we argue that entrepreneurial action is socially embedded, individuals' future decisions regarding entrepreneurship are significantly affected by social context, particularly family. The research explores how family characteristics impact entrepreneurial pursuits and how family embeddedness affects female's venture creation. Utilizing data from the 2016 SAHWA Youth Survey in Algeria, results reveal that young Algerian female exhibit a lower inclination toward entrepreneurship. Parental educational levels, especially the father's, negatively influence young female's entrepreneurial aspirations, while parental occupational status shows no significant effect. Additionally, highly educated female engages less in entrepreneurial endeavours.
... Birley 107 described the higher entry costs for women, accentuating the critical role of supportive factors, including integration into families, role models, self-confidence, education, networks, and advisory services 102,[108][109][110] , in facilitating women's entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the significant challenges in accessing capital restrict their opportunities for initiating and developing businesses, because financiers often demand higher collateral from female entrepreneurs 104,[111][112][113] . ...
This study examines the personality patterns of solo founders in both high-tech and non-high-tech sectors during the first seven years of their entrepreneurial journey to emphasize the patterns’ implications during policymaking, investment decisions, and self-assessments. IAB/ZEW startup panel microdata for the sector classification of 4470 solo entrepreneurs in Germany were analyzed to identify Big Five trait patterns influenced by risk propensities, innovation inclination, and gender. The entrepreneurial profiles indicate positive openness, emotional resilience, and sector-specific clusters. Conscientiousness suggests flexibility, and while variations in extraversion and agreeableness exist, negative neuroticism was predominantly found, except for gender-related differences and multidimensional service innovators. Big Five traits provide information about important foundational profile patterns to describe unique solo entrepreneur types influenced by risk, innovation, and gender. Originality and value: Risk propensity characterizes ‘Adaptive Services,’ ‘Dynamic Knowledge Innovators,’ and ‘Strategic Risk Navigators.’ Additionally, ‘Multidimensional Service Innovators’ and ‘Focused Tech Innovators’ signify innovation understanding. The Big Five profiles show openness and emotional stability across sectors, providing crucial insights for effective entrepreneurial support and investment strategies.
... Not only did women join industry in large numbers, but a lot of them chose to become full-time entrepreneurs as well. Birley (1988) went on to investigate if women entrepreneurs are any different from their male counterparts and concluded. that a paradigm shift had taken place in the evolution of female-led businesses, further observing that the future for women in businesses looked very bright and constantly adapting to changing times when compared to their male counterparts. ...
*Abstract*
This paper examines the strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations that accompany financing and investing in women-led businesses in Kosovo, India, and the United Kingdom.
Its main goal was to observe what the strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations were for these businesses, based on consideration of three factors:
Factor 1 (Strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations), Factor 2 (Financing and investing expectations), and Factor 3 (Strategic profits).
Were these factors associated with one another when making financing and investment decisions, and which variables should be considered more carefully by businesses to improve performance, survive as a business and stay ahead of competitors, meet stakeholder expectations and achieve strategic profit forecasts?
Through data processing (SPSS program for Windows 16) using tests and econometric analysis (descriptive, factorial, reliability, and multiple regression) the model shows that all three factors play a significant role in determining strategic profits and entrepreneurial expectations.
However, it is suggested that if they cannot quickly adapt to changes in the environment, and the managerial skills and correct leadership are not in place to execute ideas that increase profits, ensure the regular repayment of debts and loans, deploy innovative strategies, maintain a company's legal status and evaluate the work of employees, then businesses will struggle to increase their strategic profit and guarantee their market survival when compared to their competitors.
Keywords:
Strategic profit, Financial investments, Women leaders, Strategic planning, Global Entrepreneurship
Cite this article as: Lulaj, E., Gopalakrishnan, A., Kehinde Lamidi, K. (2024) "Financing and Investing in Women-led Businesses: Understanding Strategic Profits and Entrepreneurial Expectations by Analysing the Factors that Determine Their Company Success", Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7564-6821
... Nevertheless, Ecevit's (1993) stipulation of the assumption of firm ownership, production, contracting, distribution, marketing, sales, networking and decision-making responsibilities as particulars of the female entrepreneur suffices both for conceptual and empirical understanding (Mokhtarzadeh et al., 2021;Yetim, 2008). Although the contribution of women to entrepreneurial activity is 'considerable' and 'an important element of economic and social development' [Noguera et al., (2013), p.183;Bullough, 2013], exogenous social factors aggregate to limit female entrepreneurship (Cavada et al., 2017;Palalic et al., 2017;Sadeghi and Biancone, 2017a) despite similarities in psychological and demographic characteristics with male counterparts (Birley, 1989;Schwartz, 1976;Ahl, 2006;Marlow and McAdam, 2013). For instance, Santos et al. (2016) found that entrepreneurial intentions were similar among women and men. ...
... Nevertheless, Ecevit's (1993) stipulation of the assumption of firm ownership, production, contracting, distribution, marketing, sales, networking and decision-making responsibilities as particulars of the female entrepreneur suffices both for conceptual and empirical understanding (Mokhtarzadeh et al., 2021;Yetim, 2008). Although the contribution of women to entrepreneurial activity is 'considerable' and 'an important element of economic and social development' [Noguera et al., (2013), p.183;Bullough, 2013], exogenous social factors aggregate to limit female entrepreneurship (Cavada et al., 2017;Palalic et al., 2017;Sadeghi and Biancone, 2017a) despite similarities in psychological and demographic characteristics with male counterparts (Birley, 1989;Schwartz, 1976;Ahl, 2006;Marlow and McAdam, 2013). For instance, Santos et al. (2016) found that entrepreneurial intentions were similar among women and men. ...
... El enfoque central de la literatura sobre la empresaria es la motivación de las mujeres para desarrollar sus propios negocios. Las principales razones que se han identificado son: Equilibrar con las responsabilidades familiares (Birley, 1989;Buttner y Moore, 1997;Caputo y Dolinsky, 1998;Lundstrom, 1999;Marlow y Strange, 1994;Noble, 1986), independencia (Sacirbey, 1998), autonomía (Buttner y Moore, 1997;Kleiman, 1998), superar la insatisfacción laboral (Babaeva y Chirikova, 1997;Journal of Business Strategy, 1998;Oeltjen, 1992) y la pérdida del empleo (Babaeva y Chirikova, 1997;Omar, 1998;Sacirbey, 1998). ...
En México, la participación de la mujer en la actividad económica ha ido aumentando, según datos
de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público de cada cinco pequeñas y medianas empresas que se
abren en el país, tres las encabeza una mujer; aun así las mujeres representan únicamente un 16%
del sector empresarial mexicano. Se afirma que para que la economía de una región se desarrolle
más rápidamente debe fomentarse la participación de la mujer. Una de las actividades en las que
es menor la contribución femenina es en el rol empresarial, de ahí la necesidad de conocerla y
analizar su situación actual. El objetivo de este trabajo es precisamente ese, el de analizar el perfil
de la empresaria tamaulipeca. Para lograrlo, se llevó a cabo un análisis clúster con los datos de
la Encuesta a la Mujer Emprendedora Urbana (EMEU) aplicada a 361 empresarias en diversas
ciudades del Estado. Los resultados muestran dos tipos de empresarias: 1) Empresarias de medio
tiempo (que dedican en promedio 48 horas por semana al negocio) y 2) Las empresarias de tiempo
completo (que dedican como media 77 horas). Estos hallazgos son relevantes para los diseñadores
de políticas públicas para el emprendimiento femenino.
... El enfoque central de la literatura sobre la empresaria es la motivación de las mujeres para desarrollar sus propios negocios. Las principales razones que se han identificado son: Equilibrar con las responsabilidades familiares (Birley, 1989;Buttner y Moore, 1997;Caputo y Dolinsky, 1998;Lundstrom, 1999;Marlow y Strange, 1994;Noble, 1986), independencia (Sacirbey, 1998), autonomía (Buttner y Moore, 1997;Kleiman, 1998), superar la insatisfacción laboral (Babaeva y Chirikova, 1997;Journal of Business Strategy, 1998;Oeltjen, 1992) y la pérdida del empleo (Babaeva y Chirikova, 1997;Omar, 1998;Sacirbey, 1998). ...
... Se utilizará el marco de las teorías feministas para averiguar hasta qué punto puede ayudar explicar la influencia del género en la toma de decisiones, ya que esta teoría ha sido frecuentemente utilizada por varios investigadores para explicar el fenómeno de la mujer empresaria (Geoffee y Scase, 1983;Smith, Mc-Cain y Warren, 1982;Pellegrino y Reece, 1982;Hisrich y Brush, 1985;Chaganti, 1986;Neider, 1987;Birley, 1989;Brush, 1992;Fischer, Reuber y Dyke, 1993;Gunnerud, 1997;Ljunggren y Alsos, 2001;Greer y Greene, 2003;Borna y White, 2003;Scott, Dolan, Johnstone-Louis, Sugden y Wu, 2012). Constituye esa parte de la investigación reciente que, desde una perspectiva centrada en las mujeres, presenta implícita o formalmente un sistema de ideas general y de gran alcance sobre las características básicas de la vida social y la experiencia humana. ...
En nuestros días, la innovación de productos es uno de los temas de investigación
académica y empresarial de mayor auge el área de la economía y la empresa.
La presente investigación es una revisión de literatura sobre la innovación de
productos que intenta ahondar el conocimiento e identificar vacíos en la investigación
relacionados al tema. La revisión de literatura se realiza desde una doble
perspectiva, en primer lugar, se recabó la información que estudia la temática
desde un enfoque internacional, al incluir investigaciones que ubican a la innovación
como un fenómeno a nivel global; en segundo lugar, se analizan trabajos
con un enfoque de género donde se estudian trabajos realizados a las mujeres
empresarias y sus decisiones sobre la innovación de productos. Se descubre que
no existen suficientes investigaciones a nivel internacional que estudien a la mujer
empresaria y la innovación de productos dentro de sus empresas sino únicamente
algunos trabajos a nivel país. Finalmente, se recomiendan futuras líneas
de investigación y cortes de trabajo a realizar sobre el tema.
Palabras clave: Innovación de productos, Internacional, Mujer empresaria, Género,
Estrategia.
... Since then, when entrepreneurship was originally perceived as a male issue, the discussion has developed by accounting for similarities or differences between male and female (Gupta et al., 2009). Early research in the 1970s tended to concentrate on gender (biological) differences, while research in the 1990s tended to view entrepreneurship as an activity that did not vary by gender (Birley, 1989;Buttner and Moore, 1997). The 2000s then saw a return to studying the differences between men and women (Brush, 2012;Hughes and Jennings, 2012;Kirkwood, 2009). ...
The phenomenon of entrepreneurship nowadays plays an important role in every country as it affects all areas of its economic and social life, including job creation and economic restructuring. In this article, we will examine the research and studies conducted by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, focusing on two countries, Morocco and France, since 2015 because Morocco joined the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in this year. The objective is to explain and compare the figures, statistics, and studies carried out on female entrepreneurship in these countries. The findings show that female entrepreneurship in France is developing and continuing to progress despite the effect of the global COVID-19 pandemic, and the same is true for Morocco, which for its part has experienced a remarkable development in recent years, although it still lags behind France.
... The prevailing belief that the market is "open to all" is belied by reality, and on this basis "Birley" (1989) validates that the main difference between male and female entrepreneurs is the options for entering the market, that there is an urgent need to study hidden factors such as culture, adaptation, and experiences, and that he proposed a new theory related to the cultural situation and the prevailing culture (Birley, 1988), and this analytical model may be considered The most appropriate models that can be relied upon in diagnosing the social reality of women entrepreneurs in the local community. ...
The present study seeks to analyze the reality of women’s practices regarding entrepreneurship in Algerian society. In Algeria, as in all other countries, entrepreneurship is the practice of rational and purposeful activities in order to attain defined and precise goals. However, the form and boundaries of this activity vary according to gender, making it impossible to disentangle gender identity from the nature of the ensuing activities. As a result, women's entrepreneurship becomes a social, political, and economic practice with various stakes, as well as aims and standards that differ from male norms in the same industry.
... Bank managers seem primarily motivated by profit and would therefore not want to neglect the important market represented by female entrepreneurs (Carter et al., 2007); and the banking industry underwent significant deregulation decades ago, leading to more competition, for example, in the United States and Europe (Baltensberger et al., 1987;Kerr & Nanda, 2009). For these reasons, some scholars argue women are not discriminated against in raising money for their ventures (Birley, 1989;Carter et al., 2007;Elliehausen & Durkin, 1989;Harrison & Mason, 2007). Indeed, gender-based 1 Morazzoni and Sy (2022) find that ventures led by women have a higher average product of capital than ventures led by men, which could be a sign of gender-related financial frictions affecting capital allocation across firms. 2 The closest recent meta-analysis we are aware of concerns gender and entrepreneurial intention (Haus et al., 2013). ...
Research Summary
Extant research offers conflicting views about the size and nature of gender‐related disparities in venture financing and venture performance. We theorize that gender‐related frictions in debt financing, the most common source of capital for new ventures, materially impair the performance of women‐led ventures but that these frictions decline with financial development. We find strong support for these predictions in a meta‐analysis of 63 primary studies in which we use financial development to instrument for the impact of gender‐related financial frictions on venture performance; in fact, in the absence of gender‐related financial frictions, ventures led by women would modestly outperform ventures led by men. We also find that gender‐related financial frictions are greater for access to, than the terms of, debt financing.
Managerial Summary
We use meta‐analysis to offer a quantitative synthesis of the research on gender, venture finance, and venture performance. We find evidence that women encounter gender‐related frictions in obtaining debt financing for their ventures, materially impairing their ventures' performance. In fact, in the absence of these frictions, ventures led by women would modestly outperform ventures led by men. We also find that gender‐related frictions in venture finance are greater for access to, than the terms of, debt financing and that these frictions tend to be stronger in countries with less developed financial institutions and markets.
... La fuerte necesidad de autonomía e independencia entre los empresarios es el motivo más frecuentemente observado por los estudiosos (Holmquist y Sundin, 1988;Carter y Cannon, 1992;Filion, 1997;Statistics Canadá, 2010;Adrien, Kirouac y Sliwinski, et al. (1999). El deseo de crear un empleo propio para balancear el trabajo y la familia también ha sido citado a menudo por los investigadores sobre mujeres empresarias como motivo para lanzar su propia empresa (Birley, 1989;Brush, 1990;Holmquist y Sundin, 1990;Duchéneaut y Orhan, 2000). ...
¿Qué factores determinan el desempeño de las pequeñas empresas con cinco o menos empleados? Con base en un marco conceptual ya utilizado en Argentina y en investigaciones anteriores, se utilizó una muestra de 174 empresarios mexicanos de dos diferentes estados (Jalisco y Nuevo León) para probar un conjunto de nueve hipótesis. Las variables dependientes de desempeño puestas en prueba fueron una objetiva, las ventas y una subjetiva, la evaluación personal de desempeño (o éxito) de los empresarios. Las variables independientes consideradas incluirán las características personales, sociológicas y organizativas. Los resultados se obtuvieron a partir de dos modelos de regresión lineal sobre dos variables dependientes. En cuanto a las características personales, las variables que se relacionaron positivamente con las ventas incluyeron 3 componentes de Capital Humano (Nivel de estudio, experiencia empresarial y horas semanales trabajadas) en el autoempleo por necesidad económica, y la pertenencia al género masculino. En cuanto a las variables organizativas, los empresarios con mayores ventas habían obtenido préstamos bancarios y habrían impulsado su negocio (por oposición de empezarlo desde cero) y tenían razones de necesidades económicas (extrínsecas) razones para estar en el negocio. Los empresarios que trabajan muchas horas y habían obtenidos ayudas del gobierno eran propensos a estar más satisfechos de su propio rendimiento que los demás.
... The article titled "Entrepreneurship, A New Female Frontier, " the first study related to the field of woman entrepreneurship, which has a history of nearly half a century (Santos, Marques & Ferreira, 2018), focused on the psychological and sociological differences between female and male entrepreneurs (Schwartz, 1976). Many researchers in this field have brought new perspectives to the literature by focusing on different gaps (e.g., Bowen & Hisrich, 1986;Birley, 1989;Moore, 1990;Brush, 1992;Brush, 1998;Carter, Anderson & Shaw, 2001;Ahl, 2002;Gundry, Miriam & Posig, 2002;Ahl, 2006;Carter & Marlow, 2006;de Bruin, Brush & Welter, 2006;Brush, de Bruin & Welter, 2009;Minniti, 2009;Terjesen, Patel & Covin, 2011;Ahl & Marlow, 2012;Sullivan & Meek, 2012;Jennings & Brush, 2013;Henry et al., 2015;Poggesi, Mari & de Vita, 2016;Marlow & Martinez Dy, 2018;Santos, Marques & Ferreira, 2018;Roos, 2019;Manolova et al., 2020) and women's entrepreneurship has become one of the main focuses of scholars, politicians and other entrepreneurial stakeholders (Henry, 2007). ...
Although men still spring to mind when entrepreneurship is mentioned, given that women have been highly successful as entrepreneurs, breaking through glass ceilings and having a solid presence in entrepreneurship, it is crucial to uncover how studies of entrepreneurship have evolved from a gender perspective. Therefore, this study aims to determine the extent of academic interest in women's entrepreneurship and what subtopics are included in related studies. To this end, bibliometric analysis methods were used to evaluate articles published in the field of business and management over the past decade. Included in the analysis were 305 articles published in English in the Social Science Citation Indexed Journals on the Web of Science database and originating from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia, the four countries that contribute most to women's entrepreneurship. While most authors contributing to women's entrepreneurship literature are from institutions in the United States, Australian authors are the most collaborative scholars internationally. Moreover, while the literature on women's entrepreneurship was viewed directly from a gender perspective at the beginning of the last decade, it is apparent that subtopics such as risk, entrepreneurial identity, discrimination, and entrepreneurial intention have come into focus over time.
... Thus, women entrepreneurs mostly realize their entrepreneurial activity in peripheral economic niches in which men entrepreneurs are not interested (Anna et al., 2000;Loscocco & Robinson, 1991). As a result, women entrepreneurs are more represented in activities with lower profit potential and more pronounced competition; activities such as trade and services (Birley, 1989;Bowen & Hisrich, 1986;Brixiova & Kangoye, 2020;Buttner, 1993;Coleman, 2000;Gawel & Mroczek-Dabrowska, 2021;Kamberidou, 2020;Hisrich & Brush, 1984;Manolova, Brush, Edelman, & Elam, 2020;Orser & Hogarth-Scott, 2002;Robichaud, Zinger, & LeBrasseur, 2007;Rodríguez & Santos, 2009;Tsuchiya, 2010;Verheul & Thurik, 2001). Based on the previous, the following hypotheses are developed. ...
Although growing in volume, women’s entrepreneurship is still significantly underrepresented relative to the entrepreneurial activities of men. Moreover, in most of the contexts, quantitative performance of female entrepreneurs are worse, compared to the ones achieved by their male counterparts. Though certainly important, knowing only the quantitative performance of female entrepreneurs is not enough for improving their competitiveness and socio-economic status. Quantitative performance are the results of certain qualitative features of women’s entrepreneurial activities, which are often neglected in the public discourse. The aim of the study is to provide an overview of the sectoral structure of women’s entrepreneurship from the less studied contexts, such Serbian environment is. Working with data provided by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia, the study empirically tests and supports the hypotheses that there are differences in the sectoral distribution of female and male entrepreneurs in the Republic of Serbia, with Serbian female entrepreneurs being overrepresented in the services sector. Moreover, the results show women’s observed participation in the services sector is significantly higher than the one which would be expected given the sectoral structure of the general population of entrepreneurs. The paper discusses its theoretical and practical contributions as well.
... A strong need for autonomy and independence among entrepreneurs is the most frequently observed motive by scholars (Holmquist and Sundin, 1988;Carter and Cannon, 1992;Filion, 1997;Statistics Canada, 2010;Adrien, Kirouac and Sliwinski, 1999). The desire to create one's own job in order to balance work and family has also been often cited by researchers on female entrepreneurs as a reason for launching their own business (Birley, 1989;Brush, 1990;Holmquist and Sundin, 1990;Duchéneaut and Orhan, 2000). ...
What determines performance among small businesses with five employees or less in Mexico? Based on a conceptual framework already used in Argentina and on previous research, a sample of 174 Mexican entrepreneurs from two different states (Jalisco and Nuevo León) was used to test a set of nine hypotheses. The dependent performance variables tested were an objective one, sales, and a subjective one, the personal assessment of performance (or success) of entrepreneurs. The independent variables considered included personal, sociological, and organizational characteristics. Results were obtained from two linear regression models on the two dependent variables. In terms of personal characteristics, variables that were positively related to sales included three Human Capital components (Education level, Business experience, and Weekly hours worked), having been pushed into self-employment by economic necessity, and belonging to the male gender. Regarding organizational variables, entrepreneurs with higher sales had obtained bank loans and had purchased their business (by opposition to starting it from scratch) and had economic necessity (extrinsic) reasons to be in business. Respondents who worked long hours and had obtained government support were more likely to be more satisfied of their own performance than others.
... Such results may be related to female entrepreneurial motivation. Birley (1987) argued that female entrepreneurial motivations could be divided into push and pull motivations. Push motivations are caused by insufficient income, (2017) further found that the motivation of female entrepreneurs in rural areas was dominated by the push effect, while the motivation of urban female entrepreneurs was dominated by the pull effect. ...
Female-entrepreneurship plays a significantly important role in rural areas of China today. In fact, it is a driving force behind inclusive economic development of the country as a whole. However, notably very little literature out there has focused on the impact of how widespread usage of information technology tools affects the mothers entrepreneurship in the outskirt regions. Here, in this paper, the authors attempt to explore the finer details of such an impact by utilizing the data from the 2017 China Integrated Social Survey; along with the IV-Probit model to explore the transmission mechanism. Interestingly enough, it was discovered that Internet applications and tools do indeed increase entrepreneurship among women with children by a roughly 7.88%. In addition, this paper finds that the utilization of such “InfoTech” promote a continuous progress in entrepreneurship among those women with children who endeavor to start a self-managed enterprise in the less developed areas. Lastly, when looking the analysis of the transmission mechanism, this paper found that the role of Internet-usage in promoting rural mothers entrepreneurship was mainly through three factors – the gender equality effect, the information learning effect, and the financing effect. This accumulated data will be thoroughly presented here in the ensuing sections.
... Early research on female entrepreneurship mostly focused on assessing the effects that gender differences may have on different dimensions (Birley, 1989;Welch et al., 2008;Zinkhan & Karande, 1991). Scholars largely agree that there are some differences between male and female entrepreneurs. ...
We examine the issue of entrepreneurial gender bias by focusing on the underlying mechanisms that impact the likelihood of receiving external venture-capital financing. We claim that gender bias negatively affects socially attributed dimensions (such as the stigma ascribed to entrepreneurs who have previously suffered a failure), while it has no effect on objective dimensions (such as the experience gained by entrepreneurs). Our results, based on 2088 US firms, show that female entrepreneurs are less likely to attract external funds if they have previously encountered failure. This negative effect becomes less impactful when novel or serial successful entrepreneurs are considered. Consequently, novel or serial successful entrepreneurs are expected to suffer less from gender bias if compared to peers who experienced a failure during their entrepreneurial career.
... lingered on, even during the advent of women's engagement in entrepreneurship in the developing modern economy that was emerging when Ghana became politically independent (in 1957). Hence, women who engaged in entrepreneurship in this developing civilisation had less access to business networks (Birley, 1989). Some previous empirical findings indicate that women entrepreneurs' economic and social connections can influence the performance, growth, and competitiveness of their businesses (Rosa et al., 1996) because networks grant them access to entrepreneurial resources such as finance, social capital, and business information (Miller et al., 2007). ...
This chapter briefly grasps the reality of women’s entrepreneurship in the sub-Saharan Africa with the most summarised review of separate country on each chapter. All nine countries have been revised individually based on the general overview and status of women’s entrepreneurship, historical frameworks, ecosystem and its future perspectives. These have been together with possible recommendations that are based on authors’ analysis of the country history, current situation and state of any available policies related to support and development of women entrepreneurship towards the future.KeywordsWomen entrepreneurshipHistorical frameworksEcosystemFuture perspectivesAnalysisSub-Saharan Africa
... In the debate between supporters of 'traits' and supporters of 'rates' , the role played by women was not considered. However, some researchers had already studied the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship, from the pioneering paper by Eleanor Schwartz (1976); in the 1980s and 1990s, numerous articles were produced on the participation of women in entrepreneurship (Baker et al., 1997;Birley, 1989;Brush, 1992;Kalleberg & Leicht, 1991;Mirchandani, 1999), and with the turn of the century there was a boom in this subject of study. 3 More recently, research on gender and entrepreneurship has notably increased, arguing the necessity to incorporate the specific perspective of women (Brush et al., 2017;Henry et al., 2016;Jennings & Brush, 2013). ...
This article studies the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship in Andalusia, a region in the south of Spain, between 1886 and 1959. The aim of the text is to answer the question: Were women active in entrepreneurship, or merely pieces in the economic strategies of the males who governed their families? To do this, a database built from the commercial registers containing more than 8,000 companies is used. The results obtained, by way of a combination of quantitative and qualitative research, as well as the application of the Social Network Analysis, indicate that the women who participated in the forming of multi-owner firms were subject to the decisions of their male partners, and hardly had any opportunities to develop an active business role. Female subordination is explained by the sociocultural characteristics of the institutional framework as well as the late economic development of the region.
... Los estudios académicos han resaltado las amplias similitudes entre mujeres y hombres en sus características y motivaciones para iniciar un negocio (López et al. 2012;Affholder y Box, 2004;Morris et al. 2006;Birley, 1989). Adicionalmente, la literatura también señala diferencias (Bouguerra, 2015), presentamos algunas a continuación: a) La relativa juventud de las mujeres propietarias de negocios. ...
Influencia del contexto en el proceso emprendedor y el desempeño innovador de las empresas creadas y dirigidas por mujeres en Ecuador
... Many scholars in this field made notable contri butions to the literature by filling various research gaps (e.g., Bowen and Hisrich, 1986;Vol. 30, No. 1/2022 Orkun Demirbağ, Kübra Şimşek Demirbağ, Gülgönül Bozoğlu Batı Birley, 1989;Moore, 1990;Brush, 1992;Carter et al., 2001;Ahl, 2002;Gundry et al., 2002;Ahl, 2006;de Bruin et al., 2006;Carter and Marlow, 2006;Brush et al., 2009;Minniti, 2009;Ahl and Marlow, 2012;Sullivan and Meek, 2012;Jennings and Brush, 2013;Henry et al., 2015;Poggesi et al., 2016;Marlow and Martinez Dy, 2018;Santos et al., 2018;Ross and Shin, 2019;Manolova et al., 2020;Rosca et al., 2020;Kamberidou, 2020;Johansson et al., 2021) and thus women's entrepreneurship has become one of the hot topics for academicians, politicians, and other stakeholders (Henry, 2007). ...
Purpose: Because of the growing interest in the literature in education and political skill as facili tators of firm performance, this article aims to reveal whether there is a moderating role of women entrepreneurs' political skill on the relationship between their education level and firm performance when firm and entrepreneurlevel characteristics remain under control. Methodology: The study was conducted in Istanbul, Kocaeli, and Bursa, cities with the lowest gen der gap in Turkey. The participants of the questionnaires were 291 entrepreneurs who are members of the Women Entrepreneurs Association of Turkey (KAGIDER), the Women Entrepreneur Members of Endeavor Turkey, and the TOBB Women Entrepreneurs. Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the dataset. Findings: When firm and the entrepreneurlevel characteristics remain under control, women entrepreneurs' political skill shows a moderator role in the relationship between women entrepre neurs' education level and firm performance. Practical Implications: A bachelor's degree or higher, along with political skill, allow women entrepreneurs to increase their firm performance. Furthermore, the higher the political skill, the higher the effect of education level on firm performance. Originality/Value: This is the first study to investigate the moderating role of political skill of women entrepreneurs in the relationship between education level and firm performance. Moreover, politi cal influence and human capital theories are jointly applied to the theoretical model.
This chapter explores the burgeoning phenomenon of women entrepreneurship, highlighting its rise and undeniable influence on the business landscape. Traditionally faced with the metaphorical “glass ceiling” in corporate structures, women are increasingly taking the reins and forging their own paths to success. This chapter delves into the factors driving this trend, examining how women are overcoming challenges and establishing themselves as powerful forces in diverse industries. The chapter explores the impact of women entrepreneurs, not just on their own ventures but on the broader business ecosystem. It examines how their unique perspectives and leadership styles are shaping new business models and driving innovation. Additionally, the chapter sheds light on the role women entrepreneurs play in inspiring and empowering the next generation of female leaders. In conclusion, “Shattering Glass Ceilings” paints a compelling picture of the rise of women entrepreneurship, emphasizing its transformative impact on the world of business.
The idea that there are gendered differences in corruption in the political arena is common. Two explanations for these differences include risk aversion and network effects. However, business leaders include a self‐selected group of individuals that are comparatively risk‐tolerant and well‐connected. Using firm‐level data for 144 countries from 2006 to 2019, we test whether female‐run businesses engage in corruption differently than men. In the aggregate, we find a potentially puzzling result: female‐managed firms are engaged in less corruption and report it being less of an obstacle compared to their male counterparts; female‐owned firms are just the opposite. Once we disaggregate the data into region specific estimates, a clearer pattern emerges. Corruption is more harmful for female‐run firms in the areas of the world that have more gender inequality overall.
The purpose of this paper is to summarise and categorise existing research on female entrepreneurs. Identifying the various theoretical perspectives and research strands that characterise and define the literature on women empowerment through self-employment and highlighting their interrelationships are the study's primary objectives. Additionally, it seeks to identify emerging trends and gaps in the literature by comparing the most recent works to those that represent the field's core. The document is based on bibliometric data. The research on this
topic is divided into two distinct theoretical perspectives based on entrepreneurship: women and self-employment, and women and empowerment. 194 research paper data from the most recent
publications of SCOPUS periodicals were used to verify the presence of original topics and themes. This research is anticipated to contribute practically to theory development, managerial decision-making, and education. This study examines the evolution of the literature on women's empowerment through self-employment and the underlying structure of the numerous studies within it. The conclusion of this paper is to identify the best journal, best article, and best authors from 1989 to 2022, as well as their various collaborations.
Disclaimer: The summaries in this chapter were generated from Springer Nature publications using extractive AI auto-summarization: An extraction-based summarizer aims to identify the most important sentences of a text using an algorithm and uses those original sentences to create the auto-summary (unlike generative AI). As the constituted sentences are machine selected, they may not fully reflect the body of the work, so we strongly advise that the original content is read and cited. The auto generated summaries were curated by the editor to meet Springer Nature publication standards. To cite this content, please refer to the original papers.
Interesting career possibilities for women emerge from technology entrepreneurship. Although the trend is improving, women entrepreneurs starting technology-based firms lag far behind men. The traditionally masculine identity of the ‘entrepreneur’ represents a major challenge for women interested to start a technology business. In the university ecosystem there is a ‘triple gendered’ situation – technology, technology studies and the gendered environment of academic incubation hubs that support start-up. This paper draws on a structured literature review (SLR) to frame the gender issues of women technology entrepreneurs within the university ecosystem. The aim of the paper is to develop insights for the emerging European University Alliances such as the European University of Technology (EUt +) to help fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems for women in technology fields.
This research contributes to the state of knowledge on gender aspects of entrepreneurship and SME-promoting policies from the perspective of the United Kingdom. In this paper, we draw upon the largest public policy intervention aimed explicitly at fostering new business start-ups, the Start-Up Loan (SUL) scheme. Since its inception in 2012 until the present day, question whether female start-up entrepreneurs were over-represented in terms of scheme participation, which would be the case if the barriers they face when seeking to start a new business are greater than their male peers. First, the study exploits available secondary data from the Eurostat and Global Entrepreneurship Monitor to determine the participation of females in entrepreneurship during the last decades. Second, we exploit the administrative data of the participants of the SUL scheme between 2012 and 2022 (N = 98,026). Methodologically, the study relies on summary statistical tools and estimation of the Cox proportional hazard models, predicting the loan default rates of the supported individuals across genders. With an average female representation of 40% over the last decade on the SUL scheme, which is significantly higher than in the UK business population, a very positive and unintended consequence of the scheme is that tens of thousands of female entrepreneurs were given the support that, in its absence, may have prevented or discouraged them from starting their new business. Furthermore, females participating in the SUL scheme have lower hazard rates than males.
This study comes to investigate the basic needs that motivate women to choose entrepreneurship as a work, to dismantle these needs to levels of hierarchy, and to try to understand the links and trade-offs between these needs, by linking them to the cultural and social context of the entrepreneurial environment in their society, and from her point of view, through a field study, a sample of 24 individual serpent women entrepreneurs in The State of djelfa, and the data collected through a questionnaire during 2019.The researchers reached a preliminary conclusion that the practice of contracting as a women' s act is subject to the cultural position of the social context, within the limits of common expectations, and then as a basis of the study, the majority of women entrepreneurs in the research sample are based on the motive of economic
This study explores the core realms of Entrepreneurship and Supply Chain in the context of the history of the furniture sector in Brazil. The research objective is to evaluate the correlation between trust management in entrepreneurs' profiles and the enhancement of relationship performance in supply chain management. Additionally, an analysis of the entrepreneur's endogenous and exogenous variables is conducted. The sample comprises emerging furniture companies in Minas Gerais, each with a tenure of five to ten years since establishment. Consequently, the study aims to address the following questions: How do enterprises identify potential actors within the sector's framework? What factors influence entrepreneurs' conduct in the supply chain? How can the nexus between trust management and relational variables be gauged to foster the success and maturity of nascent firms? How do the regulations in the state of Minas Gerais impact the emergence of new sustainable conceptual furniture ventures? Armed with answers to these and other questions, the intention is to construct and validate hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. The methodology employs both qualitative and quantitative techniques for comparative analysis and processing of empirical data. It endeavors to portray the entrepreneur's profile, behavior, and integration within the supply chain, all rooted in individual and interorganizational trust. The envisaged research Journal of Namibian Studies, 32 (2022): 566-591 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) 567 outcomes possess the potential to enhance the prospects of the sampled companies and refine the comprehension of fundamental facets linked to the significance of supply chain management in furniture enterprises. This contribution encompasses models and concepts catering to the academic-scientific and business communities.
This study explores the core realms of Entrepreneurship and Supply Chain in the context of the history of the furniture sector in Brazil. The research objective is to evaluate the correlation between trust management in entrepreneurs' profiles and the enhancement of relationship performance in supply chain management. Additionally, an analysis of the entrepreneur's endogenous and exogenous variables is conducted. The sample comprises emerging furniture companies in Minas Gerais, each with a tenure of five to ten years since establishment. Consequently, the study aims to address the following questions: How do enterprises identify potential actors within the sector's framework? What factors influence entrepreneurs' conduct in the supply chain? How can the nexus between trust management and relational variables be gauged to foster the success and maturity of nascent firms? How do the regulations in the state of Minas Gerais impact the emergence of new sustainable conceptual furniture ventures? Armed with answers to these and other questions, the intention is to construct and validate hypotheses derived from the theoretical model. The methodology employs both qualitative and quantitative techniques for comparative analysis and processing of empirical data. It endeavors to portray the entrepreneur's profile, behavior, and integration within the supply chain, all rooted in individual and interorganizational trust. The envisaged research Journal of Namibian Studies, 32 (2022): 566-591 ISSN: 2197-5523 (online) 567 outcomes possess the potential to enhance the prospects of the sampled companies and refine the comprehension of fundamental facets linked to the significance of supply chain management in furniture enterprises. This contribution encompasses models and concepts catering to the academic-scientific and business communities.
Women being employees is a very appreciative aspect. But women being employers is a bold and massive decision that they make, considering their busy life schedule, which traditionally includes looking after their families and themselves. This book chapter aims to identify the diverse challenges female entrepreneurs face, which could be in the context of society, structure, or finance. Identifying and vocalizing these challenges faced by these emerging entrepreneurs is inadequate, but tackling them is equally called for. This study provides a framework and scope for further research to look into more opportunities and measures to tackle these roadblocks. Last but not least, this book chapter anticipates inspiring all women and driving them to explore the essence of entrepreneurship.
Tokenism and the exclusion of marginalized individuals can inhibit the development of new ideas and innovation in organizations. Using social justice theory to explore the case of female entrepreneurs, this chapter outlines the benefits to be realized via their inclusion in the workplace and presents a framework for fostering a climate that supports their full participation. This framework foregrounds the contribution of organizational characteristics as well as individual and behavioral factors which can work together to deliver more inclusive leadership and practices to advance women. The chapter concludes by considering the challenges and opportunities presented by the practical application of this approach.
The literature in management has pointed out male and female entrepreneurs show different levels of risk aversion as well as self-confidence or self-efficacy. This study aims to contribute to the extant literature on this issue through the identification of the most discriminating characteristics of entrepreneurial orientation across gender, as well as the association between performance, entrepreneurial orientation style and gender. From a survey among 226 French franchisees, we conclude that proactiveness, competitive aggressiveness and commercial autonomy are the most differentiating entrepreneurial orientation dimensions between male and female franchisees. Relevant associations between gender, entrepreneurial style and individual and network perceived performance are observed.
Researching into female entrepreneurship is important because it enhances our understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and factors comprising family influences, labour market structures, female entrepreneurial behaviour, job creation, and human capital development. This chapter presents a historical overview of Ghanaian women’s entrepreneurial ecosystem, shaped by Ghana’s macro-economic, social, and political-legal institutional environments. The characteristics of these female entrepreneurs and their success factors in entrepreneurship are also discussed. Secondary data derived from the entrepreneurship literature was mostly used in this chapter. Hence, this chapter makes a contribution to the emerging literature on women’s entrepreneurship by restricting its scope to women’s entrepreneurship in the context of Ghana.KeywordsWomen entrepreneurshipGhanaHistorical frameworkEcosystemFuture perspectivesRegion
Entrepreneurs are significantly playing an important role in economic development of any country. The present study investigated the role of entrepreneurship educational programmes in building startup skills among Indian women. It identified new variables that are significant contributors in building startup skills among women. 215 women from IIMB NCW course have been considered as respondents on the basis of random sampling method. Reliability and Validity of the developed scale has been tested. Linear Regression Model has been applied to investigate the impact of entrepreneurship educational programme on selected constructs. With the literature and empirical support, the study concluded that entrepreneurial persistence, entrepreneurial attitude and economic benefits are the better predictors of entrepreneurship educational programme and it really helped them to build start up skills. This research brings out an original and novel contribution to the entrepreneurship theory.
Entrepreneurs are playing a significant role in economic development. It helps in creating jobs, reducing poverty, maintaining demand-supply equilibrium, and solving a number of problems of any country. It will thus automatically increase the GDP of the country and make the country self-reliant. This can only be possible if, and only if, equal participation from all sections of the society should come forward and join hands for self-development and self-employability. Now there is a strong need to change youth mindsets. The Indian government has taken many initiatives to make entrepreneurship a successful model and also to strengthen this innovation ecosystem. The main purpose of such initiatives is to promote entrepreneurship solutions for economic sustainability and growth. This chapter highlights the current innovative ecosystem of entrepreneurship and the challenges it faces. It also highlights the initiatives taken by the Indian government for the promotion of entrepreneurship development in India.
This study focused on the roles of entrepreneurship and gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Specifically, we tested a moderating role of gender and examined the moderated mediating role of entrepreneurship by gender in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention. Based on the secondary data from the 2017 Korea Entrepreneurship Survey on 10,000 people, a conditional process model 15 (Hayes’ PROCESS macro) analysis was used to test the direct and indirect paths with respect to gender differences. The results indicate that the conditional direct effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention was not significant for women, but it was significant for men. Results also confirmed that the indirect effect of achievement motivation on entrepreneurial intention via entrepreneurship was stronger for women than for men. Therefore, the moderation hypothesis and the moderated mediation hypothesis were supported. The study contributes to the explanation of the black box between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention by emphasizing the role of gender as a moderator and entrepreneurship as a mediator of this relationship. This study focused on and confirmed the role of gender previously neglected in the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention and the role of entrepreneurship as a mediator to promote entrepreneurial activity among women. Therefore, this study extends existing research results by elaborating the relationship between achievement motivation and entrepreneurial intention.
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