Article

Development of the Housing Allowance Programmes in Hungary in the Context of CEE Transitional Countries 1

Authors:
  • Metropolitan Research Institute
  • Metropolitan Research Institute
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Abstract

This paper explores the background of the emerging of housing allowance system in Hungary after 1990 in the context of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Housing allowance in Hungary was first introduced as a decentralized (local government managed) programme, but it went through a development process. The programme was more a part of the safety net system than a demand side subsidy, and its limited role can be explained by the lack of financial incentives of local governments. A new programme was introduced in 2004, where the cooperation between central government and local governments is better founded and, hence, will lead to a restructuring of the scope of the benefit programme. The Hungarian housing system seems to move towards a housing and welfare regime in which the state (public housing) plays increasingly less role, the transition process puts more and more burden on the families, and the safety net provides help only to the neediest families (very low-income households and those in a crisis situation). While this seems to be close to a combination of the liberal and'rudimental’ welfare regimes, the institutional structure of the welfare regime is still in the process of change.

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... Despite all these, it is important to emphasize the common typically "East-European" elements of the different versions, e.g. the housing estates, the undermaintained public sector, and rationed "elite" houses for the nomenclature, which justify the use of the term "East-European Housing Model". (Hegedüs and Teller, 2005) The authors refer to Struyk (1996) exploring the possibilities of the East European Housing Model in the transition period: theoretically there were two basic options: 1. to use the housing sector as an "engine" of the change; or 2. to use as it as "shock absorption". The first option was practically unfeasible, because in the time of the economic decline the under-maintained and under-financed housing sector could not be totally "marketed" without huge and unmanageable social conflicts. ...
... The institutional solutions are under "construction", and we can talk about different attempts (e.g. the Polish TBS, or the municipal housing in other countries) which point into that direction. As Hegedüs and Teller (2005) further point out, a further common element in the region related to the risk and security of homeownership is the consequence of the hardship paying the increased housing related costs in a "constrained" macroeconomic environment. That is, a relatively wide share of the households is facing the problems of arrears, a huge social and political issue that has to be managed by the transitional countries. ...
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The ESPON 1.4.2 Project focuses on at investigating the interrelationship between social and territorial development in order to integrate social aspects in the territorial analysis, as territorial development equally affects spaces, and people who live in these spaces, and vice versa. As preparatory study its task is to explore and evaluate the main elements of the forthcoming projects. The final report at hand investigates the relationship between territorial and social development along four core topics: "Access to Social Services, Services of General Economic Interest (SGEI), and mechanisms of public transfers”, “Employment and Income Distribution”, “Housing and territorial development” and “Education and Training”. Within each of these thematic fields it provides an analyses of relevant policies, discusses the status of the existing research works, investigates in data and indicators picturing the social-territorial relationship within these fields and comes up with research questions. Furthermore hypothesis about the interrelations between these four key research fields their impact on the territorial development are set up. And potential projects are defined for a more in-depth investigation of social aspects of territorial development within ESPON.
... No obstante, hay países que van más allá, involucrándose en si ese alojamiento debe ser en propiedad o en la potenciación del mercado de viviendas. Esta es la situación que se puede apreciar en países en los que, aunque no se recoge un derecho como tal, sí que hay mención a la protección en la tenencia de un 2. Para una visión amplia de las políticas de vivienda de estos países se puede consultar: Finlandia: Kärkkäinen (1999); Hungría: Hegedüs y Teller (2005); Polonia: Glocker y Plouin (2016); Portugal: Alves y Gonçalves (2010). Además, una visión global de las políticas de vivienda y vivienda social en Europa se encuentra en Scanlon et al. (2015). ...
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... agua o la recogida de basuras (en contrapartida a la liberalización y privatización de dichos servicios)-, o bien se dirige a facilitar el acceso a una vivienda en propiedad a la clase media (Hegedüs y Teller, 2005). ...
... Only 1.8 percent of households are receiving housing allowances, and if we add heating allowances, the estimated proportion is 2.4 percent. In comparison to central European transitional countries, only Slovenia has a smaller share of households receiving a housing allowance (Hegedüs and Teller 2005). ...
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... In Vilnius, approximately 50 per cent of the population continues to live in these suburban panel block housing estates (Tsenkova, 2006, p. 44). At the same time, declining incomes and increasing housing-related expenses have become common across FSU/CEE in the post-Soviet era (Hegedus & Teller, 2005). ...
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ABSTRACT Comparative housing research has become a major field of investigation in the last two decades, and it is now possible to discern distinct approaches. In this paper we present an overview of the literature, distinguishing between three dominant perspectives. At one extreme are particularistic approaches which are conceptually unexplicated and highly empirical and in which each country is seen as unique. At the other extreme are universalistic approaches in which all countries are seen as being subjected to the same overriding imperatives, whether this is 'the logic of industrialism', capitalist market failures, the structural drive to increasingly comprehensive welfare states or its opposite, the privatisation and recommodification of welfare. In between these two extremes are studies which attempt to develop what might be called 'theories of the middle range' and to discern typologies of housing systems.
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This paper traces the changes which have occurred in housing provision and management in Poland during the period of transition to the market system. It suggests that the changes that have occurred have been greatly influenced by the environment within which the reforms have taken place. It claims that changes in housing management are restricted by historic attitudes yet have proceeded due to financial constraints imposed as part of the government's policy for restructuring the economy in the early 1990s. At the same time these restrictions have worked against the developmentof the housing market and investment in the existing housing stock. While the planned programmaticand legislative tasks in the reform of Polish housing are concluded, there is still a need for major shifts in the attitudes of consumers and providers to effect these changes.
Article
Why are many storefronts in Moscow empty while street kiosks in front are full of goods? This article develops a theory of anticommons property to help explain the puzzle of empty storefronts and full kiosks. Anticommons property can be understood as the mirror image of commons property. By definition, in a commons, multiple owners are each endowed with the privilege to use a given resource, and no one has the right to exclude another. When too many owners hold such privileges of use, the resource is prone to overuse ? a tragedy of the commons. Depleted fisheries and overgrazed fields are canonical examples of this familiar tragedy. In an anticommons, multiple owners are each endowed with the right to exclude others from a scarce resource, and no one has an effective privilege of use. When too many owners hold such rights of exclusion, the resource is prone to underuse ? a tragedy of the anticommons. Empty Moscow storefronts are a canonical example of the tragedy of underuse. Anticommons property may appear whenever governments define new property rights in both post-socialist and developed market economies. Once an anticommons emerges, collecting rights into usable private property bundles can be brutal and slow. The difficulties of overcoming a tragedy of the anticommons suggest that policymakers should pay more attention to the content of property bundles, rather than focusing just on the clarity of rights.
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Privatization and its MeaningsSoviet Property RightsSoviet and Western Property Rights ComparedThe Transition from Soviet Property RightsThe Legislative History of Privatization: A Generalized ModelSummary and InterpretationNotes
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