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Factors influencing construction time and cost overruns on high-rise projects in Indonesia
Construction Management and Economics
Abstract
Many variables have an impact upon construction time and cost overruns in Indonesia. A questionnaire survey was undertaken of project managers working on high-rise construction projects in two Indonesian cities: Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The variables identified were ranked according to their perceived importance and frequencies of occurrence. Inflationary increases in material cost, inaccurate material estimating and project complexity are the main causes of cost overruns. The predominant causes of delay are design changes, poor labour productivity and inadequate planning. Using factor analysis techniques, delay and cost overrun variables were grouped into factors, and their relationships analysed. Although Indonesia specific, the results reflect construction management problems common to developing countries.
... After confirming the factors within the framework, this study applied the Relative Importance Index (RII) method [35] to assess each factor's level of importance according to the livestock experts. The RII, commonly used in decision-making studies, ranks factors based on expert evaluations [35]. ...
... After confirming the factors within the framework, this study applied the Relative Importance Index (RII) method [35] to assess each factor's level of importance according to the livestock experts. The RII, commonly used in decision-making studies, ranks factors based on expert evaluations [35]. This research study employed the RII to determine the relative importance of various factors influencing producers' decisions on the optimal weaning age of calves. ...
... where W = response given by each expert (Likert scale value); According to Peter et al. [35], higher values indicate stronger agreement. Higher RII values (closer to 1.0) indicate a strong expert agreement that a specific factor is important in weaning decisions. ...
Calf weaning plays a fundamental role in the sustainability of cow-calf production systems. In South Africa, conventional weaning at six to nine months is widely practiced, but increasing climatic variability has highlighted early weaning as an adaptive strategy. To support producers in determining the optimal weaning age, we developed a Calf Weaning Decision-Support Framework through an extensive literature review. To ensure its practicality, we validated the framework using the Delphi technique, incorporating real-world insights from livestock experts. A two-round Delphi study was conducted with ten experts in livestock production and research, evaluating key factors influencing weaning age decisions. The study also used the Relative Importance Index (RII) to rank these factors based on expert consensus. The main findings showed strong agreement on productive factors, including weaning weight, conception rate, and dam body condition score alongside financial aspects that influence profitability, such as calf health and feeding expenses, as well as income generated at weaning. Experts identified three additional factors—cattle breed, enterprise cash flow needs, and veld type, emphasizing the need for flexible weaning strategies tailored to specific conditions. This study concludes that the expert-validated framework is a practical and adaptable tool, empowering South African beef producers to make informed, context-specific weaning decisions.
... Labor productivity plays an important role in the success of new construction projects such as high-rise buildings, roads, and bridges as poor construction labor productivity is a major cause of delay (Abdul Kadir, et al., 2005;Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006;Doloi, et al., 2012;Kaming, et al., 1997) and cost overrun (Abdul Kadir, et al., 2005;Soekiman, et al., 2011) of construction projects. The expense of construction labor typically makes up approximately 30% to 50% of the overall cost of a construction project in many countries; thus, the productivity of construction labor significantly influences the profitability of nearly all construction projects (El-Gohary and Aziz, 2014;Hanna, Peterson and Lee, 2002; Van Tam, et al., 2021). ...
... Frequent design changes pose a challenge to labor productivity. Almost all civil engineering and building projects will experience changes in the scope, type, sequence, or duration of work after the contract has started (Kaming, et al., 1997). Changes in project design require adjustments in work processes, materials, and coordination among trades, leading to rework, delays (Kaming, et al., 1997), and increased labor hours. ...
... Almost all civil engineering and building projects will experience changes in the scope, type, sequence, or duration of work after the contract has started (Kaming, et al., 1997). Changes in project design require adjustments in work processes, materials, and coordination among trades, leading to rework, delays (Kaming, et al., 1997), and increased labor hours. Moreover, the quality requirements for construction have an impact on labor productivity. ...
Despite numerous studies and resources available, the global construction sector has witnessed a decline in productivity over the past two decades, highlighting the need for practical tools and strategies to enhance labour productivity management. This study proposed a tool to support labour productivity management in construction. To achieve this, initial data were gathered through literature reviews and on-site observations, followed by interviews with ten experienced site managers to refine a comprehensive set of productivity factors. These factors were then used to construct a system of factors before developing a quantitative management tool, inclusive of a measurement scale and an instructive guide. Finally, this tool was evaluated by the experts using a 5-level Likert scale to ensure its practicality and accuracy. The results show that the tool offers a structured and informative approach to assess and enhance labour productivity in construction projects, thereby supporting managers in making informed decisions and improvements towards more successful project outcomes. The insights gained from this research contribute to the ongoing efforts to address labour productivity challenges in the construction industry, paving the way for future developments and enhancements in productivity management tools.
... Yap and Skimore (2020) viewed cost management practices to ascertain costs for control and decision-making purposes, applicable to decisions like make-or-buy assessments, transaction cost evaluations, and performance measurement of procurement. Kaming et al. (2022) argued that the purpose of cost management practices is to calculate the total cost of production or service provision, helping to control and reduce costs in construction firms. ...
... Despite the importance of these practices, many firms struggle to implement them effectively, leading to project cost overruns, inefficiencies, and ultimately poor financial performance (Johnson, 2018; Akinleye & Fajuyagbe, 2022). In the construction sector, cost overruns can significantly affect project outcomes, delay timelines, and reduce the quality of final deliverables, thereby undermining client satisfaction and project sustainability (Kaming et al., 2022). While there is extensive research on the importance of cost management practices, such as using methods like Cost Variance Analysis (CVA) and Earned Value Analysis (EVA), there is still a gap in understanding how these practices are applied in the construction firms of North-Central Nigeria. ...
... Cost Variance Analysis (CVA) is a crucial method to assess the difference between actual costs incurred during a project or business operation and the projected or budgeted costs. By comparing planned costs to actual expenditures, CVA helps organisations understand and track the financial performance of their projects and operations (Kaming et al., 2022). Regular use of CVA allows companies to identify unnecessary expenditures or potential savings, enabling them to take corrective actions and ensure that their projects or operations remain aligned with budgetary goals (Abbas & Burhan, 2022). ...
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Effective financial performance is crucial for the growth of construction companies, and project cost control plays a key role in achieving this, using financial measures such as Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), Cost Variance Analysis (CVA), and Earned Value Analysis (EVA). This study examined the impact of project cost control on the financial performance of selected construction firms in North-Central Nigeria. Data were collected from 102 construction professionals using a structured questionnaire, achieving a 100% response rate. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percentage) and multiple linear regression were employed for analysis. The results showed that CVA and EVA significantly influence financial performance, with R-squared values of 69% for ROA and 77% for ROE. The regression models indicate that ROA =-0.012 + 0.605(CVA) + 0.746(EVA), and ROE = 2.359 + 0.087(CVA)-0.143(EVA). The study concludes that CVA positively predicts both ROA and ROE, while EVA positively but negatively predicts ROE. It is recommended that construction firms enhance their use of project cost control techniques to minimise cost overruns, delays, and quality issues, leading to improved financial performance.
... [7,11,21,26,28,30,31] Economic fluctuation/market price changes Inflation and changes in prices of materials, fuel, and labor services. [7,15,16,19,21,[25][26][27][28][29]31,34,[36][37][38][39][40] Equipment breakdowns and inefficiencies ...
... [7,19,[26][27][28]31,36] Force majeure and environmental issues Natural disasters or extreme weather conditions. [7,11,15,18,19,21,25,26,[28][29][30][36][37][38]41,42] Governmental regulations Compliance with strict government regulations or changes that occur to it. [7,19,25,26,29,30,36] Inadequate cost estimation Inaccuracy in estimating the project budget. ...
... [7,19,25,26,29,30,36] Inadequate cost estimation Inaccuracy in estimating the project budget. [7,15,16,18,21,[26][27][28][29]31,32,34,37,38,40,43] Inadequate management of project, contract, and communication Insufficient or ineffective ways to manage projects, contracts, or communication. [7,11,15,18,19,21,26,28,31,33,36] Inadequate planning and scheduling Insufficient or ineffective planning and scheduling of a project. ...
Cost overruns represent a continuous challenge within the construction industry, frequently affecting the success of projects. This study explores the factors influencing cost during the construction phase in Saudi Arabia, utilizing data from a survey of 1076 engineers working in the Saudi construction industry. The results identify a number of cost-related factors, including inadequate project management, poor cost estimation, and design errors. Interestingly, some factors, such as currency exchange rate fluctuations and social and cultural influences, were found to have a limited impact on construction costs. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of experience and education level in shaping engineers’ perceptions of these cost factors. The study employs statistical analysis, including Pearson’s chi-squared test, to demonstrate associations between demographics, project characteristics, and cost-influencing factors. The findings suggest the need for refined project management practices, enhanced technical training, and the implementation of digital technologies such as Construction 4.0 to mitigate cost-related risks. This research provides significant insights for construction professionals and policymakers seeking to enhance cost management within the Saudi construction sector, thereby contributing to the ongoing development initiatives aligned with Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030.
... The prime variables of cost overruns have been commonly identified as: unpredictable weather, inflationary material cost, inaccurate materials estimates, complexity of project, contractor's lack of geographical experience, contractor's lack of project type experience, and non-familiarity with local regulations [42]. Morris S [63] studied the factors affecting cost overruns in public sector projects, he found that escalation in project cost belongs partially to the fact that the original estimates were prepared using only the current prices with no contingency, and partially to delays which enhance the effect of inflation, and to direct escalation in costs arising out of change in scope, errors etc. ...
... Kaming [42] investigated the factors influencing construction cost and time overruns in high-rise projects in Indonesia. He found that cost overruns occur more frequently than time overruns and therefore they are a more severe problem on high-rise construction in Indonesia. ...
... Insufficient site management and inspection [3], [5], [6], [23], [36], [38], [39], [43], [44], [48], [49], [57] Schedule delay [3], [10], [37] Improper planning and scheduling [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [8], [15], [20], [23] Improper monitoring and control [3], [4], [5], [6], [20], [39], [45], [48] Lack of experience in handling construction projects [8], [15], [23], [36], [38], [39], [40], [42], [44] Delay in inspection and approval of completed work [34], [57], [36], [39], [43], [44], [45], [48], [49], [50], [51], [55] Errors during construction [34], [57], [35], [36], [44], [45], [49], [58], [54] Accidents on site [40], [43], [49], [50] Effect of weather [3], [34], [36], [20], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [46] Unforeseen ground conditions [36], [57], [38], [39], [40], [44], [45] ...
Cost overrun in construction projects is a common issue affecting project performance. After a review of the literature, a list of 39 cost overrun attributes were gathered and presented in a survey questionnaire. The survey was distributed through face to face meetings with construction engineers and managers in different construction projects, in addition to publishing it online and sending it to various experts in the construction industry around the world. 101 complete responses were received and analyzed by importance index, frequency index, cost index, frequency adjusted cost index, Spearman’s rank correlation, student’s t-test, risk mapping and factor analysis. The results of the survey revealed that the main causes of cost overrun in construction industry include inaccurate cost estimations, improper planning and scheduling, unrealistic contract duration and requirements, frequent changes to the scope of work, frequent design changes, inadequate labor/skill availability, inflation of costs of machinery, labor, raw material and transportation prices.
... Regarding project complexity as a cause of project failure (Kaming et al., 1997;Mansfield et al., 1994;Meng, 2012;Qazi et al., 2015), Sohi et al conclude that the combination of lean construction and agile project management is a promising solution to overcome complexity and improve project performance (Sohi et al., 2016). The next study examines the effect of project complexity on final project performance as well as the role of flexibility in mediating the negative effect of project complexity on final project performance. ...
... This study answers these gaps and considering the following research questions: (1) What are refurbishment construction project practitioners' perspectives on flexibility? (2) How is the implementation of flexibility enabler in dealing with project complexity/uncertainty? Regarding with poor final project performance, project complexity is widely studied due to its contribution to the project failure in terms of cost overruns and time delays (Kaming et al., 1997;Mansfield et al., 1994;Meng, 2012;Qazi et al., 2015). From several reports of poor final project performance, project complexity has been proven as an integral aspect of the system and one of the important factors in project failure (Ackermann et al., 2014;Bakhshi et al., 2016). ...
This paper investigates the implementation of flexibility enablers in managing project to overcome project complexity or uncertainty. This research is using Q Methodology and in-depth interview with project management experts to understand practitioners’ perspective on flexibility and the implementation in project management practice. This research finds that there are 4 different perspectives on flexibility among refurbishment construction project practitioners and rank of flexibility enablers from the most important to the least important. It is shows that the top ranked flexibility enablers are always applied in construction projects in Indonesia except one flexibility enabler.
... In general, managing and planning the activities and resources required in a project requires various analyzes, one of which is the correct modeling and forecasting of the cost and time of the project. Achieving this goal contributes significantly to the optimal management of the project and decisionmaking in specific situations [3]. ...
... Step 3. Randomly select a positive integer Ki to indicate the number of alternative execution modes of activity i. Then the unit of duration of activity i in mode k, or dijk, is allocated a random integer among [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Reminder that the unit of duration of activity in both cases can not have the same value. ...
Addressing the construction projects with decreasing execution time and gaining the optimal implementation modes and start time for all sub-activities under priority relationships, logical relationships and continuity in resource allocation, is one of the challenges of experts in this field. Solving this type of problem is one of the problems in construction projects, because resource continuity constraints and different kinds of time limitations should be reflected in the optimization procedure. Therefore, in this research, we introduce a new bi-objective model for optimal allocation of resources to project activities and simultaneously examine the effective factors including time and cost on this model. The purpose of this proposed model is to decrease project duration, while also decreasing various resource consumption. To solve the proposed bi-objective problem, multi-objective evolutionary approaches including NSGA-II and NRGA are applied. At first, the parameters of these algorithms are calibrated by Taguchi method and finally they are utilized to solve the model. In order to quantify the parameters of the proposed model, a case study related to the waste incineration plant in Iran was presented and for further comparisons, several numerical examples in larger dimensions were used. These algorithms were compared by several standard multi- objective measure metrics common in this field and the results were analyzed by statistical methods. Finally, the results showed the superior performance of the NSGA-II method. The outputs of this approach were explained for a Pareto solution selected according to experts’ opinions.
... This finding agrees with Kamal et al. (2022) and Egwim et al. (2023) that financial difficulties faced by contractors are the significant cause of delays in construction projects. This finding also agrees with studies by Kaming et al. (1997) in Indonesia; Malaysia (Haslinda et al., 2018); Sri Lanka (Perera et al., 2020); and India (Tayyab et al., 2023) that financial complications are the most critical factor impacting high-rise building projects with delay events. The interviewees affirmed "lack of funds to sustain progress payments as a major setback hindering high-rise developments in Nigeria". ...
... Kaming et al. (1997); Marzouk and El-Rasas (2014); Adebisi et al. (2018); Kamal et al. ...
Purpose
The rapid urbanization in Nigeria has led to an increased demand for high-rise buildings, yet the construction industry continues to grapple with significant delays that impede project timelines, budgets, performance and the efficiency of post-construction facilities management (FM). Therefore, this study aims to investigate the key delay factors undermining high-rise project delivery in Nigeria using a case study approach to establish fundamental delay causes.
Design/methodology/approach
This paper adopted a mixed-method approach using questionnaires and interviews. Questions were formulated on the identified 38 common delay factors from the literature. Data acquired were analyzed using Relative Importance Index (RII), mean score, Kruskal–Wallis test and content analysis.
Findings
Key findings revealed 16 critical delay causal factors classified into 4 groups. This study unveils client-related and external factors as the most predominant causative groups. The top five most significant delay causative factors impacting high-rise projects’ performance were identified. Revealed lack of credit facilities and cash flow problems as the main factors inducing unanticipated delay events in high-rise projects. This study found delay factors experienced are excusable and compensable, particularly prominent during the finishing and procurement stages in high-rise projects.
Originality/value
This study unveils the critical delay causes undermining high-rise building project delivery in Nigeria, focusing on both construction and FM perspectives. Through a case study approach, it establishes fundamental delay causative factors and highlights their long-term impact on the operational efficiency and maintenance of high-rise buildings. This study provides built environment professionals insights into key delay factors, offering guidance on modifying work practices to improve project delivery and FM postcompletion.
... Additionally, Kaming et al. (1997) reported that the primary cause of craftsmenʹs productivity issues was a shortage of materials, which was followed by revisions, absences from work, interference, a shortage of tools, and equipment malfunctions. ʺOn-site transport,ʺ ʺinadequate material storing,ʺ ʺexcessive paperwork demands,ʺ and ʺinadequate planningʺ were the root reasons for the material availability issues. ...
... ʺOn-site transport,ʺ ʺinadequate material storing,ʺ ʺexcessive paperwork demands,ʺ and ʺinadequate planningʺ were the root reasons for the material availability issues. Rework was found to be mostly caused by changes in design and inadequate instructions (Kaming et al., 1997). ...
Given its substantial impact on project outcomes, increasing productivity in construction has been a major industry priority. Researchers studying construction have been focusing more on it and supporting various enhancement measures since determining the elements influencing labour productivity is a crucial step in this process. This research article uses questionnaires given to direct employees and midlevel employees to discover and comprehend the productivity elements influencing projects at a construction company located in the United Kingdom. After the questionnaire's answers were examined, it was simpler to pinpoint organisational and managerial flaws and to contrast the findings with those of previous productivity studies. The findings helped formulate suggestions for raising productivity. The primary conclusions show that truck availability, worker motivation dynamics, rework, tools, and machinery were the key factors influencing construction productivity. These findings are in line with earlier research conducted in the UK and the US. Salary expectations, the main reason for employee turnover in the organisation under investigation, was a component left out of previous studies. Finally, additional research seems to suggest that some productivity-affecting factors are common to international construction projects, supporting the gathering of data and the possibility of learning from experience in a variety of settings and even at different times of occurrence.
... This is evident in the works of Amoatey et al. (2015), Egwim et al. (2021), Gunduz and Tehemar (2020), Johnson and Babu (2020), Kavuma et al. (2019), Mpofu et al. (2017) and Yehiel (2013). However, only a few studies have actually analyzed the variances in actual project time and cost in order to evaluate which attributes have a significant impact on construction project performance (Kaming et al., 1997). Moreover, while it is widely recognized that construction project characteristics such as project type, location, and size (Cho et al., 2009) and bidding methods Minchin et al., 2013;Yu et al., 2017) have a significant impact on project performance, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that attempt to explore the empirical correlation between these attributes and project performance. ...
... First, the studies mostly used a qualitative approach and surveyed construction experts to identify key performance indicators (KPIs) (Amoatey et al. 2015;Egwim et al. 2021;Gunduz and Tehemar 2020;Johnson and Babu 2020;Mpofu et al. 2017;Yehiel 2013). However, only a few studies analyzed real project time and cost data to explore crucial project performance indicators (Kaming et al. 1997). Most KPIs are developed for general construction projects rather than specific ones (Heravi and Ilbeigi, 2012;Kavuma et al., 2019;Nassar and AbouRizk, 2014;Xiao and Proverbs, 2003). ...
Project underperformance remains a significant concern in the construction industry. The majority of prior studies have focused on identifying the subjective factors that affect project performance. However, there are currently no in-depth studies evaluating the influence of project characteristics and managerial/organizational obstacles on construction project performance for design-bid-build projects using empirical data. Therefore, this study aims to present a predictive model that illustrates the correlation between project characteristics, managerial/organizational complexity and difficulties, and construction project performance. Project data relating to the construction of 101 public schools within a developing country was collected. Subsequently, the project characteristics were identified, and two performance indicators (schedule performance index and cost performance index) were calculated for each project. A survey was conducted with construction professionals who took part in all of the control and management processes of these school projects to evaluate their managerial and organizational difficulties. Hierarchical regression model approach and correlation analyses were employed to develop the predictor model. The results indicate that factors such as location, school type, and project duration significantly predict both the schedule performance and managerial and organizational difficulties in school construction. An indirect correlation, rather than a direct association, was found between schedule performance and managerial and organizational difficulties. The proposed model will be a helpful guide for construction professionals, engineering managers and government decision-makers seeking to improve the performance of "design-bid-build" school construction projects. We suggest integrating the qualification-based selection (QBS) system into traditional procurement methods for public investments.
... CVA is a vital method employed to evaluate the disparity between estimated or assigned expenses and the real costs accrued throughout a project or commercial undertaking. This analytical approach facilitates businesses in comprehending and overseeing the financial performance of their projects or operations by juxtaposing the projected costs with the factual expenditures (Kaming et al., 2022). Through consistent utilization of cost variance analysis, organizations can detect excessive expenditures or possible cost reductions, enabling them to undertake corrective actions to assure adherence to project or operational requirements. ...
... The multivariate regression table indicates that earned value analysis is statistically significant in relation to return on asset (0.042) and return on equity (0.013). This suggests that earned value analysis has a significant impact on the return on asset and return on equity of the construction companies selected in North Central Nigeria (table 12).EVA facilitates the management of changes in scope to maintain the project's final budget and offer options to determine which activities to streamline or adjust specifications/performance in order to address cost overruns in other activities (Kaming et al., 2022). It equally represents more than a mere instrument; it constitutes a transformative methodology for the management of construction projects, providing comprehensive insights and oversight over intricate projects (Lutfi et al., 2022). ...
The overarching need for the project costs to be controlled to a tolerable, minimum and acceptable level cannot waver as it has attendant consequences on the outcomes of construction projects. This study investigates the impact of Project Cost Control (PCC), evaluate the impact of Cost Variance Analysis (CVA) and assess the impact of Earned Value Analysis (EVA) on the Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) of selected construction companies in North Central Nigeria. 102 semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to the construction professionals in the considered construction firms in North-Central Nigeria of which all were properly filled and returned representing a response rate of 100 percent. The analytical method employed includes descriptive of mean and frequency while the inferential statistics of multi variate linear regression analysis was equally adopted. The results show that there is a significance level for the relationship between PCC and return on asset and return on equity which are 0.021 and 0.032 respectively. For the CVA, multivariate regression analysis has shown that the CVA is statistically significant in relation to the return on asset (0.024) and return on equity (0.037) of the selected construction companies in North Central Nigeria. For EVA, the multivariate regression indicates that earned value analysis is statistically significant in relation to return on asset (0.042) and return on equity (0.013). This study thus, concluded that there has been a significant impact of project cost control, cost variance analysis and earned value analysis on the construction project performances of the selected construction organizations in the North-Central region of Nigeria. This study recommended the need for the construction organizations to ascertain the factors contributing to the cost changes. These factors encompass unexpected occurrences, alterations in the project's extent, inaccurate predictions, or insufficient preparation of which identifying their fundamental causes assists the organizations in formulating a strategic plan to effectively tackle them.
... Some of these studies only considered the risk on the cost goal (Akinci and Fischer, 1998) or on the time goal ((Ogunlana et al., 1996;Al-Momani, 2000)). Others, such as Kaming et al. (1997), Frimpong et al. (2003, Le-Hoai et al. (2008) and Al-Hazim et al. (2017)), studied the risks affecting both goals, prevailing the studies on cost factors. There were also other criteria according to the nature of the risk, its source or origin, or the project stage where the risk takes place. ...
... Design variations or changes Arditi et al. (1985), Mansfield et al. (1994), Kaming et al. (1997), Acharya et al. (2006), Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006), Omoregie and Radford (2006), Zou et al. (2007) (2021) Cost estimate-imprecise duration Okpala and Aniekwu (1988), Akinci and Fischer (1998), Acharya et al. (2006), Assaf and Al-Hejji (2006), Omoregie and Radford (2006), Sambasivan and Soon (2007) Financing problems Arditi et al. (1985), Morris (1990), Mansfield et al. (1994), Assaf et al. (1995), Al-Momani (2000) Deficient planning Morris, 1990, Elinwa and Buba, 1993, Mansfield et al., 1994, Odeyinka and Yusif, 1997, Bubshait and AL-Juwairah, 2002, Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006, Zou et al., 2007, Enshassi et al., 2009, Memon et al., 2010, Omotayo et al., 2020, Rivera et al., 2020, Sohu et al., 2020, Arantes and Ferreira, 2021, Obi et al., 2021, Yap et al., 2021 Variations by the client Morris (1990), Chan and Kumaraswamy (1997), Akinci and Fischer (1998) The next stage consisted in improving the initial list with the 135 risk factors, which were analysed considering several aspects. Thus, certain factors related to similar concepts or those mentioned an unclear, ambiguous, or contradictory way were removed. ...
The building sector is very dynamic and complex, so construction works are surrounded by uncertainties. The deficiencies of this sector are mainly related to poor project planning and management, resulting in losses because of missed deadlines, cost overruns, reworks, and unsatisfied clients. For a project to be successful, all the parties involved should work together to effectively manage the risks that could emerge in the project life cycle. This research defines and establishes a classification of the factors causing cost and time deviations in construction projects in the Dominican Republic. For this purpose, the most common factors are compiled, and their risk levels are determined by using the data obtained in a survey in which professionals from the building sector participated. The indexes marked by the participants show that the serious risk factors are design variations and the variations made by clients, a tight project schedule and the preparation of bid offers, deficiencies in the work planning and schedule, the lack of skilled labour, and work performance errors.
... The delays in construction are common globally and considered to be most endless difficulties occurrence [4,6,34]. In developing countries, construction employs high margin of the economy of these countries [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36], whenever time equals money in construction, delays may result in late completion, increased cost, loss of productivity and quality of construction projects [1]. In Nigerian construction projects, it was found that 80% cost overruns were due to time overruns [30], as well as it was identified that 55% time overrun in India were construction projects [11]. ...
... On the other hand researches were conducted using severity, frequency, and importance index to rank to survey questionnaire based on 5 points Likert Scale by Al-Khalil et al [26] to rank 60 factors delay construction projects in Saudi Arabia, and by Kaming et al [28] to rank 31 construction delay factors in Indonesia. ...
The construction industry is struggling by numerous recorded incidents of delay due to improper planning and/or implementation of required construction measures. Globally, researchers have concluded that the construction environment is overloaded with more frequent delays when compared to other labor enforced industries. Over the past decade, infrastructure and project development in developing countries have experienced major growth. Since there are huge investments on construction activities that all of a sudden happen in a very narrow considerable construction period, it is expected that construction fields suffer from severe delays during construction. Construction stakeholders need to enforce huge efforts to facilitate the smooth flow of construction projects. The aim and objective of this project is to identify the most significant delay attributes affecting the construction industry. After a review of the literature, a list of 42 delay attributes were gathered and presented in a survey questionnaire. The survey was distributed through online website and sent to various experts in the construction industry. 179 complete responses were received and analyzed by importance index, Spearman's rank correlation, T-Test, risk mapping and factor analysis. As a result, it was found "low productivity of labor", "delay in decision making", "changes to the project by owner", "delays related to subcontractors work", and "unqualified workforce" were ranked as the most significant delay attributes in construction industry respectively.
... Biaya konstruksi ditentukan oleh antara lain volume dan harga satuan, maka kepastian (Susanti, 2020). Penelitian menunjukan bahwa kelebihan volume merupakan salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan cost overrun pada proyek konstruksi (Kaming et al., 2010). Pengambilan keputusan dengan memanfaatkan BIM merupakan improvement kecepatan dan keakuratan terutama jika dilakukan di tahap awal (Lee et al., 2020). ...
... Pada proyek gedung bertingkat di Indonesia, kelebihan anggaran lebih sering terjadi daripada kelebihan waktu. Penyebab kelebihan biaya proyek adalah kenaikan harga material akibat inflasi, ketidakakuratan perkiraan material, dan tingkat kerumitan proyek, dan kurangnya pengalaman proyek (Kaming et al., 2010). Penelitian di perusahaan konstruksi di Denmark menemukan penyebab proyek melebihi anggaran dan terlambat antara lain: kegagalan konsultan, kesalahan material proyek, kurangnya identifikasi kebutuhan proyek, kurang pemeriksaan awal proyek, perencanaan yang lemah, waktu konstruksi yang singkat, pengambilan keputusan yang lambat dari pengguna, material proyek yang tidak jelas, Keputusan yang lambat dari pembuat kebijakan, tekanan pasar, cuaca yang tidak menguntungkan, dan kondisi tanah yang tidak terduga (Larsen et al., 2016). ...
Penggunaan informasi volume dari Building Information Modeling (BIM) pada proyek konstruksi di Indonesia belum efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja pengendalian anggaran meskipun BIM telah menunjukkan dampaknya terhadap peningkatan kinerja proyek konstruksi bangunan. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas penggunaan informasi BIM adalah dengan mengintegrasikan informasi BIM dengan Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) dimana ERP sangat membantu dalam pengambilan keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi integrasi informasi BIM BIM dan ERP pada proyek konstruksi dengan studi kasus pada proyek bendungan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah observasi terkait penggunaan informasi volume dari BIM untuk pengendalian anggaran, wawancara mendalam dengan pihak-pihak terkait dalam proyek dan pada kantor pusat pada proyek bendungan dan mengukur informasi volume dari proses BIM dibandingkan dengan anggaran dan menilai seberapa akurat informasi volume tersebut sehingga dapat diandalkan untuk pengendalian volume pekerjaan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam penerapan BIM yang efektif untuk pengendalian anggaran melalui integrasi ERP pada proyek bendungan dan menjadi acuan bagi pengambil keputusan dalam upaya meningkatkan kinerja proyek konstruksi.
... Predictive analytics is a branch of Big Data Analytics that uses historical data and statistical algorithms to predict future trends (Kaming et al., 1997). Predictive analytics enables companies to predict changes in the market, shifts in consumer preferences, or potential changes in financial markets in the context of FinTech (Briscoe & Dainty, 2005). ...
... Poor labor force productivity was another example of the construction problem in Indonesia. Kaming et al. [37] studied the factors that influence high-rise buildings in Indonesia. They found that the contractor's lack of experience and the problem of labor productivity were two major issues at the construction site during construction. ...
The object of research is to investigate the challenges and methods of reinforced concrete structures in Tehran, Iran. The issues regarding contractors' obligations and Iran's construction challenges have been investigated. Method. Thus, the design of the Iranian code has been reviewed in this article, and similar international situations, the view of construction supervision, and the view of construction operations have also been analyzed. For field tests, two buildings with different contractors have been selected. Results. The results of the investigation show that the level of education, personality, and general knowledge of contractors are the key criteria for the correct implementation of buildings, which is the main construction problem in Tehran. In addition, the results show that improving the technology level of code design, etc., can increase the quality of construction after adapting the structures. The results obtained from the two buildings are compared, and the trend of the results is geared towards emphasising the factors that were studied and mentioned that affect the construction. The factors indicate the social, scientific, and economic level of the contractors, which reflects their personality on the importance, health, and safety of the structure.
... Kaming P. F. & Olomolaiye [9] (2019) along the author suggestion on "Factors Influencing Construction Time and Cost Overruns on High-Rise Projects in Indonesia". The study examines time and cost overruns in high-rise construction projects in Indonesia. ...
Cost overrun is a prevalent challenge in the construction industry, with a significant number of projects exceeding their initial budget estimates. This paper explores the causes, classification, and impact of cost overrun in construction projects. Factors such as ineffective project management, poor planning, inaccurate cost estimation, labor shortages, material price fluctuations, and external factors like unpredictable weather and government policies contribute to these overruns. Despite advancements in project management tools, cost overruns continue to plague the industry due to mismanagement, inefficiencies, and unforeseen circumstances. Various evaluation methods, including Earned Value Analysis (EVA), are highlighted to assess project performance, identify cost variances, and implement proactive measures to minimize overruns. This study emphasizes the need for better planning, efficient cost control mechanisms, and stakeholder collaboration to mitigate the risk of cost overruns and improve project outcomes.
... Construction projects in Nigeria like other developing countries are characterised by rework, low labour productivity, wastages, cost and time overruns, disputes and claims, among others. Kaming et al. (1997) identified rework as one of the major problems of performance of construction projects in Nigeria. According to Oke and Ugoje (2013, p.800), rework is hidden in defects in design or construction process, or quality deviation and deviation from clients' requirement or errors in design. ...
The research investigated the determinants of maintenance of hospital buildings.
... Because they usually materialize unexpectedly as a response to some problem, actions must be allocated that eventually result in higher costs to address and manage the changes, even other impacts also influence, such as impacts on time, since additions to the calendar and/or schedules mean delays in the delivery, commissioning and use of deliverables as initially planned, which can cause lack of revenue, lower and/or late return on investment, higher material costs due to inflation (Assaf & Al-Hejji, 2006), higher operational and administrative staff costs, lost opportunities for new projects due to decreased financial capabilities (Al-Khalil & Al-Ghafly, 1999), increased cost on contracts (Waty & Sulistio, 2020), depending on the circumstances recognize penalties and/or fines, etc. All delays usually cost money (Kaming et al., 1997), as a delay in the execution stage represents late occupancy of facilities and other factors (Ahamed, 2014). ...
En proyectos de construcción, los cambios continúan presentándose como un desafío que influye en el desarrollo normal y el éxito de los procesos de construcción y etapas de ejecución. La mayoría de estos cambios se deben a eventos y causas que, en muchos casos, podrían haberse evitado. En esta investigación, a través de una metodología cualitativa y documental, se realizó una extensa revisión teórica de las causas del cambio y los impactos en costos y tiempo, los cuales, una vez analizados y filtrados, permiten describir y presentar las causas más importantes y sus impactos a nivel general. De igual manera, en el desarrollo de la investigación, se validó la clasificación y el nivel de importancia de estos tipos de cambios y causas mediante la implementación de un instrumento de recolección, contrastando así los hallazgos de la revisión con el contexto real del sector de la construcción en Colombia. Esta información permitió la generación de un modelo para la generación de alertas tempranas con el fin de prevenir estos cambios en la etapa de ejecución del proceso de construcción.
... Sullivan and Harris 1986 examined delay causes in large construction projects in the United Kingdom. Kaming et al., (1997) analysed the causes of time and cost overruns in highrise construction projects in Indonesia; Odeh and Battaineh (2002) investigated delay causes in large construction projects in Jordan. The causes identified included design changes, poor labour productivity, and inadequate planning. ...
Delay is one of the biggest problems often experienced on construction project sites. Delays can instigates negative effects such as increased costs, loss of productivity and revenue many lawsuits between owners and contractors and contract termination. The aim of this project is to investigate the causes and effects of delay on building construction project delivery time. Random sampling technique was used in this study. Population sample of 150 was used in this work. A total sample of ninety three (93) was deployed. A structured questionnaire in Likert scale was used in data collection. There are many factors that induce delay on construction projects, however in some of identified factors includes: lack of funds to finance the project to completion, changes in drawings, lack of effective communication among the parties involved , lack of adequate information from consultants, slow decision making and contractor's insolvency, variations among others. Also, project management problem, mistake and discrepancies in contract document, equipment availability and failure, mistakes during construction, bad weather, fluctuation in prices of building materials, inappropriate overall organizational structure linking to the project and labour. The factors above could be observed and could be a clue to preventing delay on construction sites.
... Certainly, the completion time of a construction task can vary on the basis of the work quantity. Redesigns or design changes are considered influential factors on productivity and often lead to project delays, as highlighted by previous studies [67]. In this research, the redesign factor ranked fifth, with an overall RII of 0.635, indicating a moderate impact. ...
The housing sector in Iraq is facing growing demand. However, productivity challenges continue to hinder the timely and efficient delivery of residential projects. Recognising the urgent need to increase construction productivity (CP) in this sector, this study investigates critical factors that impact the performance of horizontal housing projects in Iraq. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on housing skeleton tasks, such as foundations, brickwork, and slabs, which are pivotal to project efficiency. A structured questionnaire was developed, encompassing 47 factors distributed across the planning, design, and construction phases. The survey was administered to a range of industry stakeholders, including project managers, consultants, engineers, and supervisors, and it achieved a high response rate of 79.6%. The results were analysed via a modified weighted relative importance index (RII), which incorporates respondents’ experience levels to yield a nuanced understanding of each factor’s impact. The key findings reveal that planning (RII = 0.874), team size (RII = 0.856), quantity of brickwork (RII = 0.838), supervision (RII = 0.815), and unit area (RII = 0.793) are among the most influential factors on CP. These insights provide valuable guidance for researchers and practitioners in identifying areas for strategic improvement, ultimately supporting the capacity of Iraq’s housing sector to meet escalating demands.
... He further affirmed confirmed that the Nigerian construction industry is faced with many problems and among those identified are late completion and cost overruns. Hence, improving construction efficiency by means of cost effectiveness and timeliness would certainly contribute to cost savings for Nigeria (Kaming et al., 1997). Mbachu and Olaoye (1999) equally opined that the Nigerian construction industry today is bedeviled by the fact that almost all projects are completed after duration much longer than initially planned. ...
The impact of cost and time overruns on construction projects is an undesirable experience both to the clients and stakeholders in the industry. This has regularly led to dispute, unfriendly working relationship, abandonment, low quality and environmental nuisances. This paper evaluated factors contributing to overruns of construction projects and their impact on projects performance in Nigeria. Data were collected through questionnaire administration on professionals in the industry. Mean Item Score (MIS) and Relative Significant Index (RSI) were employed to analyse data collected. Increase in material cost, inaccurate materials estimation and underestimating of project costs among others are the most significant cost factors while the most significant time factors include unexpected site condition, increase in project scope, lack of timely progress payment and inadequate planning. It becomes obvious that giving adequate consideration to factors contributing to construction overruns would minimize their ugly consequences on project performance and efficiency. Among recommendations made are that, cost estimators should improve on methods of cost determination, designers to make the full designs available at every stage in construction process and contractors should also carry out adequate site visit for better understanding of site conditions before pricing and cost forecasting
... Researchers have classified delays in the construction industry from several perspectives. Kaming et al. (1997) classified delays as non-excusable, excusable non-compensable, excusable compensable and concurrent delays. Excusable delays or disruptions to the entire or partial work of a project caused by the owner's actions and behaviours as a result of the breach of a contractual duty on the part of the owner are known as compensable delays. ...
Purpose
This paper aims to evaluate the available research to identify the factors contributing to the delays in road construction projects. The primary goals of this study are to determine the critical elements that cause delays in road projects, and to investigate the appropriate corrective actions suggested to lessen the delays in road projects. The study also assesses the theoretical background, methodology, limitations and future research prospects suggested in relevant research works related to causes for delays in road construction.
Design/methodology/approach
This study adopted systematic literature review in three steps: collecting relevant literature, descriptive analysis and content analysis. This study used keyword analysis and thematic content analysis on some relevant selected studies. NVivo 12 was used for thematic content analysis utilising description-focused coding, the text was thematically analysed, three other software: MS Excel, VOSviewer and Mendeley were also used for analysis in this study.
Findings
The findings revealed that road projects around the world experienced delays and the reasons for delays are many. After the analysis of literature, number of factors causing delays in road projects were identified, which were then divided into seven broad groups using thematic content analysis. The investigation shows that variations in design and inefficient management of project by contractor including inadequate planning and scheduling are the top two factors of delay. The most frequent suggested corrective measure to reduce delay was employing technically competent employees and contractor should conduct thorough survey on his part, rather than just accepting the survey report at face value.
Research limitations/implications
This review paper is addressing the issues related to delays in road construction projects and suggests remedial measure to reduce them. The paper will be useful for researchers, industry professionals, academician and policy makers concerned with the road construction projects. The study conducted the review of selected relevant articles related to causes of delay in road construction projects for qualitative analysis. The research articles using quantitative methods and studies conducted on other types of infrastructure projects were not included; however, findings from this study may be applicable to other construction projects as well.
Practical implications
The findings of this paper are useful in the fields of economy, industry, academia and public policies. The paper thoroughly examined the factors causing delays in highway projects, offering insights for practitioners to identify best practices and mitigation strategies. These findings can guide investment and policy decisions for highway infrastructure projects, promoting a holistic approach to development. Additionally, this paper can help enhance research methods in studies about delays in road infrastructure projects.
Originality/value
The literature review in the paper used a qualitative method. The causes of road project delays, remedial action, context, methodology and theoretical foundation were all examined in this paper.
... In most survey results (Al- Khalil and Al-Ghafly, 1999;Frimpong and Oluwoye, 2003) financial problem is shown as one of the main causes of delays. According to Kaming et al. (1997), one of the most important factors to cause delays of high-rise projects is the shortage of resources. The resources include financial resources, human resources, material resources and equipment resources. ...
The demand for residential buildings has become very crucial in Kurdistan (KRG). The housing problems in Kurdistan has escalated since 2003. The problems of delay, political, deflation and inflation and also the number of housing projects being abandoned or left uncompleted has been the main concern of the government. The aim of this study is to assess the problems faced by the housing developers and potential buyers in KRG. The objectives of the study are to investigate the method of houses to be build and delivered to the potential buyer and to assess the problems faced by developers of residential houses. The study is carried out in the region of KRG and it focuses on private housing development projects. The study is carried out by questionnaires and interviews. The respondents are the house buyers and the developers. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and 78 questionnaires were returned duly answered. The data collected is analyzed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and Average Index. From the study, it was found that the method of house delivery preferred by the potential buyers are to construct their own houses rather than to purchase from the developers. The problems faced by developers of residential houses are delay, housing market demand and financial resources.
... Another questionnaire was performed in Indonesia about cost overruns on high-rise projects. Results indicate that increases in material costs, project complexity, and poor estimation were the primary factors contributing to cost overruns [26]. Frimpong et al. [27] used a questionnaire to investigate groundwater construction projects in Ghana in terms of delays and cost overruns. ...
Estimating the completion cost accurately in the early phases of construction projects is critical to their success. However, cost overruns are almost inevitable due to the risks inherent in construction projects. Hence, the completion cost fluctuates throughout the execution phase and requires periodic updates. There is a need for a prompt and user-friendly completion cost estimation model that accounts for fluctuating risk scores and their impacts on the total cost during the execution phase. Machine learning (ML) techniques could address these requirements by providing effective methods for tackling dynamic systems. The proposed approach aims to predict the cost overrun ratio classes of the completion cost according to the changes in the total risk scores at any time of the project. Six classification algorithms were utilized and validated by employing 110 data points from a globally operating construction company. The performances of the algorithms were evaluated with validation and performance indices. The decision tree classifier surpassed other algorithms. Although there are some research limitations, including risk perception, data gathering restrictions, and selecting proper ML algorithms upon data properties, this research improves the planning abilities of construction executives by providing a cost overrun ratio based on changing total risk scores, facilitating swift and simple assessments at any stage of a construction project’s execution.
... Menurut [17], faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya cost overruns pada gedung perkantoran yaitu: adanya perubahan desain, produktivitas tenaga kerja yang buruk, perencanaan yang tidak memadai dan kekurangan sumber daya. Haslinda et al. [18] menyebutkan faktor penyebab cost overruns pada gedung perkantoran yaitu: adanya perencanaan estimasi biaya yang buruk, quantity take off yang tidak akurat dan biaya bahan yang meningkat akibat inflasi. ...
Industri konstruksi merupakan salah satu kekuatan dalam perekonomian dunia, sehingga apabila terdapat masalah dalam industri konstruksi maka menyebabkan masalah pada perekonomian dunia. Salah satu masalah yang biasa terjadi adalah masalah pembengkakan biaya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor dominan penyebab cost overruns pada proyek konstruksi dan memitigasi risiko terjadinya cost overruns pada proyek konstruksi gedung. Metode yang digunakan adalah systematic literature review untuk mengumpulkan, dan menguji secara kritis hasil dari berbagai kajian penelitian sebelumnya untuk menjawab topik yang ingin didalami. Artikel yang digunakan sebanyak 15-20 artikel yang difokuskan pada penelitian tahun 2010-2024 dan berfokus pada pembengkakan biaya pada konstruksi gedung. Dari hasil penelitian teridentifikasi bahwa terdapat tujuh faktor dominan yang menyebabkan cost overruns yaitu: permasalahan desain, force majeure, fluktuasi harga, kesalahan estimasi biaya, pekerjaan tambah, pekerjaan ulang dan inflasi. Mitigasi risiko untuk menghindari atau mengurangi terjadinya cost overruns pada proyek konstruksi gedung dilakukan dengan cara: meningkatkan anggaran untuk kontrak pengawas, mempekerjakan pengawas yang kompeten dari negara maju, menggunakan pengawas yang profesional dan kompeten, melakukan estimasi biaya dengan tepat, memberikan harga penawaran yang jelas, menerapkan manajemen proyek dengan baik, mempererat komunikasi dan kerja sama, melakukan penjadwalan dengan baik sebelum proyek dimulai dan menghindari perselisihan antar pihak yang terlibat dalam proyek.
... Therefore, effective knowledge management in the activities of construction companies has the capacity to offer substantial benefits and make a significant and positive contribution to the performance and success of the sector. Kaming et al. (1997), who discovered that knowledge management can enhance the efficacy and efficiency of building projects. ...
Objective: This paper explores the relationship between intellectual capital and knowledge management in construction companies and how they impact organisational performance. Theoretical Framework: The construction industry is characterized by a unique set of challenges related to knowledge management and intellectual capital. Project-based work is a dominant feature, necessitating robust knowledge sharing among stakeholders. Method: This article employs a statistical approach to examine the variables under investigation through a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The hypothesis proposed was tested using this methodology. Data were collected via a questionnaire administered to 88 individuals occupying managerial roles in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating within the construction industry. Results and Discussion: The study concludes that intellectual capital and knowledge management have a significant positive impact on the performance of construction companies and recommends that these concepts be integrated into the management practices of construction companies. Research Implications: Correct combination by companies in the construction sector of the constructs intellectual capital and knowledge management can create dynamics that significantly improve the performance of the organisations from the construction sector. Originality/Value: Construction companies, like any other businesses, can benefit from effective knowledge management and the efficient use of intellectual capital to increase their competitiveness and long-term success.
... A total of 57 causes that contributed to the delays were identified. Some researchers identified similar delay causes, including Kaming et al. (1997), Alwi et al. (2002), andSoekiman et al. (2011). The results of the above analyses showed that time overrun, and cost overrun were the two most common effects of delays in construction projects in Indonesia. ...
Construction project commonly suffers schedule delays and consequent claims. To overcome schedule delay difficulties, certain schedule delay analysis methodologies have been developed, but project practitioners are habitually not familiar with conducting required data collation and delay analysis. This research aims to provide an implementation guideline of using schedule delay analysis approaches to solve the obstacles of the analysis and uses Indonesia construction practitioners as an example to examine the proposed guideline. Interviews were performed with domain experts in Indonesia to collect existing obstacles, suggestions, and opinions to create an implementation guideline. The proposed guideline with the required documents is suitable for solving the obstacles identified in Indonesia. The proposed guideline covers three implementation phases; before, during, and during/after construction. Before construction, the guideline helps to identify key issues in a contract. During construction, identifying and categorizing schedule delay types are strongly suggested. Besides that, arranging the schedules (as-planned and as-built) and delaying time types to one comparison table is necessary during or after the construction. The proposed guideline with required documents is expected to be a reference for project practitioners in performing delay analysis systemically.
... Resource Management and Allocation are essential to manage and allocate resources such as labor, supplies, and equipment efficiently. According to [12], problems with resources are the main reason behind building project overruns. Overruns in Expense and Duration in Nigerian Construction Projects involve the frequency of time and expense overruns in Nigerian building projects has been shown by numerous studies. ...
A major contributor to economic growth in Nigeria, the construction sector is frequently beset by large cost and schedule overruns that jeopardize project profitability and impede the development of infrastructure. This study looks into how project management techniques affect these overruns in building construction projects in Nigeria. The goal of the study is to pinpoint the major project management variables that lead to overspending and delays while also offering recommendations for best practices to address these problems. A mixed-methods strategy was used, integrating qualitative case studies with quantitative data analysis. Project engineers, contractors, Architects, and Technicians were given standardized questionnaires to complete about a variety of Nigerian building projects. In-depth interviews and focus groups were also held to acquire a deeper understanding of the real-world difficulties and experiences encountered in the field. The study pinpoints several crucial project management techniques that affect time and cost performance. The results show that Inadequate construction site management and supervision ranked 1 st with an RII of 0.7877, Improper construction techniques and lack of experience of the consultant came 2 nd and 3 rd with RII of 0.7215 and 0.7213 respectively. Late payments during work progress and Use of improper equipment are contributors to project time overrun; while, factors affecting cost overrun are fluctuation in building material costs ranked 1st with RII of 0.7354, frequent design changes, (0.7138), omissions and errors in bills of quantities (0.6754), import of construction materials (0.6754). The report suggests enhancing project management through effective resource management techniques, ongoing training and certification programs, and implementing advanced technology to improve communication, resource management, and planning precision, contributing to sustainable growth in Nigeria's construction industry. INTRODUCTION The building sector significantly impacts economic productivity, investing in services, industry, and agriculture. The public and private sectors aim to improve project performance through cost reduction, timely completion, and quality improvement [1]. Project control aims to ensure projects meet goals, finish on time, and within budget, but modern methods in the building industry often lead to delays and overruns. Construction projects often face overspending due to ignorance of time and expense variables [2]. These overruns impact project goals, schedule, quality, and productivity, potentially leading to bankruptcy. Understanding these factors is crucial for efficient project management and financial losses [3]. Developing nations face increased vulnerability to ineffective performance, leading to delayed services, higher expenses, and decreased income [4]. Nigeria's construction industry frequently experiences budget and schedule blowouts, exacerbated by misconceptions and arguments. Nigeria's building construction industry is vital for economic growth and employment but often faces cost and time overruns [5]. Understanding these issues is crucial for improving project performance and sustainable development. This study investigates the impact of project management techniques on time and cost overruns in Nigerian building construction projects. Also, to identify best practices and analyze stakeholder management to provide practical advice for industry professionals. The causes of time and cost overruns in Nigeria project construction were identified which are common in developing nations, but research on the causes is lacking to sum up, to resolve cost
... This practice is widely criticized in the literature for compromising quality and causing delays. Studies such as those by Kaming et al. (1997) in Indonesia emphasize that this approach often leads to selecting less qualified contractors, resulting in delays. A shift towards quality-based selection criteria is suggested to improve project outcomes and reduce delays caused by inexperienced contractors. ...
The performance of construction projects is crucial, yet many faces significant delays, failing to meet scheduled
targets. These delays have severe economic and operational impacts, making it essential to identify and understand
the underlying causes. This research aims to comprehend the causal relationships among key delay factors, using
insights from construction experts, to ensure timely project completion. An extensive literature review on
construction delays in Palestine and other similar developing countries identified 26 causes to prioritize key delay
factors in Palestine. A process involving questionnaires distributed to 13 experts was used to Prioritize 11 key delay
factors for Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) analysis. The DEMATEL analysis,
involving 12 experts, revealed the influence weights of these factors. Occupation and political obstacles (F7) were
identified as the most significant factor (10.770%), followed by lack of sufficient financing (F3) at 10.649%, and
delay in payments (F4) at 10.619%. The analysis emphasizes the need for better financial management and
improved internal processes to mitigate delays. The findings in this study can provide structural visualization of
complex causal relationships among key delay factors and also allow construction experts to prioritize the resource
allocation to achieve project objectives.
... Since the factors affecting cost are mainly construction period, construction organizational structure and unpredictable factors (including price and manpower) [13], the change amount of projects under construction, the cost of important raw materials, and employee wages and personnel expenses are used as evaluation indicators. ...
Coming into the post-pandemic, the influences that this COVID-19 had on the construction and built environment create a less of cost to be used in managing the captured events. The following research project is designed to evaluate how the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic has affected cost management behavior within enterprises in the field of construction including construction within the China economy. Through a synergetic approach, the grey correlation model and the value engineering method have been combined giving a financial cost control model that can vouch for the challenges appearing in the post-pandemic business context. The data on timeline change and expense allocation in accommodation related adjusted processes, in turn, models the new routines of work for the industry. The results of my research make it clear that various changes need to be implemented mostly in cost management practices. This help in improving resilience and risk minimization is the most important.
... Uganda's narrow focus on how project control practices contribute to training and capacity building in project management and construction hinders the sector's growth. There is a shortage of trained project managers and personnel proficient in modern project control methodologies, which is a significant challenge [26]. Addressing this challenge requires a concerted effort toward capacity building, partnering with educational institutions and industry associations to develop training programs tailored to the needs of project managers and construction personnel, and skills development within the local workforce. ...
This research paper analytically evaluates the project control practice levels used by the building construction companies within Kampala, Uganda. The research also assesses the impact of project control practices on the productivity of companies. The research was performed to ascertain the current control practices among 160 respondents from various construction companies registered with the Uganda Registration Services Bureau. This research used amalgamation from multiple studies in the literature to obtain the variables. This research adopts 34 standard control practices from 4 vital project control duties: planning, monitoring, analyzing, and reporting. These project control tasks were organized using mean response ratings grounded in their relevance to the construction companies. This process authorized researchers to prioritize tasks based on their perceived importance or relevance to the construction companies involved. Results showed that evaluating performance with the use of S-curves (4.32), timely access to information and encouragement (4.55), report representation using quantitative tools 4.75, and cost value comparison application during analysis (4.76) were rated least among the control practices. On the other hand, the top project control practices included formulation of the project schedule (8.88), project feasibility validation (8.86), budgeting for each activity (8.84), key project route definition (8.81), team awareness of the budget (8.77), setting realistic targets for projects (8.50), and consultation from subcontractors (8.74). From the results obtained by the sample respondents specified, it can be concluded that planning is the most vital project control task practiced in the building construction industry in Uganda. In addition, this research ascertained a substantial relationship between project control practices and the performance of building construction companies. Accordingly, this research recommends that project control practices be effectively observed by both contracting and consulting companies to enhance their overall performance and governance.
... According to past research, there are two causes for building construction project delays: insignificant and non-negligible. In an investigation, Kaming et al. [34] look at the major variables impacting project delays in Indonesia and the causes for delays in highway construction. The findings of this research point to three primary causes: contractor management issues, unpredictable circumstances, and owner-related issues. ...
One of the primary concerns and challenges encountered in the construction industry is the emergence of crucial factors instigating project delays throughout the construction project lifecycle (CPL). The critical delay factors (CDFs) are the significant factors that not only cause project delays but also create obstacles and bottlenecks for the projects. Hence, the current study aims to determine CDFs affecting project completions and ameliorates the adverse situation by developing relevant bottleneck management strategies. To achieve this goal, a desktop review of previous research studies was undertaken to identify the CDFs in the CPL. The brainstorming technique was further utilized to filter the identified CDFs and match them to the context of developing countries, using Iran as a case example. Finally, an empirical questionnaire was created that included 22 CDFs divided into three distinct groups. The questionnaire’s validity and reliability were checked and validated before massive distribution to target respondents. Sixty industry experts appraised the identified CDFs in the CPL based on two assessment criteria: the severity of impact and probability of occurrence. The findings revealed that the groups with the most significant level of impact (out of 5 points) are project planning and design (2.29), construction and delivery (1.99), and policymaking and legislation (1.72). Similarly, the groups of project planning and design (2.30), construction and delivery (2.20), and policymaking and legislation (1.5) were ranked from first to third based on the probability of occurrence. According to the survey findings, the project planning and design stage is the most optimal time to mitigate the impact of project delays. Moreover, the study posited some pragmatic recommendations as bottleneck management strategies for ameliorating the identified CDFs for future projects. The study deliverables can serve as an effective tool for project stakeholders and decision makers to diminish the impact on and penetration of CDFs into building construction projects and enhance the delivery path leading to project success.
This research paper explores the challenges faced during the planning and execution phases of residential building construction in rural area, with a focus on bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation. The study emphasizes the use of cost-effective Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools to streamline construction processes, reduce delays, and optimize costs. A residential building project from a rural area was selected for analysis, covering aspects such as site clearance, planning, estimation, scheduling, and execution. The study compares theoretical estimates with actual costs, identifies delays and their causes, and evaluates the effectiveness of AI tools in mitigating these challenges. The findings highlight the potential of AI in improving construction efficiency, reducing material wastage, and enhancing decision-making in resource-constrained rural environments. This research aims to provide actionable insights for civil engineers, contractors, and policymakers to adopt AI-driven solutions for sustainable and cost-effective construction practices in rural areas.
While preconstruction delays have significant ramifications on all aspects of a project, they are often overlooked. Existing research studies focused on preconstruction delay factors as isolated events without considering the interdependencies between them. This paper addresses this research gap by considering and analyzing the associations between various risk factors causing delays in the pre-construction phase. First, a list of 30 preconstruction delay risk factors was identified based on relevant literature and was validated using the Delphi technique. Second, the dependencies between the risk factors were identified by constructing a risk structure matrix (RSM) through input from a focus group of experts by following the Delphi approach. Third, the analytic hierarchy process method was applied on the obtained RSM to quantify the identified dependencies between the various risk factors by constructing a risk numerical matrix (RNM) based on a survey distributed to industry practitioners. Fourth, the relationships or correlations between the various risk factors were modeled using network analysis conducted on the obtained RNM. Finally, the key risk factors leading to preconstruction delays were determined using clustering analysis. The research findings demonstrated that the most critical preconstruction delay risk factors are (1) design changes, mistakes, errors, and omissions; and (2) conflicts among project participants. This research adds to the body of knowledge by developing a new approach that models preconstruction delay factors as an interconnected network of events rather than as independent occurrences, thus providing a better understanding of how different preconstruction delay risk factors interact with each other and how the occurrence of one risk factor can trigger other occurrences. This research motivates stakeholders to look out for pre-construction delays more actively during project planning and design and to effectively mitigate them, ultimately improving risk management strategies during the preconstruction phase of projects.
Research on preconstruction delays has been limited, mainly focusing on identifying delays and ranking risks using traditional methods. This study introduces a new quantitative framework to evaluate risks by modeling them as an interconnected network and conducting risk propagation analysis. The analytic hierarchy process was employed to quantify the interdependencies among 30 preconstruction delay risks based on survey inputs from 87 experts. Then, traditional risk quantification methods were extended by introducing two new metrics to account for the interdependencies between risks: re-evaluated likelihood and re-evaluated criticality. Subsequently, a topological analysis of the risk network was conducted to understand how risks propagate within the network. A risk reachability matrix was built to compute various node degree metrics, including in-degree, out-degree, the number of reachable nodes and possible sources, and betweenness centrality. Finally, clustering analysis and the TOPSIS method were applied to identify the most critical risks. Results showed that six risks were key contributors to preconstruction delays when factoring their interdependencies into the risk analysis, as follows: (1) insufficient commitment of project participants; (2) conflicts among project participants; (3) design changes, mistakes, errors, and omissions; (4) ineffective project planning and scheduling; (5) lack of enough funds/budget to finance project; and (6) ineffective team communication and slow information flow. This study adds to the body of knowledge by introducing a new framework for risk propagation analysis, enabling the analysis of preconstruction delay risks based on their interdependencies. The practical implications of this research equip practitioners and risk managers with a quantitative modeling framework to accurately identify and rank critical pre-construction delay risks based on their interconnectedness and causal relationships. This enables project stakeholders to allocate resources more efficiently and develop effective risk mitigation strategies.
The relevance of the work. In the context of ongoing military aggression, the necessary reconstruction can be implemented in a diverse organizational environment, usually formed without the use of management methods standards. Accordingly, there is a need to substantiate the effectiveness and introduce an information-communication concept that explains how to perform construction management, in the presence of modern information-communication technologies. Justification of the effectiveness of these tools utilization in the conditions of Ukraine construction industry is an urgent task, because it will allow to confirm the possibility of increasing the accuracy and speed of managerial influences, reducing management costs and correspondingly reducing the duration of construction. Purpose. Development of a methodology for substantiating the effectiveness of construction management templates by creating an appropriate logical model, choosing mathematical methods for experimental research and developing a survey questionnaire. Methodology. The methods of analysis and synthesis are applied in the analysis of information sources, the use of methods of correlation-regression analysis, experimental-statistical modeling and the Monte Carlo method in experimental studies was proposed. The results. The article analyzes information sources regarding the effectiveness factors of traditional and modern management methods and information-communication technologies. A scientific hypothesis of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the information-communication concept “construction management template” has been developed, which combines the most effective innovative and traditional management methods. A two-stage scheme of experimental research is proposed to substantiate the effectiveness of construction management templates. A survey questionnaire was developed to assess the reduction of construction duration from the implementation of management methods and information and communication technologies. The development of a scientific hypothesis of the methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of the information-communication concept “construction management template” made it possible to propose a two-stage experimental research scheme.
This study explores the complex decision‐making (DM) dynamics between clients and consultants, a crucial area often neglected in existing research. Utilizing a Multi‐Perspective Approach combined with Multi‐Criteria Decision Analysis, we examine DM challenges such as cost overruns, project delays, and compromised work quality stemming from ineffective DM practices. Key findings highlight the pervasive fear of financial repercussions from poor decisions, which impedes decisive and transparent DM. We offer practical recommendations for managers, propose strategies to strengthen DM processes, enhance project execution frameworks and insights to improve operational efficiency and competitive advantages for Ghanaian mining construction sector stakeholders. This study significantly contributes to the literature on project management by offering targeted solutions and advancing knowledge on DM practices.
Success in building is meeting deadlines within budget and following contract criteria. Construction projects often face issues, with rising prices being the worst. Construction projects often experience cost inflation, which affects sustainability, continuity, productivity, and quality. Parties may also argue. This research study examines relevant literature to identify the main factors that cause construction project cost overruns. This extensive study comprises 96 investigations from 1997 to 2024. This detailed investigation found 45 factors that mostly raise construction project expenses. Methodically categorized aspects included stakeholder elements, technical factors, managerial factors, project resource factors, external factors, and political factors. Decision-makers, construction experts, and project stakeholders benefit from identifying and classifying these aspects. It gives them the tools to develop plans and use modern project management methods. It also helps create and implement cost management plans and monitors project activities throughout. These results allow stakeholders to adopt solutions that lower construction project expenses, assuring safe and effective project execution within budget.
Effective project management is crucial for the successful delivery of construction projects, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and to the desired quality standards. Project scope definition is at the heart of project management, which forms the basis for project planning, execution, and control. However, despite its importance, there is a lack of comprehensive investigation into project scope definition compared to other areas of management knowledge. This research paper identifies the key enablers and elements of project scope definition, as well as their relative importance. Moreover, this study develops an assessment model using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate the completeness of the project scope definition. Data was gathered through a questionnaire survey deployed to subject matter experts specialized in building projects in Saudi Arabia. The results highlight the significance of understanding the direct impact of scope definition on project success, which emerged as the most influential enabler in facilitating scope definition. Among the top ten elements of scope definition are project financial requirements, regulatory requirements, and building site location and geotechnical data. The findings and AHP assessment model can assist project stakeholders and managers in effectively defining project scope, potentially leading to efficient management of building projects.
The success of any construction project largely depends on the ability to manage project costs effectively. However, cost control in the Nigerian construction industry is characterized by numerous issues such as inadequate planning, poor communication, lack of accountability, and corruption. This conceptual review aims to examine the current state of project cost control in the Nigerian construction industry, identify the key factors affecting cost control, and provide insights into possible solutions to these challenges. The Nigerian construction industry has been plagued with cost overruns, delays, and poor project performance, which have led to a significant waste of resources and financial loss. The findings of this review will be useful to stake-holders in the construction industry, including project managers, policymak-ers, and researchers, and will help to improve the cost management practices in the Nigerian construction industry. The study reveals that ineffective cost control strategies, poor project planning, and inadequate monitoring and control systems are major issues affecting project cost control in Nigeria. The review also highlights the need for a shift towards more proactive and integrated cost control approaches, as well as the adoption of emerging technologies in project cost control. Ultimately, this study provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by project managers in controlling project costs in the Nigerian construction industry and offers recommendations for improving project cost control practices.
This research aims to identify and mitigate the causes of delays in construction projects in Monywa, Myanmar. The main objectives are to categorize delay causes, quantify their importance, rank them by their impact, and determine the most significant delay factors. Time management is crucial for project success, but delays are common and often overlooked.
A total of 68 delay factors were identified and categorized into six major groups through brainstorming and a questionnaire survey with 32 respondents, including project engineers, civil engineers, consultants, and representatives from both private and public construction companies in Monywa. Data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and rankings.
Results highlighted that government construction projects experience the most delays, with external factors being the primary cause. Other groups also contribute to delays. Recommendations are provided to minimize and control these delays, serving as a guide for effective management in construction projects to improve quality and timeliness.
This paper concerns an investigation into the causes of high costs of construction in Nigeria. A preliminary survey involving all the professionals in the construction industry identified delays and direct cost overruns of the project as the principal factors leading to the high cost of construction. A questionnaire was then designed incorporating factors causing delays and cost overruns. It was distributed to engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, contractors and others involved in construction. A method of analysis was formulated and carried out based on the profession of the respondents and on the role of the individual in the industry (i.e., client, consultant, and contractors) and on the nature of construction (civil works and building works). Results indicate that: (1) High costs can be minimized by minimizing lapses in the management of human and material resources; (2) despite some slight differences, the professionals generally agreed that shortage of materials, methods of financing and payments for completed works, and poor contract management are the three major reasons for high construction costs; and (3) price fluctuation was identified as the most important factor responsible for the escalation of project costs.
It is generally acknowledged that industrialisation is the major path to the economic development of the underdeveloped regions of the world. However, in spite of strenuous efforts to foster the growth of manufacturing industry in a wide range of developing countries over the postwar period, very few of these countries have so far been able to develop a substantial and diversified industrial base. The majority of developing countries remain heavily dependent on exports of primary commodities to the markets of developed countries for their supplies of manufactured goods.
The subject of project management in developing countries is addressed, with a focus on Nigeria, one of the largest and most populated countries in Africa. The causes of delay and cost overruns are investigated by examining data relating to construction projects. After a brief introduction to the overall economy, an analysis is given of recently completed highway projects in the country. This points to substantial cost variations relative to the initial contract, and excessive project overruns, for neither of which is there much explanation in status reporting. A brief review then follows of contractual systems and project financing arrangements currently in operation. The results of a questionnaire survey carried out in 1992 with around 50 construction personnel from contractor, consultant and client organisations in Nigeria are then presented. The conclusions suggest that there could be better phasing of contracts, and a wider variety of contracts could be used. Overruns are attributed to finance and payment arrangements, poor contract management, materials shortages, inaccurate estimating, and overall price fluctuations. Recommendations are given on how project management could be improved in developing countries such as Nigeria by appropriate action being taken at both the conceptual and detailed planning stages of projects. Wider action is further called for at both government and international level.
Cost of materials, fraudulent practices and kickbacks, and fluctuation of prices of materials are three of the most important factors, among other factors, leading to high construction costs in Nigeria. Analyses of results leading to high construction costs show excellent agreement between the responses of the professionals (architects, engineers, and quantity surveyors) and the results of past researchers, with a Kendell’s coefficient (τ) of 0.002 and 0.001, and a chi-square (X2) of 6.60 and 4.06, respectively.
This paper presents a philosophical argument for new construction labor productivity models based on actual factors affecting productivity. The paper reviews various work-study models that have been borrowed from industrial engineering. These are the delay, activity, and task models. Using research data, these models are shown to be inadequate and unreliable productivity models. It is suggested that these models emphasize work methods, and that the best opportunity to improve productivity is to focus on the factors that management can control. Two reliable productivity models validated specifically for construction situations are presented. These are the factor model, which accounts for project, site, and management factors affecting productivity, and the expectancy model of motivation, which describes why a crew exerts an effort to perform and how this effort relates to productivity. The essential features of the models are described, and it is suggested that the models can be integrated into a single comprehensive model to quantify the factors affecting productivity and to forecast performance.
The present paper outlines the main causes of delay in large building projects in Saudi Arabia and their relative importance. A survey of a randomly selected sample of 24 contractors, 15 architectural/engineering firms (A/E), and nine owners from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia was undertaken. The survey included 56 causes of delay, and the respondents were asked to indicate their degree of importance. The delay factors were grouped into nine major groups. The level of importance of the causes and the groups were measured and ranked by their importance index for contractors, owners and A/Es. It was found that contractors, A/Es, and owners generally agree on the ranking of the individual delay factors. It was also shown that contractors and A/Es substantially agree on the ranking of the groups of delay factors, whereas contractors and owners, and A/Es and owners do not agree. It was also shown that the financing group of delay factors was ranked the highest by all three parties and that environment was ranked the lowest.
Many management-related problems exist amongst local contractors in developing countries. Problems vary in nature and intensity but are usually associated with inefficient management of construction resources including materials, labour, plant and subcontractors. This paper deals with material management practices in the construction industry in Malaysia. A questionnaire survey and interviews were conducted with local practising public works contractors to examine the management of materials and to identify the nature of problems associated with material management. Problems identified included delay in the delivery of materials, the lack of use of advanced planning techniques, material variances and computers. There is a need for an improved material management approach by contractors in a developing country.
The contractor's ability to manage the flow of materials has a great impact on the profitability of the firm. MMS has been developed and is presented in this article: it is an effective, practice-oriented, and automated materials management system. MMS consists of ten modules: (1) project information module, (2) vendor information module, (3) product master list module, (4) reference numbers and description module, (5) bid quantities module, (6) materials ordered module, (7) materials received and invoice verification module, (8) materials used module, (9) submittals management module, and (10) report generator module. The data entered through the first nine modules is accessed through the report generator module to produce the appropriate reports necessary to make effective management decisions and to keep abreast of daily activities. MMS was developed in conjunction with three competent local general contractors (ENR-rated top 400 contractors), and is designed for small- to medium-sized general contractors and large subcontractors. The information retrieved from MMS can be used by estimators, accountants, project managers, field engineers, and materials managers. Development, acceptance, and continued use of such systems should contribute to the efficiency and profitability of contractors.
Construction planners and estimators in Nigeria often guess the outputs of building tradesmen. Since it is difficult to draw reliable construction programmes or make accurate cost estimates without an adequate knowledge of production output, it is suggested that outputs should be determined scientifically. The time study technique was adopted to evaluate production outputs in bricklaying, steel fixing and joinery trades. The tradesmen were also approached to estimate their outputs in selected tasks. From the operatives’ estimates and output measured through time study, it was found that there are varying degrees of excess production capacities yet untapped in the trades.
The activity sampling technique was used on seven construction sites in Nigeria to determine how the working day was being utilised by craftsmen in bricklaying, joinery and steel fixing trades. Actual working time was observed to be 51% of the working day for bricklayers, 44% for joiners and 56% for steel fixers. The rest of the working day was spent on nonproductive activities. The problems causing nonproductive periods were identified via an operative questionnaire survey. The three highest ranking problems impairing craftsmen's productivity were lack of materials, inadequate tools and work repetition.
A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University. Different motivation theories have been developed in general management to explain workers' attitude to production. Collectively, these theories represent manufacturing workers more than any other set of workers. Attempts made to apply these theories to construction operatives have produced different and often confused explanations of the motives behind construction operatives' productivity. This research approached construction operatives directly in order to evaluate their motivation in relation to their productivity. The research aimed at proving or disproving a conceptualised positive relationship between construction operative motivation and productivity. Previous construction researchers assumed that there was a positive relationship between productivity and motivation without any empirical prove. This oversight was largely due to problems of quantifying abstract concepts such as motivation. This obstacle needed to be removed before the relationship between motivation and productivity could be empirically established. A technique based on the Subjective Expected Utility Theory was developed to quantify motivation. Productivity was measured by activity sampling. Relating them together gave a third order polynomial relationship indicating that there is a basic motivation in every bricklayer regardless of his working environment. The relationship also provided an empirical prove of an earlier conceptualised optimal motivation theory. The thesis shows that there is no significant causal relationship between motivation and work rate; rather, motivation significantly influences the proportion of working time spent productively. From a model of production output, motivation and skill, it was demonstrated that skill dominates productivity in bricklaying. Motivation accounted for 2.4% of the percentage variation in work rate and 25.3% of the percentage variation in percentage productive time. From a sensitivity analysis of the predominance of skill, critical activities controlling production output which could form the basis of a training programme for new bricklayers were identified. After testing all observations and findings for validity, they were combined into a list of propositions which form the basis of a theory of construction operative motivation. Based on the affirmation of the optimal motivation theory in construction operatives, a new concept of hyper-production was proposed.
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