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A Poverty of VoicesStreet Papers as Communicative Democracy
Abstract
The 1990s witnessed two distinct but related trends in journalism: the rise of public journalism and the emergence of street newspapers. This article contrasts public journalism and street newspapers in an effort to explicate the distinguishing features of each. In doing so, it illuminates the distinctions between liberal-minded media reform movements, such as public journalism, and far more radical alternatives to journalistic practice as represented by street newspapers. Throughout it is argued that street papers are a unique form of communicative democracy. In their capacity as the voice of the poor, street newspapers seek to critically engage the reading public in ongoing deliberations over fundamental issues of economic, social and political justice. A brief assessment of Street Feat - a street newspaper in Halifax, Nova Scotia - provides an empirical basis for this discussion.
... This is often fed by mainstream media, whose representations tend to support the main stereotypical presumptions of the homeless as tramps, smelly, dirty, obnoxious, or drunk (Mao et al., 2011;Ravenhill, 2016). Some alternative media, such as community media or street papers, do speak for homeless people (Doudaki & Carpentier 2021a;Howley, 2003), yet the opportunities they are given to articulate their own voices are limited (Torck, 2001). ...
... Some street papers feature stories and commentary that go beyond reporting economic conditions or social policy changes -they document and analyze the impact these changes have on the lives of the homeless (Howley, 2003). Street papers represent the voice of the poor and seek to critically engage the reading public in ongoing deliberations over fundamental economic, social, and political justice issues, as well as to engage social service workers, community activists, and the poor in public journalism (Howley, 2003). ...
... Some street papers feature stories and commentary that go beyond reporting economic conditions or social policy changes -they document and analyze the impact these changes have on the lives of the homeless (Howley, 2003). Street papers represent the voice of the poor and seek to critically engage the reading public in ongoing deliberations over fundamental economic, social, and political justice issues, as well as to engage social service workers, community activists, and the poor in public journalism (Howley, 2003). Thus, they represent an alternative to mainstream media, as they help to disrupt the stereotypical depictions of homelessness and provide the homeless with opportunities to have their voices expressed (Doudaki & Carpentier, 2021a;Torck, 2001). ...
Homeless people are subjected to disadvantageous representations in the media, also lacking opportunities for self-representation. This article reports on the findings of two preparatory stages of a project that involves homeless people in the publication of their own newspaper. The findings show that homeless people want to represent themselves through self-created news and to address homelessness as a social issue through people’s life stories, which has the potential to challenge mainstream media practices related to portraying homelessness. At the same time, the analysis reveals several issues that need to be considered while implementing such projects. For example, self-empowerment may sometimes come at the price of disempowerment of others. This emphasizes the importance of carefully structuring the facilitating processes to promote homeless people’s genuine media participation, and to support individual and community empowerment.
... Street papers, circulating most often in the format of magazines or newspapers, demonstrate considerable diversity as to their format, design, content and operational models, but also consistency in regard to their approach and philosophy. They do share a common main purpose, which is to support homeless and other socially excluded people to fnd their way back into society, through employment (Boukhari, 1999;Howley, 2003;Harter et al., 2004). Homeless and poor people are the sole vendors of these editions, having the opportunity to gain some income and potentially reconnect with society. ...
... Given their inclusive logics and their focus on issues of homelessness and social exclusion, which tend to be disregarded by mainstream media, street papers are seen by some scholars as alternative or participatory media. Howley (2003), employing Dorothy Kidd's (1999) defnition of alternative media, argues that "in publishing material written by people living in poverty, street papers consciously align themselves with the philosophy and tradition associated with alternative media" (p. 274), since they are "committed to 'altering' prevailing social conditions and do so, in part, by publishing 'native' accounts of economic injustice from the local that they serve" (ibid.). ...
... 274), since they are "committed to 'altering' prevailing social conditions and do so, in part, by publishing 'native' accounts of economic injustice from the local that they serve" (ibid.). Howley (2003) continues to argue that street papers constitute a unique form of communicative democracy, as, being the voice of the poor, they "seek to engage reading publics in a critically informed dialogue over fundamental issues of economic, social and political justice", addressing "disparities in economic, political and symbolic power" (p. 282). ...
This timely volume offers a comprehensive and rigorous overview of the role of communication in the construction of hate speech and polarization in the online and offline arena.
Delving into the meanings, implications, contexts and effects of extreme speech and gated communities in the media landscape, the chapters analyse misleading metaphors and rhetoric via focused case studies to understand how we can overcome the risks and threats stemming from the past decade’s defining communicative phenomena. The book brings together an international team of experts, enabling a broad, multidisciplinary approach that examines hate speech, dislike, polarization and enclave deliberation as cross axes that influence offline and digital conversations. The diverse case studies herein offer insights into international news media, television drama and social media in a range of contexts, suggesting an academic frame of reference for examining this emerging phenomenon within the field of communication studies.
Offering thoughtful and much-needed analysis, this collection will be of great interest to scholars and students working in communication studies, media studies, journalism, sociology, political science, political communication and cultural industries.
... Street papers, circulating most often in the format of magazines or newspapers, demonstrate considerable diversity as to their format, design, content and operational models, but also consistency in regard to their approach and philosophy. They do share a common main purpose, which is to support homeless and other socially excluded people to fnd their way back into society, through employment (Boukhari, 1999;Howley, 2003;Harter et al., 2004). Homeless and poor people are the sole vendors of these editions, having the opportunity to gain some income and potentially reconnect with society. ...
... Given their inclusive logics and their focus on issues of homelessness and social exclusion, which tend to be disregarded by mainstream media, street papers are seen by some scholars as alternative or participatory media. Howley (2003), employing Dorothy Kidd's (1999) defnition of alternative media, argues that "in publishing material written by people living in poverty, street papers consciously align themselves with the philosophy and tradition associated with alternative media" (p. 274), since they are "committed to 'altering' prevailing social conditions and do so, in part, by publishing 'native' accounts of economic injustice from the local that they serve" (ibid.). ...
... 274), since they are "committed to 'altering' prevailing social conditions and do so, in part, by publishing 'native' accounts of economic injustice from the local that they serve" (ibid.). Howley (2003) continues to argue that street papers constitute a unique form of communicative democracy, as, being the voice of the poor, they "seek to engage reading publics in a critically informed dialogue over fundamental issues of economic, social and political justice", addressing "disparities in economic, political and symbolic power" (p. 282). ...
... Referring to the homeless as "our people" suggests the potential for the paper to provide a space for the voices of the homeless to gain recognition and legitimacy by both alerting homeless individuals to critical information and also instilling readers with a sense of awareness of the homeless reality. Given that those who purchase the paper are typically from another social background than that of the vendor, the publication may also have the potential to alter general public perceptions by calling attention to class structure and dominance Howley, 2003;Mailloux-Beique, 2005;Mosco, 1996). ...
... These are real and enduring limitations that create unique barriers against such a publication attempting a democratic structure; however, one may also note that very few outreach efforts have been made to overcome these constraints. The homeless are not actively pursued for submissions nor are there educational training sessions or other kinds of forums available to include the homeless in decision making, as can be seen at some other street papers (see Dodge, 1999;Howley, 2003;Mailloux-Beique, 2005;Mewburn & Harris, n.d.). ...
... TSN is an independent venture with progressive goals that could be better served through outreach and collaboration with similar agencies. A more inclusive structure could combine a material publication with direct social activism through democratic initiatives to provide training opportunities, resources, and community forums to encourage and enable participation of homeless and nonhomeless individuals to contribute to production procedures, decision making, and collective movements (Howley, 2003;Mailloux-Beique, 2005). An internally democratic structure based on open expression and dialogue can permit both material and discursive space for lateral communication, thereby enabling individual and collective action to challenge the wider sociopolitical structure. ...
... Historically, outsider journalism has emerged from populations with a dramatic sense of alienation, a sense of themselves as pariahs or outlaws. Scholarship on outsider journalism has focused on publications produced, among others, by prisoners (Gaucher, 2002;Morris, 2002;Novek, 2005), militant gays and lesbians (Streitmatter, 1995), dissident GIs in the Vietnam War (Lewes, 2001), gay men with AIDS (Long, 2000), and homeless people (Howley, 2003;Torck, 2001). ...
... Outsider journalism creates alternative public spheres for publication of the views, opinions, and perspectives of marginalized constituencies (Howley, 2003). Operating outside the norms and standards of mainstream media, such publications build community among their audiences out of the common experiences of adversity and outlaw status. ...
... Outsider journalists often reject conventions of mainstream journalism such as the use of ''official sources'' and the stance of professional objectivity. For example, the authors of street newspapers analyzed by Howley (2003) did not seek expertise from elected officials, business leaders, or academics: ''Rather, expert knowledge is constructed through and draws upon the everyday lived experience of the working poor, the homeless and those who work on their behalf. . . . Reporters recount incidents and conversations on street corners, in social service offices, at soup kitchens and food banks'' (pp. ...
Prison newspaper stories capture the quotidian atmosphere of the penitentiary as it is lived and understood by people confined there. This article analyzes a newspaper produced since 2001 at a state prison for women in the northeastern United States. The publication comes out of a journalism class taught by the author and a colleague, and is produced entirely by inmates of the prison. After situating the prison newspaper as a tool of ideological struggle, the article uses symbolic convergence theory to provide a fantasy theme analysis of the texts and to illuminate the rhetorical vision they create for their authors and audiences. The newspaper expresses inmates' struggles to overcome the degradations of confinement with spirituality, compassion, pragmatism, and even humor.
... True, within and across Western countries, street papers differ regarding their orientation, commitments, and technologies. Some have been established as a vehicle for public entertainment whereas others have pursued more of a political approach (Carpentier et al. 2021;Howley 2003). That said, the mission of most projects consists of 'marketing' print media with the involvement of socially marginalised people (as well as individuals faced with poor housing conditions or threats to lose their homes), to make them regain a full citizen status and escape from the stigma attached to living without a decent and permanent place to dwell. ...
This article depicts the chemistry and trajectory of a street paper project involving people experiencing homelessness in Germany. More generally, it seeks to examine implications of hybrid approaches to prosocial organising which various initiatives throughout the Western world have adopted during the last decades to achieve social innovation in an entrepreneurial way. The analysis builds on an embedded case study and a distinctive conceptual framework which combines institutionalist and praxeologic perspectives on modern organisations. The focus lies on how, in the course of time, the project under study processes various institutional logics and how the latter become intermingled ‘in action’. It is shown that, with the enactment of references from different ‘social worlds’, hybrid prosocial organising can feed into a robust organisational model. However, the en route encounter of disparate logics has paradoxical implications and is prone to undermine the model’s effectiveness. With the enactment of hybridity, ‘first-order’ success in terms of organisational survival comes with severe limitations concerning the ambition of crossing institutional boundaries for meeting the project’s key mission. Ironically, dynamics in and around the organisation tend to stabilise a settlement which hybrid ‘prosocial organising’ seeks to tackle.
... Street papers, most often magazines or newspapers, demonstrate considerable diversity in format, design, content and operational models, but also consistency with regard to their approach and philosophy. They share a common main purpose, which is supported by their distribution model, and which is to support homeless and other socially excluded people to find their way back into society through employment (hArter et al. 2004;bouKhAri 1999;howley 2003). Homeless and poor people are the sole vendors of these publications, which give them the opportunity to gain some income and potentially reconnect with society. ...
Bildmedien wie Filme, Skulpturen, Fotografien, Comics oder die verschiedenen, im Internet zirkulierenden visuellen Inszenierungen stellen Orte dar, wo nahe an den Sinnen emotional aufgeladene und oft ambivalente Bilder in Bezug auf Identität und Andersheit verbreitet werden. Dabei werden sowohl Selbst- als auch Fremdbilder figuriert, zelebriert oder auch problematisiert. Zugleich fungiert Fremdheit vor allem in jüngerer Zeit vermehrt als Spiegel des Eigenen – wovon zum Beispiel Bilder des exotischen oder pittoresken Nomaden Zeugnis geben.
Der Band setzt sich in pluraler Weise mit Sichtbarkeiten in Zusammenhang mit Identitätskonstitutionen auseinander und vereint demensprechend Beiträge aus verschiedensten kulturwissenschaftlichen Diskursschulen. Er zeichnet nach, wie Vorstellungen und Gewissheiten in Bezug auf Selbst und Andersheit und darauf, was als das Eigene und das Fremde gilt, auch über Artefakte der Visuellen Kultur entstehen und in Zirkulation gehalten werden. Die Beiträge thematisieren aber auch, wo und in welcher Weise Bildmedien an diesbezüglichen Auseinandersetzungen und Verschiebungen beteiligt sind. Denn Bilder können zu Ereignissen werden, die Konflikte anstoßen und Übergänge („Konversionen“) zwischen Weltsichten provozieren. Sie können unsere Vorstellungskraft aber auch anregen und das Gestalten weiterer Bilder in Gang setzen. Ein Fokus des Bandes liegt darauf, wie Bildmedien an aktuellen politischen und kulturalisierten Auseinandersetzungen beteiligt sind.
... There are variances in the approach and experience of San Francisco homeless street press Street Sheet and The Big Issue in London and Melbourne (see e.g. Howley 2003). Namely, the Street Sheet (which predates The Big Issue) is not a social enterprise and is the publication mouthpiece for the grassroots activist organisation Coalition on Homelessness (see Lindemann 2007;Cockburn 2014). ...
This paper examines the rise of social enterprise in relation (and in response) to the contemporary nexus between education and work. Contextualising social enterprise within the broader trend toward private influences in education, the paper explores how diffuse networks driven by both market ideals and a social conscience are shaping new sites of education and work on the margins. Drawing on in-depth research undertaken on the experiences of homeless street press sellers of the social enterprise The Big Issue, I bring focused attention to the lived experience of these transformations in policy and practice. The analysis reveals how entrepreneurialism intersects with precarious poverty to frame sellers’ cultivation of their skills and techniques as enterprising workers on the margins.
... For instance, articles about financial pressures of the non-poor may be linked to the situation of the poor (Nielsen, 2008). Some critics argued that it would be impossible to fight the larger structure that influences routines and practices of the mainstream media (e.g., Howley, 2003). Howley recommended looking for alternatives (e.g., street papers, public journalism) to the mainstream media that would fundamentally change the relationship between journalists and the public. ...
Using the theoretical framework of communitarian ethics, this study compared poverty coverage by a nonprofit news organization done over a four-year period with coverage the organization did in a cooperative project with a journalism school focused on video interviews in neighborhoods. The qualitative analysis found both commonalities and substantial differences in topics. Both provided social context, but in different ways, and the new project did more to focus on the voices of residents themselves.
... Initially a monthly publication, it soon reverted to its currently weekly format. It also spawned regional, national and international editions, that joined a number of other contemporary street newspapers across the world-a phenomenon that has become especially popular in parts of North America and Western Europe (Torck 2001;Howley 2003). The Big Issue Foundation, meanwhile, is a national charity established in 1995 to offer further support to the homeless people earning a wage as magazine vendors for its flagship publication, The Big Issue. ...
Amidst burgeoning literature on citizen journalism, we still know relatively little about how and why genuinely marginalised groups seek to use this form of reporting to challenge their exclusion. In this article, we aim to address this gap by analysing two UK citizen journalism initiatives emanating from The Big Issue Foundation, a national homeless organisation, and Access Dorset, a regional charity for disabled and elderly people. These case studies are united by the authors’ involvement in both instances, primarily through designing and delivering bespoke citizen journalism education and mentoring. Based on over 40 hours of interviews with participants of the workshops and 36 hours of participant observation, we analyse the challenges participants faced in their journey to become citizen journalists. This included: low self-esteem, physical health and mental wellbeing, the need for accessible and adaptable technology, and overcoming fear associated with assuming a public voice. We also analyse marginalised groups’ attitudes to professional journalism and education, and its role in shaping journalistic identity and self-empowerment. Whilst demonstrably empowering and esteem building, our participants were acutely aware of societal power relations that were seemingly still beyond their ability to influence. Those who are marginalised are, nevertheless, in the best position to use citizen journalism as a conduit for social change, we argue—though challenges remain even at the grassroots level to foster and sustain participatory practices.
... Bunun en önemli nedeni özellikle pratikte alternatif medyanın kapsadığı medya alanının içindeki çeĢitliliktir. Birçok yazarın (Atton, 1999(Atton, , 2002(Atton, , 2003a(Atton, , 2003bAtton ve Couldry, 2003;Bailey vd., 2007;Bareiss, 2001;Beckerman, 2003;Caldwell, 2003;Davis, 2003;Downing, 2001Downing, , 2003Forde, 2011;Forde vd., 2003;Gibbs, 2003;Haas, 2004;Hamilton ve Atton, 2001;Harcup, 1998Harcup, , 2003Howley, 2003;Khiabany, 2000;Platon ve Deuze, 2003;Rodriguez, 2001;Shaffer, 2003;Welch, 2003) da ifade ettiği bu durum kavramsal düzeyde de terimin belli bir çerçevede sabitlenmesini güçleĢtirmektedir. Bununla birlikte alternatif medya üzerinde az çok uzlaĢılmıĢ pratik biçimler ve genel iletiĢim bilimleri literatürü içindeki yaklaĢımlar çerçevesinde aĢağıdaki gibi özetlenecek ortak ama yine de esnek sayılabilecek niteliklere göre tanımlanabilmektedir (Kejanlıoğlu vd., 2012, ss. ...
LaborComm 2015 - 6. Uluslararası İşçi ve İletişim Konferansı Bildiriler Kitabı (Der.) H. Yüksel, B. Durdağ ve Z. Kıyan
... To further complicate matters, community media assumes a great many forms in a host of geographic, social, and cultural settings: from micro broadcasting in US inner cities (Sakolsky 1992) and street newspapers in Canada (Howley 2003) to aboriginal broadcasting in the Australian outback (Buchtmann 2000). Observing the theoretical implications of this diversity, Carpentier, Rico, and Servaes note: "The multiplicity of media organizations that carry this name has caused most mono-theoretical approaches to focus on certain characteristics, while ignoring other aspects of the identity of community media." ...
This essay provides an overview of the field of community media studies. Like the study of “alternative media,” “citizens' media,” “independent,” and “radical” media – to mention but a few of the terms applied to participatory communication projects – academic inquiry into the structures, forms, and practices of community media has surged in recent years. While scholars often use these labels interchangeably, this essay focuses on academic and practitioner perspectives that explicitly and purposefully employ the term “community media.” The overview identifies and briefly considers three prominent conceptual frameworks – media democratization, civil society, and the symbolic construction of community – which shape and inform this vibrant field of study. This overview concludes with some thoughts on the limits and possibilities of community media theory, and practice, in the new millennium.
... Glasser (2000) raises the general question whether citizens have the judgement, will and ability to participate in and improve journalism, or not. Empirical research demonstrates that a number of factors condition alternative and citizen journalism (Goode 2009;Haas 2005;Howley 2003;Reich 2008;Robinson et al. 2010;Wall 2009) as they in general: have less time to make news as they often have another job; have trouble finding a sound financial base, and difficulties getting access to elite sources; follow and reprise institutionalised news media content; rely more often on one source when writing news articles; lack reliable professional backing; suffer from fluctuating quality standards; do not report cogent and complete stories of interest to a wider public; do interviews to a lesser extent compared with traditional journalists (but utilise secondary information on the Web to a larger extent); and often cease publishing after a short period of activity. These circumstances cannot be viewed as ideal regarding the possibilities of bringing alternative and elaborate news to the public on a regular basis. ...
In this study, situated in Sweden, citizen community journalism in 290 municipalities is evaluated. The results reveal that there are very few cases of citizen journalism at a community level, and that the existing citizen journalists focus on business news, entertainment and sports. When sources are used, they are few and originate from social institutions such as business, media, authorities and politics rather than citizens. Furthermore, there are only a few occasions when local authorities are included at all, even less so scrutinised, in the news stories. All in all, the study indicates that Swedish citizen community journalism has trouble either providing information that maintains the community or being the watchdog of that community.
... 12 Diferentes trabajos han analizado estas organizaciones que se encuentran en diferentes países. Ver Damon (1995); Tork (2001); Swithinbank (2001); Howley (2003) y Fratigne (2004). 13 Existen casos particulares a mencionar que grafican la proliferación de estas organizaciones. ...
... Chris Dodge (1999) indicates that during the 1990s, street publications proliferated throughout the world in spite of frequent financial and organisational problems. Several endeavours were able to coordinate joint activities, share resources, create publishing coalitions, and find allies at home and abroad (Howley 2003). This in turn gave rise to two associations. ...
This paper surveys street publications that are members of the International Network of Street Papers. Street publications can empower the homeless though numerous endeavours that can lead to social change. Empowerment can be achieved by being employed, such as magazine vendors and/or as workers in socially oriented companies. It can also occur by recovering self-esteem and acquiring knowledge and abilities though training courses, rehabilitation therapy, and other endeavours such as the university of the homeless. Empowerment also comes by giving ‘voice to the voiceless’, allowing the homeless to publish their experiences, ideas, and opinions in street magazines. Collective empowerment occurs by creating local networks in solidarity with the magazines and building an international homeless community that strengthens these endeavours and encourages social-change activities.
... b. A " bottom-up power " perspective, including the place of CRs within social movements theory (), and the works on alternative media (Howley 2003), on network and coalition media governance (Dichter 2005), the democratization of communication policies (Hackett & Adam 1999), and the creation-in-progress of a transnational civil society (Price 2003, Van Audenhove et al. 2002). c. ...
This article investigates how human rights in the digital age can be considered as an overall frame accommodating fundamental rights and freedoms that relate to communication processes, and related challenges, in societies worldwide. The article brings together different disciplinary backgrounds (communication studies, linguistics and sociology of networks) and complementary empirical analyses of the content, structure and relevance of evolving discourses concerning human rights in the digital age. In doing so, the article defines and adopts a constructivist and communicative approach to the study of world politics, and details its relevance in order to assess the evolution of normative standards concerning communication as a human right in the transnational context.
This paper presents a framing analysis of 12 editions of The Big Issue published in the last 3 months of 2023. The study employs framing analysis to investigate the language used by the magazine to report on poverty and homelessness. The paper analyses the ‘My Pitch’ column which represents the voice of the often-homeless vendors who sell the magazine. Using Entman’s approach to framing we analyse how individuals with lived experience of poverty and homelessness define the causes and solutions to poverty and homelessness. Furthermore, the paper offers a critical examination of the claims of the magazine to provide a platform for marginalised voices. We find that the magazine offers a platform for people with lived experience of poverty and/or homelessness to have their voices heard, although the My Pitch column offers limited space to inform the magazine’s readers of the wider context of homelessness. It also reinforces social enterprise solutions to poverty and homelessness. This framing avoids discussing shortfalls in the UK welfare system although the narrative logic of these profiles offers latent evidence of welfare dysfunction.
Vorliegender Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel von Wohnungslosenzeitungen, wie und inwiefern heute verbreitet als soziale Unternehmen beschriebene Hybridprojekte „praktisches Moralisieren” betreiben und dabei das bewerkstelligen, was sich viele von ihnen versprechen: nämlich die Durchsetzung eines „Meta-Werts“ der Menschenwürde auf dem Wege der Überschreitung institutioneller Grenzen sowie der Neukombination institutioneller Archetypen. Im Rekurs auf eine organisationssoziologische Einordnung der Projekte sowie mithilfe vorliegender Evidenzen zu ihrer Entwicklung wird dargelegt, wie hier Moralbezüge bzw. Wertigkeitsordnungen verschiedener institutioneller Sphären kombiniert werden und diese Grenzüberschreitung zur Ausbildung eines speziellen Organisationsfelds führen konnte. Gezeigt wird aber auch, dass das Organisationsmodell der Projekte mehrfach ambiguitätsträchtig ist und sich deshalb als notorisch prekär erweist. Weil den „angezapften“ Wertigkeitsordnungen inhärente Nebenimplikationen mit aktiviert werden, stoßen die Träger im Prozess der Grenzüberschreitung an ganz eigene Grenzen. Erfolgreiches Scheitern ist wahrscheinlich, zudem drohen Reibungsverluste und Krisen. Aus theoretischer Perspektive impliziert dies: Kreativ-kombinatorische Praxis modifiziert die Organisationsgesellschaft, aber man sollte ihre Kraft nicht über- und die etablierter Institutionen nicht unterschätzen.
South African journalist Nat Nakasa’s short career in journalism started at Drum magazine in Johannesburg in 1958 and ended in New York City when he committed suicide in 1965. Arguably, Nakasa was not the most prolific or well-known journalist of South Africa’s Drum generation of journalists, which also include, amongst others, Lewis Nkosi, Es’kia Mphahlele and Richard Rive. Nakasa’s body of work consists of about 100 pieces, mostly journalism, and one short story. In terms of professional milestones he was an assistant editor at Drum, the first black columnist for Rand Daily Mail, the founder and editor of The Classic, a literary magazine, and a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University.
However, Patel (2005: vii) writes that Nakasa’s “reportage of events and personality profile of a time gone by opens a window for us to look into the past and thereby enrich our understanding of intensely human episodes he witnessed”. Nadine Gordimer (in Roberts 2005) describes Nakasa as a “racial visionary”, while referring to his work as “journalism, yes, but journalism of a highly personal kind” (in Patel 2005). Emeritus Archbishop Desmond Tutu (in Mahala 2014) describes Nakasa as “a rainbow man when the rainbow was not allowed”.
Nakasa’s approach to journalism places him in the realm of Merrill’s existential journalism (1977). It also relates directly to what Muhlmann (2008; 2010) describes as decentring journalism, where the journalist takes on the role of the outsider in an effort to disrupt the status quo, or “decentre” it. These orientations to journalism form part of what can be described as unconventional forms of journalism, characterised, amongst others, by the constructivist idea that there is no absolute truth and that journalists inescapably create their own realities (Hanitzsch 2007) that they then share with their audiences. The practice of unconventional forms of journalism represents an ontic act of existentialism, which ascribes to an individualistic, interpretive world-view. From the Western existential perspective, life can only be experienced, described and made sense of from an individual perspective; it is inherently subjective and there is no universal truth “out there”.
This study set out to consider how Nakasa’s writing, irrespective of his intention in this regard, serves as an example of applied existentialism, i.e. explaining existentialist thought, themes and structure through descriptions of real-life situations (ontic acts) as it manifests in his journalism.
The study revolves around the axis of Western existentialism as conceptual framework, an interpretive research paradigm and a qualitative research methodology. An adapted deductive/inductive hybrid theme analysis was employed as method in order to analyse Nakasa’s writing. The results of the analysis were used to construct an existential storyline based on a combination of general existential themes as well as themes unique to Nakasa’s writing.
From the combined results of the deductive and inductive analyses, seven main themes were constructed, based on Sartre’s “restless existence” cycle of facticity, nihilation, projects and transcendence. The themes identified include “mental corrosion”, “living outside of the normal human experience”, “the fringe”, “social experiment”, “tiny subversive acts”, “towards a common experience” and “the duty of the writer”. All seven themes are supported by relevant existential themes and concepts and thus provided the evidence to support this study’s claim that Nat Nakasa can be read as an existential journalist.
In terms of contemporary relevance, Nakasa’s approach to journalism suggests how existentialism could provide the journalist with a practical approach to writing, especially for journalists working in developing societies. The relevance of this approach lies in the fact that there will always be an interregnum (Gordimer 1982), or circumstances of being “between two identities, one known and discarded, the other unknown and undetermined”, which might require the journalist to operate outside the boundaries of conventional journalism – thus an existential journalist practicing decentring journalism.
This project explores the attitudes of universities and media organisations towards journalism curriculum renewal. In part, the project is inspired by an apparent schism that exists between some journalists and editors on the one hand, and journalism academics on the other regarding the role of journalism training and education, specifically, where it should most appropriately be taught – in-house, that is by the media organisation, within a university environment, or elsewhere. This project provides the first comprehensive analysis of the journalism education sector in Australia to consider the question of curriculum renewal and the relationship between universities and industry on a national scale. The timing of this project was fortuitous, given the impact of technological innovation and economic restructures on journalism worldwide and the consequent impact of these changes on the following questions:
(1) What is a journalist?
(2) What skills are required to become a journalist? (3) How can those skills be acquired or developed?
This project addresses these questions and begins the development of a shared language of curriculum renewal in the journalism education sector and between industry and the sector. In conducting this study, the researchers conducted a series of interviews with senior journalists, editors and industry trainers, as well as with Journalism educators. The survey questions are included in Appendix A. Ethics clearance for the project was obtained through the University of Wollongong (see Appendix B).
This chapter proposes that the cultural magazine Traços and the local street art it covers (public concerts, graffiti, art fairs, photography, street dance, and street theater) represent Brasília as a vibrant city of the arts. In addition, the monthly magazine, in both its sales strategy and its subject matter, proclaims a creative right to the city, predominantly with regard to cultural uses of public space. Following the street paper model, Traços, founded in 2015, is sold by people experiencing homelessness and is produced, in part, to serve this population. As homeless people sell the magazine in the Plano Piloto’s public spaces, they refute derogatory misconceptions of who is homeless and why. Traços demonstrates that the homeless, artists, and art consumers all have a right to occupy public space. Still, in order to do so, they are involved in a struggle against conservative agendas to maintain “order” and exclusivity.
This book, the fourteenth in the Researching and Teaching Communication Book Series launched in 2006, stems from the communal intellectual work of the lecturers, the students and the alumni of the 2018 edition of the European Media and Communication Doctoral Summer School (SuSo).
The book gives an account of the plurality of research interests and analytical perspectives that the SuSo community values as its main asset. What was especially apparent in this year’s cluster of contributions is that our field of study integrates a wide variety of media technologies (ranging from old to new), demonstrating that contemporary societies are not characterized by the replacement of technologies, but by the always unique articulations, integrations and intersections of old and new. The book is structured in four sections: 1) Theories and Concepts 2) Media and the Construction of Social Reality 3) Mediatizations 4) Media, Health and Sociability
Contributors are: Fatoş Adiloğlu, Magnus Andersson, Nico Carpentier, Xu Chen, Vaia Doudaki, Edgard Eeckman, Timo Harjuniemi, Kari Karppinen, Alyona Khaptsova, Ludmila Lupinacci, Fatma Nazlı Köksal, Ondrej Pekacek, Michael Skey, Piia Tammpuu, Ruben Vandenplas, Konstanze Wegmann and Karsten D. Wolf. The book additionally contains abstracts of the doctoral projects that were discussed at the 2018 European Media Communication Doctoral Summer School.
This article examines how a Venezuelan prison newspaper challenges hegemonic representation of prisoners and the prison crisis through constructing new meanings of the prison and new subjectivities of incarcerated peoples. In my research, I utilize qualitative methods such as textual and visual analysis of the August 2014 Venezuelan prison newspaper La Voz, unstructured interviews conducted with the authors and supporters of the paper, and observations made during a prison visit in February 2015. Through discourse analysis, I examine how the authors use the prison newspaper in an ideological battle to construct new forms of common sense about prisons; this struggle is what Gramsci calls “wars of position.” While the article aims to illustrate the ways in which power is diffuse—as embodied through language and meaning—I do not ignore the fact that power is also highly centralized—as illustrated by the prison itself. I argue that the Venezuelan prison newspaper rejects prevailing hegemonic rationalities that people are in prison because they are being punished for a crime; instead, the newspaper represents prisons as illegitimate institutions that intern and punish poor people.
Within the literature on homelessness, the attention for what is often called ‘homeless identity’ is slowly increasing, and within this body of knowledge, the complex, contingent and contested nature of this identity also becomes more visible. This article aims to contribute to this discussion, by deploying Laclau and Mouffe’s (1985) discourse theory to produce a (discursive-) theoretical re-reading of the homeless identity, or, in discourse-theoretical terms, the homeless subject position. Acknowledging that the homeless subject position is part of a larger assemblage, this article, in particular, aims to show the contested nature of this subject position and how it is an object of political struggle. In the second part, this article zooms in on the literature on media constructions, and the struggle over the homeless subject position in (and between) mainstream media and the so-called street press.
Taxi driving is an arduous form of labor, occupied by a largely immigrant workforce in major US cities such as Chicago and New York. Taxi drivers barely scrape by and in recent years community organizations and unions have advocated for this marginalized social group through civic action and media production. This study examined eight years of the UTCC Voice, a bi-monthly newsletter published by the United Taxiworkers Community Council of Chicago. The original reporting and commentary in the newsletter closely aligned with the UTCC’s organizing efforts to receive a seat the table with city government and its subsequent struggle to advocate for a level playing field with ride-hailing companies. The grounded analysis of over 250 articles in twenty-six issues of the UTCC Voice reveals the newsletter as a space for taxi drivers to report on human rights abuses against them, develop a cohesive voice and identity, and present themselves as multidimensional citizens in ways that counter existing stereotypes based on race and class. Examination of the UTCC Voice presents renewed context for scholarship about voice, cultural production from the margins and citizenship.
Der Beitrag fragt am Beispiel eines Forschungsprojektes zum Verkauf von Straßenzeitungen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Erwerbsarbeit und Empowerment, welchen Mehrwert qualitative Typologien jenseits einer Klassifizierung empirischer Einzelfälle haben können. Nach einer knappen Diskussion von Max Webers Konzepten der Idealtypenbildung und des erklärenden Verstehens unterbreiten wir zwei Vorschläge, wie sich weitergehende Schlussfolgerungen aus Typologien ziehen lassen. Der erste, univariat-teleologische Vorschlag zielt auf eine Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen aus Typologien. Der zweite, multivariat-theoriebildende Vorschlag kombiniert Typologien miteinander, um auf diese Weise die weitere Theoriebildung empirisch zu ‚grundieren‘. Abschließend werden die Reichweite beider Vorschläge sowie Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede etwa zur Grounded Theory diskutiert.
There are long-held past and present connections of homelessness to unemployment and itinerant and precarious work. In this chapter, Gerrard explores these historical and contemporary connections with particular focus on homeless street press, tracing the transnational history of homeless street press from early twentieth-century US ‘hobo’ publications to the radical activist street press cultures of the 1970s and social enterprise in the 1990s. Here, Gerrard examines the ways in which homeless street press constitutes a site of learning and working for sellers. In particular, Gerrard teases out the distinctions between The Big Issue’s social enterprise and Street Sheet’s grass-roots activist approaches, exploring the diverse intentions and practices of homeless street press.
Der Begriff Medienarbeit kann sich einerseits auf Erwerbsarbeit im Medienbereich beziehen, andererseits bezeichnet er Formen des Umgangs bzw. Umgehens mit den Medien. Für unser Thema – den Verkauf von Straßenzeitungen als „newspapers or magazines sold on the street by homeless people“ (Torck 2001: 371) bzw. sozial Benachteiligten (vgl. Magallanes-Blanco/Pérez-Bermúdez 2009: 655) – sind beide Begriffsverständnisse relevant, auch wenn unsere Begriffsverwendung mit keinem deckungsgleich ist.
Studies of constitution, particularly the Communication as Constitutive of Organization (CCO) perspective, currently lacks adequate consideration of how power manifests in ongoing, dynamic, material–symbolic co-constitution. This article aims to locate and understand power in the sociomaterial realities of work. I position democratic work practices as transcendent of symbolic-material dualisms and investigate those practices via a co-constitutive, integrated approach. This critical-interpretive analysis of boundary work illuminates the non-neutral constitutive properties of sociomateriality in action. Findings coalesce around three themes: (a) material objects and notions of success, (b) sites of participation, and (c) bodies and engaged citizenry. The materialities of homelessness, along with those of “non-homelessness,” co-constitute conditions that actively work to maintain homelessness’ existence and restrict the democratic possibilities of work. To understand the complex connections of materiality and symbols in constitutive entanglements, I propose communicative instantiation as a conceptual-practical site for investigations of constitution.
Homelessness research is identified as one example of sensitive social research that engages ‘vulnerable’ (Liamputtong, 2007, p. 4) participants as well as an area of difficult research practice. This chapter explores how using qualitative research methodologies have led us to reinterpret aspects of our research practice and to develop an inclusive approach in our work on homelessness. In articulating our approach, we explore influences shaping the context of our research practice and ideas that are effective in researching homelessness. We present these as key principles informing our approach, alongside strategies we have developed for enacting inclusive research practice.
The Pursuit of Public Journalism is an engaging introduction to the theoretical foundations and practices of the journalistic reform movement known as 'public journalism.' Public journalism - stated briefly - seeks to reinvest journalism with its fundamental responsibilities to democracy and public life. This book argues against many deeply ingrained practices ranging from journalistic detachment to framing stories via polar conflict in favor of greater civic involvement on the part of journalists.
The Media and the Public explores the ways a range of media, from the press to television to the Internet, have constructed and represented the public. Provides a new synthesis of recent research exploring the relationship between media and their publics. Identifies ways in which different publics are subverting the gatekeeping of mainstream media in order to find a voice and communicate with others. Situates contemporary media-public discourse and relationships in an historical context in order to show the origin of contemporary public/political engagement. Creates a theoretical expansion on the role of the media in accessing or denying the articulation of public voices, and the ways in which publics are harnessing new media formats to produce richer and more complex forms of political engagement.
This article analyzes the discursive strategies deployed in the linguistic production of homelessness and homeless persons in the context of city-level policies on urban camping in a major urban center in the USA, and outlines the ways that homeless activists contested their use in the public sphere. Homelessness has historically been defined as a deviant form of behavior and the subjectivity of ‘homeless’ has functioned as a social stigma alongside other forms of deviance. I build on analysis of racism and anti-Semitism by examining three linguistic mechanisms deployed by speakers to produce and contest homelessness as a deviant subjectivity: the use of metonyms in processes of synechdochization, the use of metaphors in describing groups and actions, and how processes of lexicalization attach meaning to places and social categories across three categories of deviance prevalent in descriptions of homelessness and urban camping: dirtiness, drugs, and danger.
Street papers are publications produced specifically for sale by the homeless and other vulnerable people in many countries around the world. Their social status is, however, often conspicuously unstable: ‘Get a job!’ has been reported as a common insult addressed to vendors, and street paper organisations have responded with their own rhetoric and strategies that aim at disrupting any analogy with begging. The present analysis frames these rhetorical confrontations as a struggle over economic legitimacy, highlighting some of the ways in which social actors build and sever the normatively loaded associations that position them and others in social space, and how the ‘experimental’ combination of business and social responsibilities tests social actors' abilities to adapt to this practice.
Journalism practised within alternative media has typically been understood as being entirely different to, and separate from, journalism practised within mainstream media. However, in recent years, such “binary opposition” has been rejected by a number of authors who argue that there may be more crossover of media practice than has previously been acknowledged. By the means of an exploratory empirical study, utilising qualitative research methods, this article examines the extent of this potential crossover of both practice and personnel between journalism conducted in alternative and mainstream media. The study provides some empirical evidence to support the contention that there can be movement along what might be termed a continuum of journalistic practice. The article concludes by suggesting that consideration of the perspectives of “hybrid” practitioners, who have a range of journalistic experiences across alternative and mainstream media, can inform our understanding of journalism itself.
In this study, situated in Sweden, citizen community journalism in 290 municipalities is evaluated. The results reveal that there are very few cases of citizen journalism at a community level, and that the existing citizen journalists focus on business news, entertainment and sports. When sources are used, they are few and originate from social institutions such as business, media, authorities and politics rather than citizens. Furthermore, there are only a few occasions when local authorities are included at all, even less so scrutinised, in the news stories. All in all, the study indicates that Swedish citizen community journalism has trouble either providing information that maintains the community or being the watchdog of that community.
The use of sources in news narratives is an extremely important part of not only the story's construction but also of its orientation and, ultimately, the point of view being supported in a given story. The sly deceit concealed within journalists' use of sources as apparently independent and authoritative commentators enables the journalist to masquerade as a mere conveyance of others' perspectives while actually peddling a particular viewpoint by the choice of speaker and the choice of quote. This study interrogates the content of three English regional newspapers over a 10-week period, up to, during and after the British general election in 2005, in order to identify gender differences in the sources used. It argues that, as with the national press, men are more than twice as likely as women to be quoted as sources and that women journalists are no more likely to source women than male colleagues. It concludes that a newsroom culture which privileges elite and other (white) male voices appears to exert a greater influence and conformity over who `counts' as an authoritative voice than any individual newsworker's proclivities to more accurately reflect their views of the diverse local community.
This article explores relationships between alternative forms of journalism and political concepts such as democracy and citizenship; in the process of doing so, it explores the role and purpose of alternative media. By means of an exploratory empirical study, utilizing qualitative research methods with a sample group of alternative media practitioners within the UK, the article discusses differing concepts of alternative media, paying particular attention to the journalistic methods and outputs of such media and the ways in which they can be seen as supportive of citizenship. The findings are discussed within the context of the work of international scholars on issues such as alternative media and democratic participation. The article concludes that, although a precise and universal definition of alternative media remains elusive, there appears to be a considerable degree of agreement amongst practitioners and scholars of alternative journalism alike that such media can play a role in reflecting, nurturing and demonstrating what can be identified as active citizenship.
Based on a case study of an organization responsible for publishing a magazine sold to homeless people in Buenos Aires, I examine the social uses of money in philanthropic circles. Turning to the polemic between money and gift at the centre of discussions in anthropology and sociology, I focus on two questions: a) the role of money in demarcating the limits between market transactions and gift circulations; b) the relation between money and morality. Fieldwork involved an ethnographic study of the transactions between the sellers and buyers of this publication.
This study relies on participant observation and in-depth interviews to explore how StreetWise, an organization with a newspaper by the same name, mobilizes symbolic and material support for people without homes or those at risk. Pragmatism is used to understand how StreetWise ameliorates the experience of homelessness by building community. In stark contrast to forces that erase “the homeless” from the public scene, StreetWise integrates people without homes, as vendors, into community life by providing employment and raising awareness about poverty-related issues. Through its structure, mission, and business plan StreetWise encourages an engaged citizenry and enhances civic discourses. StreetWise provides scholars with a context within which to understand the reflexive and interactive organization–society relationships that strive to support a democratic way of life.
The Internet has been used to exchange news reports amongst its users almost since its inception; indeed, its earliest many-to-many discussion fora were named 'newsgroups' for this very reason. Commercial news publishers began to take an interest only once the World Wide Web emerged as a popular medium, and it is in a Web-based format that most major online news publications can now be found. Many news Websites are today operated by organisations that also have interests in print or broadcast news; in Australia, they include the Murdoch (News Ltd.) and Packer (PBL) media groups as well as the publicly owned Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Alternatively, and often in sharp contrast to these commercial operators, there exist a host of independent publications which build significantly on their users as content contributors, and often operate in networks with local and overseas colleagues. Here, and not in the mainstream news sites, is often where the most innovative approaches to producing online news can be found. Three key opportunities exist for online news to distinguish itself from other media: the ability to combine text, images, and audiovisual material in innovative ways; the possibility to involve news audiences in a highly interactive fashion; and the chance to use hypertext to create connections of published news items with the wider Web. Unfortunately, traditional Australian news organisations are no different from most of their international competitors in making little attempt to realise these opportunities. Even a casual glance at key Australian news Websites such as News Ltd.'s News.com.au or PBL's NineMSN.com.au reveals that news published there consists mainly of plain-text articles which at most incorporate the occasional image,
This article applies a network metaphor to an examination of the mediated public sphere. The analysis focuses on the deliberative spaces afforded by traditional and alternative media technologies, concluding that participatory digital technologies best support interactive and adaptable networks for deliberation. These networks sustain enclave and shared nodes where multiple publics can engage in deliberation within and across public boundaries. This argument informs decisions regarding broadband policy by focusing attention on values of openness, access, and freedom.
En este articulo desarrollamos un análisis del circuito de donación generado a partir de la "publicación de la calle" "Hecho en Buenos Aires". Nos interrogamos por los principios que hacen circular bienes desde los donantes hacia los receptores que intervienen en este circuito. Dadas las características de estas donaciones analizamos las "escenas sociales" donde ambos intervienen. Nos interesa discutir un punto sensible de las donaciones: su carácter gratuito o desinteresado. Lejos de suponer que estas donaciones están desprovistas de obligaciones, como sugiere parte de la literatura, consideramos que las mismas están presentes para animar la circulación de recursos. Lo que intentamos es interpretarlas como principios que explican este circuito. Desde esta perspectiva señalamos la triple circulación económica, simbólica y moral.In this article we develop an analysis of the donation circuit generated around "Hecho en Buenos Aires" street magazine. In this sense we study the principles that allows this circulation of goods, from donators towards receptors. Considering the characteristics of this kind of donations we analyse the "social scenes" in which both take part. Far from thinking that this donations do not imply any kind of obligations, as a great part of the literature suggests, we state that obligations are present in order to encourage resources' circulation. Our objective is to be able to interpret them as principles that allow us to explain this circuit. From this perspective we identify the triple economical, symbolic and moral circulation.
It is remarkable how many journalists embrace the principles of public journalism but fail to recognize the importance of applying those principles to journalism itself. While the press stands ready to expand the opportunities for public debate by inviting everyone to participate, journalists typically exempt themselves by declining invitations others are expected to accept. I f indeed the press plays a vitally important role in creating and maintaining the conditions for selfgovernance, as journalists claim whenever they raise the banner of public journalism, the press needs to assume responsibility for-and invite commenta y on-the quality of its performance and the integrity of its practices. In short, the press needs to recognize itself as a distinctively public institution bound by the same standards of accountability expected of other public institutions.
In October 1998, the Pacific Centre for Alternative Journalists convened its founding conference in Vancouver. The 60 participants represented a spectrum of media activists—from community radio, the student, feminist and Central American solidarity press, Latin American, labor and community television alliances, community‐based electronic nets, assorted “culture jammers"—as well as social justice activists from the anti‐poverty, student, aboriginal, environmental, and anti‐free trade movements. This article is based on my presentation to the opening plenary, which was called “What makes alternative media valuable to the communities it serves?”
Few identifiable changes in content occurred when the Seattle Times adopted its “Front Porch Forum” public journalism approach. Most of the changes occurred in conjunction with the FPF logo, not anywhere else in the paper.
Of all contemporary popular struggles, the struggle to democratize the communication media is arguably one of the most important and least recognized. In this article, I first argue for the importance of placing media democratization higher on the progressive agenda, and briefly sketch its normative commitments. Then I explore both the potential social and political obstacles to, and bases for, a media democracy movement, concluding with a few strategic suggestions.
Most scholars in political theory and sociology have dismissed journalism as an institutional force in the public sphere, in part because of journalists' largely self-defined and curiously marginalized role as a mere transmission apparatus for traditional news. The authors advocate a philosophy ofpublic journalism faithful to the commons, in which newspapers become a site for public dialogue accessible to all citizens, where positions that could not or would not be explored elsewhere are advanced, argued, assessed, and acted upon.
This article revisits the Comedia group's assessment of the alternative press as one of commercial failure. It examines the British alternative press of the 1990s and finds that, while financial exigency and anti-commercialism are still prevalent, new methods of reproduction and distribution have evolved that enable it to overcome the economic problems caused by such conditions. These methods are highly decentralized, relying on the sharing of resources and responsibility by editors, writers and readers. The findings suggest that Comedia's view is based on an inappropriate model of `market penetration' on the mainstream's terms, not on those of the alternative press. If instead the alternative press is considered as a co-operative enterprise based on alternative economic strategies firmly within the alternative public sphere, then there is reason for it to be considered a success.
With lost credibility, ratings, and circulation, journalism faces a crisis of conscience. One answer is participatory community journalism; journalists become activists on behalfofthe process of self-government. A veteran journalist and author of Agents of Power, Altschull questions the press's arrogance, its faith in objectivity, and its unvarying insistence on its First Amendment rights, and asks instead that the public interest be put ahead of the maximization of profit, that media help to mediate public issues, and that the public be allowed to play a bigger role in the news decision making process.
The promise of public journalism is that it makes politics “go well.” However, empirical evaluation of it has been fragmentary. The introduction of a new electoral system in New Zealand saw the print media experiment with the new model. In our study, we examined the journalistic interpretation of election campaign issues under the new circumstances and compared conventional coverage with the use of public journalism. The findings reveal that public journalism provided readers with a different, more constructive framing of political news.
This article addresses the alleged gap between academic scholarship on the public sphere and journalistic work in the public sphere by demonstrating how Fraser's (1990) four-part critique of Habermas’ (1989) theory of the public sphere bears on the theory and practice of public journalism. Fraser's work not only directs attention to theoretical issues regarding ‘publicness’ that have received too little attention, but also implies pragmatic guidelines for public journalism efforts – a means of evaluating the democratic viability of public journalism theory, and a normative basis for promoting public journalism practice. Some practical implications of each of Fraser's lines of criticism are illustrated in a discussion of the Akron[Ohio] Beacon Journal's Pulitzer Prize winning race-relations initiative, ‘A Question of Color’. We show how Fraser's criticisms not only direct attention to problematic aspects of the campaign, but also indicate what the Beacon Journal could have done differently and better.
This study is a discourse analysis of four street newspapers from Europe and the United States. Street newspapers (SNPs), which are sold on the street by homeless people, usually claim to make society aware of homelessness and related issues, to be a platform for homeless people and to help them regain independence and self-respect. This analysis will question this claim. It describes the framing of homeless people's voices and homelessness issues in these newspapers by looking at their objectives, topics and text genres, and at the (self)-representation of homeless people in texts written by them, or about them. The European SNPs give a limited platform to homeless people's voices, and tend to limit these to personal narratives and poetry. In contrast the American street newspaper, written by (former) homeless people gives a wide and diversified platform to the issues surrounding homelessness and to the individuals concerned. However, it is not completely free of a certain emphasis on feelings and pathos, which is also observed, with variations, in the European SNPs, and in many ways evokes traditional political and media discourse on poor and marginal people, reinforcing the negative social ethos of the homeless.
Papers for Homeless Offer Needy a Leg Up
- Larry Dum
Dum, Larry (1997) 'Papers for Homeless Offer Needy a Leg Up', The New York Times (31
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The World We Shall Win for Labor”: Early Twentieth Century Hobo Self-Publication
- Lynne Adrian
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The Press Takes to the Street'
- Sophie Boukhari
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The Launching of Street Feat
- Michael Burke
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(Dec.): 1-2.
On Community Journalism
- Dane Claussen
- Richard Shafer
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The Alternative Press: The Development of Underdevelopment
- Comedia
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Words on the Street: Homeless People's Newspapers' , American Libraries
- Chris Dodge
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Radical Media: The Political Experience of Alternative Communication
- John Downing
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The Word from the Curb: Street Papers Give Voice to People Locked Out of the Major Media
- Nick Garafola
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Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective
- Clifford Geertz
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Chicago StreetWise at the Crossroads: A Case Study of a Newspaper to Empower the Homeless in the 1990s
- Norma Green
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Reinventing the Press for the Age of Commercial Appeals: Writings on and about Public Journalism
- Hanno Hardt
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Poverty is SINGLE and SHE has a CHILD
- Linda Harpell
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An Idea Gone Global: Street Newspaper Movement Builds Internationally
- Timothy Harris
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Internationally', Real Change, URL (consulted 7 August 2001): http://www.
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Public Journalism: Will it Work in Australia?
- Cratis Hipporates
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presented at the Communication Research Unit Annual Conference 24-25 September.
News is Uplifting Homeless in N
- Sally Jacobs
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Paper Gives Homeless Chance to Improve Their Situations
- Anderson Kendall
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Dallas Morning News (31 Dec.).
Street Lies: Chicago Homeless Newspaper Fights a Corporate Takeover
- Geeta Kharkar
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Takeover', In These Times (2 Apr.).
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- Matthew Leone
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Homeless Papers Duel for Street Supremacy
- Carol Lloyd
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Liza Minnelli Sells Well, Particularly in Subway Trains
- Christine Mcauley
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- Peter Mcguigan
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Dissenting Voices of the Street
- Terry Messman
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The British are Coming, The British are Coming: The Big Issue Aims to Colonize Los Angeles Street Newspaper Market
- Paul Murphy
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to Colonize Los Angeles Street Newspaper Market', URL (consulted 7 August 2001):
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Journalism and the Sociology of Public Life
- John J Pauly
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Public Journalism is Nothing New to Most Small Papers
- Garrett Ray
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Voices of Revolution: The Dissident Press in America
- Jim Stanford
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Read All About It! - Street Papers Have the Real Story', Jinn (an online zine from
- Van Lier
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The Sound of Dissent
- Lynn Waddell
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Civic/ Communitarianism Journalism Debate, pp. 70-1. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence
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Arithmetic for Finance Ministers
- Jim Stanford