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Captured by True Crime: Why Are Women Drawn to Tales of Rape, Murder, and Serial Killers?

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Abstract

The true crime genre, which consists of nonfiction books based on gruesome topics such as rape and murder, has amassed an extensive audience. Many people might assume that men, being the more aggressive sex, would be most likely to find such gory topics interesting. But a perusal of published reader reviews suggests that women enjoy these kinds of books more so than do men. The purpose of this research was to shed light on this apparent paradox. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors conducted a study of reader reviews and a study of book choices that demonstrated that, in fact, women are more drawn to true crime stories whereas men are more attracted to other violent genres. In Studies 3 to 5, the authors manipulated various characteristics of true crime stories to determine which features women find appealing. The authors discuss the findings in light of contemporary evolutionary perspectives on aggression and murder.
Captured by True Crime: Why Are Women
Drawn to Tales of Rape, Murder, and Serial
Killers?
Amanda M. Vicary
1
and R. Chris Fraley
1
Abstract
The true crime genre, which consists of nonfiction books based on gruesome topics such as rape and murder, has amassed an
extensive audience. Many people might assume that men, being the more aggressive sex, would be most likely to find such
gory topics interesting. But a perusal of published reader reviews suggests that women enjoy these kinds of books more so
than do men. The purpose of this research was to shed light on this apparent paradox. In Studies 1 and 2, the authors
conducted a study of reader reviews and a study of book choices that demonstrated that, in fact, women are more drawn to
true crime stories whereas men are more attracted to other violent genres. In Studies 3 to 5, the authors manipulated
various characteristics of true crime stories to determine which features women find appealing. The authors discuss the
findings in light of contemporary evolutionary perspectives on aggression and murder.
Keywords
aggression, crime, evolutionary psychology, homicide, sex differences
In 1959 in a small town in Kansas, the bodies of four family
members were found in their home. The father’s throat had
been slit and the mother and two children had been shot
through the head. The killers were on the run for weeks until
they were finally arrested, tried, and, ultimately, hung for their
crimes. Despite the horrific details of the case, Truman
Capote’s book based on this crime, In Cold Blood, became a
best seller. Indeed, since the publication of In Cold Blood in
1966, nonfiction books based on real crimes, including murder,
robbery, and rape, have become extraordinarily popular.
Although it might seem that these gruesome topics would have
little appeal, the ‘‘true crime’ genre has amassed an extensive
audience. In fact, these books often occupy coveted spots
on the New York Times Best Sellers List (‘‘Paperback Best
Sellers,’ 2004).
Who finds these books appealing? It might be reasonable to
assume that men would be more likely than women to find such
gory topics interesting. After all, a great deal of research has
demonstrated that men are more violent and aggressive than
women (Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974;
Wilson & Daly, 1985). In addition, men commit the vast major-
ity of violent crimes, accounting for 79%of aggravated assaults
and 90%of murders in 2007 (Federal Bureau of Investigation
[FBI], 2007).
Moreover, many true crime stories include details that
women would presumably find distasteful. For instance, these
books often include horrific accounts of women being
kidnapped, raped, tortured, and killed. Research by Haidt,
McCauley, and Rozin (1994) demonstrated that women are
more disgusted than men by thoughts of gory experiences, such
as touching a dead body. As such, it seems reasonable to pre-
sume that these types of stories would be not only unattractive
to women but also repulsive.
Curiously, a brief perusal of reader reviews of true crime
books on Amazon.com and related Web sites suggests that
women may in fact be more drawn to these kinds of tales than
are men. And although it is the case that women are more likely
to read for leisure than men (Griswold, McDonnell, & Wright,
2005), it seems from these sites that women are less likely than
men to contribute reviews to other kinds of books characterized
by violence, such as accounts of war. In sum, there seems to be
a paradox: Despite being the less violent sex, women may be
more drawn to accounts of true crime than are men.
The purpose of this research is to shed light on this paradox
by, first, demonstrating that it exists and, second, testing sev-
eral potential explanations for why women may be drawn to
true crime. To document the phenomenon itself, we conducted
1
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Corresponding Author:
Amanda M. Vicary, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of
Psychology, Champaign, IL 61820.
Email: avicary2@illinois.edu
Social Psychological and
Personality Science
1(1) 81-86
ªThe Author(s) 2010
Reprints and permission: http://www.
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/1948550609355486
http://spps.sagepub.com
81
two studies—an investigation of reader reviews and an investi-
gation of which books people would select to read if given the
choice between true crime and another violent topic. To inves-
tigate potential explanations for the phenomenon, we drew on
contemporary evolutionary theories of aggression and homi-
cide. According to Buss, evolved survival strategies include not
only the propensity for people to commit murder in some situa-
tions (Buss, 2005; Buss & Duntley, 2008) but also people’s
obsession with murder. In other words, by learning the motives
and methods of murderers, people learn ways to prevent
becoming their victims. In fact, it might be the case that
fascination with murder arises from evolved mechanisms more
broadly concerned with monitoring fitness-relevant
information.
But why would women, more so than men, be interested in
crime, especially given that men are more likely to be victims
(Chilton & Jarvis, 1999)? The answer may lie in fear of crime,
as much research has shown that women fear becoming the vic-
tims of a crime more so than do men (Allen, 2006; Mirrlees-
Black, Mayhew, & Percy, 1996). As such, we might expect
women to be more interested in true crime books because of the
potential survival cues contained therein. In Studies 3 to 5, we
manipulated various features of true crime stories, such as the
presence of fitness-relevant cues, to determine the effect of that
content on reader’s preferences for the stories. In sum, this
research provides two significant contributions to the social-
personality literature: (a) a documentation of a novel and pre-
viously unexplored phenomenon, both verifying its existence
and teasing apart the factors that result in the aforementioned
sex difference, and (b) a deeper understanding of how evolved
survival strategies pertaining to aggression and murder may
play out in modern times.
Studies 1 and 2: Do Gender Differences Exist
in Reading Preferences?
The purpose of our first two studies was to determine whether,
in fact, women and men differentially prefer true crime stories.
Study 1
Method. Data were collected from book reviews posted by
customers on the Web site Amazon.com. We used these
reviews to investigate whether reviews of books in the true
crime genre were more likely to have been written by women
and whether reviews of books in the war genre were more
likely to have been written by men. We coded the reviewers’
user names for gender when those names had unambiguous
gender assignments (e.g., ‘‘MissClaudia’ was coded as female,
whereas ‘MikeLikesBooks’’ was coded as male). For the war
genre, we used the first 25 books listed under the ‘‘military’
category, specifically focusing on books in the subcategories
of ‘Biography,’’ ‘World War II,’’ ‘Vietnam,’’ ‘Korean,’ and
‘United States.’’ Because there was not a specific crime sec-
tion, we searched for ‘‘true crime’ and selected the first
25 books listed. (A list of these books is available from the
authors on request.)
Results. More women than men reviewed books in the true
crime genre (70%vs. 30%), w
2
(1, N¼306) ¼22.08, p<
.001. More men than women reviewed books in the war genre
(82%vs. 18%), w
2
(1, N¼1,263) ¼520.76, p< .001. One
potential limitation regarding these findings concerns possible
differences in the base rates of the sex of reviewers. For
instance, it may be the case that 70%of the reviewers are
women for most genres, making the findings concerning true
crime less meaningful. To address this concern, we also coded
the user names of the reviewers of all 18 books that were listed
in a ‘New In Paperback’’ category. Results indicated that
females contributed 52%of the reviews and men 48%.
We also verified that it was not the case that authors of true
crime books are more likely to be female, ruling out the possi-
bility that women are simply drawn to female authors. In addi-
tion, a chi-square test showed that women were equally likely
to contribute reviews to a true crime book by a male versus a
female author (48%vs. 52%), w
2
(1, N¼82) ¼0.20, ns. Finally,
we determined that more than 95%of the reviews in both the
true crime and war categories were positive, ensuring that it
was not the case that women were contributing negative, versus
positive, reviews of true crime. In summary, our results indi-
cate that women are drawn to true crime books more so than
are men. However, it is not the case that they are simply more
interested in books containing violent content, given that men
were more likely than women to submit reviews of books
on war.
Study 2
Method. Data were collected from 1,866 people through a
study posted on the second author’s Web site, which contains
a variety of Web studies regarding topics in personality and
social psychology. Research has demonstrated that studies con-
ducted online are of ‘at least as good quality as traditional
paper-pencil methods’ (Gosling, Vazire, Srivastava, & John,
2004, p. 102). The description of the study that was posted did
not include words related to crime to ensure that people who
had an interest in true crime prior to the study were not more
likely to participate. Of the participants, 68%were from the
United States; 6%were from Canada. The remaining partici-
pants were from other countries. The median age was 30 years
(M¼32.27, SD ¼11.71). Of the participants, 73%were
female.
Participants were presented with instructions to imagine
they were browsing in a bookstore and were given the opportu-
nity to take home a free book. They were given summaries of
two books and asked to indicate which one they would select.
Some participants were asked to choose between Violence in
Paradise: A True Account of the Murders That Shocked
Hawaii, which was described as the true story of two murdered
women, and Dangers of War: A True Story of an Army Unit
Serving in the Gulf War, which was described as a true account
82 Social Psychological and Personality Science 1(1)
82
of two female soldiers’ missions in the Gulf War. Other parti-
cipants chose between the true crime story above and Danger-
ous: The True Story of L.A. Gang Members, which was
described as a true account of two young women’s experiences
in a gang.
It is important to note that we are not implying that all
women necessarily prefer true crime books more than books
of other genres but rather that, when considering stories with
violent content, women are drawn to true crime stories more
so than are men. As such, the purpose of including the non–true
crime options was to offer participants an option that did not
adhere to the prototypical true crime narrative yet also con-
tained true accounts of violence and murder. The plot summa-
ries for each of the three stories included information that the
main characters were two women who were killed. Participants
viewed the title of the book and several sentences summarizing
its plot. In addition to selecting a book, participants were also
asked to indicate how much they thought they would enjoy the
book by clicking on a continuous scale ranging from 1 (very lit-
tle)to7(very much).
Results. A chi-square test revealed that women and men were
not equally likely to chose the true crime versus the war book,
w
2
(1, N ¼938) ¼63.76, p< .001, f¼.26. Of the female par-
ticipants, 77%chose the true crime book, whereas only 23%
chose the war book, w
2
(1, N¼679) ¼202.71, p< .001. The
male participants were evenly split, with 51%choosing the true
crime book and 49%choosing the war book, w
2
(1, N¼259) ¼
0.04, ns.
A chi-square test also revealed that women and men were
not equally likely to chose the true crime versus the gang book,
w
2
(1, N¼928) ¼21.77, p< .001, f¼.15. Of the female par-
ticipants, 73%chose the true crime book, whereas only 27%
chose the gang book, w
2
(1, N¼679) ¼144.28, p< .001.
Although the male participants were slightly more likely to
choose the true crime book (57%) over the gang book as well
(43%), w
2
(1, N¼249) ¼4.92, p¼.03, this difference was not
as large as it was for women. In summary, women were much
more likely than men to select the true crime book over the
alternatives.
A comparison of the men and women who selected the war
or gang book over the true crime book showed that men
expected to enjoy this book (M¼3.69, SD ¼1.68) more than
did women (M¼3.30, SD ¼1.76), t(469) ¼2.38, p¼.02, d¼
.23. In other words, even if a woman selected the war or gang
book over the true crime book, she did not expect to enjoy it as
much as did the men who selected this book. In addition,
women who chose the true crime book expected to enjoy it
more (M¼4.00, SD ¼1.83) than did the men who selected
it (M¼3.71, SD ¼1.61), t(1027) ¼2.12, p¼.03, d¼.17.
In summary, women, compared to men, preferred true crime
books over other books based on violent topics. In addition,
women expected to enjoy these books more than did men (even
when men selected to read them), whereas men expected to
enjoy books on war or gang violence more so than did women
who selected those books.
1
Studies 3 to 5: Why Are Women Drawn to
True Crime Stories?
In the next set of studies we examined the hypothesis that
women may be drawn to true crime stories more so than are
men because those stories may confer valuable information
about avoiding or surviving violent crime. The following
studies were conducted using the same Web site described in
Study 2.
Study 3: Do Women Enjoy Reading True Crime Because
They Learn Defense Tactics?
Consider the following passage from The Stranger Beside Me
concerning the only victim to successfully escape from serial
killer Ted Bundy:
She reached for the door handle on her side and started to jump
out, but the man was too quick for her. In an instant, he had
clapped a handcuff on her right wrist. ... She fell backward out
of the car. ... Now he had a crowbar of some kind in his hand,
and he threw her up against the car. ... She kicked at his geni-
tals, and broke free. (Rule, 1980, p. 116)
As previously stated, people’s fascination with murder may
stem from a desire to avoid becoming the victim of a deadly
crime (Buss, 2005). As true crime books sometimes contain
successful defense tactics and escape tricks used by surviving
victims, these books can offer insight into how one can achieve
this goal. To test this possibility, we modified one of the plot
descriptions to include the information that the victim used a
clever trick to escape from her attacker.
Method. Data were collected from 13,535 participants. Of
the participants, 61%were from the United States; 8%were
from the United Kingdom. The remaining participants were
from other countries. The median age was 25 years (M¼
29.60, SD ¼11.65). Of the participants, 74%were female.
Participants were asked to choose between Danger in Den-
ver: The True Story of an Escape from a Killer, a story about a
young woman kidnapped while jogging and taken to an aban-
doned farmhouse, and Turmoil on Thunder Trail: The True
Story of a Confrontation with a Killer, a story of a young
woman attacked while hiking on a mountain trail. One of the
book summaries contained information that the potential vic-
tim used a trick she learned from the Internet to escape from her
attacker, that is, removing a pin from her watch and using it to
unlock her handcuffs. The summary of the other book also con-
tained information that the victim escaped but did not mention
the use of a clever trick. For each participant, the information
regarding the escape trick appeared in one description, whereas
in the other description this detail was omitted. The pairing of
this manipulation with the two stories was counterbalanced
across participants such that the escape trick appeared in
Danger in Denver half of the time and in Turmoil on Thunder
Trail the other half of the time.
Vicary and Fraley 83
83
In addition to selecting which book they wanted to read, par-
ticipants also were asked to indicate how much they expected
to ‘learn anything helpful’’ from the book by clicking on a
scale with anchors ranging from 1 (very little)to7(very much).
Results. When asked to indicate the extent to which they
expected to learn something from the chosen book, those indi-
viduals who selected the book description that contained the
clever trick indicated they expected to learn more (M¼4.06,
SD ¼1.73) than did those who selected the other book (M¼
3.13, SD ¼1.61), t(13,461) ¼29.41, p< .001, d¼.56. This
finding indicates that our manipulation was valid.
A chi-square test revealed that women and men were not
equally likely to chose books with the manipulation, w
2
(1, N
¼13,535) ¼32.73, p< .001, f¼.05. Of the female partici-
pants, 71%chose the book that mentioned the use of an escape
trick, whereas only 29%chose the book that did not mention
this information, w
2
(1, N¼9,965) ¼1,832.27, p< .001. The
male participants were more evenly split, with 66%choosing
the book with the manipulation and 34%choosing the book
without the manipulation, w
2
(1, N¼3,570) ¼380.83, p<
.001. Although men were more likely to select the book that
contained the manipulation, this difference was not as large
as it was for women. In summary, women, more so than men,
were drawn to the book that contained tips on how to defend
oneself from an attacker. It appears that the potential to learn
defense tactics from these stories is one factor that draws
women, more so than men, to true crime books.
Study 4: Do Women Enjoy Reading True Crime Because
of the Psychological Content?
Consider the following excerpt from the true crime book Mind
Hunter: Inside the FBI’s Elite Serial Crime Unit, concerning
how to determine when a potential killer will go beyond mur-
derous fantasies to actually commit a crime:
So when is this dangerous behavior likely to occur? This guy is
an inadequate loser. In his mind, everyone’s out to get him and
no one recognizes his talents. If the stressors of his life become
unbearable, that’s when he’ll go one step further with his fan-
tasy. (Douglas & Olshaker, 1995, p. 358)
Many true crime books include speculation as to why an indi-
vidual decides to commit a murder and whether the motivating
factor lies, for example, in a stressful life event or rejection by a
significant other. Such understanding might increase a
woman’s chances of detecting the signs that a jealous ex-
lover or stranger may turn violent. To test this possibility, we
modified one of the plot descriptions to include the information
that the killer was interviewed by an FBI profiler in an attempt
to determine the motivations behind his murders.
Method. Data were collected from 3,237 participants. Of the
participants, 83%were from the United States; 4%were from
Canada. The remaining participants were from other countries.
The median age was 33 years (M¼35.12, SD ¼11.60). Of the
participants, 76%were female.
Participants were asked to choose between two true crime
books. For each participant, the information that the killer had
been interviewed in an attempt to understand his motives
appeared in one description, whereas in the other description
this detail was omitted.
Results. A chi-square test revealed that women and men were
not equally likely to chose books with the manipulation, w
2
(1,
N¼3,237) ¼8.26, p¼.005, f¼.05. Of the female partici-
pants, 65%chose the book that contained information on the
killer’s motives, whereas only 35%chose the book that did not
mention this information, w
2
(1, N¼2.460) ¼210.73, p< .001.
Of the male participants, 59%choose the book that contained
the information on the killer’s motives and 41%choose the
book without this information, w
2
(1, N¼777) ¼24.87, p<
.001. Although significant, this difference was not as large as
it was for women. In other words, women were drawn to the
book that contained information on the killer’s motives more
so than were men. It appears that the psychological content
of true crime stories is one factor that draws women, more so
than men, to these books.
Study 5: Do Women Enjoy Reading True Crime Because
the Victims Are Often Female?
Consider an excerpt from Green River, Running Red:
It was another Thursday, August 12, 1982, four weeks after
Wendy’s body was found, when what had appeared to be an iso-
lated tragedy began to take on a horrific pattern. Another
woman’s body floated in the Green River about a quarter of a mile
south of where Wendy had been discovered. (Rule, 2004, p. 16)
In addition to the victims mentioned above, the Green River
Killer confessed to killing 46 other young women. Because the
victims in true crime books are often women, it may be the case
that women simply have more to gain from reading these books
in terms of understanding survival strategies and defense tac-
tics. We tested this hypothesis by manipulating the gender of
the victims described in the plot summaries.
Method. Data were collected from 7,435 participants. Of the
participants, 61%were from the United States; 10%were from
Canada. The remaining participants were from other countries.
The median age was 24 years (M¼28.8, SD ¼11.29). Of the
participants, 72%were female.
Participants were again asked to choose between two true
crime books. The pairing of the victims’ sex with the two stor-
ies was counterbalanced across participants.
Results. A chi-square test revealed that women and men were
not equally likely to chose books with female versus male
victims, w
2
(1, N¼7,435) ¼25.07, p< .001, f¼.06. Of
the female participants, 59%chose the book with female
84 Social Psychological and Personality Science 1(1)
84
victims, whereas only 41%chose the book with male victims,
w
2
(1, N¼5,355) ¼155.66, p< .001. The male participants
were evenly split, with 52%choosing the book with female
victims and 48%choosing the book with male victims, w
2
(1,
N¼2,080) ¼3.72, ns.
Overall, women were more likely than men to select the true
crime book that featured female victims. If women are drawn to
true crime books because of the survival information contained
therein (as the above studies demonstrate), it makes sense that
women would be more attracted to a book with female victims.
Essentially, women, more so than men, would have something
to gain from reading these books, especially when the story
features female victims.
General Discussion
While divorcing her husband, Sheila Bellush, a mother of quad-
ruplets, told her sister that if anything were to happen to her, to
find true crime writer Ann Rule to tell her story. Shortly there-
after, Sheila was gunned down by a hit man hired by her hus-
band. The resulting Ann Rule book, Every Breath You Take
(Rule, 2001), was bought by nearly one million readers. What
kinds of people read such tales? Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated
that women, more so than men, are drawn to books in the true
crime genre. (Indeed, 86%of the Amazon reviews for Every
Breath You Take were written by women.)
Why are people fascinated by accounts of kidnappings, rape,
torture, and murder? It is likely that, for as long as humans have
lived, humans have murdered. In 1991, two men found a frozen
skeleton in a glacier near the border between Austria and Italy.
Scientific testing showed the skeleton, nicknamed the Iceman,
to be approximately 5,300 years old. The cause of death? Mur-
der by arrowhead (see Buss, 2005, for more details). It seems
plausible not only that murder has ancient roots in human his-
tory but also that fascination with murder does as well (Buss,
2005).
Why would women, more than men, find this information
compelling? Our findings that women were drawn to stories
that contained fitness-relevant information make sense in light
of research that shows that women fear becoming the victim of
a crime more so than do men (Allen, 2006; Mirrlees-Black
et al., 1996). This sex difference in fear is intriguing because,
in actuality, men are more likely than women to be the victim
of a crime (Chilton & Jarvis, 1999). Many reasons have been
suggested for why women experience more fear, including the
fact that certain crimes, such as rape, do occur more frequently
for women (Riger, Gordon, & LeBailly, 1978). Other research-
ers have suggested that the media are to blame in that unusual
and rare crimes (which usually focus on female victims) are
reported more often than other crimes (Ditton & Duffy, 1983).
Regardless of the reasons behind women’s heightened fear
of crime, the characteristics that make these books appealing
to women are all highly relevant in terms of preventing or sur-
viving a crime. For example, by understanding why an individ-
ual decides to kill, a woman can learn the warning signs to
watch for in a jealous lover or stranger. By learning escape tips,
women learn survival strategies they can use if actually kid-
napped or held captive. In addition, the finding that women
consider true crime books more appealing when the victims are
female supports the notion that women may be attracted to
these books because of the potential life-saving knowledge
gained from reading them. If a woman, rather than a man, is
killed, the motives and tactics are simply more relevant to
women reading the story.
Despite the fact that women may enjoy reading these books
because they learn survival tips and strategies, it is possible that
reading these books may actually increase the very fear that
drives women toward them in the first place. In other words,
a vicious cycle may be occurring: A woman fears becoming the
victim of a crime, so, consciously or unconsciously, she turns to
true crime books in a possible effort to learn strategies and
techniques to prevent becoming murdered. However, with each
true crime book she reads, this woman learns about another
murderer and his victims, thereby increasing her awareness and
fear of crime. It is not possible to state with certainty from these
studies whether or not this vicious cycle occurs, but we do
know that women, compared to men, have a heightened fear
of crime despite the fact that they are less likely to become a
victim (Allen, 2006; Chilton & Jarvis, 1999) and that women
are drawn to true crime books that contain information on how
to prevent themselves from becoming the victim of such a
crime.
Limitations of the Present Studies and
Future Directions
Although we manipulated three different features of true crime
books in an attempt to understand the appeal of the genre, there
may still be other important factors that we have yet to inves-
tigate. It may also be of interest to determine whether men find
certain characteristics of war or gang violence books more
appealing than others. We would also like to note that although
our findings from Study 5 demonstrate that women were espe-
cially drawn to stories portraying female as opposed to male
victims, there may be reasons in addition to the relevance of
survival strategies for this finding, such as the desire to read
about someone similar to oneself—a possibility we plan to
investigate more thoroughly in future studies. In addition, we
realize that some of the effect sizes reported in these studies
may appear, at first glance, to be small. We would like to
remind readers that these effect sizes are in the range of effects
that are commonly observed in social-personality psychologi-
cal research (median rs of .21; see Fraley & Marks, 2007).
Indeed, given the large number of factors that potentially con-
tribute to the variation in people’s preferences for books, it
could be argued that it is surprising that we see any of the
effects reported here.
Even though our studies solely focused on the characteris-
tics of the true crime book genre, it is possible that sex differ-
ences concerning interest in crime would appear for other
mediums as well. A recent article in Entertainment Weekly
noted the popularity of these types of shows among women
Vicary and Fraley 85
85
(who account for two thirds of CSI viewers between the ages of
18 and 49) and questioned why women would find such grue-
some topics fascinating (Armstrong & Katz, 2005). It may be the
case that the characteristics we found to be of interest to women
readers are also of interest to women watching these shows.
In conclusion, despite the fact that true crime books are
often gruesome, shocking, and frightening, they have garnered
a considerable audience. As long as serial killers, rapists, and
jealous lovers continue to commit their horrific crimes, it is
likely that accounts of their dreadful deeds will continue to
be written. Fortunately, as women continue to read these stor-
ies, they may very well be learning important skills that will
prevent them from one day becoming the victim of a killer and,
in turn, the unwilling star of their own true crime book.
Note
1. We conducted two additional studies with more than 35,000 parti-
cipants using the same method. In one study, however, the victims
were described as male instead of female to investigate whether
men may have been reluctant to select the true crime book because
they thought it would imply they enjoy reading about women being
killed. In another study, we modified the stories to be more proto-
typical of books in each of these genres (i.e., the true crime story
featured female victims, whereas the war and gang violence stories
featured males who were not murdered). In both studies, women
were more likely than men to choose the true crime book and also
expected to enjoy it more. (These data are available from the
authors on request.)
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Gregory D. Webster and Caroline Tancredy for
their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article.
Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to
the authorship and/or publication of this article.
Financial Disclosure/Funding
The authors received no financial support for the research and/or
authorship of this article.
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... For women, one such challenge is avoiding threats to reproductive choice posed by sexual coercion and assault (e.g., Bjorklund & Shackelford, 1999;McDonald et al., 2021). Past research has demonstrated that women are motivated to consume information that they believe will help them prevent their own sexual assault victimization (McDonald et al., 2021;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). Gossip about sexual assault may be a means by which women create an informal network of information exchange that can be used to help women avoid or escape threats to reproductive choice. ...
... A large literature is consistent with this theorizing, documenting that women fear rape more than nearly all other crimes (Ferraro, 1996;Fisher et al., 2003;Hilinski, 2009) and engage in a wide variety of behaviors to reduce their risk of being raped (e.g., McKibbin et al., 2009). One such behavior may be the consumption of truecrime media-a genre that women are particularly drawn to (Vicary & Fraley, 2010), and that women explicitly report consuming for the purpose of learning defensive strategies to prevent their own victimization (McDonald et al., 2021). ...
... True crime often focuses on female victims of violent crimes, such as kidnapping, rape, and physical assault. Women consume more true crime media than men (Joyce, 2018;Vicary & Fraley, 2010), even though men tend to consume more violent media than women in general, and tend to enjoy it more (Krcmar & Kean, 2005). It is likely that women's strong interest in true crime media is driven in large part by their greater fear of crime, specifically their fear of rape (e.g., Ferraro, 1996;Fisher et al., 2003;Hilinski, 2009). ...
Article
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Despite its bad reputation, gossip plays an important role in communicating and policing the social norms, morals, and values of a community. People are likely to be particularly attuned to gossip that helps solve recurrent adaptive challenges. Among women, sexual assault is a pervasive threat to reproductive choice that exacts serious costs on women’s reproductive fitness. Research has demonstrated that women fear sexual assault and are motivated to engage in behaviors to reduce the threat of being victimized. Here we propose that women may gossip about sexual assault as a means of protecting themselves and others. Participants read a series of vignettes describing instances of sexual assault of a female victim and were asked to indicate how likely they would be to share that information with a variety of recipients, and what factors motivated their sharing intentions. Results indicated that, overall, sexual assault gossip was especially likely to be shared with proximal female family and friends, as well as authority figures. Women were more likely to share sexual assault gossip than men, and this gender effect was strongest when sharing gossip with female family and friends. The strongest motivations for sharing gossip were to warn the recipient, damage the reputation of the perpetrator, and check agreement with the recipient, with women being more motivated to damage the perpetrator’s reputation than men were. Women who expressed a greater fear of rape were more likely to share the information with all recipients except proximal male friends, and reported stronger motivations to share in order to damage the perpetrator’s reputation and check agreement with the recipient. Results are consistent with the idea that women may use gossip to create a whisper-network of information exchange that helps women protect themselves and others.
... So why are women drawn to violent true crime content, especially if it confronts them with their fears? One prominent theory suggests that female true crime consumption is driven by defensive vigilance, as women seek information and knowledge about anxiety-eliciting, dangerous situations to better anticipate, prevent, or circumvent real-life dangers, most prominently, physical violence from men (McDonald et al., 2021;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). Research on crisis and risk communication shows that women conduct more risk information seeking than men (Lachlan et al., 2021;Manierre, 2015), which may join into the need for uncertainty reduction and link back to morbid curiosity. ...
... Previous studies found higher true crime consumption in women than men (Boling & Hull, 2018;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). Accordingly, we consider gender a major factor in explaining true crime consumption, but also extend our analyses to other demographic aspects including age, education, living area, income, and relationship status. ...
... As expected, women in our study reported more true crime consumption than men (see Boling & Hull, 2018;McDonald et al., 2021;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). This gender difference was present for all true crime formats, most prominently podcasts. ...
Preprint
The success of the true crime media genre narrating real-life crime stories reflects an avid human curiosity about tales of violence. Yet, despite popular speculations on the “who” and “why” of true crime consumption, psychological research on this phenomenon is lacking. In this article, we highlight perspectives on why true crime consumption may be of critical interest to various psychological research fields that go beyond simple media preferences. Additionally, we present a large-scale behavioral investigation which aims to provide first empirical insights into characteristics and motives of true crime consumers, as well as potential well-being correlates of true crime consumption. In n = 307 to 571 participants, we a) confirm a robust gender difference in true crime consumption in favour of women, and b) find associations of true crime consumption with demographics (income, education), safety perceptions (preparedness to avoid victimization), personality (morbid curiosity, agreeableness), aggression, well-being, and emotion regulation (acceptance, cognitive reappraisal). Additionally, c) we show that these true crime consumption links partly differ by gender. Finally, d) in multiple regression models, gender, income, morbid curiosity, victimization perceptions, narcissism, and emotion regulation via acceptance, reappraisal, and positive re-focusing emerged as unique predicators of true crime consumption and associated motives. Our investigation offers novel perspectives on negative human information seeking, which may fuel future research on (media) violence, threat coping, and creative emotion regulation.
... So why are women drawn to violent true crime content, especially if it confronts them with their fears? One prominent theory suggests that female true crime consumption is driven by defensive vigilance, as women seek information and knowledge about anxiety-eliciting, dangerous situations to better anticipate, prevent, or circumvent real-life dangers, most prominently, physical violence from men (McDonald et al., 2021;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). Research on crisis and risk communication shows that women conduct more risk information seeking than men (Lachlan et al., 2021;Manierre, 2015), which may join into the need for uncertainty reduction and link back to morbid curiosity. ...
... Previous studies found higher true crime consumption in women than men (Boling & Hull, 2018;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). Accordingly, we consider gender a major factor in explaining true crime consumption, but also extend our analyses to other demographic aspects including age, education, living area, income, and relationship status. ...
... As expected, women in our study reported more true crime consumption than men (see Boling & Hull, 2018;McDonald et al., 2021;Vicary & Fraley, 2010). This gender difference was present for all true crime formats, most prominently podcasts. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
The success of the true crime media genre narrating real-life crime stories reflects an avid human curiosity about tales of violence. Yet, despite popular speculations on the "who" and "why" of true crime consumption, psychological research on this phenomenon is lacking. This study presents a large-scale behavioral investigation of interest in true crime and provides first empirical insights into characteristics and motives of true crime consumers, but also well-being correlates of true crime consumption. In a sample of n = 307 to 571 participants, we a) confirm a robust gender difference in true crime consumption in favour of women, and b) find associations of true crime consumption with demographics (income, education), safety perceptions (preparedness to avoid victimization), personality (morbid curiosity, agreeableness), aggression, well-being, and emotion regulation (acceptance, cognitive reappraisal). Additionally, c) we show that these true crime consumption links partly differ by gender. Finally, d) in multiple regression models, gender, income, morbid curiosity, victimization perceptions, narcissism, and emotion regulation via acceptance, reappraisal, and positive re-focusing emerged as unique predicators of true crime consumption and associated motives. Our investigation offers novel perspectives on negative human information seeking, which may fuel future research on (media) violence, threat coping, and creative emotion regulation.
... Given the popularity of true crime media and other forms of violent media centered around crime, scholars are interested in understanding the appeals of such entertainment (Bergler, 1945;Hodgkinson et al., 2017;Vicary & Fraley, 2010;Williams, 2020). Bergler (1945) was an early critic of true crime enthusiasts, stating his concern over the interest expressed by viewers of crime media. ...
... One area of inquiry has focused on audience motivation, or why people find true crime stories so interesting. One of the first major studies to tackle who makes up the true crime audience and their preferences was conducted by Vicary and Fraley (2010). An analysis of online book reviews through Amazon revealed that contrary to what may be expected, most of the true crime readers were women motivated by their concern of becoming a victim in a crime. ...
Thesis
Stories of crime have consistently captured the attention of the public, with stories of heists, kidnappings and murder. The true crime genre receives enormous attention and serves for many as the primary source of crime knowledge, including who commits crime, how they commit crime and how law enforcement responds. Books and podcasts have been interrogated by researchers to understand the nature of the content but missing are the true crime documentaries and docuseries that have dominated streaming platforms in North America. The present study examined three true crime series about serial killers using social constructionism and social problems theory, and examining narratives, dialogue, pictures, and claimsmakers in the docuseries. Four guiding questions were posed (1) how are serial killers constructed as social problem? (2) how are serial killers constructed? (3) how are victims constructed? (4) Who are the main claimsmakers featured? Three recent docuseries were selected, Conversations with a Killer: The Ted Bundy Tapes, Night Stalker and I’ll be Gone in the Dark. Employing qualitative media analysis, the docuseries were examined in their entirety using the program NVivo. Analysis revealed several key findings. The first finding relates to the construction of serial homicide in an episodic fashion, with mythology building around the killer taking place. The perpetrators are given variable amounts of time in each docuseries, with some positioning the killer at the center while others prioritized victim’s stories. Construction of the victims also varied widely, from another statistic and evidence to an empathetic person, through the use of dialogue and images. The last component examined was claimsmakers, who overwhelmingly belongs to branches of law enforcement. The implications of these findings are discussed, in addition to the future directions for literature.
... A similar phenomenon can be seen in the popularity of the true crime genre. Women are more likely to engage with true crime than men, and this may be because women are more likely to be victimized by crime (Vicary & Fraley, 2010). True crime stories are therefore often more relevant to women than men. ...
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The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic saw dramatic increases in engagement with pandemic fiction (e.g., movies about pandemics), information about historical pandemics (e.g., the 1918 flu), and news about the current pandemic. At the same time, many people were actively avoiding all media related to pandemics. What is behind these drastically different responses? This preregistered study investigates the relationship between personality characteristics and engagement with pandemic-related media at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. A large sample (N = 418) reported their engagement with these three types of pandemic media and completed several individual difference measures. Intellect and Intolerance of Uncertainty predicted engagement with pandemic news. In contrast, Compulsivity predicted greater engagement with pandemic fiction and information about historical pandemics, with Withdrawal predicting lower engagement with these two genres. This research has wider implications, helping to explain engagement with media related to current or pending catastrophes.
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Este artículo analiza la construcción narrativa del autor empírico en Tor, Tretze cases y tres morts, el true crime dirigido por Carles Porta para TV3 en 2024. Se parte del presupuesto de que, a diferencia de los géneros informativos, el autor/narrador/personaje del true crime estructura el relato en torno a la aventura semiológica (barthesiana) de su propia representación. El ecosistema narrativo de Tor, cuya expansión transmedial incluye dos libros de Porta sobre esta serie documental, la convierte en un texto ejemplar en cuanto estrategia creativa del true crime actual. El procedimiento presenta interesantes similitudes con La preparación du roman, el Grand Project de Roland Barthes de construir una obra estructurada en torno a la necesidad de conjugar la propia exposición del autor con la introyección del otro, cuya exploración constituye el objeto del presente estudio.
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This article draws on data from 18 semi-structured interviews with women which explore their relations with true crime television. Complicating popular and academic arguments that such relations operate pedagogically (that true crime offers a form of ‘safety advice’ for women), the data attests to the participants’ reflexive negotiation of ethics as a frame through which viewing investments are presented, regulated and articulated. Both contributing to and questioning feminist work which has explored the potential ‘reimagining’ of true crime within a post #MeToo context, the data offers insight into how these female viewers negotiate what they see as ‘ethical viewing’ of the genre and its relationship with questions of ‘witnessing’ and responsibility.
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Artykuł jest próbą zbadania fenomenu podcastów true crime, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich odbiorcy. Przedstawia historię gatunku (true crime) i porównuje go z tradycyjnym kryminałem. W niniejszym artykule podkast opisany został jako podstawowa forma komunikacji true crime, przeciwstawiona zresztą zwykłemu radiu. Aby dotrzeć do motywów odbiorców badanego zjawiska, w artykule opisano wpływ procesu cywilizacyjnego na zmianę instynktów i wewnętrznych imperatywów człowieka. Nacisk położony został na stopniowe zanikanie naturalnej agresji. W porównaniu z teoriami współczesnych badaczy gatunku w tekście przedstawiono dwie tezy rzucające nowe światło na potrzeby odbiorców true crime.
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