Article

Relation between personality and drinking motives in young adults

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to place drinking motives within the context of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Specifically, we sought to determine whether certain personality domains and facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) predict Enhancement, Coping, Social, and/or Conformity drinking motives from the Revised Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ-R). A sample of 256 university student drinkers (M age =21.3 years) completed the NEO-PI-R and DMQ-R. In bivariate correlations, the two negative reinforcement motives (Coping and Conformity) were positively correlated with Neuroticism and negatively correlated with Extraversion. The two positive reinforcement motives (Enhancement and Social) were positively correlated with Extraversion and negatively correlated with Conscientiousness. Multiple regression analyses revealed that personality domain scores predicted two of the four drinking motives (i.e. the internal drinking motives of Coping and Enhancement), after controlling for the influences of alternative drinking motives. Enhancement Motives were predicted by high Extraversion and low Conscientiousness, and Coping Motives by high Neuroticism. Supplementary correlational analyses involving certain personality facet scores revealed that the depression and self-consciousness facets of the Neuroticism domain were positively correlated with residual Coping and Conformity Motives, respectively, and that the excitement-seeking and gregariousness facets of the Extraversion domain were positively correlated with residual Enhancement and Social Motives, respectively. These results provide further validation of Cox and Klinger’s 2×2 (valence [positive vs negative reinforcement]×source [internal vs external]) model of drinking motivations, and confirm previous speculations that drinking motives are distinguishable on the basis of personality domains and facets. Understanding the relations between personality and drinking motives may prove useful in identifying young drinkers whose drinking motivations may portend the development of heavy and/or problem drinking.

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... Bireylerin kişilik özelliklerinin alkol tüketimi ile ilişkili olduğunu ifade eden çeşitli araştırmalar bulunmaktadır (Sher ve Levenson, 1982;Sayette, 1999;Stewart ve Devine, 2000;Kuntsche vd., 2008;Pilatti vd., 2015). Bu noktada aşçıların kişilik özelliklerinin alkol tüketimleri üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. ...
... Katılımcıların tümü (%100), aşçıların kişilik özelliklerinin alkol tüketimini etkilediğini ifade etmiştir. Bu sonuç bireylerin kişilik özelliklerinin alkol tüketimiyle ilişkili olduğunu ifade eden çeşitli araştırmalarla (Sher ve Levenson, 1982;Sayette, 1999;Stewart ve Devine, 2000;Kuntsche vd., 2008;Pilatti vd., 2015) örtüşür niteliktedir. ...
... All of the participants (100%) stated that the personality traits of the cooks affect their alcohol consumption. This result is in line with various studies (Sher & Levenson, 1982;Sayette, 1999;Stewart & Devine, 2000) stating that individuals' personality traits are related to alcohol consumption. 80% of the participants stated that the stress experienced by the cooks in the kitchen is effective in directing them to alcohol consumption. ...
Article
İş yaşamında bireyler demografik, sosyo-kültürel, fiziksel, psikolojik vb. gibi pek çok nedenlerle alkol tüketimine yönelebilmektedir. İşyerinde aşırı alkol tüketimi iş kazaları, performans kaybı, işe geç gelme ya da gelmeme, sözlü ve/veya fiziksel saldırganlıklar gibi olumsuz birtakım sonuçlar meydana getirmektedir. Bu araştırma aşçıların mutfakta alkol tüketim durumlarını tespit etmek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplamada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden birisi olan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini Ankara’da çalışan/çalışmış olan aşçılar oluşturmaktadır. Maksimum çeşitleme ve kartopu örnekleme teknikleriyle dokuz erkek ve altı kadın olmak üzere toplamda 15 katılımcıya ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre; katılımcılar, mutfakta alkol tüketiminin bulunduğunu (%38) düşünmektedir. Ancak katılımcılar, %53 oranıyla alkol tüketiminin mutfağın örgüt kültüründe yer almadığını belirmişlerdir. Aşçıların alkol tüketiminde etkili olan ilk nedenin stres faktörü (%18) olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada aşçıların demografik özellikleri (%73), dini inanışları (%71) ve kişilik özellikleriyle (%100) alkol tüketimleri arasında bir ilişki olduğunu algıladıkları saptanmıştır. Aynı zamanda stres (%80), mutfağın fiziksel özellikleri (%71), çalışma günleri, saatleri, zaman baskısı, ücret ve benzeri faktörlerle (%86) aşçının alkol tüketimi arasında bir ilişki algılandığı tespit edilmiştir. Alkolün mutfaklarda erişebilir (%72) olmasıyla aşçıların alkol tüketimi arasında bir ilişki algılandığı da saptanmıştır. Tespit edilen bu ilişkilerin aşçıları alkole yönlendirmede etkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Mutfakta yaşanılan mobbing ve taciz gibi etkenlerle (%60) aşçıların alkol tüketimi arasında bir ilişki olduğuna yönelik bulgu elde edilmemiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; işletmecilere, aşçılara ve diğer araştırmacılara yönelik çeşitli öneriler geliştirilmiştir. Aşçıların sigara vb. zararlı madde kullanımı üzerine araştırmalar yapılması, alkol tüketen aşçılar psikolojik yardım hizmeti sunulması, mutfak içerisinde alkol tüketen aşçılara ise disiplin cezası verilmesi bu önerilerden birkaçıdır.
... For instance, researchers have examined various personality variables as possible causes of alcohol problems, such as sensation seeking (VanZile-Tamsen, Testa, Harlow, & Livingston, 2006) and impulsivity (Hair & Hampson, 2006). Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin and Rhyno (2001) proposed the Big Five model for the investigation of the relationship between personality and the motives of alcohol use and misuse. Stewart and Devine (2000) first tested the applicability of the five factors to Cooper's (1994) four drinking motives model and found paths that linked internal drinking motives with the personality dimensions. ...
... Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin and Rhyno (2001) proposed the Big Five model for the investigation of the relationship between personality and the motives of alcohol use and misuse. Stewart and Devine (2000) first tested the applicability of the five factors to Cooper's (1994) four drinking motives model and found paths that linked internal drinking motives with the personality dimensions. ...
... Theakston, Tucker, Schwartz, Martin, Tomlinson-Keasey, Wingard & Criqui (2004) examined the preventive role of the Big-Five personality domains toward drinking motives among young adult drinkers and found that the personality domains predicted both external and internal motives. Results relevant to internal motives partially corresponded to the previous results by Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin & Rhyno (2001) and connected personality vulnerability with risky internal reasons among drinkers. Low Conscientiousness was found to be remained a significant predictor of alcohol misuse. ...
... For instance, researchers have examined various personality variables as possible causes of alcohol problems, such as sensation seeking (VanZile-Tamsen, Testa, Harlow, & Livingston, 2006) and impulsivity (Hair & Hampson, 2006). Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin and Rhyno (2001) proposed the Big Five model for the investigation of the relationship between personality and the motives of alcohol use and misuse. Stewart and Devine (2000) first tested the applicability of the five factors to Cooper's (1994) four drinking motives model and found paths that linked internal drinking motives with the personality dimensions. ...
... Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin and Rhyno (2001) proposed the Big Five model for the investigation of the relationship between personality and the motives of alcohol use and misuse. Stewart and Devine (2000) first tested the applicability of the five factors to Cooper's (1994) four drinking motives model and found paths that linked internal drinking motives with the personality dimensions. ...
... Theakston, Tucker, Schwartz, Martin, Tomlinson-Keasey, Wingard & Criqui (2004) examined the preventive role of the Big-Five personality domains toward drinking motives among young adult drinkers and found that the personality domains predicted both external and internal motives. Results relevant to internal motives partially corresponded to the previous results by Stewart and Devine (2000) and Stewart, Loughlin & Rhyno (2001) and connected personality vulnerability with risky internal reasons among drinkers. Low Conscientiousness was found to be remained a significant predictor of alcohol misuse. ...
... Underlying these motives are individual differences in trait sensitivity (e.g., sensitivity to reward [SR] vs punishment) and behavioral tendency (e.g., approach vs avoidance), which are known to influence drinking behavior (Loxton and Dawe, 2001;Wiers et al., 2011;Adams et al., 2012). Specifically, individuals with heightened SR drink to enhance mood (Cooper, 1994;Hittner and Swickert, 2006), whereas those with heightened sensitivity to punishment (SP) drink to avoid or escape from negative emotions (Cooper, 1994;Stewart and Devine, 2000;Merrill and Read, 2010). Drinking as an avoidance strategy, in particular, has been associated with excessive alcohol consumption (Holahan et al., 2001), alcohol dependency (Cooper et al., 1995), and relapse among recovering alcoholics (Marlatt and Gordon, 1980;Wunschel et al., 1993). ...
... With brain imaging, investigators have characterized the neural correlates of these personality traits in alcohol dependence (Koob et al., 1994;Addolorato et al., 2005;Olbrich et al., 2006;Bobova et al., 2009;Weiland et al., 2013;Heinrich et al., 2016;Galandra et al., 2018). In contrast, while several studies have related measures of avoidance traits, such as neuroticism (Stewart and Devine, 2000;Kuntsche et al., 2008) and behavioral inhibition (Hasking, 2006) to alcohol misuse, no work to our knowledge has examined the neural substrates linking behavioral avoidance to problem drinking. ...
... Traits measuring response to punishment, including the Behavioral Inhibition Scale, have been consistently associated with alcohol misuse. Behavioral Inhibition Scale score was positively correlated with alcohol consumption in large samples of young adults (Stewart and Devine, 2000;Stewart et al., 2002;Kuntsche et al., 2008) and adolescents (Hasking, 2006). Here, we confirmed that nondependent drinkers with elevated SP exhibited greater severity in problem alcohol use. ...
Article
Many people drink to alleviate negative affect, reflecting an avoidance strategy which can lead to alcohol misuse. Individuals with heightened sensitivity to punishment (SP) are especially susceptible to problem drinking via this maladaptive coping mechanism. As imaging studies have largely focused on sensation-seeking traits and approach behavior, the neural substrates underlying behavioral avoidance as well as their relationship with punishment sensitivity and alcohol use remain unclear. Here, we examined in humans the cerebral correlates of response inhibition to avoid a penalty in relation to both problem drinking and SP, as evaluated by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire, respectively. Seventy nondependent female and male drinkers performed a reward go/no-go task with approximately two-thirds go and one-third no-go trials. Correct go and no-go responses were rewarded, and incorrect responses were punished. The results showed that SP and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test scores were both positively correlated with brain activations during response inhibition, and these activations overlapped in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Thus, the PCC may represent a shared neural substrate for avoidance, punishment sensitivity, and problem drinking. Mediation analyses further suggested that PCC response to avoidance completely and bidirectionally mediated the relationship between SP and hazardous alcohol use. These findings substantiated the role of the PCC in behavioral avoidance and its link to problem drinking in punishment-sensitive nondependent drinkers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Many people drink to alleviate negative affect, reflecting an avoidance strategy that can lead to alcohol misuse. Individuals with heightened punishment sensitivity (SP) trait are particularly vulnerable to this maladaptive coping mechanism. The current study examined the neural substrates underlying behavioral avoidance and their relationship with SP and problem drinking. Using a reward go/no-go task, we showed both SP and drinking severity were positively correlated with the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activation during action inhibition. Thus, the PCC may represent a shared neural substrate for avoidance behavior, punishment sensitivity, and problem drinking. Further, PCC response to avoidance mediated the relationship between SP and alcohol use. These findings substantiated the neural processes linking avoidance tendency to alcohol misuse in punishment-sensitive drinkers.
... Motivational models of alcohol use argue that although personality characteristics are risk factors for alcohol misuse, their influence is exerted indirectly via drinking motivations, due to motivations being shaped by individual differences in sensitivity to alcohol's negative (e.g., to decease negative affect) or positive (e.g., to increase positive affect) reinforcing qualities (Cooper, 1994;Stewart & Devine, 2000). This is drawn from Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST; see Corr, 2008), and evidence suggests that individual differences in reward sensitivity may be distal predictors of the drive to over-consume food or alcohol for some individuals (Franken, 2002;Hasking, 2006;Tapper, Baker, Jiga-Boy, Haddock, & Maio, 2015). ...
... This is drawn from Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST; see Corr, 2008), and evidence suggests that individual differences in reward sensitivity may be distal predictors of the drive to over-consume food or alcohol for some individuals (Franken, 2002;Hasking, 2006;Tapper, Baker, Jiga-Boy, Haddock, & Maio, 2015). Cooper (1994) argues that drinking motivations can be divided into positive motives; social (e.g., drinking alcohol to enjoy social gatherings, external reinforcement) and enhancement (e.g., because one enjoys the feeling, internal reinforcement), as well as counterpart negative motives; conformity (e.g., to not feel left out), and coping (e.g., to forget about negative emotions) (Cooper, 1994;Stewart & Devine, 2000). Critically, these motivations underpinning alcohol use have also been shown to map directly upon the motivations for hedonic eating (Burgess, Turan, Lokken, Morse & Boggiano, 2014). ...
... The current results support the critical role of motivation in drinking (Cooper, 1994;Stewart & Devine, 2000) and eating behaviour (Boggiano et. al., 2015), as no direct associations between anxiety sensitivity or hopelessness and unhealthy snacking or hazardous drinking were observed, whereas accounting for a negative reinforcement motivecopingrevealed both direct and indirect relationships between personality characteristics, motivations and over-consumption. ...
Article
Background: Negative personality characteristics have been implicated in promoting overconsumption of both alcohol and food. Furthermore, positive motivations (enhancement) and negative motivations (coping) may mediate the association between personality and alcohol or food (over)consumption. Objectives: This study hypothesized that i.) drinking to cope and ii.) eating to cope would mediate the association between hopelessness/anxiety sensitivity and hazardous drinking/unhealthy snacking, respectively, and iii.) eating and drinking to cope would represent separate strategies. Methods: Participants were recruited via opportunity sampling through university schemes, social media, email and web page advertisements. Questionnaires included the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Substance Use Risk Profile Scale, Modified Drinking Motives Questionnaire Short Form, Palatable Eating Motives Scale and Snack/Meal Food Intake Measure. Results: Participants were 198 undergraduates, weight-related research volunteers and the public (83% female; 90% university educated). The hypothesized structural model fit the data well. As predicted, there were significant indirect associations between negative personality characteristics, hazardous drinking and unhealthy snacking via coping; specifically, individuals higher in anxiety sensitivity/hopelessness used food or alcohol to cope which, in turn, significantly predicted unhealthy snacking, and hazardous drinking, respectively. Importantly, drinking and eating to cope represented outcome-specific strategies, indicated by no significant association between eating to cope and hazardous drinking, or between drinking to cope and snacking. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that coping motivations are critical to the relationship between negative personality characteristics and unhealthy behaviors and highlights the distinct negative-reinforcement pathways associated with hazardous drinking and unhealthy snacking in majority university-educated females from the UK.
... Thus, although several studies have investigated whether drinking motives predict HID, no prior studies, to our knowledge, have tested whether drinking motives might modify the relationship between personality and HID, specifically. Taken together, drinking motives seem to be a promising avenue to pursue in better understanding the emergence of HID in young adults, particularly since several studies have shown that personality traits are indirectly associated with both typical alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems via motives (e.g., Kuntsche et al., 2008;Littlefield et al., 2010;Stewart et al., 2001;Stewart & Devine, 2000). Therefore, this will be the first study to investigate whether personality traits are indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via drinking motives. ...
... These findings are consistent with previous research investigating associations between drinking motives and binge drinking, as traditionally defined (Cooper et al., 2016) and HID (Creswell et al., 2020;White et al., 2016). In addition, neuroticism was significantly positively correlated with coping motives, and extraversion was positively correlated with social and enhancement motives, which is consistent with much prior research on alcohol consumption (e.g., Kuntsche et al., 2008;Lee & Sibley, 2020;Stewart et al., 2001;Stewart & Devine, 2000). Contrary to expectations, neuroticism and extraversion were not significantly correlated with HID, which contrasts with the findings of Lee and Sibley (2020), the only other study that examined the Big 5 personality traits as predictors of HID. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Researchers have long been interested in identifying risk factors for binge drinking behavior (4+/5+ drinks/occasion for females/males), but many studies have demonstrated that a substantial proportion of young adults are drinking at levels far beyond (often 2 to 3 times) the standard binge threshold. The consumption of such large quantities of alcohol, typically referred to as high‐intensity drinking (HID), can cause severe alcohol‐related problems, such as blackouts, unintended sexual experiences, and death. This study is the first to investigate whether personality is indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via drinking motives in a large (N = 999) sample of underage young adult drinkers. We hypothesized that trait neuroticism would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via coping motives and that extraversion would be indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via social and enhancement motives. Methods To investigate these hypotheses, we used two archival data sets that recruited current underage (18‐ to 20‐year‐old) adult drinkers residing in the United States from online panel services. Participants completed self‐report survey items assessing constructs of interest. To investigate the role of drinking motives in the association between personality and HID, both the direct and indirect effects were calculated via three path analyses. Results Findings revealed that neuroticism was partially indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via coping motives (b = 0.02, SE = 0.004, p < 0.01). In addition, extraversion was indirectly associated with the likelihood of HID via social (b = 0.031, SE = 0.002, p < 0.01) and enhancement motives (b = 0.01, SE = 0.002, p = 0.01). Conclusions These findings are an initial step in examining the interplay among personality traits, drinking motives, and HID in underage drinkers and point to the need for longitudinal studies assessing these associations.
... Zilberman et al., 2020). Stewart and Devine (2000) suggested that the motives behind the behaviour might explain this prediction, or, as in the present study, lack thereof. According to the authors, when individuals engage in maladaptive behaviours as a coping mechanism to deal with psychological distress, neuroticism emerges as a predictor of such behaviours. ...
Article
Alcohol consumption and Internet use are highly prevalent behaviours among young adults and previous research has suggested that different addictive behaviours might be distinctly associated with personality. This study examined the role of big-5 personality traits in alcohol consumption and Internet use. Alcohol consumption, internet use, and personality traits were assessed on 457 Portuguese university students. Higher levels of neuroticism, and lower levels of conscientiousness and agreeableness were found to be associated both with harmful alcohol use and problematic internet use. Openness to experience was not correlated with either behaviour. Multiple linear regression showed that conscientiousness might be an important predictor of both alcohol consumption and Internet use. There is an important overlap in personality traits related to alcohol and the use of internet, but there are also clear differences in what regards extraversion. Conscientiousness should be promoted as a preventive strategy.
... Alcohol use has been linked to mental health problems such as perceived stress or depressive symptoms Boden & Fergusson, 2011;Boschloo et al., 2012;Dos Reis & Oliveira, 2017;Lafay et al., 2003;Cooper, Frone, Russell, & Mudar, 1995;McCreary & Sadava, 1998;Stewart & Devine, 2000). According to tension reduction theory, tension-producing circumstances (i. ...
... In line with the marketing literature, which shows the antecedents of persuasion stem from individuals' own needs, which can be utilitarian (a product is bought for its quality, taste) and/or more symbolic and hedonic (Holbrook and Hirschman, 1982), our results underline that LO alcohol ads may influence young people by activating both routes of persuasion. Regarding the symbolic activation, past research suggests a link between youth drinking motives and a desire to assert oneself, obtain social recognition and forge an identity in relation to peers (Carrigan et al., 1998;Cooper, 1994;Stewart and Devine, 2000). Excessive drinking is also presented as a source of pleasure, a form of calculated hedonism for "chilling out" with friends (Szmigin et al., 2008). ...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose - Upstream social marketers advocate implementing effective public policies to protect vulnerable populations from the impacts of advertising harmful products. This research explores how alcohol ad content restrictions (as practised in some countries where ads may only convey factual information and objective properties of alcohol products) versus non-regulated advertising affect consumers’ product perceptions, attitude towards the ad, and desire to drink. It also examines how such restrictions influence the noticeability of text health warnings in ads (signalling alcohol-related risks) depending on their prominence. Design/methodology - A multi-method study was used to increase the validity of results. An online quantitative survey (n = 348) and an eye-tracking study (n = 184) were conducted on young French people (15–30). The eye-tracking method is particularly relevant for objectively measuring visual attention. Findings - Results show that content restrictions on alcohol advertising reduce ad appeal and desire to drink. A more prominent format enhanced attentional processing of the text warning, whereas none of the tested ad contents influenced its noticeability. Originality - To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first multi-method study that assesses the effect of regulated vs. non-regulated alcohol ads in terms of persuasion and of text warning visibility. Practical implications - This study assesses scientific evidence of the effect on alcohol ad content regulations adopted by some countries and provides arguments for upstream social marketers to inform and influence policy makers.
... Because gambling disorder has phenomenologically similar symptoms to addiction-related disorders (Rash et al., 2016), a psychopharmacological addiction model was first adapted to develop gambling motivation scales. Studies on alcoholism have proposed two characteristic motivations for drinking: negative reinforcement (to alleviate negative emotions) and positive reinforcement (to induce emotions; Mohr et al., 2005;Stewart & Devine, 2000). However, gambling addiction differs from alcoholism significantly in that irrational cognitions such as the illusion of control (Langer, 1975;Clark & Wohl, 2021) and other erroneous gambling-related beliefs (Ejova & Ohtsuka, 2020) play a major role. ...
Article
Full-text available
The Modified Gambling Motivation Scale (MGMS) is based on Self�Determination Theory, comprises six factors: Intellectual Challenge, Social Recognition, Excitement, Socialization, Monetary Gain, and Amotivation. As currently configured, the MGMS does not directly translate into a clinical intervention strategy. To increase the value of this scale, we propose restructuring it into a new scale based on identity development theory, with four factors that each correspond to a clinical grouping according to type of gambler: Identity for Achievement (recreational gamblers), Identity for Diffusion (problem gamblers), Moratorium (pathological gamblers), and Occupational Identity (professional gamblers). We also investigated the reliability and validity of both the four- and six-factor structures of its Japanese version (J-MGMS) in the seven-point Likert format and the dichotomous (yes/no) format. Study 1 validated J-MGMS by comparing it to MGMS with 26 participants. Study 2 evaluated the score structure of the J-MGMS with 160 participants. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test found no significant difference between the MGMS and J-MGMS, while confirmatory factor analysis indicated a better fit for the four-factor dichotomous format of the J-MGMS than for others. We also identified associations between amotivation and gambling problem scores with a linear regression model. Our findings indicate that the four-factor dichotomous format can be more convenient than the current six�factor structure for assessing gamblers’ identity
... Conformity highlights individuals' need of avoiding peer disapproval (Stewart & Devine, 2000). One type of conformity is -normative influence,‖ which manifests itself when people conform to gain approval, seek social harmony or to avoid disapproval and rejection (Beasley, et al., 2016). ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Risk management practices of financial institutions play a significant role in financial stability and thereby strengthen the confidence of stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of banks‟ risk management capabilities on stock returns. Four basic risk management capability measures are used for this purpose.The data from the financial reports of eight listed commercial banks for the period from 2006 to 2018 are used for the analysis. The DuPont analysis of ROE calculation is used to identify four risk management variables such as interest rate risk management, bank income diversification, credit risk managementand solvency risk management. The standard market model is estimated using two different regressions as regression 01 and regression 02 to capture the impact of firm size (control variable) on the whole model.The findings of regression 01 and regression 02 reveal that market return ( and income diversification (NNIM) are significant to predict bank stock returns. However, Interest rate risk management capability (NETIM), credit risk management capability (PROV), solvency risk management capability are insignificant variables under both models. The impact of firm size on the whole model is also insignificant and there is an insignificant positive relationship between bank stock returns and firm size (TA). Therefore, bank managers can employ effective strategies to increase non-interest income, hence it contributes to generate a higher return for the shareholders. Therefore, the study suggests shareholders to purchase the stocks of banks which has increased non-interest income and to aware on the market index changes in order to increase their returns. Keywords: Bank income diversification; Risk management capability; Stock returns
... Similarly, hopelessness/negative thinking personalities show a link to depressive disorders, with alcohol being used as a pain-reduction strategy to selfmedicate, specifically amongst Indigenous youth (Stewart et al., 2005). Sensation seeking on the other hand refers to individuals that consume alcohol to experience euphoric and intoxicating effects (Stewart et al., 2000), which would require a completely different preventative strategy compared to the previous two personality types that are orientated around self-soothing motivational factors. With 1 in 11 ...
Article
Full-text available
Considering the growing prevalence of substance use amongst young people, prevention programs targeting children and adolescents are needed to protect against related cognitive, psychological, and behavioural issues. Preventative programs that have been adapted to Canadian Indigenous cultures in school and family settings are discussed. The first and second phase of the Life Skills Training (LST) program and the Maskwacis Life Skills Training (MLST) program are reviewed, as well as Bii-Zin-Da-De-Da (BZDDD; “Listening to One Another”) and a culturally sensitive smoking prevention program. Motivating factors, comorbid disorders, and at-risk personality types associated with substance use amongst Canadian children and adolescents, specifically Indigenous youth, are considered through the application of the biopsychosocial model. This paper aims to describe the requital efforts being made in Canada towards Indigenous communities, to compare substance use prevention programs targeting Indigenous children and adolescents, and to provide suggestions for future research on preventative interventions directed towards substance use within minority groups.
... These findings are consistent with self-determination (Deci & Ryan, 1980, 2004 and sociometer theories of self-esteem (Leary, 2005;Leary & Baumeister, 2000) suggesting that drinking motives relating to belonging with others might be particularly salient for individuals with low selfesteem and with literature that found drinking to avoid aversive negative states or outcomes (e.g. social pressure, awkwardness, or rejection) is most common among females (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2004, 2012 and among individuals who report lower self-esteem (Cooper et al., 2016b;Stewart & Devine, 2000). These findings may also reflect literature suggesting that individuals with low levels of self-esteem may be more prone to conformity (Uslu, 2013), such as in situations where they experience peer pressure to drink alcohol. ...
Article
Over the past two decades, rates of alcohol use among female students have risen to meet or even surpass those seen among males. Yet, little is known about factors that play a role in the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consumption for female college students. The present study examines self-esteem as a moderator in the association between categories of drinking motives and alcohol use in a sample of female college students. Participants included 196 female undergraduates who reported drinking alcohol at least once in the preceding month (Mage= 19.5 years, 88.8% White) at a northeastern public university. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing self-esteem, drinking motives, and past month alcohol use. Self-esteem was significantly negatively correlated with coping (r=-.40, p<.001) and conformity motives (r=-.22, p=.002) but not enhancement or social motives. Main effects predicting alcohol use were detected for enhancement (b = 1.49, p<.001), coping (b = 1.73, p<.001), and social motives (b = 1.34, p<.001), but not conformity motives or self-esteem. The interaction of conformity motives and self-esteem was significant (b=-0.17, p=.04). Simple slopes analyses revealed that conformity motives were significantly positively related to alcohol consumption for at low (b = 1.53, p=.001), but not high levels (b=-0.39, p=.61) of self-esteem. No other interactions were significant. Assisting female college students with increasing their self-esteem may be an effective component of intervention programs targeting alcohol consumption, particularly among those who report drinking to fit in.
... In other words, conformity drinking motives are strongly correlated with drinking in social situations wherein pressures to conform may be particularly strong (e.g. drinking at parties), and with drinking-related problems (Cooper, 1994;Stewart & Devine, 2000). Thus, we believe that conformity drinking motives are the key mediator linking mentors' drinking norms and their protégés' alcohol misuse. ...
Chapter
Full-text available
Drawing on the social cognitive theory, this study investigated the effect of mentors' drinking norms on their protégés' alcohol misuse by focusing on the mediating role of conformity drinking motives and the moderating role of moral disengagement. We conducted a three-wave survey of 148 mentor-protégé dyads and found that mentors' drinking norms were positively related to their protégés' alcohol misuse and that this relationship was fully mediated by conformity drinking motives. Moreover, the moderated mediation model revealed that moral engagement strengthens the main effects of mentors' drinking norms on conformity drinking motives and the indirect effects of mentors' drinking norms on protégés' alcohol misuse via enhanced conformity drinking motives. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... Hypothesis 2: BPD is characterized by heightened reactivity to external stressors (APA, 2013), especially ISs (see Lazarus et al., 2014 for a review). Moreover, individuals with features characteristic of BPD (e.g., emotional instability, neuroticism, Cluster B symptoms) report higher levels of coping motives (Simons et al., 2005;Stewart & Devine, 2000;Tragesser et al., 2007). Thus, we hypothesized that they would be more likely to seek out alcohol following ISs. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background Interpersonal stressors (ISs) are major factors in relapse in alcohol use disorder (AUD) and are theorized to play a role in drinking behaviors. Past work has examined this association using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), but the unique effects of rejections and disagreements on alcohol use are unknown. Research suggests the two ISs functionally differ and may display distinct associations with drinking. Further, these associations may differ in people with borderline personality disorder (BPD), a population reporting frequent IS and co-occurring AUD. Methods 113 drinkers (community: n = 59; BPD: n = 54) reported alcohol use and ISs using EMA for 21 days. Using generalized estimating equations, we expected that rejection and disagreement would predict increased likelihood of drinking each day. We examined both cumulative (throughout each day) and immediate momentary effects of ISs predicting subsequent drinking on that same day. Further, we predicted that these associations would be stronger in individuals with BPD. Results Greater rejections throughout the day were associated with a reduced likelihood of drinking that day (OR = 0.56, 95% CI:[0.32, 0.97], p < .040). In contrast, disagreements immediately prior to drinking were associated with an increased likelihood of drinking that day (OR = 0.60, 95% CI:[1.02, 2.50], p = .039). However, the effect of disagreement on drinking was moderated by BPD diagnosis (OR = 2.56, 95% CI:[1.13, 5.80], p = .025), such that the effect was only present for individuals with BPD. Conclusions Assessing ISs as an aggregate predictor may mask potentially opposite effects on alcohol use. Additionally, disagreements may be a risk factor for subsequent alcohol use in BPD.
... Perhaps chief among these is, what causes someone to drink in a way that hurts their well-being, and how can they be helped to modify their drinking behavior? Many potential mechanisms driving alcohol use have been identified, such as intentions to drink (Conner et al., 1999), personality characteristics like impulsivity (Stewart & Devine, 2000), and contextual factors like social norms (Kuntsche et al., 2006). Yet uncertainty remains regarding how to determine the relative influence of these mechanisms on actual consumption of alcohol for any given person. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background and aims: The specific factors driving alcohol consumption, craving, and wanting to drink, are likely different for different people. The present study sought to apply statistical classification methods to idiographic time series data in order to identify person-specific predictors of future drinking-relevant behavior, affect, and cognitions in a college student sample. Design: Participants were sent 8 mobile phone surveys per day for 15 days. Each survey assessed the number of drinks consumed since the previous survey, as well as positive affect, negative affect, alcohol craving, drinking expectancies, perceived alcohol consumption norms, impulsivity, and social and situational context. Each individual's data were split into training and testing sets, so that trained models could be validated using person-specific out-of-sample data. Elastic net regularization was used to select a subset of a set of 40 variables to be used to predict either alcohol consumption, craving, or wanting to drink, forward in time. Setting: A west-coast university. Participants: Thirty-three university students who had consumed alcohol in their lifetime. Measurements: Mobile phone surveys. Findings: Averaging across participants, accurate out-of-sample predictions of future drinking were made 76% of the time. For craving, the mean out-of-sample R² value was .27. For wanting to drink, the mean out-of-sample R² value was .27. Conclusion: Using a person-specific constellation of psychosocial and temporal variables, it may be possible to accurately predict drinking behavior, affect, and cognitions before they occur. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... Notably, higher conformity motives for drinking were associated with increased odds of receptiveness, across a number of categories (e.g., self-help, remote/telehealth, medication). This may be due, in part, to personality traits relevant to conformity motives and treatment engagement, such as neuroticism (e.g., self-consciousness; Hopwood et al., 2008;Stewart & Devine, 2000). However, these associations need to be investigated in future work. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Addressing high-risk alcohol and cannabis use represent major challenges to institutions of higher education. A range of evidence-based treatment approaches are available, but little is known concerning students' receptiveness to such approaches. Prior work identified that students were most open to individual therapy and self-help options for reducing alcohol use, but less open to medication. The current study examines student receptiveness to intervention approaches across a wider range of intervention approaches (e.g., remote/telehealth), and extends to evaluate cannabis intervention receptiveness. Method: Undergraduate students reported on alcohol and cannabis use, motives for and reasons against use, and openness to an array of interventions for reducing alcohol and cannabis use. Results: Informal options (self-help, talking with family/friends), individual therapy, and appointments with a primary care provider (PCP) were endorsed most frequently. Group therapy and medication were less commonly endorsed, though medication was endorsed at a higher prevalence than in prior studies. Women generally expressed higher receptiveness than men. Lower alcohol consumption was associated with increased receptiveness to some approaches. Students at high risk for alcohol and/or cannabis dependence were less receptive to many treatment options. Conclusions: College students were open to a wide variety of approaches for reducing their alcohol and cannabis use. These results can inform selection, implementation, and availability of campus-wide services, especially as low-cost technological-based approaches are expanding. Further attention to existing services (e.g., PCP) for addressing alcohol and cannabis use may be considered, given students' receptiveness to such approaches. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
... Assessments of older adults appear less frequently in this area of research, which has focused more heavily on adolescent and college-aged samples (e.g., Sher et al. 2000;Stewart and Devine 2000;Trull et al. 2004). The prevalence of PDs (Oltmanns and Balsis 2011) and rates of substance use (Shaw et al. 2010) tend to decline over the lifespan, and connections between personality and SUD may change with differential health risks, social network support, and other responsibilities associated with older age groups. ...
Article
Full-text available
Research indicates a robust association between personality and substance use and misuse. The high prevalence and pervasive detrimental impacts of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and smoking of tobacco necessitate more studies designed to identify factors closely associated with these outcomes in specific populations. The analyses reported in the present paper concern the relative utilities of five measures of personality and personality pathology rated by three sources (self, informant, and interviewer) in predicting AUD and regular smoking in a representative sample of 987 older adults, an understudied and uniquely vulnerable population. All measures and sources contributed to the predictions, with notable parallels as well as some important differences identified across substances and sources of information. In particular, low agreeableness robustly predicted AUD and smoking across self- and informant-reports. High interviewer-rated borderline personality pathology also strongly predicted AUD. Model fit indices suggested that measures of personality and personality pathology have stronger utility in predicting AUD as compared to regular smoking. These findings have important implications for the assessment of older adults in research and clinical settings and for the understanding of enduring risk factors for substance misuse later in life. Multi-source personality information is valuable for generating a complete picture of the relationship between personality and substance misuse.
... Advancements in personality taxonomy have also led to the utilization of lower-order facets, intended to increase fidelity of the Big Five domains (Soto & John, 2009 (Stewart & Devine, 2000). ...
Article
Full-text available
Introduction Excessive alcohol use amongst college students is associated with low grades, poor mental health, and risks to physical safety. Neuroticism, characterized by emotional instability and anxiety, and self-reported stress have both been shown to be strong predictors of alcohol use and misuse, however, previous studies have shown that measures of stress and Neuroticism are frequently confounded. This study tests the hypothesis that personality traits, and Neuroticism in particular, predict alcohol use/misuse in matriculating freshmen above and beyond reported levels of stress. Methods Data were collected as part of an IRB-approved longitudinal study, MAPme, examining behavioral health in college. Participants were 303 first-year college students (70% female) with an average age of 18.58 (SD = 0.39). Data were collected during the first eight weeks of the first semester at college. Results Overall, domain-level Neuroticism was not associated with alcohol use/misuse above and beyond perceived levels of stress and other Big Five domains (β= 0.14, p= 0.088). Notably, the depression facet of Neuroticism (Neuroticism—Depression), was positively associated with alcohol use/misuse when accounting for the shared effects of stress. Results demonstrated that the Neuroticism—Depression facet moderated the relationship between stress and alcohol use/misuse (β= 0.18, p= 0.020). Conclusions The Neuroticism—Depression facet is a better predictor of alcohol use/misuse than the Neuroticism domain, even when accounting for stress and other personality domains. At low levels of the Depression facet, stress was negatively associated with alcohol use/misuse, but at high levels of the Depression facet, stress was positively associated with alcohol use/misuse. Taken together, our results shed new light into the combined and independent effects of Neuroticism and stress on alcohol use/misuse.
... However, research on potential risk factors for alcohol consumption within the elderly population is scarce. Furthermore, the influence of personality characteristics on alcohol consumption has either been researched in North America (mainly within college students) or in other single-country studies [18][19][20][21][22], but not within the highly relevant group of older adults in several European countries. ...
Article
Full-text available
Background: Older adults exhibit increased vulnerability for alcohol-related health impairments. Increases in the proportion of older adults among the European Union's total population, as well as the rates of prevalence of alcohol use disorders in this age group are observed in recent years. This large scale multi-national study was conducted to identify those older adults with an increased risk to engage in hazardous drinking behaviour. Methods: Socio-demographic, socio-economic, personality characteristics (Big Five Inventory, BFI-10) and alcohol consumption patterns of 13,351 individuals from 12 different European countries, collected by the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), were analysed using regression models. Results: Age, nationality, years of education, as well as personality traits, were significantly associated with alcohol intake. For males, extraversion predicted increased alcohol intake (RR 1.11, CI 1.07 – 1.16), whereas conscientiousness (RR 0.93, CI 0.89 – 0.97), and agreeableness (RR 0.94, CI 0.90 – 0.99), were associated with a reduction. For females, openness to new experiences (RR 1.11, CI 1.04 – 1.18) predicted increased alcohol intake. Concerning excessive drinking, personality traits, nationality and age predicted consumption patterns for both sexes: Extraversion was identified as a risk factor for excessive drinking (OR 1.15; CI 1.09 – 1.21), whereas conscientiousness was identified as a protective factor (OR 0.87; CI 0.823 – 0.93). Conclusion: Hazardous alcohol consumption in the elderly was associated with specific personality characteristics. Preventative measures, crucial in reducing deleterious health consequences, should focus on translating the knowledge of the association of certain personality traits and alcohol consumption into improved prevention and treatment.
... Therefore an individual with high levels of conformity motive will have high levels of excessive smartphone usage and eventually leading to an addiction. The conformity motive highlights individuals' needs to avoiding peer disapproval (Stewart & Devine, 2000). Hence, the proposed hypothesis 4 in this study is: There is a positively significant correlation between conformity and smartphone addiction. ...
Article
Full-text available
Smartphone technology has surpassed the basic necessity of human basics needs, from a want to a need in life. It has become a very important tool that helps with our work and everything we do in our daily life. Hence, with the excessive freedom of use of smartphone technology, it has become an addictive behaviour which provides a negative effect affecting our daily life. This study investigates the addiction of smartphone technology in Sarawak based on their psychological and behavioural motives. In this present study, the link between antecedents such as perceived enjoyment, pastime, mood regulation and conformity (whether any positive or negative effect) and smartphone addiction was examined. Smartphone addiction was related to a greater amount of leisure time spent on the smartphone and was strongly related to a positive impact of smartphone use on a daily work basis. With that, this study will be conducted using SPSS version 23 to analyse the data collected from the distribution of questionnaires to the sample population which is 200. The sample size will be generated from the used of G*power software. Statistical data revealed that perceived enjoyment, mood regulation, pastime, and conformity positively significant with smartphone addiction. This study has covered the limitation of the unknown studies about smartphone addiction among hotel employees in the Asian context.
... The subscale score represents a participant's mean rating across items. The Coping Motives subscale of the DMQ-R demonstrates good convergent and concurrent validity (Cooper et al., 1995;Stewart & Devine, 2000). The factor structure of the DMQ-R has been examined with Indigenous youth, which has confirmed coping motives as a distinct factor with strong loadings for each item and this subscale has evidenced good convergent validity (Mushquash, Stewart, Comeau, & McGrath, 2008;Mushquash, Stewart, Mushquash, Comeau, & McGrath, 2014 Read, Kahler, Strong, & Colder, 2006) is a 48-item self-report inventory of common problems associated with alcohol use in college student populations. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objectives: The effects of stereotype threat and internalized alcohol stereotypes on negative affect and negative affect-related drinking have not been examined in American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs), despite their frequently being subjected to alcohol stereotypes. The current study examined the association of belief in the myth of an AI/AN specific biological vulnerability (BV) with alcohol consequences through its effect on depression and drinking to cope with negative affect. Method: In this cross-sectional study, a moderated mediation model examined the association of belief in a BV with alcohol consequences via sequential mediators of depression and drinking to cope. It was hypothesized that the positive association of belief in a BV with depression would be stronger among individuals who engaged in more frequent heavy episodic drinking. Participants were 109 female (69.9%) and 47 male (30.1%) AI/AN college students (Mage = 27.1 years, range 18 to 61) who reported having at least 1 drink in the past month. Results: Belief in a BV was positively associated with depression symptoms among participants reporting average or high frequency of heavy episodic drinking. Greater depression symptoms predicted greater drinking to cope, which in turn predicted greater alcohol consequences. Conclusion: Belief in the BV myth may act as a type of stereotype threat, contributing to alcohol consequences by increasing negative affect and drinking to cope. These results suggest that for AI/ANs who drink, there are psychological and behavioral health ramifications of believing in the notion of a BV, and a need to debunk this myth.
... Researchers have observed relations between enhancement-based drinking motives and BPD-related traits such as sensation seeking, low inhibitory control, and behavioral impulsivity (Adams, Kaiser, Lynam, Charnigo, & Milich, 2012). Individuals with BPD also frequently score high on measures of neuroticism (Kendler, Myers, & Reichborn-Kjennerud, 2011), which, in turn, is often linked to coping motives (Cooper, Agocha, & Sheldon, 2000;Littlefield et al., 2010;Loose, Acier, & El-Baalbaki, 2018;Stewart & Devine, 2000). ...
Article
Full-text available
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) and alcohol use disorder frequently co-occur, yet we know relatively little about risk processes underlying this association. Previous research with nonclinical samples has highlighted how drinking motives may link personality characteristics with heavy alcohol use and problems. The present study substantively extends previous research by examining if drinkers with BPD had higher levels of alcohol use problems compared with drinkers without BPD and similar levels of alcohol use involvement. Multiple domains of impulsivity and affective instability were examined as dimensional markers of risk that may increase alcohol problems for individuals with BPD. Furthermore, multiple domains of drinking motives were examined as potential mediators accounting for the association between BPD and alcohol-related problems. Participants were 81 current drinkers (n = 39 with a current diagnosis of BPD). Results indicated that those with BPD endorsed more alcohol problems compared with non-BPD drinkers, F(1, 77) = 22.26, p < .001. These findings remained after accounting for multiple domains of impulsivity and affective instability. The indirect effects of coping and conformity-related drinking motives partially accounted for the relation between BPD and alcohol problems. Research examining differential response to alcohol for individuals with BPD is needed to directly test if acute alcohol consumption is particularly effective at reducing negative affect for adults with BPD. Offering alternative methods of managing uncomfortable or painful states and/or fitting in with others socially may represent particularly important targets for intervention efforts that decrease these reasons for drinking. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
... Individuals experiencing internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression may be particularly susceptible to using alcohol for negative reinforcement. Consistent with this possibility, Stewart and Devine (2000) found that depression was predictive of coping motives for drinking among college students. Given established links between depression and both perfectionism and alcohol-related problems, we hypothesized that perfectionism discrepancy may contribute to a negative-reinforcement pathway to alcohol problems. ...
Article
Full-text available
Objective: Perfectionism reflects unreasonably high expectations for oneself that are rarely obtainable leading to negative affect. The self-medication model suggests that alcohol consumption is negatively reinforced and subsequently escalated due to reductions in negative affect when drinking (Hersh & Hussong, 2009). Wang (2010) found that parents directly influence perfectionism levels. Parents have also been found to indirectly influence alcohol-related problems (Patock-Peckham & Morgan-Lopez, 2006, 2009). The current study sought to examine the indirect effects of parenting on alcohol-related problems and alcohol use quantity/frequency through perfectionism dimensions, (i.e. order, discrepancy, and high standards) depression, and self-medication motives for drinking. We hypothesized that more critical parenting and perfectionism discrepancy would be associated with heavier drinking by increasing depressive symptoms and promoting drinking for negative reinforcement. Method: A structural equation model with 419 university volunteers was utilized to test our mediational hypotheses. Results: The analyses identified an indirect link between maternal authoritarian parenting and alcohol-related problems operating through perfectionism discrepancy. Higher levels of maternal authoritarian parenting were associated with greater perfectionism discrepancy which contributed to higher levels of depression, and in turn, stronger self-medication motives, as well as more alcohol-related problems. Conclusions: Maternal authoritarian parenting style is directly linked to perfectionism discrepancy along the self-medication pathway to alcohol-related problems. Our results suggest that the reduction of perfectionism discrepancy may be a good therapeutic target for depression as well as inform the development of parent or individual based prevention efforts to reduce risk for alcohol-related problems.
... In a series of studies, we employed our group drinking paradigm to explore "risky" demographic and personality traits as moderators of alcohol reward. Specifically, male gender (SAMHSA, 2015) and also extraverted personality (Sher, Trull, Bartholow, & Vieth, 1999;Stewart & Devine, 2000;Theakston, Stewart, Dawson, Knowlden-Loewen, & Lehman, 2004) are factors known to increase an individual's risk for developing a drinking problem. Men are about twice as likely as women to report symptoms of alcohol dependence (SAMHSA, 2015) and individuals higher in extraverted personality traits are more likely to drink heavily than less extraverted individuals (Sher et al., 1999). ...
... Most previous studies in this area focused on how the personality factors of the five-factor model were related to substance use, and they often collected data from community samples such as adolescents and college students. For example, in some of their studies, alcohol use problems were found to be associated with high neuroticism and low agreeableness and conscientiousness [43,44]. In contrast to studies using community samples, studies examining the effects of personality factors of the five-factor model by clinical samples were much rarer, but they demonstrated consistent findings for some non-drug substances like alcohol [45]. ...
Article
Full-text available
This paper explores how personality factors affect substance use disorders (SUDs) using explanatory item response modeling (EIRM). A total of 606 Chinese illicit drug users participated in our study. After removing the cases with missing values on the covariate measures, a final sample of 573 participants was used for data analysis. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) was used to measure the illicit drug users’ SUD level. Four personality factors–anxiety sensitivity, impulsivity, sensation seeking and hopelessness–along with gender and alcohol use were included in EIRM as person covariates. The results indicated that gender, alcohol use, and their interaction significantly predicted the SUD level. The only personality factor that strongly predicted the SUD level was sensation seeking. In addition, the interaction between gender and hopelessness was also found to be a significant predictor of the SUD level, indicating that the negative effect of hopelessness on SUD is stronger for women than for men. The findings suggest that sensation seeking plays an important role in influencing SUDs, and thus, it should be considered when designing intervention or screening procedures for potential illicit drug users. In addition, several DSM-5 SUD symptoms were found to exhibit differential effects by gender, alcohol use, and personality factors. The possible explanations were discussed.
... On Labouvie and Bates's measure, respondents rate the importance of each reason for drinking item on a 3-point scale from 0 (not at all important) to 2 (very important). Each of these subscales has demonstrated good concurrent and/or convergent validity (Cooper et al., 1995;Labouvie & Bates, 2002;O'Hare, 2001;Stewart & Devine, 2000). ...
Article
Full-text available
There is a well-established association between suicidal behavior and alcohol misuse. However, few studies have applied relevant theory and research findings in the areas of both alcohol and suicidal behavior to aid in the understanding of why these may be linked. The current study examined whether three variables (problem-solving skills, avoidant coping, and negative urgency) suggested by theory and previous findings in both areas of study help to account for the previously found association of suicidal ideation with drinking to cope and alcohol problems. Participants were 381 college women (60.4%) and men (39.6%) between the ages of 18 and 25 who were current drinkers and had a history of (at a minimum) passive suicidal ideation. Structural equation modeling was used to examine hypothesized associations among problem-solving skills, avoidant coping, drinking to cope (DTC), impulsivity in response to negative affect (i.e., negative urgency), severity of suicidal ideation, heavy alcohol use, and alcohol problems. Model results revealed that problem-solving skills deficits, avoidant coping, and negative urgency were each directly or indirectly associated with greater severity of suicidal ideation, DTC, heavy alcohol use, and alcohol problems. The results suggest that the positive association between suicidal ideation and DTC found in this and other studies may be accounted for by shared associations of these variables with problem-solving skills deficits, avoidant coping, and negative urgency. Increasing at-risk students’ use of problem-solving skills may aid in reducing avoidance and negative urgency, which in turn may aid in reducing suicidal ideation, DTC, and alcohol misuse.
Article
Recognizing the severe consequences of alcohol consumption during pregnancy, such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), the present study explored the role of drinking attitudes, trait impulsivity, and decision-making toward instant gratification in alcohol craving and consumption during pregnancy among mothers of reproductive age. Utilizing participants from Amazon Mechanical Turk (N = 141), we first categorized mothers into three groups: those who neither craved nor consumed alcohol during their last pregnancy, those who craved but did not consume, and those who craved and consumed alcohol. Using binomial logistic regression, we then examined what factors, if any, could differentiate between (a) mothers who craved alcohol during pregnancy and those who did not and (b) mothers who resisted alcohol cravings and those who yielded to them. The findings indicated that drinking attitudes significantly predicted alcohol craving during pregnancy. However, trait impulsivity emerged as a significant predictor of alcohol consumption among those who experienced cravings. The present study contributes to a better understanding of psychological mechanisms underlying alcohol craving and consumption during pregnancy, which in turn may contribute to the development of targeted interventions for this problem.
Article
Objectives The World Health Organization advocates measures regulating alcohol advertising content, as illustrated by the French Évin law. However, how people react to such regulation has been under-investigated. The research reported here has two objectives: to analyze how different advertising contents (regulated or not) affect the persuasion process from attention to behavioural responses, and whether young people are protected; to examine how alcohol warnings perform depending on their salience and the advertising content displayed (regulated or not). Materials and Methods This study surveyed French people aged 15–30 using a mixed-methods design. In-depth interviews were conducted on 26 respondents to understand how non-regulated (NRA) and regulated (RA) alcohol advertising influence the persuasion process. An experiment on 696 people assessed the influence of RA vs. NRA on intentions to buy and drink alcohol, and whether less vs. more salient warnings displayed in the RA or NRA setting have differential effects on behavioural responses. Results NRA (vs. RA) had a greater influence on young people’s desire to buy and drink alcohol, which we explain by different psychological processes. NRA appeared to trigger a heuristic process that involves affective reactions (e.g. image, symbolism) and product-oriented responses (e.g. quality), whereas RA appeared to trigger a more systematic process that had less influence. The protective effect of content regulations was strong for the youngest participants but fades as age increases, reaching its limits at age 22 years. Salience of the warnings had no influence on desire to buy and drink alcohol, whatever the ad content. Conclusion Advertising content regulations need to be implemented to protect young people, particularly the youngest. Our results on alcohol health warnings highlighted that text-only labels similar to those adopted in many countries are ineffective at decreasing young people’s intentions to buy and drink alcohol.
Article
Full-text available
When editing regular and special issues of numerous journals, we have observed several recurring shortcomings in the manuscripts, particularly in relation to methodology. Many of these manuscripts are often found lacking in providing critical methodological information or justifying the use of the selected methods, thus resulting in desk rejection at the preliminary stage or major revision in the review process. Although the theoretical and managerial aspects of manuscripts are essential to publication consideration, methodological flaws can be detrimental. It is therefore of no surprise that failures to address methodological concerns are some of the common reasons for a manuscript to be rejected from publication, even after going through several rounds of revision. The purpose of this editorial is to provide clear guidelines on effectively reporting the methodological section in a quantitative manuscript in the fields of business and social sciences. Specifically, we present a set of recommendations on implementing and reporting operationalization, instrument validation, sampling techniques, questionnaire administration, and common method bias. Researchers, whether students or academics, should consider these guidelines to ensure methodological rigor in their research projects.
Article
Background and Objectives: Previous research suggests that rumination acts as a mediating mechanism in the association between depression and drinking motives, particularly drinking to cope, as well as negative alcohol-related consequences. In this study, we tested the connections between depressive symptoms, rumination, drinking motives, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-related problems in a clinically depressed population (N = 209). Methods: Structural equation modeling was used to test the models. Specifications were based on the results of a previously evaluated model in a sample of college students. Results: The complex model showed a significant positive association between depressive symptoms and rumination. Drinking motives (enhancement and coping) were linked to more negative alcohol-related consequences. In a simplified model, pronounced depressive symptoms were associated with both increased ruminative thinking and more negative alcohol-related problems. Rumination was connected with stronger drinking motives (combined in one general factor), which were again associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Limitations: The use of self-report measures to determine diagnostic validity. Conclusions: In a clinically depressed sample, depressive symptoms were linked to increased negative alcohol-related consequences. This association was partially explained by rumination and drinking motives. However, rumination was less relevant than previous studies suggested.
Article
Background: College life is characterized by marked increases in alcohol consumption. Extraversion and neuroticism are associated with alcohol use problems in college and throughout adulthood, each with alcohol use patterns consistent with an externalizing and internalizing pathway respectively. Students higher in extraversion drink more frequently and consume more alcohol, while neuroticism is paradoxically not consistently associated with elevated alcohol use. Objective: This study examined whether students higher in neuroticism may drink the day before stressors, namely tests and assignment deadlines. Method: Multilevel generalized linear models were performed using data from a longitudinal study of first-time, first-year undergraduates assessing alcohol use across four years of college, with daily diary bursts each semester. Results: Students higher in extraversion had heavier alcohol use and greater alcohol use problems in their fourth year of college. Neuroticism was not associated with drinking behaviors or with drinking before a test or assignment, but was associated with greater fourth year alcohol problems. Students lower in extraversion who reduced heavy drinking the day before academic events had fewer alcohol use problems at the fourth year of college relative to students higher in extraversion. Conclusions: Students higher in extraversion appear to exhibit a continuity of established alcohol use patterns from adolescence, predisposing them to a more hazardous trajectory of college alcohol use. Characteristics of low extraversion may afford some protection from alcohol-positive college culture. High neuroticism appears associated with a hazardous trajectory of college alcohol use, but continued research into situational factors of alcohol use in high neuroticism is warranted.
Article
Full-text available
Introduction: Despite the fact that risky behaviors lead to undesirable outcomes, the recognition of related correlate factors has received less attention. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of consciousness, agreeableness, and sensation-seeking personality traits in risky behaviors. Method: The NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), Zuckerman's Sensation-Seeking Scale-V(SSS-V), and High-Risk Behaviors Measure were administrated to 120 (70 males) volunteer participants from Elm-o-Sanat and Art universities. Results: Sensation-seeking was positively correlated with high-risk behaviors, whereas agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively correlated with the same. The step-wise regression analysis revealed that the personality dimensions of compatibility and dutifulness were significant predictors of high-risk behaviors. On the other hand, from the dimensions of sensation-seeking, components such as disinhibition and experience-seeking predicted the high-risk behaviors. Furthermore, the mean of boys' scores in risk-taking, experience-seeking, border-seeking, and sensitivity to high-risk behaviors was higher than that of girls. Conclusion: Given the role that personality factors play in the tendency toward high-risk behaviors, our results may be appropriately applied in the prediction and prevention of the behaviors and to decide upon required interventions.
Article
Full-text available
Co-use of alcohol and cigarettes is common and associated with greater negative consequences compared to use of either substance alone. Furthermore, alcohol and cigarettes are often used at the same time, and these "simultaneous" use events are associated with greater consumption of each substance. Given the prevalence and negative consequences associated with this pattern, we sought to identify proximal predictors and reinforcers of simultaneous use in individuals with a range of emotional and behavioral dysregulation who may be at greater risk of experiencing substance-related problems. Specifically, 41 adults who drank alcohol and smoked cigarettes (28 with borderline personality disorder and 13 community individuals) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessment (EMA). First, we used multilevel models on cigarette-use moments to examine whether momentary cigarette motive endorsement differed based on whether participants were also drinking alcohol in that moment. Second, we used multilevel models on all EMA moments to examine whether simultaneous use was associated with greater craving and reinforcing effects compared to use of either substance alone. Participants reported greater enhancement and social motives for smoking cigarettes when also drinking alcohol compared to when they were only smoking. Participants also reported greater alcohol craving, greater sedation, attenuated positive affect, and greater fear following simultaneous use compared to use of either substance alone. Our results add to a growing body of research characterizing proximal influences on simultaneous substance use. Findings highlight potential treatment targets for individuals seeking to better understand or cut down on their use of alcohol, cigarettes, or both. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Thesis
http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/63900/1/finn_mike_2009.pdf
Article
Despite the established relations between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance use problems in general, there is a dearth of research on the relation between BPD pathology and opioid use problems, as well as factors that may explain this relation. Therefore, this study examined the indirect relations of BPD pathology to opioid use problems (i.e., prescription opioid misuse, apprehension about prescription opioid use, and opioid cravings) through motives for opioid use (i.e., coping, enhancement, social, and conformity motives) among 68 patients endorsing prescription opioid misuse in a residential correctional substance use disorder (SUD) treatment facility. Participants completed measures of BPD pathology, motives for opioid use, and opioid use problems. Findings revealed significant indirect relations of BPD pathology to opioid misuse through coping and enhancement motives, apprehension about opioid use through coping, enhancement, and social motives, and opioid cravings through coping motives within this SUD sample. Results illustrate the relevance of both emotion- and interpersonal-related motives for opioid use to opioid use problems among patients with BPD pathology in SUD treatment.
Article
Full-text available
People often report drinking to cope with negative affect (NA) or to enhance positive affect (PA). However, findings from daily life studies examining the interaction of motives and affect to predict alcohol use are mixed. Individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may be particularly susceptible to drinking for the purpose of changing affective states, representing a population in which these patterns may be more readily identifiable in daily life. We tested whether drinking motives moderate daily life associations between affect and drinking in individuals with BPD. Regular drinkers with BPD (N = 54; 81.5% female) completed ecological momentary assessments approximately 6-10 times daily for 21 days. We tested whether the interactions between (a) person-level coping motives and NA so far that day (i.e., cumulative-average NA), and (b) person-level enhancement and cumulative-average PA were associated with subsequent drinking. We also tested whether effects differed for the initiation versus continuation of a drinking episode. Using generalized estimating equations, the interaction between coping and cumulative-average NA was positively associated with momentary drinking, with some evidence for a stronger relation during the continuation of drinking. The interaction between enhancement motives and cumulative-average PA was positively associated with initiation but negatively associated with continuation of drinking. Our novel approach of using cumulative-average affect and distinguishing initiation and continuation of drinking allowed us to examine differential momentary patterns across the drinking episode, and results suggest that awareness of motives as well as affect leading up to and during drinking may be a useful intervention target. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Preprint
Full-text available
This is a preprint version of the first book from the series: "Stories told by data". In this book a story is told about the psychological traits associated with drug consumption. The book includes: - A review of published works on the psychological profiles of drug users. - Analysis of a new original database with information on 1885 respondents and usage of 18 drugs. (Database is available online.) - An introductory description of the data mining and machine learning methods used for the analysis of this dataset. - The demonstration that the personality traits (five factor model, impulsivity, and sensation seeking), together with simple demographic data, give the possibility of predicting the risk of consumption of individual drugs with sensitivity and specificity above 70% for most drugs. - The analysis of correlations of use of different substances and the description of the groups of drugs with correlated use (correlation pleiades). - Proof of significant differences of personality profiles for users of different drugs. This is explicitly proved for benzodiazepines, ecstasy, and heroin. - Tables of personality profiles for users and non-users of 18 substances. The book is aimed at advanced undergraduates or first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. No previous knowledge of machine learning, advanced data mining concepts or modern psychology of personality is assumed. For more detailed introduction into statistical methods we recommend several undergraduate textbooks. Familiarity with basic statistics and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful as well as some basic technical understanding of psychology.
Article
Full-text available
У статті представлені результати перекладу та адаптації методики SURPS «Шкала ризику розвитку залежності від психоактивних речовин» російською мовою. Чотири субшкали методики, що відповідають чотирьом добре теоретично обґрунтованим конструктам — «депресивність», «тривожність», «імпульсивність», «пошук стимуляції». Вираженість цих рис на особистісному рівні асоційована з ризиком розвитку залежності від психоактивних речовин та прогнозує можливий вибір психоактивної речовини та етіологію залежності, спираючись на наявну особистісну мотивацію. Представлені кофіцієнти надійності для шкал за методами Альфа Кронбаха та Лямбда 2. За допомогою методу xi-квадрат на результатах вибірки проілюстрована можливість окремих питань-індикаторів передбачити приналежність досліджуваних до когорти без діагностованої залежності або до когорти з діагностованою залежністю. Відповідність оригінальної факторної моделі шкали SURPS емпірично виявленим на російськомовних досліджуваних закономірностям встановлена та модифікована за допомогою методу конфірматорного факторного аналізу.
Article
Previous research has established associations of neuroticism and extraversion with risky or problematic alcohol use in both clinical and nonclinical samples. More recently, alexithymia—a personality trait defined by difficulties in identifying and describing feelings as well as concrete thinking—has been implicated as a risk factor for problematic drinking; however, whether it is an independent risk factor or overlaps with others has not been determined. The present study examined neuroticism, extraversion, and alexithymia in relation to risky drinking in a nonclinical sample of 285 alcohol consumers aged 18-60 years. Neuroticism and extraversion were measured with the International Personality Item Pool Big Five Factor Markers, whereas alexithymia was measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test provided an index of alcohol-related risk. Hierarchical regression indicated that neuroticism, extraversion, and alexithymia were all significant positive predictors of risky drinking after controlling for demographic and mood variables. Alexithymia was positively related to neuroticism, and both were negatively related to extraversion. The relationship between alexithymia and risky drinking was partially mediated by neuroticism, and the association of alexithymia with neuroticism was partially mediated by negative mood. Neuroticism, extraversion, and alexithymia appear to be independently related to alcohol-related risk, although the influence of alexithymia may partially overlap with that of neuroticism. Both alexithymia and neuroticism are associated with proneness to negative moods; a reliance on drinking to cope with such states may account for the links of both traits to risky or problematic drinking in line with Cloninger's type I alcoholism. However, additional aspects of alexithymia may also contribute to its role in alcohol-related risk. The relationship of extraversion to risky drinking appears congruent with Cloninger's type II alcoholism, where high reward sensitivity motivates drinking to enhance positive states.
Chapter
This chapter includes results of data analysis. The relationship between personality profiles and drug consumption is described and the individual drug consumption risks for different drugs is evaluated. Significant differences between groups of drug users and non-users are identified. Machine learning algorithms solve the user/non-user classification problem for many drugs with impressive sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of correlations between use of different drugs reveals existence of clusters of substances with highly correlated use, which we term correlation pleiades. It is proven that the mean profiles of users of different drugs are significantly different (for benzodiazepines, ecstasy, and heroin). Visualisation of risk by risk maps is presented. The difference between users of different drugs is analysed and three distinct types of users are identified for benzodiazepines, ecstasy, and heroin.
Chapter
Drug use disorder is characterised by several terms: addiction, dependence, and abuse. We discuss the notion of psychoactive substance and relations between the existing definitions. The personality traits which may be important for predisposition to use of drugs are introduced: the Five-Factor Model, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking. A number of studies have illustrated that personality traits are associated with drug consumption. The previous pertinent results are reviewed. A database with information on 1,885 respondents and their usage of 18 drugs is introduced. The results of our study are briefly outlined: the personality traits (Five-Factor Model, impulsivity, and sensation-seeking) together with simple demographic data make possible the prediction of the risk of consumption of individual drugs; personality profiles for users of different drugs. In particular, groups of heroin and ecstasy users are significantly different; there exist three correlation pleiades of drugs. These are clusters of drugs with correlated consumption, centred around heroin, ecstasy, and benzodiazepines.
Book
Full-text available
This book discusses the psychological traits associated with drug consumption through the statistical analysis of a new database with information on 1885 respondents and use of 18 drugs. After reviewing published works on the psychological profiles of drug users and describing the data mining and machine learning methods used, it demonstrates that the personality traits (five factor model, impulsivity, and sensation seeking) together with simple demographic data make it possible to predict the risk of consumption of individual drugs with a sensitivity and specificity above 70% for most drugs. It also analyzes the correlations of use of different substances and describes the groups of drugs with correlated use, identifying significant differences in personality profiles for users of different drugs. The book is intended for advanced undergraduates and first-year PhD students, as well as researchers and practitioners. Although no previous knowledge of machine learning, advanced data mining concepts or modern psychology of personality is assumed, familiarity with basic statistics and some experience in the use of probabilities would be helpful. For a more detailed introduction to statistical methods, the book provides recommendations for undergraduate textbooks.
Chapter
In this chapter, we give a brief outline of the methods of data analysis used, from elementary T-scores to nonlinear principal component analysis (PCA), including data normalisation, quantification of categorical attributes, categorical principal component analysis (CatPCA), sparse PCA, the method of principal variables, the original ‘double’ Kaiser selection rule, k-nearest neighbours for various distances, decision tree with various split criteria (information gain, Gini gain or DKM gain), linear discriminant analysis, Gaussian mixture, probability density function estimation by radial basis functions, logistic regression, naïve Bayes approach, random forest, and data visualisation on the nonlinear PCA canvas.
Article
Background: Alcohol myopia theory postulates that the level of alcohol use in conjunction with personal cues, such as alcohol attitudes and personality traits help to understand the types of consequences manifested. Objectives: This study examined and identified the personality traits that served as predictors and moderators of the risk connections from drinking attitudes to alcohol use to myopia outcomes. Methods: College students (N = 433) completed self-report measures. In a path analysis using structural equation modeling, personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism), drinking attitudes, and personality × drinking attitudes interactions simultaneously served as predictors on the outcomes of alcohol use and myopic relief, self-inflation, and excess. Results: Alcohol attitudes and use consistently emerged as unique predictors of all three myopia outcomes. Extraversion and neuroticism were identified as statistical moderators, but results varied depending on the myopia outcome interpreted. Specifically, extraversion moderated the pathways from attitudes to usage and from attitudes to myopic relief. Neuroticism, however, moderated the relations from attitudes to myopic self-inflation and from attitudes to myopic excess. Conclusions/Importance: Extraverted and neurotic dispositions could exacerbate or attenuate the risk connections from alcohol attitudes to outcomes. Findings offer implications for alcohol prevention efforts designed to simultaneously target drinking attitudes, personality traits, and alcohol myopia.
Article
Full-text available
This personal historical article traces the development of the Big-Five factor structure, whose growing acceptance by personality researchers has profoundly influenced the scientific study of individual differences. The roots of this taxonomy lie in the lexical hypothesis and the insights of Sir Francis Galton, the prescience of L. L. Thurstone, the legacy of Raymond B. Cattell, and the seminal analyses of Tupes and Christal. Paradoxically, the present popularity of this model owes much to its many critics, each of whom tried to replace it, but failed. In reaction, there have been a number of attempts to assimilate other models into the five-factor structure. Lately, some practical implications of the emerging consensus can be seen in such contexts as personnel selection and classification.
Article
Full-text available
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
Despite consistent evidence that alcohol can be used to cope with negative emotions or to enhance positive emotions, research on drinking motives has focused primarily on coping and social motives. This article reports on the development of a 3-factor measure that also assesses enhancement motives. Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors demonstrated that enhancement motives are empirically distinct from coping and social motives and that a correlated 3-factor model fits the data equally well across race and gender groups in a large representative sample. Each drinking motive was also shown to predict distinct aspects of alcohol use and abuse. Finally, interaction analyses suggested that coping and enhancement motives differ in the magnitude of their effects on drinking behavior across Blacks and Whites and that enhancement motives differ in their effects across men and women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
Recent recognition that the dominance and nurturance dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex correspond closely to the surgency/extraversion and agreeableness dimensions of the five-factor model of personality provides an occasion for the closer integration of these two traditions. We describe the procedures whereby we extended our adjectival measure of the circumplex Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scales (IAS-R) to include the additional Big Five dimensions of conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The resultant five-scale instrument (IASR-B5) was found to have excellent structure on the item level, internally consistent scales, and promising convergent and discriminant properties when compared with the NEO Personality Inventory and the Hogan Personality Inventory. The unique feature of the IASR-B5 is that it provides a highly efficient instrument for combined circumplex and five-factor assessment. We provide an example of such combined assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
A 4-factor measure of drinking motives based on a conceptual model by M. Cox and E. Klinger (see PA, Vol 75:32975; see also 1990) is presented. Using data from a representative household sample of 1,243 Black and White adolescents, confirmatory factor analyses showed that the hypothesized model provided an excellent fit to the data and that the factor pattern was invariant across gender, race, and age. Each drinking motive was related to a distinct pattern of contextual antecedents and drinking-related outcomes, and these relationships did not generally vary across demographic subgroups. Results support both the conceptual validity of Cox and Klinger's model and the utility of this measure for clinical and research purposes across a diverse range of adolescent populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
Tested 63 new items for the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) in an attempt to develop new scales representative of hypothesized dimensions of sensation seeking. An experimental form was given to 332 and 92 undergraduates at 2 universities. Data from the 1st university was factor analyzed separately for males and females. Besides the general factor running through diverse items, 4 factors were extracted from the rotated factor loadings: thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, and boredom susceptibility. The 1st 3 factors showed good factor and internal scale reliability in both sexes and samples. Since boredom susceptibility was not well defined in females and was of minimal reliability, it was retained as a subscale for males only. (24 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
Full-text available
The present study examines the relationship of familial and personality risk factors for alcoholism to individual differences in sensitivity to the positively and negatively reinforcing properties of alcohol. Sixteen sons of male alcoholics with multigenerational family histories of alcoholism (MFH) and 11 men who self-report heightened sensitivity to anxiety (HAS) were compared with 13 age-matched family history negative, low anxiety sensitive men (FH-LAS) on sober and alcohol-intoxicated response patterns. We were interested in the effects of alcohol on specific psychophysiological indices of “stimulus reactivity,” anxiety, and incentive reward. Alcohol significantly dampened heart rate reactivity to aversive stimulation for the MFH and HAS men equally, yet did not for the FH-LAS group. HAS men evidenced idiosyncrasies with respect to alcohol-induced changes in electrodermal reactivity to avenive stimulation (an index of anxiety/fear-dampening), and MFH men demonstrated elevated alcohol-intoxicated resting heart rates (an index of psychostimulation) relative to the FH-LAS men. The results are interpreted as reflecting a sensitivity to the “stimulus reactivity-dampening” effects of alcohol in both high-risk groups, yet population-specific sensitivities to the fear-dampening and psychostimulant properties of alcohol in the HAS and MFH groups, respectively.
Article
Full-text available
Although most dimensional theories of personality assume that the same traits can be assessed in either ratings or self-reports, joint factor analyses of data from these two methods have seldom provided clear evidence in support of this position. Previous analyses have found a preponderance of within-method factors, or have had to transform variables or use unorthodox rotational procedures in order to control the effects of method variance. The present study argues that recent conceptual and technical advances should now make it possible to show joint factors at the second-order level using standard factor techniques. The NEO Inventory and NEO Rating Form, which measure 18 traits in the domains of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness to Experience, were administered to a sample of 281 men and women. Varimax rotation of three principal components clearly showed the hypothesized structure within and across self-reports and spouse ratings. Convergent and discriminant validity of the joint factors with the EPI scales was also shown. The results suggest that the effects of method variance can be minimized if well-qualified raters use psychometrically adequate instruments to provide ratings of clearly conceptualized traits. In addition, they provide strong evidence for the validity of the proposed three-domain model of personality.
Article
Full-text available
The NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is intended to operationalize the five-factor model of personality, both at the level of broad factors or domains and at the level of more specific traits or facets of each domain. However, only facets of three of the domains are currently measured. In this paper we describe minor modifications to the facet scales of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness, and the development of new scales to measure facets of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Conceptual distinctions within these domains were suggested by a review of the literature, and pilot studies provided preliminary evidence for the validity of new facet scales. Item analyses in a large and diverse sample (n = 1539) of adult men and women were used to finalize item selection and to confirm the structure of the Revised NEO-PI (NEO-PIR) at both the item and the scale level. Correlations of the NEO-PIR with a variety of other self-report scales in a second sample of 394 men and women provided evidence on the convergent and discriminant validity of scales to measure Trust, Straightforwardness, Altruism, Compliance, Modesty and Tender-Mindedness as facets of Agreeableness, and Competence, Order, Dutifulness, Achievement Striving, Self-Discipline, and Deliberation as facets of Conscientiousness.
Article
Full-text available
The final, common pathway to alcohol use is motivational. A person decides consciously or unconsciously to consume or not to consume any particular drink of alcohol according to whether or not he or she expects that the positive affective consequences of drinking will outweigh those of not drinking. Various factors (e.g., past experiences with drinking, current life situation) help to form expectations of affective change from drinking, these factors always modulated by a person’s neurochemical reactivity to alcohol. Such major influences include the person’s current nonchemical incentives and the prospect of acquiring new positive incentives and removing current negative incentives. Our motivational counseling technique uses nonchemical goals and incentives to help the alcoholic develop a satisfying life without the necessity of alcohol. The technique first assesses the alcoholic’s motivational structure and then seeks to modify it through a multicomponent counseling procedure. The counseling technique is one example of the heuristic value of the motivational model.
Article
Full-text available
Previous longitudinal studies of personality in adulthood have been limited in the range of traits examined, have chiefly made use of self-reports, and have frequently included only men. In this study, self-reports (N = 983) and spouse ratings (N = 167) were gathered on the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985b), which measures all five of the major dimensions of normal personality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses on data from men and women aged 21 to 96 years showed evidence of small declines in Activity, Positive Emotions, and openness to Actions that might be attributed to maturation, but none of these effects was replicated in sequential analyses. The 20 other scales examined showed no consistent pattern of maturational effects. In contrast, retest stability was quite high for all five dimensions in self-reports and for the three dimensions measured at both times in spouse ratings. Comparable levels of stability were seen for men and women and for younger and older subjects. The data support the position that personality is stable after age 30.
Article
Full-text available
In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.
Article
Full-text available
Research on the dimensions of personality represented in the English language has repeatedly led to the identification of five factors (Norman, 1963). An alternative classification of personality traits, based on analyses of standardized questionnaires, is provided by the NEO (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness) model (Costa & McCrae, 1980b). In this study we examined the correspondence between these two systems in order to evaluate their comprehensiveness as models of personality. A sample of 498 men and women, participants in a longitudinal study of aging, completed an instrument containing 80 adjective pairs, which included 40 pairs proposed by Goldberg to measure the five dimensions. Neuroticism and extraversion factors from these items showed substantial correlations with corresponding NEO Inventory scales; however, analyses that included psychometric measures of intelligence suggested that the fifth factor in the Norman structure should be reconceptualized as openness to experience. Convergent correlations above .50 with spouse ratings on the NEO Inventory that were made three years earlier confirmed these relations across time, instrument, and source of data. We discuss the relations among culture, conscientiousness, openness, and intelligence, and we conclude that mental ability is a separate factor, though related to openness to experience.
Article
Full-text available
The present study proposed and tested a motivational model of alcohol use in which people are hypothesized to use alcohol to regulate both positive and negative emotions. Two central premises underpin this model: (a) that enhancement and coping motives for alcohol use are proximal determinants of alcohol use and abuse through which the influence of expectancies, emotions, and other individual differences are mediated and (b) that enhancement and coping motives represent phenomenologically distinct behaviors having both unique antecedents and consequences. This model was tested in 2 random samples (1 of adults, 1 of adolescents) using a combination of moderated regression and path analysis corrected for measurement error. Results revealed strong support for the hypothesized model in both samples and indicate the importance of distinguishing psychological motives for alcohol use.
Article
Full-text available
The present study examines the relationship of familial and personality risk factors for alcoholism to individual differences in sensitivity to the positively and negatively reinforcing properties of alcohol. Sixteen sons of male alcoholics with multigenerational family histories of alcoholism (MFH) and 11 men who self-report heightened sensitivity to anxiety (HAS) were compared with 13 age-matched family history negative, low anxiety sensitive men (FH-LAS) on sober and alcohol-intoxicated response patterns. We were interested in the effects of alcohol on specific psychophysiological indices of "stimulus reactivity," anxiety, and incentive reward. Alcohol significantly dampened heart rate reactivity to aversive stimulation for the MFH and HAS men equally, yet did not for the FH-LAS group. HAS men evidenced idiosyncrasies with respect to alcohol-induced changes in electrodermal reactivity to aversive stimulation (an index of anxiety/fear-dampening), and MFH men demonstrated elevated alcohol-intoxicated resting heart rates (an index of psychostimulation) relative to the FH-LAS men. The results are interpreted as reflecting a sensitivity to the "stimulus reactivity-dampening" effects of alcohol in both high-risk groups, yet population-specific sensitivities to the fear-dampening and psychostimulant properties of alcohol in the HAS and MFH groups, respectively.
Article
Full-text available
The present study examined relations between dietary restraint and self-reported patterns of alcohol use, including separate assessment of quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. One hundred seventy-six female university undergraduates completed the Restraint Scale (RS) and measures of their usual quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption over the past year. Quantity and frequency self-reports were scored separately and were also used to calculate 3 additional drinking variables: a composite weekly alcohol consumption score (drinks per week), a binge drinking categorical variable (where participants were classified as either binge drinkers or non-binge drinkers), and a yearly excessive drinking score (number of times in the past year that each participant consumed at least 4 alcoholic beverages per drinking occasion). RS scores were significantly positively correlated with scores on 4 of the 5 drinking behavior measures (i.e., quantity, drinks per week, binge drinking, and yearly excessive drinking, but not frequency). Thus, chronic dieting appears to be related to a relatively heavy drinking pattern that can be characterized as potentially risky, due to its established associations with adverse health and social consequences.
Article
Objective. —To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus.Design. —Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students.Setting. —One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993.Participants. —A total of 17592 college students.Main Outcome Measures. —Self-reports of drinking behavior, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems.Results. —Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the students who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience serious health and other consequences of their drinking behavior than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking-related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more likely than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assaulted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance.Conclusions. —Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers.(JAMA. 1994;272:1672-1677)
Article
This book provides an updated theory of the nature of anxiety and the brain systems controlling anxiety, combined with a theory of hippocampal function, which was first proposed thirty years ago. While remaining controversial, the core of this theory, of a 'Behavioural Inhibition System', has stood the test of time, with its main predictions repeatedly confirmed. Novel anti-anxiety drugs share none of the side effects or primary pharmacological actions of the classical anti-anxiety drugs on the actions of which the theory was based; but they have both the behavioural and hippocampal actions predicted by the theory. This text is the second edition of the book and it departs significantly from the first. It provides, for the first time, a single construct - goal conflict - that underlies all the known inputs to the system; and it includes current data on the amygdala. Its reviews include the ethology of defence, learning theory, the psychopharmacology of anti-anxiety drugs, anxiety disorders, and the clinical and laboratory analysis of amnesia. The cognitive and behavioural functions in anxiety of the septo-hippocampal system and the amygdala are also analysed, as are their separate roles in memory and fear. Their functions are related to a hierarchy of additional structures - from the prefrontal cortex to the periaqueductal gray - that control the various forms of defensive behaviour and to detailed analysis of the monoamine systems that modulate this control. The resultant neurology is linked to the typology, symptoms, pre-disposing personality and therapy of anxiety and phobic disorders, and to the symptoms of amnesia. © Jeffrey A. Gray and Neil McNaughton 2000 , 2003. All rights reserved.
Article
L'auteur discute un modele a cinq facteurs de la personnalite qu'il confronte a d'autres systemes de la personnalite et dont les correlats des dimensions sont analyses ainsi que les problemes methodologiques
Article
Evaluated a scale for measuring anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the belief that anxiety symptoms have negative consequences), the Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index (CASI), in 76 7th–9th graders and 33 emotionally disturbed children (aged 8–15 yrs). The CASI had sound psychometric properties for both samples. The view that anxiety sensitivity is a separate concept from that of anxiety frequency and that it is a concept applicable with children was supported. The CASI correlated with measures of fear and anxiety and accounted for variance on the Fear Survey Schedule for Children—Revised and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (Trait form) that could not be explained by a measure of anxiety frequency. The possible role of anxiety sensitivity as a predisposing factor in the development of anxiety disorder in children is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Article
The five-factor model of personality has repeatedly emerged from lexical studies of natural languages. When adjective-based factor scales are correlated with other personality measures, the adequacy and comprehensiveness of the five-factor model are demonstrated at a broad level. However, English language adjectives do not necessarily capture more subtle distinctions within the five factors. In particular, of several facets of the Openness factor, only Openness to Ideas and Values are well represented in single terms. Openness to Fantasy, Aesthetics, Feelings, and Actions can be expressed in phrases, sentences, and literary passages—as excerpts from Bunin's ‘Lika’ illustrate— but not in single words. To maintain its relevance to personality psychology, the study of personality language must continue to examine empirical links to other personality systems and must move beyond the dictionary to analyses of natural language speech and writing.
Article
The 42-item version of the Inventory of Drinking Situations (IDS-42) assesses relative frequency of drinking behavior across eight categories of drinking situations and was originally developed as a method for identifying high-risk situations in alcoholic samples. This study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the IDS-42 in a sample of university students in order to assess its suitability as an assessment tool in the non-clinical population. Three hundred and ninety-six students (111 M, 283 F, 2 with missing gender data) completed the IDS-42 and a well established measure of drinking motives, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of the IDS-42 established a hierarchical factor structure with eight lower-order factors and three higher-order factors of negatively-reinforcing situations, positively-reinforcing situations, and temptation situations. The eight lower-order IDS-42 factors demonstrated moderate to high internal consistency and excellent concurrent validity with conceptually-similar DMQ subscale scores. Non-parametric analyses revealed that male students reported a higher drinking frequency overall as compared to female students, particularly in IDS-42 situations involving Social Pressure to Drink, Pleasant Times with Others, Testing Personal Control, and Urges and Temptations. Across the entire sample of university student drinkers, a higher drinking frequency was reported in positively-reinforcing situations as compared to negatively-reinforcing situations and temptation situations, as predicted. Results suggest the IDS-42 possesses good psychometric properties and support its utility as a tool in identifying situation-specific antecedents to drinking among university students.
Article
The present study was designed to examine the relationship between anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety symptoms) and alcohol use motives. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait Subscale (STAI-T), and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (DMQ) were administered to 314 university students. Higher ASI scores were found to be significantly associated with greater scores on the Coping Motives (CM) subscale of the DMQ, particularly in the female subjects. In contrast, ASI scores were not found to be related in a linear fashion to scores on either the Enhancement Motives (EM) or Social Motives (SM) subscales of the DMQ. A regression equation involving a weighted linear combination of scores on the ASI and STAI-T significantly predicted scores on the CM subscale of the DMQ; the regression equation was significantly better at predicting the frequency of coping-related drinking in women than men. When “primary” motives were examined, a significantly greater percentage of high than low AS subjects (particularly high AS women) were found to drink primarily for coping-related motives, and a significantly greater percentage of low than high AS subjects were found to drink primarily for social-affiliative motives. This pattern of drinking motives points to potential difficulties with alcohol in individuals (particularly women) who are high in both AS and trait anxiety, since drinking primarily for CM as opposed to SM has previously been shown to be associated with more drinking alone, heavier alcohol consumption, and more severe alcohol-related problems.
Article
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is the fear of anxiety-related sensations arising from beliefs that these sensations have harmful physical, psychological, or social consequences. AS is measured using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), a 16-item self-report questionnaire. Little is known about the origins of AS, although social learning experiences (including sex-role socialization experiences) may be important. The present study examined whether there were gender differences in: (a) the lower- or higher-order factor structure of the ASI; and/or (b) pattern of ASI factor scores. The ASI was completed by 818 university students (290 males; 528 females). Separate principal components analyses on the ASI items of the total sample, males, and females revealed nearly identical lower-order three-factor structures for all groups, with factors pertaining to fears about the anticipated (a) physical, (b) psychological, and (c) social consequences of anxiety. Separate principal components analyses on the lower-order factor scores of the three samples revealed similar unidimensional higher-order solutions for all groups. Gender × AS dimension analyses on ASI lower-order factor scores showed that: females scored higher than males only on the physical concerns factor; females scored higher on the physical concerns factor relative to their scores on the social and psychological concerns factors; and males scored higher on the social and psychological concerns factors relative to their scores on the physical concerns factor. Finally, females scored higher than males on the higher-order factor representing the global AS construct. The present study provides further support for the empirical distinction of the three lower-order dimensions of AS, and additional evidence for the theoretical hierarchical structure of the ASI. Results also suggest that males and females differ on these various AS dimensions in ways consistent with sex role socialization practices.
Article
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that individuals high in anxiety sensitivity (AS; fear of anxiety symptoms) may be at heightened risk for alcohol problems. Our study was designed to validate differences in self-reported drinking motives and contexts between high and low AS individuals using analogue methods. Participants were nonclinical young adults who scored high (n = 26) or low (n = 26) on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index. Participants were exposed to a social affiliative context manipulation where they played the same game, either alone (solitary context) or with two confederates (social context), followed by a mock beverage taste-rating task which provided an unobstrusive measure of ad-lib alcohol consumption. As predicted, high AS-solitary participants consumed significantly more alcohol as compared to high AS-social and low AS-solitary participants. Unexpectedly, high AS-social participants also consumed significantly more nonalcoholic control beverages as compared to high AS-social and low AS-solitary participants. However, only alcoholic beverage consumption was marginally positively correlated with negative affect scores and only for high AS participants. These results provide preliminary validation of previous self-report findings suggesting the use of high ASI scores as a potential marker for a pattern of context-dependent drinking that is associated with problematic alcohol use. We discuss some specific implications of our findings for prevention of the development of drinking problems, and the relevance of laboratory research for advancing behavior therapy in general.
Article
The processing of self-relevant personality trait information was examined using the five factor model of personality. The major question addressed was whether these five personality dimensions impact on the manner in which individuals process information about themselves, relevant to these personalty dimensions, across a range of cognitive processes. Accessibility of self-knowledge, attention and memory were assessed in relation to each of the five factors. Given the strong relation between personality and affect, the role of affect in processing personality information was also examined. Overall, the results indicate that personality and mood states both influence the processing of self-relevent personality trait terms. On a self-endorsement task, Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness were associated with shorter response latencies, indicating that individuals can access rapidly information about themselves in relation to these personality dimensions. The results of memory tasks indicate that negative mood exerted a largely disruptive influence on memory performance. On an analog Stroop task, individuals in negative mood states were found to orient to negatively-valenced trait information. An interaction was found between negative mood states and Neuroticism: individuals high in Neuroticism who were also in a negative mood state were more likely to orient to negative trait information. These findings indicate that both personality and mood factors are important variables which operate on different cognitive processes. The results are interpreted in terms of model of representation of the self.
Article
A survey was conducted of drinking, drug use attitudes, beliefs, personality and demographic characteristics of students on a university campus. Gender, ethnic and social group differences were also examined. It was concluded that a biopsychosocial matrix of determinants influenced alcohol consumption and its excessive consumption. Two general factors emerged from analyses of the results. They may be interpreted as entering into a complex approach-avoidance conflict where the net approach tendency determines overall alcohol consumption. Personality characteristics and presumably their biological correlates, as well as set and setting, or attitudes, beliefs and environmental influences contribute to the approach-avoidance conflict that determines abstinence or varying amounts of alcohol consumption.
Article
In this article we investigate relations between general and specific measures of self-rated affect and markers of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. Replicating previous research, we found strong and pervasive associations between Neuroticism, its facets, and the various negative affects; and between Extraversion, its facets, and the positive affects. Conscientiousness also had a significant, independent relation with general positive affect, but this effect was entirely due to the specific affect of attentiveness, which was more strongly related to Conscientiousness than Extraversion. Conversely, only the achievement facet of Conscientiousness correlated broadly with the positive affects. Finally, hostility had a strong independent association with (low) Agreeableness. The results for Neuroticism and Extraversion further clarify the temperamental basis of these higher order trait dimensions; whereas those obtained for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness illustrate the importance of examining personality-affect relations at the lower order level.
Article
The five-factor model of personality is a hierarchical organization of personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Research using both natural language adjectives and theoretically based personality questionnaires supports the comprehensiveness of the model and its applicability across observers and cultures. This article summarizes the history of the model and its supporting evidence; discusses conceptions of the nature of the factors; and outlines an agenda for theorizing about the origins and operation of the factors. We argue that the model should prove useful both for individual assessment and for the elucidation of a number of topics of interest to personality psychologists.
Article
Personality researchers have recently converged on the five-factor model as an adequate representation of the structure of personality traits. This article introduces the factors and the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), a questionnaire designed to measure the factors and some of the traits that define them. Data on the comprehensiveness of the model and on the reliability, validity, and stability of measures of the factors are reviewed, and correlations between scales from the NEO-PI and two instruments widely used in clinical practice (the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI] and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory [MCMI]) are used to illustrate similarities and differences between normal and clinical assessment. Some issues regarding the clinical use of the five-factor model are discussed.
Article
Data from 606 (75.8%) undergraduate respondents drawn from a random sample (N = 800) at Rutgers University demonstrate that, although fewer college students may be drinking when compared to some previous estimates, there is still a large number of heavy drinkers. In addition, traditional demographic variables continue to predict alcohol consumption levels. Students also report a similar variety of drinking related problems as in previous college drinking studies. Women constitute half as many heavy drinkers as men, but report an equal amount of alcohol-related problems in this sample. When controlling for race, it appears that white students continue to drink the most, and show heavy drinking rates comparable to a previous large college sample in the northeast. Students who live on campus drink more than their commuting counterparts, and the drinking age has little effect on consumption levels or total reported alcohol-related problems, although it alters the context of drinking somewhat. Findings are generally compared to previous as well as more recent college drinking data. Sex differences and similarities are discussed, as well as the findings concerning legal drinking status. Implications for prevention efforts are suggested.
Article
This article reviews the research literature since 1980 on alcohol and other (illicit) drug use among college and university students. The discussion begins with a summary of survey findings on the nature and extent of alcohol and drug use, including prevalence and patterns of use and associated problems. This summary is followed by a discussion of the correlates of substance use and problems, including demographic characteristics, personality factors, year in college and grade point average, college residence, motivation, and attitudes. The most popular substance used by college students is alcohol, used by about 90% of students at least once a year. Heavy alcohol use is also prevalent, and is associated with serious, acute problems. Although alcohol use has decreased somewhat in recent years, much larger declines in use have been recorded for illicit drugs. The major proportion of research on substance use in this population has been devoted to alcohol; more information is needed on the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of illicit drug use. Suggestions for coping with problems of campus alcohol use/abuse are offered.
Article
To examine the extent of binge drinking by college students and the ensuing health and behavioral problems that binge drinkers create for themselves and others on their campus. Self-administered survey mailed to a national representative sample of US 4-year college students. One hundred forty US 4-year colleges in 1993. A total of 17,592 college students. Self-reports of drinking behavior, alcohol-related health problems, and other problems. Almost half (44%) of college students responding to the survey were binge drinkers, including almost one fifth (19%) of the students who were frequent binge drinkers. Frequent binge drinkers are more likely to experience serious health and other consequences of their drinking behavior than other students. Almost half (47%) of the frequent binge drinkers experienced five or more different drinking-related problems, including injuries and engaging in unplanned sex, since the beginning of the school year. Most binge drinkers do not consider themselves to be problem drinkers and have not sought treatment for an alcohol problem. Binge drinkers create problems for classmates who are not binge drinkers. Students who are not binge drinkers at schools with higher binge rates were more likely than students at schools with lower binge rates to experience problems such as being pushed, hit, or assaulted or experiencing an unwanted sexual advance. Binge drinking is widespread on college campuses. Programs aimed at reducing this problem should focus on frequent binge drinkers, refer them to treatment or educational programs, and emphasize the harm they cause for students who are not binge drinkers.
Article
In this critical review the authors evaluate the literature regarding the relationship between lifelong DSM-III-R anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence. Many alcohol-dependent individuals demonstrate severe anxiety symptoms in the context of acute or protracted abstinence syndromes, but it is unclear whether these anxiety conditions are independent psychiatric disorders or temporary syndromes likely to disappear on their own. Reports since 1975 describing the relationship between alcoholism and anxiety disorders were reviewed to determine whether 1) lifelong anxiety disorders are unusually prevalent among alcohol-dependent individuals, 2) children of alcoholics are more likely to develop anxiety disorders than comparison populations, 3) anxiety syndromes are likely to disappear with abstinence, 4) the rate of alcohol dependence among subjects with lifelong anxiety disorders is higher than normal, 5) there is familial crossover between alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders, and 6) alcoholism is often preceded by anxiety disorders in groups from the general population studied prospectively. The interaction between alcohol use and anxiety disorders is complex. The available data, while imperfect, do not prove a close relationship between life-long anxiety disorders and alcohol dependence. Further, prospective studies of children of alcoholics and individuals from the general population do not indicate a high rate of anxiety disorders preceding alcohol dependence. The high rates of comorbidity in some studies likely reflect a mixture of true anxiety disorders among alcoholics at a rate equal to or slightly higher than that for the general population, along with temporary, but at times severe, substance-induced anxiety syndromes.
Article
This study examines NEO-FFI correlates of risk for alcoholism, alcohol use disorders and alcoholism subtyping dimensions in a mixed-gender sample of 468 young adults (mean age = 21.3) presumed to be at high risk (n = 239) or low risk (n = 229) for alcoholism on the basis of a family history of paternal alcoholism. The NEO-FFI is a brief personality inventory measuring each of the key dimensions of the five-factor model of personality (FFMP), a comprehensive, empirically-derived model of personality structure. Familial risk for alcoholism was positively associated with openness and negatively associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness. Alcohol use disorders were positively associated with neuroticism and negatively associated with aggreeableness and conscientiousness. With the exceptions of alcoholism subtyped by comorbid antisocial personality disorder and by familial alcoholism, all of the alcoholic subtypes examined were related to at least one of the five dimensions. We conclude that the FFMP holds promise for studying personality traits in alcohol use disorders and in bringing a unifying perspective to research and clinical work in this area.
Article
Two studies examined the relationships between anxiety sensitivity (AS), drug use, and reasons for drug use. In Study 1, 229 university students (57% F) completed the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) and a drug use survey, assessing use of a variety of drugs within the last month, and coping reasons for drug use. Consistent with a modified tension-reduction hypothesis, ASI scores were positively correlated with the number of both anxiety- and depression-related reasons for drug use endorsed. In Study 2, 219 university students (74% F) completed the ASI and a drug use survey, assessing use of several drugs (e.g., alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and marijuana/hashish) within the last year, and primary reasons (coping, affiliative, or enhancement) for the use of each drug. Marijuana/hashish users reported lower ASI scores than non-users supporting a negative relation between AS and the use of cannabis. ASI scores were positively correlated with the use of alcohol primarily to cope, and negatively correlated with the use of alcohol primarily to affiliate, among both gender groups, and ASI scores were positively correlated with the use of nicotine primarily to cope among the females. Implications of these findings for understanding risk for abuse of stress-response-dampening drugs by high AS individuals are discussed.
Article
Relationships between drinking motives (self-perceived reasons for drinking alcohol) and drinking restraint (preoccupation with controlling alcohol intake) were examined in a nonclinical young adult sample. Ninety-seven undergraduate university drinkers completed the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (Collins & Lapp, 1992), the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Cooper, Russell, Skinner, & Windle, 1992), and measures of demographics (age and gender) and social desirability. Results indicated that after accounting for the influences of demographic and social desirability information, Coping Motives and Enhancement Motives scores from the Drinking Motives Questionnaire were significant predictors of Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory, and Coping Motives scores were a significant predictor of Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory. Social Motives scores on the Drinking Motives Questionnaire did not significantly predict either Cognitive and Emotional Preoccupation or Cognitive and Behavioral Control scores. Further analyses suggested that actual behavioral attempts at alcohol restriction on the Temptation and Restraint Inventory were predicted by Enhancement Motives scores, whereas cognitive concerns about drinking were predicted by Coping Motives scores. Results are discussed in terms of implications for risk for excessive and problem drinking in enhancement and coping-motivated young adult drinkers.
Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age
  • M L Cooper
  • M Russell
  • J B Skinner
  • M Windle
  • ±
  • Costa
  • P T Jr
  • R R Mccrae
Cooper, M. L., Russell, M., Skinner, J. B., & Windle, M. (1992). Development and validation of a three-dimensional measure of drinking motives. Psychological Assessment, 4, 123±132. Costa Jr, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age. In P. B. Baltes, & O. G. Brim Jr, Life span development and behavior, vol. 3 (pp. 65±102).
Substance use and abuse among college students: A review of recent literature Anxiety sensitivity and social aliation as determinants of alcohol consumption
  • M Prendergast