Article

The Acute Toxicity of Plant Origin Pesticides into the Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus

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Abstract

Mortality to fish Channa punctatus caused by the latices of four species of terrestrial plants belonging to family Euphorbiaceae and Apocynaceae have been reported. It was found that extremely dilute aqueous solutions of the latex were effective in killing the fishes. The ranking of toxicity of four plants was Nerium indicum > Euphorbia royleana > Thevetia peruviana > Jatropha gossypifolia. It has been suggested that these plant products cannot be used directly in freshwater ecosystem unless their detailed toxicity has been studied on the beneficial freshwater animals.Die akute Toxizität von Pestiziden pflanzlichen Ursprunges für den Süßwasserfisch Channa punctatusBerichtet wird über die Mortalität von Channa punctatus, verursacht durch die Säfte aus vier terrestrischen Pflanzenarten der Familien Euphorbiaceae und Apocynaceae. Selbst extreme wässrige Verdünnungen der Pflanzensäfte erwiesen sich als effektiv toxisch für die Fischart. Die Reihenfolge der Toxizität ergibt sich zu Nerium indicum > Euphorbia royleana > Thevetia peruviana > Jatropha gossypifolia. Es wird vorgeschlagen, diese pflanzlichen Produkte nicht in Süßwassersystemen anzuwenden, bevor nicht ihre Toxizität gegen Süßwasserorganismen näher untersucht ist.

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... It was also noted from the results of the present experimental set up that between Malathion and Dimethoate, used as the representative of the organophosphorous pesticides, here impact of Dimethoate was more in Samia ricini than that of Malathion. Many pesticides exert acute toxicity by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (Viarengo, 1989) [22] . This inhibition leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (Galloway et al., 2005) [10] . ...
... Accumulation of Acetylcholine had been shown to poison and induce toxic effects in insects (Pant and Katiyar, 1982) [17] . The reduction of AChE activity was observed in the cockroach on azadirachtin (AZA) exposure (Singh and Singh, 2000) [21] . Oral administration of highest doses of Malathion was reported to significantly decrease acetylcholinesterase activity in the whole body of G. mellonela larvae. ...
Article
The toxic effects of Malathion and dimethoate, the two organophosphorous pesticides, on the acetylcholinesterase activity of Samia ricini was studied. 4 th and 5 th instar larvae of eri silkworm were exposed for 72 hours in 0.2 ppm and 0.4 ppm sub-lethal doses of Malathion and dimethoate. Exposure of eri silkworm to the sub lethal doses of both the pesticides caused severe decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity. Highest deviation was observed in the brain 4 th instar larvae exposed to 0.4 ppm sub lethal dose of dimethoate at 72 nd hour.
... Though the plant products are toxic they are degraded easily within 7-12 days and safe for users (Sudanshu, 2004;Chakroff, 1976). Several plants belonging to different families, having a number of compounds (saponins; tannins; alkaloids; alkenyl phenols; di and tri terpenoids; etc.) with high pesticidal activity are used to control predatory fish; disease causing insects such as mosquito larvae and harmful fresh water snails (Singh, et al., 1996;Singh, et al., 2000;Singh, et al., 1993;Tiwari, 2003). ...
... The metabolism of Oleandrin, a cytotoxic component of N. oleander has been studied by Madden et al. (2002). The toxicity of crude extracts of Nerium oleanderleaf and stem and bark to fresh water snail Lymnea accuminata; Indo planorbis exutus and the fresh water air breathing fish Channa punctatus has been established (Singh, 2000;Singh, et al., 1996). Rao Shoeiba Tasneem et al., (1957) and Hassan (1996) carried out laboratory experiments with Nerium oleander leaves and reported their insecticidal activity. ...
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An investigation on the toxicity of two biopesticidal plants– Carica papaya and Nerium oleander aqueous leaf extracts to Oreochromis mossambicus. The LC50 value of Carica papaya and Nerium oleander aqueous leaf extracts was 700 ppm and 400 ppm respectively. The sub lethal concentration for C. papaya and N. oleander was 70ppm and 40ppm respectively. The fishes were exposed to the sub lethal concentration for a period of 14 days. At the end of 7th and 14th day the fishes were dissected and the gill, liver and intestine were removed from exposed and control group fishes. The tissues were processed and sectioned at 4µm and then were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin. The observation of the slides was done under light microscope at 40x magnification and photographed. The exposed group showed histopathological changes in the tissues, such as: shrunken and narrow secondary gill lamellae, mild to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells in the primary and secondary gill lamellae, vacuolar degeneration of epithelial cells of intestinal villi, massive infiltration of inflammatory cells throughout the base of the villi and disruption of epithelial cells. The liver showed swollen nucleus, hydrated and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes and mild pockets of infiltration of inflammatory cells.
... The disruption of biochemical and physiological integrity is assessable by the changes in the enzyme activities in functional organs (De La Torre et al., 2000). Knowledge of the sublethal effects of toxic compounds on enzymatic activities is very important to delineate the health status of fish and to provide a future understanding of ecological impacts (Singh and Singh, 2002). Enzymatic activities are useful 'markers' of physiological damage to the organs (De La Torre et al., 2000;Adamu and Iloba, 2008), and are therefore needed to be assayed in test fish. ...
... Doseand time-dependent inhibition of ATPase activity was observed in the present study (Table 1, 2 and 3). Stress is an energy-demanding process and animals mobilize energy substrates to cope with stress metabolically (Singh and Singh, 2002). Enzymatic changes modify the transport across the plasma membrane. ...
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of zinc cyanide (Zn(CN)(2)) on the ATPase (Na+-K+-, Mg2+, Ca2+) activity of the freshwater fish Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.114 and 0.068 mg/L) and the effects were studied in the liver, muscle and gill tissues at the end of 5, 10 and 15 days of exposure. Cyanide intoxication resulted in marked changes in ATPases, represented by a significant decrease in the activities. Maximum inhibition was observed at higher concentration. The order of inhibition in the activity was Na+-K+- > Ca2+ > Mg2+ ATPase. These results imply an immediate adaptive response to the stress, demonstrating alterations in ATPase activities in the tissues of cyanide-treated fish. The present study clearly proposes that ATPases can be used as biomarkers of exposure of aquatic organisms to cyanide intoxication.
... It has been reported that parts of the plant D. stramonium although possessing medicinal properties, are found to be poisonous. It has been reported that the botanic aqueous extract of seed powder to Nile Moringa oleifera tilapia produces disorientation of Oreochromis niloticus the liver parenchyma structure, hyperplasia, vacuole formation, enlarged hepatocyte and Shrinkage of cell (Ayotunde ., 2011 (Singh, and Singh 2000;, Tiwari and Singh, 2003). We compared toxicity of a synthetic pesticide chlorpyriphos and an herbal extract in the liver of fish and observed that leaf Datura stramonium extract has equally harmful effects as that of chlorpyriphos in fish organ. ...
Article
Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture to improve crop variety results in pollution of water through agricultural runoff affecting non-target aquatic organisms. These organophosphate pesticides are non-degradable and persistent in the environment. Considering the harmful effects by synthetic pesticides, biologically active compounds of plants are used to produce biopesticides. In the present study, the histopathological alterations were studied in the Liver tissues of freshwater fish Catla catla exposed to sub lethal concentration of an organophosphate pesticide Chlorpyriphos and ethnolic extract of a medicinal herb Datura stramonium for 96 hrs. The result showed degenerative changes, vacuolation, bile ductular proliferation, hypertrophy and coagulative necrosis in hepatocytes.
... Yet, the Green Revolution highlights both the immense potential and significant trade-offs from innovations (Abramczyk et al., 2017). Chemicals uses caused environment and health issues (Singh & Singh, 2000;WHO & UNEP, 1989;WRI et al., 1992). Also, intensive fossilfuel agricultural practices have negatively affected the water table in many regions. ...
... Plant extracts are referred to as botanicals and when noxious to fish are called piscicides 21 . Saponins, tannins, alkaloids, alkenylphenols, di and triterpenoids etc. are the compounds found in several plants belonging to different families are used to control predatory fish species 22 . Application of synthetic pesticides is one of the methods used to control fish population but due to their long-term persistence, slow degradability in the water body, it becomes toxic to other organisms 23 and ultimately accumulates inside the fish body, thus adversely affects the aquatic environment 24,25 . ...
Article
This article is adout plant resources of North east India which are traditionally used to catch fish from water bodies.
... Plant extracts are referred to as botanicals and when noxious to fish are called piscicides 21 . Saponins, tannins, alkaloids, alkenylphenols, di and triterpenoids etc. are the compounds found in several plants belonging to different families are used to control predatory fish species 22 . Application of synthetic pesticides is one of the methods used to control fish population but due to their long-term persistence, slow degradability in the water body, it becomes toxic to other organisms 23 and ultimately accumulates inside the fish body, thus adversely affects the aquatic environment 24,25 . ...
Article
Full-text available
Traditional knowledge and some indigenous techniques still serve as a reliable tool for harvesting resources from nature. Different species of plants (approx. 114) are used as piscicides by various people inhabiting Northeast India from a long period of time for fish harvesting purpose. The principle bioactive compounds present in the plant part (leaves, seed, kernels & bark) have varying potencies and mode of action depending on whether it is applied directly or in the forms of extracts (aqueous & alcohol) used. Aquaculture is one of the major sources of livelihood and protein in Northeast India. Although rich numbers of piscicidal plants are available, it cannot be commercially utilized in aquaculture unless detailed accounts of these plants are known. Bioactive compounds like saponins, rotenone, tannins, alkaloids etc. present in the plant may help to control the unwanted/predatory fish for healthy aquaculture. In the present review, the focus is given to all the plants used as a piscicide in Northeast India and its bioactive compounds, extraction medium, effective dose, test fish species and their biochemical, physiological and behavioural changes on some commercially important fish in India. Uses of herbal piscicides in aquaculture may help in replacing the harmful chemical piscicides in the environment.
... It has been reported that parts of the plant D. stramonium although possessing medicinal properties, are found to be poisonous. It has been reported that the botanic aqueous extract of seed powder to Nile Moringa oleifera tilapia produces disorientation of Oreochromis niloticus the liver parenchyma structure, hyperplasia, vacuole formation, enlarged hepatocyte and Shrinkage of cell (Ayotunde ., 2011 (Singh, and Singh 2000;, Tiwari and Singh, 2003). We compared toxicity of a synthetic pesticide chlorpyriphos and an herbal extract in the liver of fish and observed that leaf Datura stramonium extract has equally harmful effects as that of chlorpyriphos in fish organ. ...
Article
Full-text available
Excessive use of pesticides in agriculture to improve crop variety results in pollution of water through agricultural runoff affecting non-target aquatic organisms. These organophosphate pesticides are non-degradable and persistent in the environment. Considering the harmful effects by synthetic pesticides, biologically active compounds of plants are used to produce biopesticides. In the present study, the histopathological alterations were studied in the Liver tissues of freshwater fish Catla catla exposed to sub lethal concentration of an organophosphate pesticide Chlorpyriphos and ethnolic extract of a medicinal herb Datura stramonium for 96 hrs. The result showed degenerative changes, vacuolation, bile ductular proliferation, hypertrophy and coagulative necrosis in hepatocytes.
... Yet, the Green Revolution highlights both the immense potential and significant trade-offs from innovations (Abramczyk et al., 2017). Chemicals uses caused environment and health issues (Singh & Singh, 2000;WHO & UNEP, 1989;WRI et al., 1992). Also, intensive fossilfuel agricultural practices have negatively affected the water table in many regions. ...
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In this chapter of the IBES Global Assesment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services we explored how global transformation involved key tradeoffs, and inequalities, as growing interactions drove economic growth but also degradation. Accelerations in consumption & interconnection have had tradeoffs.
... The African catfish has a high growth rate; exposure of this catfish to these biocides may cause stress without necessarily leading to death. Stress response is characterized by biochemical and physiological changes which may be manifested in both acute and chronic toxicity tests (Singh and Singh, 2002;Tiwari and Singh, 2004). The disruption of the biochemical and physiological integrity is assessable by the changes in the enzyme activities in functional organs (de la Torre et al., 2000;Van Der Oost et al., 2003). ...
... However, there is no report on the effect of L. alopecuroides on the various aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of the clariids.Exposure of fish to these biocides may cause stress in fish without necessarily leading to death. Stress response is characterized by biochemical and physiological changes w hich may be manifest in both acute and chronic toxicity tests (Singh and Singh, 2002;Tiwari and Singh, 2004; The disruption of biochemical and physiological integrity is assessable by the changes in the enzyme activities in functional organs (de la Torre et al 2000, van der Oost et al., 2000). Changes in enzymes pofiles are important pollution indices. ...
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Full-text available
Hybrid catfish, Heterobranchus longifilus ♂ x Clarias gariepinus ♀ (mean total length, 29.96±2.23 cm, SD; mean weight, 207.83±12.63g SD) were exposed individually in quadruplicate to 40l of sublethal aqueous extracts of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and a control, 0.0mg/l) for 21 days in a daily static renewal bioassay. The liver, kidney, gill and muscle tissues where then assayed for enzymes activities. The activities of AST and ALT in the liver were most inhibited at 0.75mg/l, AST activity was inhibited in all the exposure concentrations below the control value, (p<0.05). Generally ALT activity was inhibited. The activities of AST and ALT in the kidney were generally retarded below control values. Activities of AST and ALT declined in gill tissues below the control values. ALP activity was generally enhanced in the liver, kidney and gill of exposed fish. The activities of AST and ALP in the muscle were mostly enhanced at 1.25mg/l, but was ALP inhibition at 0.50 and 0.75mg/l. Although the bio-indicator enzymes could be used for monitoring the toxic effects of the plant in the fish species this will depend on the exposure levels and organs of choice.
... The receptiveness of the enzymatic status following the exposure to certain xenobiotic compound is important to delineate the health of fish. This in turn is under crucial proposition for providing a future understanding of upcoming consequences in individual fish that may help in predicting ecological impacts additionally (Singh and Singh 2002). ...
Article
Full-text available
Reactive oxygen species is an inevitable composite of aerobic systems that could channelize their lethality by imparting oxidative stress under a stressful environment. Cyanide is an important environmental toxicant that could be responsible in the resulting detrimental health issues of aquatic fauna. The present effort investigates the possibilities of hepato-renal damage in freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio following exposure to sublethal concentrations of sodium cyanide (NaCN). Fish were exposed to 0.1 mg/L of NaCN for 10 days (E1) and 20 days (E2) and were further subjected to recovery for 14 days (R) in NaCN-free medium. Liver tissue exhibited a significant decline in activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase enzymes in exposed fish, unlike in control (C). Subsequent levels of lipid peroxidation elevation at ‘E1’ and ‘E2’ suggested oxidative damage to hepatocytes. This was further confirmed through a histopathological evaluation which indicated important findings like lymphocytic infiltration and necrosis in liver and tubular and glomerular degeneration in renal organ. The investigation suggests biochemical and histopathological alterations in fish following exposure to NaCN. Nevertheless, fish upon the recovery period were known to exhibit incomplete recuperation which was indicated by partial restoration tendencies under biochemical and histopathological factions. The study clearly implicated the role of NaCN in emphasizing its toxicity to C. carpio, further suggesting lack of recovery transition at a limited tenure of 14 days. The study might contribute in the course of regulatory surveillance and monitoring of aquatic bodies and may also reflect the possibilities of NaCN contamination during aquaculture practices. Graphical Abstract ᅟ
... Phytochemical analysis of poisonous plants show they to contain diverse toxic substances such as rotenones, saponins, flavonoids alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, oxalic acids, solanine and selenium (Jenness, 1967;Schultes, 1972). In recent years, the use of botanicals as effective alternatives to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers has gained more importance (Dahiya et al., 2000), because they are highly toxic to the target pests (Singh et al., 1998;Singh and Singh, 2000). They are readily available, easily biodegradable, less expensive and comparatively safer toward the environment and human beings (Marston and Hostettmann 1985). ...
Article
Full-text available
Relative toxicity of aqueous leaf extracts of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (Vahl) R. Br. ex Griseb to the clariids, Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings 3 Keremah, Reginlad Inodi. 1 Okey, ABSTRACT The acute toxicity of L. alopecuroides to Clarias gariepinus (mean body weight, 2.33±1.98gSD; mean total length, 7.34± 1.78cmSD) and Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean body weight, 1.99±0.38gSD; mean total length, 6.32± 0.93cm) and the consequential behavioural responses were investigated in a daily renewal bioassay after 96h exposure to aqueous extracts (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.25mg/l) of the leaves of L. alopecuroides. Exposed fish showed stress responses such as hyperventilation, erratic swimming, mucus secretion and gasping for air before death. Opercular beat frequency (OBF/min) and Tail beat frequency (TBF/min) decreased with exposure duration and concentration of the extracts. Cumulative mortality increased with increase in time and concentration in both species. The 96hr LC 50 for C. gariepinus and H. bidorsalis exposed to L. alopecuroides was 0.65mg/l and 0.59mg/l, respectively. The 96hrMLT 50 values for C. gariepinus and H. bidorsalis at the 2.25mg/l were 17.25hrs and 19.05hrs, respectively. These indicate that H. bidorsalis is less tolerant to the toxicant than C. gariepinus. The low 96hrLC 50 values of L. alopecuroides recorded for the both species of catfish suggest that it is highly toxic and hence under field application the toxicant can have adverse effects on non-target species. However, it can be efficiently applied in ponds to eradicate predators, competitors and unwanted fish populations.
... A large number of compounds of various classes that, have insecticidal, piscicidal and molluscicidal properties have been observed by Singh 12 . A number of compounds like tannins, alkaloids, alkyl phenols, terpenoids, saponins etc. which are found in several plants of different families with piscicidal activities are used to control of fish 11,12,13 . Due to their long term persistence in the aquatic systems, it gets accumulated in the fish body. ...
Article
In the present investigation, the effect of sub lethal concentration of the garlic aqueous extract on fish Channa punctatus were studied after 24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 96 hrs exposure respectively. Different concentrations of garlic (10 ppm/lit, 15 ppm/lit) used against Protein contentof fish and results showed the gradual decrease in the protein content, ranging (106.14 – 91.65 mg/gm) for 10 ppm/lit for (24 hrs – 96 hrs) and (103.90 - 88.13 mg/gm) for 15 ppm/lit respectively.
... acuminate and Indoplanoribs excustus) and fish (Channa punctatus and Colisa fasciatus) has been established by Singh et al. (1993) and Singh and Singh (2000). A review of the toxicological literature reveals that the exposure to toxic chemicals can produce unexpected effects in non target animals (Veronica and Collins, 2003;Gonzalez et al., 2004;Lehtonen and Leimio, 2003;Salah, 1983). ...
Article
In vivo evaluations were made to assess the pesticide activity of lihocin against fresh water fish Channa punctatus and its ultimate mode of action on fish protein metabolism. Biochemical studies show that after exposing the fish to sub lethal dose of lihocin, total protein levels significantly decreased while FAA, glutamine, alkaline phosphatases, acid phosphatases, AlAT, AAT, GDH, AMP deaminase and adenosine deaminase were significantly enhanced in the liver, brain and kidney tissues of C. punctatus. The alterations in all the aforementioned biochemical parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) time and dose dependent. As such, the negative impact of lihocin was shown on the respiratory, as well as, energy production of the fish.
... fish species both in the laboratory and field studies A number of compounds (saponins, tannins, Application of synthetic pesticides is one of the alkaloids, alkenylphenols, di and tri-terpenoids etc.) methods used to control of fish population. Due to their present in several plants belonging to different families long-term persistence, slow degradability in the water, with piscicidal activities are used to control of fish [1][2][3]. ...
Article
Full-text available
The piscicidal activity of aqueous and acetone latex extracts of Euphorbia pulcherima plant which is belong to Family: Euphorbiaceae against fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Hamliton) in laboratory and cemented pond conditions was investigated. Toxicity of aqueous and acetone latex extracts of this plant was time as well as dose dependent against fingerlings of Labeo rohita. The aqueous latex extracts of this plant is least effective in comparison to acetone latex extracts of Euphorbia pulcherima plant against the fingerlings of Labeo rohita. There was significant (P 1.10 mg/L (48h) in laboratory conditions and 5.25 mg/L (24h) > 4.94 mg/L (48h) in cemented pond condition against fingerlings of Labeo rohita. In case of aqueous latex extracts of Euphorbia pulcherima plant the LC values decrease from 50
... Although a number of studies have revealed the toxicity of several plant parts to fish and aquatic fauna (Onusiriuka and Ufodike, 1994;Mosta-Fa andEl-Deeb, 2002, Omoniyi et al., 2002;Singh and Singh, 2002) very little is known about the internal physiological and biochemical changes leading to the mortality commonly studied. Biochemical and metabolic changes in fish as a result of aquatic contamination or toxicant induced stress from plant biocides have been reported (Tiwari and Singh, 2004;Shanmugasundaram and Venkaraman, 2005). ...
Article
Full-text available
Tank-raised Clarias gariepinus (mean weight, 250.04 ± 50.22 g, SD: mean total length 30.05 ± 4.05 cm, SD) were intramuscularly injected with aqueous extracts (2 ml/kg weight of fish) of various concentrations (2.00, 4.00, 6.00, 8.00 and 10.00 ppm) of leaves Lepidagathis alopecuroides. The extract was administered to five replicates/treatment level and a control injected with distilled water. On the fourteenth day, samples of organs (kidney, liver and gill) and muscle tissue were analysed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). ALP activity in the treated group the was inhibited below the control, 376.65 ± 222.50 IU/L, but at 87.18% elevation at 10.00ppm (705.00 ± 83.55 UI/L), AST activity was inhibited from 546.65 ± 190.70 IU/L in the control to 223.75 ± 69.80 IU/L at 8.00 ppm extract. ALT activity was inhibited with the lowest value, 30.00 ± 18.25 IU/L at 6.00 ppm, compared with the control, 53.35 ± 22.55 IU/L. LDH activity was excited 5.09, 23.54 and 5.49% at 2.00, 8.00 and 10.00 ppm extract respectively, above the control, 311.65 ± 58.35 IU/L. The activities of the respective enzyme in the muscle of treated fish had maximum inhibition below their respective control values as follows: ALP, 41.67% at 10.00 ppm; AST, 39.53% at 2.00 ppm; ALT, 83.01% at 6.00 ppm, and LDH, 45.55% at 4.00 ppm). Activities of ALP, AST and ALT in the kidney were inhibited below the control and varied very widely among the enzymes. However, LDH activity was excited in exposed fish with a peak, 592.50 ± 301.90 IU/L, 125.77% above the control, 231.65 ± 168.25 IU/L at 8.00 ppm. ALP activity in the liver was elevated at 2.00, 4.00 and 10.00 ppm; 25.00, 43.75 and 18.75%, respectively, above the control, 100.00 ± 20.00 IU/L. AST and ALT actvivties were either inhibited or excited. LDH activity was excited in the treated group (maximum, 887.50 ± 438.95 IU/L, 29.87% above control value, 683.35 ± 104.10 IU/L at 2.00 ppm. The relative activity of the ALP in the tissues was kidney>gill>liver> muscle; ALT activity was most pronounced in the kidney, but the pattern of ALT in the other tissues and that of AST varied very widely within each of the organs and among the various concentrations of the extract. LDH activity was higher in the muscle tissues and liver than the kidney and gills, however, with no defined pattern relative to the exposure concentrations. Results from this study strongly suggest that all the enzymes assayed could be good indicators of L. alopecuroides toxicosis in C. gariepinus.
... The plant is considered to be useful in the management and treatment of inflammation of gums, dysentery, bronchitis, asthma, and menorrhagia (Jain and Tarafder, 1970). The toxicity of aqueous latex extract of N. indicum to the fresh water snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis excustus and on fishes Channa punctatus and Colisa fasciatus has been established (Singh et al., 1993; Singh and Singh, 2000), but the doses of aqueous extract were so high. So its purification is necessary for developing a new and effective herbal piscicide. ...
Article
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes in Africa for many centuries. Today, herbal products are being used worldwide in a variety of healthcare settings, and as a home remedies. Herbal products are often promoted to the public as being "natural" and completely "safe" alternatives to conventional medicines. African plants used medicinally are widely assumed to be safe, but many are potentially toxic (Fennell et al., 2004). The efficacy, safety and quality of raw medicinal plant materials and plant products depend on intrinsic or external factors. Inadvertent contamination by microbial or chemical agents during any of the production stages can also affect the quality, safety and efficacy. Medicinal plants collected in the wild may be contaminated by other species or plant parts through misidentification, accidental contamination or intentional adulteration, all of which may have unsafe consequences. Herbal medicines (sometimes referred to as 'phytomedicines') exhibit some peculiar characteristics, namely: the active principles are frequently unknown; standardization, stability and quality control are feasible but not easy; the availability and quality of raw materials are frequently problematic; well-controlled, double-blind clinical and toxicological studies to prove their efficacy and safety are rare; empirical use in folk medicine is a very important characteristic; they have a wide range of therapeutic uses and are suitable for chronic treatments; the occurrence of undesirable side effects seems to be less frequent with herbal medicines, but well-controlled, randomized clinical trials have revealed that they also exist; they are usually affordable and cost less than synthetic drugs (Calixto, 2000).
... A number of compounds (alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, alkenylphenols, di and tri- terpenoids etc.) present in several plants belonging to different families with piscicidal activities are used to control of fish (Singh & Singh, 2000;Tiwari & Singh, 2003 andTiwari et al., 2008). The toxicological actions of Thevetia peruviana plant may be due to the presence of apigenin-5-methyl ether (flavonoid) and triterpenoid glycosides (Voigtlander & Balsam, 1970;Graf 2000;Patel et al., 2007). ...
... However, there is no report on the effect of L. alopecuroides on the various aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of the clariids.Exposure of fish to these biocides may cause stress in fish without necessarily leading to death. Stress response is characterized by biochemical and physiological changes w hich may be manifest in both acute and chronic toxicity tests (Singh and Singh, 2002;Tiwari and Singh, 2004; The disruption of biochemical and physiological integrity is assessable by the changes in the enzyme activities in functional organs (de la Torre et al 2000, van der Oost et al., 2000). Changes in enzymes pofiles are important pollution indices. ...
Article
Full-text available
Hybrid catfish, Heterobranchus longifilus % x Clarias gariepinus & (mean total length, 29.96±2.23cm, SD; mean weight, 207.83±12.63g SD) were exposed individually in quadruplicate to 40 L of sublethalaqueous extracts of Lepidagathis alopecuroides (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and a control, 0.0 mg LG1) for 21days in a daily static renewal bioassay. The liver, kidney, gill and muscle tissues were then assayed for enzymesactivities. The activities of AST and ALT in the liver were most inhibited at 0.75 mg LG1, AST activity wasinhibited in all the exposure concentrations below the control value, (p<0.05). Generally ALT activity wasinhibited. The activities of AST and ALT in the kidney were generally retarded below control values. Activitiesof AST and ALT declined in gill tissues below the control values. ALP activity was generally enhanced in theliver, kidney and gill of exposed fish. The activities of AST and ALP in the muscle were mostly enhanced at1.25 mg LG1, but ALP was inhibition at 0.50 and 0.75 mg LG1. Although the bio-indicator enzymes could beused for monitoring the toxic effects of the plant in the fish species this will depend on the exposure levels andorgans of choice.
... Due to their long-term persistence, slow degradability in the water, toxicity to non-target organisms ( Arasta et al., 1996) and accumulation inside the fish body, synthetic piscicides adversely affect the quality and the status of fish (Cullen and Connell, 1992) and contaminate the aquatic environment ( Waliszewski et al., 1999). To solve this problem, studies have been carried out on the possibility of using local plants as piscicides ( Chiayvareesajja et al., 1997;Singh and Singh, 2000), because the toxic effect of plant products is over within 7-12 days (Chakroff, 1976) and they are safe for users. A number of compounds (saponins, tannins, alkaloids, alkenylphenols, di-and tri-terpenoids etc.) present in several plants belonging to different families with piscicidal activities are used to control predatory fish ( Tiwari and Singh, 2003;Tiwari and Singh, 2004). ...
Article
Cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol isolated from Euphorbia royleana latex possesses potent piscicidal activity against freshwater predatory fish Channa punctatus. Their short as well as long-term exposure causes significant (P<0.05) time and dose-dependent reversible alteration in the oxidative metabolism of the fish Channa punctatus Cycloart-24-en-3beta-ol also shifts fish respiratory pathway, inhibits energy production and AChE activity reversibly may be advantageous for their use as environmentally safe piscicide for controlling the predatory fish C. punctatus population from carp culture ponds.
... Nerium indicum (family––Apocynace), a rapidly growing garden plant posses several compounds such as dambonitol (C 8 H 16 O 6 ) (Nishibe et al., 1971 ), Digitoxigenin-a-L L -oleandroside, 5a-adynerin, Neriaside, Oleanrigenin-b-D D -glucopyranosyl-b-D D -diginopyranoside and oleandrin were isolated from their leaves, and plumericin, a lactonic constituent (Basu and Chartterjee, 1973 ), neridienone A, odoroside A, kaempferol, ka- empferol-3-glucoside, urosolic acid, oleanolic acids, b-sitosterol, a-amyrin, pregenenolone, mono, di, trigluosides (I,II,III and IV), 2,4 dihydroxyacetophenone, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, odoroside B, uzarigenin-b-D D digitaloside , neriumosides, neridienone, (Rastogi and Meharotra, 1993) etc. were isolated from different part of the N. indicum plant. The toxicity of aqueous latex extract of N. indicum to the freshwater snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis excustus and the fishes Channa punctatus and Colisa fasciatus has been established (Singh et al., 1993; Singh and Singh, 2000), but the doses of aqueous extract were so high. So their further purification is necessary for developing a new and effective herbal piscicides. ...
Article
The diethyl ether, chloroform, acetone and methanol extract of Nerium indicum leaf were evaluated for their piscicidal activity against common freshwater air breathing predatory fish Channa punctatus. The rank of order of toxicity (LC50) of the leaf extract was, diethyl ether extract (17.34 mg/l)>acetone (40.01 mg/l)>chloroform (40.61 mg/l)>and methanol (106.37 mg/l). There was a significant negative correlation between LC50 values and exposure periods. Thus increase in exposure period, LC50 decreases from 17.34 mg/l (24 h) to >13.58 mg/l (96 h) in the diethyl ether extract. Similar trends were also observed in acetone, chloroform and methanol extracts. Exposure of sub-lethal doses (40% and 80% of LC50) of the diethyl ether extract of N. indicum leaf (which has maximum piscicidal activity) for 24 or 96 h caused significant alteration in the level of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and activity of enzyme protease, phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and acetylcholinesterase in liver and muscle tissue. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were significantly (P<0.05) time and dose dependent. There was a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in both liver and muscle tissues of fish after the seventh day of the withdrawal of treatment. Thus, the leaf extracts of N. indicum have potent piscicidal activity against fish C. punctatus and also significantly affect both aerobic and anaerobic pathway of respiration in fish.
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Mosquitoes and snails are still the world’s number one vectors of human and animal diseases and are conspicuous nuisance pest as well. Mosquitoes are potential vectors of malaria, filaria, yellow fever, brain fever, dengue fever etc. and many aquatic snails act as vectors for the larvae of trematodes and thereby cause two diseases i.e. fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. Presence of predatory fishes in fish culture ponds is also a serious problem due to their faster growth rate and better utilization of cultured carp habitats and food. Due to their carnivores nature they engulf the fingerlings of cultured carps and adversely effect the aquaculture production. The WHO and FAO have tested several thousands of synthetic compounds for the control of these vectors and predatory fishes. Though effective, these pesticides have so far not proved themselves to be entirely satisfactory. With a growing awareness of environmental pollution, efforts are being made to find out molluscicidal, piscicidal and insecticidal products from plant origin. Being products of biosynthesis, these are potentially biodegradable in nature. Several groups of compounds present in various plants have found to toxic to target organisms. Thus, saponins, tannins, alkaloids alkenyl phenols, glycosides, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes lactones, terpenoids and phorbal esters have been found to be poisonous to target organisms at acceptable doses ranging from < 1 – 100 ppm. These compounds come from 56-60 families of angiosperms. Although, at present a very little literature available on the control of vector snails, mosquitoes larvae and predatory fishes through plant origin pesticides. An attempt has been made by this review to present current information on products of plant origin, which might be useful for the control of snails, mosquitoes and predatory fishes.
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Many aquatic snails act as vectors for the larvae of trematode and thereby cause a number of diseases. Two diseases carried by aquatic snails, fascioloiasis and schistosomiasis cause immense harm to man and his domestic animals. The WHO has tested thousands of synthetic compounds for the eradication of freshwater target snails. Though effective, these pesticides have so for not proved themselves to be entirely satisfactory. With a growing awareness of environmental pollution, which such compounds can cause, efforts are being made to find out molluscicidal and piscicidal products of plant origin. Presence of predatory fishes in fish culture pond is also a serious problem due to their growth and better utilization of cultured carp habitats and food. Due to their carnivores nature they engulf the fingerlings of cultured carps and adversely effect the aquaculture production. A number of compounds, such as saponins, tannins, miscellaneous alkaloids, alkenyl phenols, glycoalkaloids, flavonoids, sesquiterpenes lactones, terpenoids and phorbol esters present in various plants have been found to be toxic to target freshwater snails and predatory fishes.
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Since the blood takes part directly or indirectly in various physiological processes of the body, haematological parameters are considered important biomarker of alterations in metabolism or physiology. Indiscriminate use of pesticides has polluted different water bodies with adverse effects on the health of aquatic biota including fishes. Toxicological effects of agrochemicals including pesticides can be observed by monitoring haematological parameters. Present review deals with study of effects of pesticides on the important blood parameters such as erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, absolute values, leucocyte count, coagulation time and thrombocyte count of freshwater fish species. The review also aims to explain possible mechanism of pesticide induced alterations in the parameters and deleterious consequences on fish health. This could help to explore the future prospects of research in the concerned field. Haematological parameters of fish could thus serve as sensitive index to examine health status and to ascertain the toxic effects on ecosystem under pesticide exposure in the era of increased pesticide utilisation.
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Anaesthetics are often used to reduce metabolic activities, minimize hypermobility, injuries and mortality during handling procedures in aquaculture practices. Synthetic anaesthetics is considered not ideal due to its residual effects on the test fish. Natural (plant) anaesthetics have been adjudged the most ideal and effective for fish handling. Clove products have been successfully utilized to anaesthetized fishes including the African catfishes. However there is still paucity of information on its effects on the haemato-logical and biochemical parameters especially on H. bidorsalis. Therefore this study aims to investigate the use of clove powder as anaesthetic and its effects on the haematological and biochemical parameters of H. bidorsalis juveniles. Different concentrations of 80, 100, 120, 140, 160 and 180mg/l of clove powder solution were used in a static anaesthesia bioassay for 30mins to determine the induction and recovery time. The time to attain each stage of induction and recovery was noted and recorded using a stop watch. Blood of fish from each tank was collected into heparinised tubes for haematological and biochemical parameters using appropriate standard methods. Fish exposed to concentrations less than 120mg/l could not attained anaesthesia. Fish exposed to 120mg/l achieved complete anaesthesia (Stage 4) at 22.32mins while those exposed to the highest concentration (180mg/l) took just 2.60 (3) mins to be fully anaesthetized (Stage 4). Fish exposed to 120mg/l regained upright position (stage 2) at 4.56 (5) mins and attained normal swimming (stage 3) at 10.45 (11) mins while at 180mg/l fish attained stage 2 at 11mins and stage 3 at 24 mins. Induction and recovery were concentration dependant. The values of pack cell volume (41.08-29.65%), red blood cell (4.45-2.66 x 10 12 cells/l), Haemoglobin (9.04-5.73g/l), basophil (2. 89-1.59 x 10 9 cells/l) and monocytes (2.07-1.93x 10 9 cells/l) decreased while white blood cell (65.47-135.85x10 9 cells/l), platelet (62.23-136.75x 10 9 cells/l), mean cell volume (84.44-122. 42fl) and Lymphocytes (14.04-18.30 x 10 9 cells/l) increased with increase in concentration of the anaesthetic. The plasma levels of glucose, total protein, cholesterol urea and triglyceride of fish exposed concentration ranged from 80 to 120mg/l were not significant (p> 0.05) from those of the control. A reduction in the plasma levels of creatine kinase (146.56-136.59 IU/L), lactate dehydrogenase (96.85-82.98 IU/L),alanine aminotransferase (31.17-20.52 IU/L) and alkaline phosphatase (19.51-17.28 IU/L) were decreasing while the aspartate aminotransferase (123.53-147.09 IU/L) and cholinesterase (29.19-53.23 IU/L), decreased with increasing concentration of clove. All the concentrations of plasma electrolytes decreased with increasing concentration of clove except K and Cl. The results of the induction, recovery and blood profile of clove powder compares favourably with and even better than some plant derived anaesthetics use in fisheries management. Clove powder can be recommended for use anaesthetic for fish when use within the recommended ranged of 140-180mg/l.
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Twenty-eight adult Clarias gariepinus (mean weight 205 ± 12.89g SD; Mean length; 31.13 ± 3.82cm SD) were exposed to various concentrations in quadruplicates (0. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60%) of an oilfield wastewater and were investigated for weight changes (at a weekly interval for four weeks), condition factor (K) and organosomatic indices which include liver (hepatosomatic index), spleen (spleenosomatic index), kidney (renatosomatic index) and heart (cardiosomatic index). The result showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in weight of fish as the concentration increased. Results of condition factor showed a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the initial (K1) and final (K2) in exposed C. gariepinus. Amongst the Organosomatic indices used to assess stress in C. gariepinus, some significant increases (p≤0.05) were observed in liver (hepatosomatic index), spleen (spleenosomatic index) and kidney (renatosomatic index) when compared to the control. However, the effect in the heart (cardiosomatic index) was similar to the control as the values fluctuated around control values. The indices measured in this (except cardiosomatic index) work can be used to measure long term effect of exposing Clarias gariepinus to oilfield wastewater.
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Present study deals with piscicidal, toxicological and biochemical effects of ethanolic extract of Nerium indicum Mill. (Lai Kaner) latex against freshwater weed fish Colisa fasciatus. There was a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation between LC values and exposure periods i.e. LC50 values decreased from l4.05mg/l (24h) to 5.52mg/l (96h). Sub-lethal exposure of ethanolic latex extract for 24h and 96h caused significant (P<0.05) time and dose dependent alterations in the levels of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and also in the activity of enzyme protease, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, acetylcholinesterase, lactic dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase in liver and muscle tissues of fish. Withdrawal experiments shows, their biochemical effects are reversible in action. Thus, N. indicum latex extract mainly suppress energy production and shifts fish respiration towards the anaerobic segment.
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The dry extract of different parts of the Derris elliptica is used in fish ponds to harvest and control predatory fish. However, the toxicological impact of the extract on fish has not yet been evaluated. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of the extract on some enzymes of plasma of the widely consumed African catfish Clarias gariepinus. Fish specimen were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.00 [control], 0.75, 1.50 and 3.00g/L) of dry extract of stems of D. elliptica for 24, 72 and 168 h adopting the semi-static renewal bioassay technique and were then subjected to plasma analyses. The level of plasma acid phosphatase and plasma alkaline phosphatase decreased significantly (P<0.05) while plasma alanine aminotransferase and plasma aspartate aminotransferase increased significantly (P<0.05). It was concluded that the dry extract of the stem of D. elliptica produced disorders in liver, kidney and respiratory metabolism of C. gariepinus.
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Exposure of fish over 96 h to 40 and 80% of LC(50) (24 h) of aqueous latex extracts of Euphorbia royleana and Jatropha gossypifolia of family Euphorbiaceae significantly altered the level of total protein, total free amino acids, nucleic acids, pyruvate, lactate, glycogen and as well as protease activity also in muscle, liver and gonadal tissue of the fish Channa punctatus. The alterations in all the biochemical parameters were significantly dose-dependent. Withdrawal study also shows that there is a partial recovery in the levels of glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and nucleic acids, but nearly complete recovery in total protein, total free amino acids level and protease activity in all the three tissues of the fish after the 7th day of the withdrawal of treatment, which supports the view that the plant product is safer in use as pesticides for control of common weed fishes in culture ponds.
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Active compound oleandrin extracted from Nerium indicum (Lal Kaner) leaf has potent piscicidal activity. The piscicidal activity of oleandrin on freshwater fish C. punctatus was both time and dose dependent. Exposure to sub-lethal doses of oleandrin for 24hr and 96hr to fish caused significant alteration in the level of total protein, total free amino acid, nucleic acid, glycogen, pyruvate, lactate and enzyme protease, phosphatases, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and acetylcholinesterase activity in liver and muscle tissues. The alterations in all the above biochemical parameters were also significantly time and dose dependent. The results show a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in both liver and muscle tissues of fish after the 7th day of the withdrawal of treatment. Toxicity persistence test of oleandrin on juvenile Labeo rohita shows that fish seed of common culturing carp can be released into rearing ponds after three days of oleandrin treatment. It supports the view that the oleandrin is safer and may be useful substitute of other piscicides for removing the unwanted freshwater fishes from aquaculture ponds.
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The latex of four plants viz. Euphorbia royleana, Jatropha gossypifolia (Euphorbiaceae), Nerium indicum and Thevetia peruviana (Apocynaceae) caused significant reduction in acid/alkaline phosphatase activity and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity in nervous tissue of freshwater air breathing fish Channa marulius. The reduction in the activity of both phosphatases and AChE were time as well as dose dependent.
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50 adult bats collected in Arizona and Sonora, Mexico, including long-nosed (Leptonycteris sanborni), leaf-nosed (Macrotus waterhousii), pallid (Antrozous pallidus), big brown (Eptesicus fuscus), western pipistrelle (Pipistrellus hesperus), and Mexican free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis), were analyzed for organochlorine residues. All contained DDE (range, 0.1-160 ppm; median, 4.3 ppm wet weight basis) and DDT (range, <0.1-550 ppm; median, 0.2 ppm). DDD was found in 38 bats, dieldrin in 16, o,p'-DDT (at 33-200 ppm) in 3, toxaphene in 3, Aroclor 1254 in 1, and Aroclor 1260 in 1. Bats with the highest residue levels were collected in or near human dwellings. The 5 herbivorous long-nosed bats averaged only 0.51 ppm DDT and metabolites, whereas the others, all insectivores, averaged 46 ppm.
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Four triterpenoid saponins isolated from the leaves of Polyscias dichroostachya were identified as 3-O-[α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin, 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin, 3-O-[β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin, 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-l-arabinopyranosyl]-hederagenin 28-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. The three monodesmosidic saponins were found to possess strong molluscicidal activity against the schistosomiasis-transmitting snails Biomphalaria glabrata, whereas the bidesmosidic saponin, a new natural product, was inactive.
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Laboratory studies on toxicity of two synthetic pyrethroids viz. permethrin and cypermethrin singly and with synergist piperonyl butoxide were made on snail . Piperonyl butoxide reduced the LC50 of permethrin and cypermethrin at exposure periods ranging from 24 to 96 h. Decrease in LC50 value of permethrin and cypermethrin and synergistic ratio of cypermethrin with increase in exposure period from 24 to 96 h was observed.
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Different dilutions of the latex of four plants of the family Euphorbiaceae, viz. Jatropha gassypiifolia, Euphorbia antisyphlitica, Euphorbia royleana and Euphorbia lactea cristata were administered for 24 h to the snail Lymnaea acuminata and the fish Colisa fasciatus in order to test their lethality. All the plants were lethal to both the snail and the fish. The LC50 of the snail was, however, considerably lower than that of the fish. Twenty-four hour snail LC30, LC50, LC70 and LC80 of the latex of all four plants did not cause any mortality among fish in a mixed population of snails and fish. It is proposed that the latex of these plants can be used as a molluscicide for controlling the snail Lymnaea acuminata.
Article
The molluscicidal properties of Ambrosia maritima L have been tested against four species of indigenous snails, reared in the laboratory in Senegal. The plant was grown in different regions within Senegal. The leaves of three generations of plant were mixed and powdered. The LC50-values for each of the four species were 108.3 mg/l for Lymnea natalensis, 165.4 mg/l for Bulinus forskalii, 148.5 mg/l for Bulinus globosus, and 227.4 mg/lg for Biomphalaria pfeifferi. The results are compared with those of other authors.
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Article
Molluscicidal property of Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem) against the snails Lymnaea acuminata and Indoplanorbis exustus was studied. It was observed that the molluscicidal activity of the leaf, bark, cake, neem oil and the neem-based pesticides, achook and nimbecidine, was both time- and dose-dependent. The toxic effect of pure azadirachtin against both the snails was greater than the synthetic molluscicides.