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The Synthetic Function in the Study of Personality
Solange die Psychoanalyse überwiegend triebtheoretisch verfasst war, musste sie sich mit der Beziehung des Einen zum Anderen äußerst schwer tun. Denn der Trieb war zwar als „Grenzbegriff zwischen dem Somatischen und dem Psychischen“ von Freud (1915) definiert worden, konnte aber nur an seinen Repräsentanzen erkannt bzw. musste aus diesen erschlossen werden. Nie also konnte, in dieser Anlage der Theorie, der Trieb ein „Objekt“ besetzen, obwohl sich dieser Sprachgebrauch durchaus eingebürgert hatte. Genau genommen konnte der Trieb nur eine „Objektrepräsentanz“ besetzen – aber dann hatte die Theorie die Aufgabe, zu erklären, wie es überhaupt zu einer solchen Repräsentierung kommen konnte. Denn diese war ja nur möglich dort, wo der Trieb sich auf die eine oder andere Weise des Objekts bereits bemächtigt, es bereits „besetzt“ hätte, um dann seine Repräsentanz verinnerlichen zu können.
This paper analyses the responses given by children from two samples (n=320, n=147) to two test items concerning fairness in a game of chance. We study the influence of age and mathematical ability on the percentage of correct responses. Interviews with a small sample of pupils serve to describe children's conceptions of fair games.
In "Making a Friend in Youth," Robert L. Selman and Lynn Hickey Schultz look at theoretical, clinical, and research work from a developmental perspective to do two things: describe both normal and pathological interactions of children with regard to friendship; and show how youngsters, lonely because of their social behavior or emotional problems, can be helped to learn what it means and feels like to make and keep a friend. Selman and his colleagues at a day school he directs for children with social and emotional difficulties have developed an innovative treatment program called "pair therapy," the first clinical approach of its kind that uses and builds upon developmental theory. Regardless of their formal diagnosis, the children at the school all have experienced isolation from peers because of their overly aggressive or withdrawn behavior. To foster psychosocial and personal development, pairs of children carry out challenging activities together and, with the help of a therapist, reflect on the success of their mutual efforts.
The result of ten years of work, it demonstrates that developmental theory, empirical research, and clinical practice can nurture and support one another in the quest to understand normality and pathology in psychosocial development. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Developmental variation in coping and defense strategy use was examined in a sample of 100 male and female participants ranging in age from 10 to 77 years. Each participant was administered Loevinger's ego development task, the Ways of Coping measure, and the Defense Mechanism Inventory. In addition, a brief narrative of a stressful experience was assessed for the developmental level of the response and for its content. The results suggest that, in addition to age, the developmental measures of ego level and source of stress predict the use of particular coping and defense strategies. In keeping with other research, sex differences in coping and defense strategies were also found. These findings are discussed in light of the need for tasks that are able to assess both developmental and individual differences in the maturity of coping and defense strategy use.
Both throughout history and in current philosophies, two modes of thought and self-regulation have been documented: one that is intuitive, subjective, and emotional, and one that is rational, objective, and logical. Several contemporary approaches to self-regulation have attempted to specify the relationship between these two available modes. In this paper, we propose a model that suggests a shift in the organization of the two modes as a function of developmental maturity. This model is applied to the development of a four-level assessment scheme for the understanding and control of four emotional states: anger, sadness, fear, and happiness. Preliminary analyses of a subsample of 28 males and females (11–67 years of age) show a developmental trend in these levels as a function of age. Ego development and verbal ability were also related to the level exhibited, making the specific determinants of these trends a subject for further analysis. The proposed model is discussed in light of these findings.
Emerging lives, enduring & p i -tions: Personality in adulthood The self, adult development, and the theory of biography and transformation
- R Mccrae
- P Costa
McCrae, R., & Costa, P. (1984). Emerging lives, enduring & p i -tions: Personality in adulthood. Boston: Little, Brown. Noam, G. G. (1988). The self, adult development, and the theory of biography and transformation. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), SeZj ego and identity-integrative approaches @p. 3-29).
Studying lives with tough and tender methodr
- R Helson
Helson, R. (1989, August). Studying lives with tough and tender methodr. Invited lecture presented at the meeting of the Amer-ican Psychological Association, New Orleans.
Personal* at thecrossroads: Current issues in interactionalpsychology
- W Mischel