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Jung's Theory of Psychological Types: A Critical Estimate
... Jung first presented on his idea of extraversion and introversion at the Psycho-Analytical Congress in Munich in 1913, to "a select and specialized audience" (Davie 1933) and in the midst of personal and professional turmoil, the latter recently described comprehensively by Makari (2008). In many respects this sealed and symbolised Jungʼs departure from the company of Freudian psychoanalysis and towards a path that could be more clearly defined as his own. ...
Views on personality i.e. what people are like and how they might act, are implicit in how societies operate. Usually, these social and political frameworks presume similarity, even for libertarians. Economics, education and marketing are just some areas in which a specific way of behaving is presumed of citizens, consumers, or other generic labels. Cognitive therapies and positive psychology, quite similar in their origins, are others. Even narrow activities, such as "hoon" driving, presume a particular adult "norm" expected to be attained by all. C.G.Jung made no claims to be a philosopher, notwithstanding the ancient dictum "man, know thyself" being an obvious, appropriate summation of his work, based as it was on classical and contemporary knowledge. This presentation looks at Jungʼs ideas on personality, notably his essentialist typological framework, its meaning, use and interpretation, comparing it with some other ideas. Its intention is to contribute something to general discourse and learning, and to learn something.
... Max Freyd (1924) identifies tender-minded-tough-minded and explosive and obstructed wills from William James, as well as Baldwinʼs sensory-motor types, the latter based on Ribotʼs social (extraversion) and mechanical (introversion). Crichton-Miller, in a text on psycho-analysis aimed at a general audience, goes further by specifically identifying Character as seen in Body and Parentage by Furneaux Jordan, recommended to Jung by Constance Long in 1913(1933. ...
Extraversion and Introversion are the only terms amongst C.G. Jung's typological constructs that have passed into general discourse, albeit in varying interpretations. This paper examines what Jung wrote about this idea in English language publications and some responses of contemporaries in similar publications over a period of roughly thirty years. Jungʼs The Association Method article (1910) begins the period under examination. It is concluded by responses to Virginia Caseʼs book Your Personality–Introvert or Extravert (1941). No publications of Isabel Myers or Katherine Briggs are examined. This period excludes the development of Jungian questionnaires by Briggs and Myers and Gray and Wheelwright in the early 1940s. This paper is a contribution to the history of ideas and does not comprise a review or exposition of Jungʼs Psychological Types and its contents. It seems a little surprising that a theory so technical and so specialised should have come to have so wide a currency. That it has been so swiftly commandeered by many writers is a sign of its appositeness and its value T.M. Davie The 30 or so years following 1910 were a period where the newly established field of psychology was developing as an independent discipline. There was a ferment of ideas and methods, argued articulately for the most part, by a wide range of people. Predominantly males, they were both classically educated and interested in contemporary science. Familiar with the ideas of the past, particularly philosophical ones about human nature, they were also investigating the implications of an evolutionary perspective to human development. Many read and spoke French and German in addition to English; an important, perhaps essential attribute, given the European origins of many personality ideas. Europeans such as Jung were fluent in English. Books and articles produced by this group of people contained references to texts in all these languages, as well as ancient Greek, Latin, some Sanskrit and Chinese and copious Biblical references, the latter not an indicator of belief in the text itself..
A new test for introversion-extroversion is presented. This test has been standardized on 100 cases of schizophrenia and 100 cases of manic-depressive insanity. The results coincide in 93% of the cases with those obtained by prolonged clinical observation. Similar results are obtained by applying the test to 200 normal individuals. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
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The Recreating of the Individual
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