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Career mothers and perfectionism: Stress at work and at home
Abstract
We studied the relationship between perfectionism and career mothers' dual roles of worker and mother and perfectionism's association with subjective well-being. A sample of career mothers (N = 67) completed measures of perfectionism, job burnout, parenting stress and satisfaction with self and with life. Results indicated that negative forms of perfectionism were positively correlated to cynicism and exhaustion at work and to parental distress at home. Other-oriented perfectionism was also found to be positively correlated to parental distress at home. Negative and socially prescribed perfectionism were found to be related to a decreased sense of overall satisfaction with life and satisfaction with self. In addition, the results suggest a situational component to perfectionism.
... Common scale items suggest a relationship between negative perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism (Terry-Short et al., 1995). Given the negative relationship between negative perfectionism and perceived professional efficacy in career mothers (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998), we expect a negative relationship between negative perfectionism and self-efficacy. Because positive perfectionism is based on positive reinforcement, we hypothesize that it will relate positively with self-efficacy, as endorsing individuals may receive more positive feedback from others for their achievements. ...
... They found a relationship between social phobia, concern over mistakes, and the fear of a negative evaluation, indicating a possible causal link between perfectionism and social phobia. We hypothesize that individuals who endorse negative perfectionism, with feelings of inadequacy or lowered self-concept (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998), will endorse higher levels of social fear. Because positive perfectionism appears to buffer self-esteem, positive perfectionists may report greater enjoyment of social interactions and lower levels of social fear. ...
... "Because of this lower status and power, women experience more negative events and have less control over important areas of their lives than men" (Nolen-Hoeksema, Grayson, & Larson, 1999, p. 1061. Previous research on perfectionism in career mothers by Mitchelson and Burns (1998) found that positive perfectionism was unrelated to professional efficacy at work for these women, suggesting that they may not feel positively rewarded for their efforts. ...
This paper combines two related studies. First, we evaluated general interpersonal issues and perfectionism. Second, we expanded on the first study and Mitchelson and Burns' (1998) findings concerning the consequences of these interpersonal variables and perfectionism upon relationship satisfaction. Results indicated a tendency among positive perfectionists to believe in their ability to succeed and enjoy the intellectual challenge of healthy disagreement. Negative perfectionists reported significant avoidance, need for approval, self-silencing behaviors, and self-monitoring. Furthermore, negative perfectionism, the self-silencing construct, and self-monitoring proved important predictors of decreased relationship satisfaction. Significant differences by gender were observed.
... The pursuit of flawlessness and perfection even extends to such a private sphere of life as parenting. Some parents set high standards for themselves in striving for perfect childcare practices (Snell et al., 2005); others focus on their children and expect perfection in their performance (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Piotrowski, 2020). Earlier research has shown that striving to be the best parent elevates parental stress and puts parents at risk of burnout (Kawamoto et al., 2018;Lin & Szczygieł, 2022b;Sorkkila & Aunola, 2020). ...
... Finally, if the children have not met their expectations, disappointed perfectionist parents may attribute the children's failure to their own incompetence (see Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). As a result, parents may experience decreased self-confidence (see Hubert & Aujoulat, 2018). ...
... Although some studies showed its beneficial effect (e.g., higher well-being, Birch et al., 2019;lower job burnout, Childs & Stoeber, 2010), other studies found that it was neither adaptive nor damaging (Stoeber & Corr, 2016). Together with previous findings (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Piotrowski, 2020), our study indicates that the consequences of other-oriented perfectionism for a parent are wholly deleterious when the target is children (i.e., child-oriented perfectionism) who fail to meet expectations. ...
Is it possible that striving for flawlessness and perfection in their children's performance is detrimental to parents? Could it be so harmful that it exposes parents to the risk of burnout? In order to answer these questions, this study adopted a three-dimension model of childoriented perfectionism (encompassing three dimensions: high standards, order, and discrepancy) and examined the association of these dimensions with parental burnout. The participants were 325 Polish parents (78.8% mothers) who lived in the same household with at least one child aged 3 to 19 years. The results showed that discrepancy—parents’ perception that their children failed to meet their standards and expectations—was a crucial dimension of child-oriented perfectionism that put parents at risk of burnout; however, parents’ emotional intelligence mitigated such harmful effects. The study contributes to knowledge about the antecedents of parental burnout and provides insight into possible interventions to counter the risk of striving as parents for perfect children.
... Hypothesis 4b (H4b). We hypothesized that the perceived gap between standards set and results achieved would be the factor contributing the most to the feeling of guilt linked to work-family conflict [19,21], producing a greater perception that family duties interfere with work, since the latter involves more clearly defined obligations and expectations [22]. ...
... The only variable to emerge as a predictor of FIWG in both men and women was the discrepancy related to perfectionism, thus confirming Hypothesis 4b. Although there has been little research into the relationship between perfectionism and guilt linked to work-family conflict, the maladaptive version of this feature has been found to worsen work-family conflict [19], to generate guilt and stress in the family [55], and to lead to cynicism and exhaustion at work [22]. Our results agree with this, showing that individuals who perceive important discrepancies between their life goals and their results are at greater risk of feeling guilty as a consequence of FIWG. ...
... Our results agree with this, showing that individuals who perceive important discrepancies between their life goals and their results are at greater risk of feeling guilty as a consequence of FIWG. As we hypothesized previously, it is quite likely that a relationship exists between discrepancy and FIWG simply because the workplace offers better-defined goals, with clearer targets set, therefore inducing the possibility of perceiving discrepancies in reaching them [22]. When these discrepancies at work are felt to have resulted from family interference, FIWG arises. ...
En los últimos años, la culpa se ha convertido en una de las emociones vinculada a la parentalidad que más se está estudiando, en especial aquella derivada del conflicto familia-trabajo. Los efectos negativos de la culpa vinculada a este conflicto son múltiples, siendo la merma en la satisfacción vital uno de los más reportados. La escasa literatura disponible sitúa a las madres como el colectivo más vulnerable a los efectos de la culpabilidad vinculada al conflicto-trabajo, y específicamente a aquella que se deriva de la interferencia que genera el trabajo sobre la familia. No obstante, la mayoría de estos estudios son cualitativos y no se centran específicamente en la satisfacción vital. Objetivo: examinar la relación entre las dos dimensiones de la culpabilidad vinculada al conflicto-trabajo (culpa generada por la interferencia del trabajo en la familia -culpa familia-trabajo- y por la interferencia de la familia en el trabajo -culpa trabajo-familia-) y la satisfacción vital, así como la posible moderación del género en dicha relación. La muestra incidental estuvo compuesta por 225 progenitores que disponían de un trabajo remunerado y tenían al menos 1 hijo escolarizado en educación infantil (49.1% mujeres; Medad = 36.88). Se realizaron análisis de correlación y de moderación. No se encontró ninguna relación significativa entre los dos tipos de culpabilidad vinculada al conflicto familia-trabajo y la satisfacción vital en la muestra general. Sin embargo, el análisis de moderación indicó que el efecto de la culpa familia-trabajo sobre la satisfacción se encontraba moderado por el género, siendo esta relación significativa únicamente en el caso de las mujeres. Se discute la importancia del género, y particularmente de los roles y creencias asociadas a esta construcción social, en el impacto de la culpa familia-trabajo sobre la satisfacción vital de los progenitores que disponen de un trabajo remunerado.
... Hypothesis 4b (H4b). We hypothesized that the perceived gap between standards set and results achieved would be the factor contributing the most to the feeling of guilt linked to work-family conflict [19,21], producing a greater perception that family duties interfere with work, since the latter involves more clearly defined obligations and expectations [22]. ...
... The only variable to emerge as a predictor of FIWG in both men and women was the discrepancy related to perfectionism, thus confirming Hypothesis 4b. Although there has been little research into the relationship between perfectionism and guilt linked to work-family conflict, the maladaptive version of this feature has been found to worsen work-family conflict [19], to generate guilt and stress in the family [55], and to lead to cynicism and exhaustion at work [22]. Our results agree with this, showing that individuals who perceive important discrepancies between their life goals and their results are at greater risk of feeling guilty as a consequence of FIWG. ...
... Our results agree with this, showing that individuals who perceive important discrepancies between their life goals and their results are at greater risk of feeling guilty as a consequence of FIWG. As we hypothesized previously, it is quite likely that a relationship exists between discrepancy and FIWG simply because the workplace offers better-defined goals, with clearer targets set, therefore inducing the possibility of perceiving discrepancies in reaching them [22]. When these discrepancies at work are felt to have resulted from family interference, FIWG arises. ...
This research work had three objectives: (1) to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Work–Family Guilt Scale, (2) to examine its invariance according to gender, and (3) to study the relationship between work–family guilt (WFG) and the different proposed antecedent (e.g., hours spent working, social support, rumination, and personality) or consequential factors (e.g., life satisfaction), noting any gender differences. The incidental sample comprised 225 parents who were in paid work and had at least one child attending nursery school (49.1% women; age of total sample = 36.88 on average). Multiple-group and confirmatory factor analyses, correlations, multiple regression, and moderation analyses were carried out. The WFGS reflected the same factorial structure in men and women, with two main factors: work interfering with family guilt (WIFG) and family interfering with work guilt (FIWG). No gender differences were found. The discrepancy associated with perfectionism was the only variable that was found to be a predictor of FIWG. The major predictors of WIFG were brooding from rumination and the number of hours spent working. WIFG was also associated with lower life satisfaction in women. The implications of these results are discussed, stressing the need to promote work–family reconciliation policies.
... It is seen in the literature that perfectionism has been researched in many different occupational groups. For example; athletes (Anshel and Mansouri, 2005), students (Rice and Dwello 2002;Stoeber and Eysenck 2008), teachers (Stoeber and Rennert, 2008), artists (Mor et al. 1995), police officers (Hralbuik, 2009), cooks (Eren and Günlü Küçükaltan, 2017) career mothers (Mitchelson and Burns 1998), supervisors and managers of hotels (Kanten and Yeşiltaş 2015, p. 1367), psychotherapists (Forney et al.1982cited by D'Souza et al. 2011, bankers (Kakırman and Birsel 2015) have been studied. Despite some views that positively evaluate perfectionism, according to Flett and Hewitt (2006), constantly striving for perfectionism later results in a lack of motivation because perfectionist individuals attach to hard-to-reach goals and have an irrational belief to be successful. ...
... Besides, their findings indicate that individual differences in socially prescribed perfectionism may contribute to stress and burnout levels in the workplace. Mitchelson and Burns (1998), with a small sample of 67 career mothers, found that socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with higher levels of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism) at home and work (Childs ve Stoeber, 2010, p.271.) Lazarus (1999) revealed that maladaptive forms of perfectionism caused more threatening perceptions of stress, and this perception effect burnout level. Demirci andÇepikkurt (2018, p. 1252) found in their study that athletes with an obsessive passion for sports and tendencies of maladaptive perfectionism were prone to burnout. ...
... Gould et al. (1996) revealed that athletes experiencing burnout exhibited neurotic perfectionism (cited in Tashman et al., 2010, p. 197-198). Mitchelson and Burns (1998) detected a significant relationship between social perfectionism and burnout. ...
This study examines the relationship between the traits of a perfectionist personality and burnout. Perfectionists constantly set extremely high standards and make great efforts to achieve. In this regard, it can be stated that perfectionism is a concept that is closely related to burnout. The sample consisted of 158 employees working in a marble enterprise operating in the province of Burdur. As a result of the research, all hypotheses were supported. A statistically positive and significant relationship between the variables in the model was found. In other words, a significant and positive relationship was found between self-oriented perfectionism and emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment, which are the sub-scales of burnout.
... Although perfectionism significantly influences various life domains (Stoeber and Stoeber, 2009), research on it has been primarily conducted in clinical and educational settings with few investigations being made in working environments. The existing studies indicate that perfectionism shares positive relationships with psychological strain (e.g., Mitchelson and Burns, 1998), burnout (e.g., Stoeber and Rennert, 2008), work engagement (e.g., Childs and Stoeber, 2010), and workaholism (e.g., Falco et al., 2017). A recent meta-analysis confirmed these associations (Harari et al., 2018). ...
... Antecedents of burnout have been widely studied, and recent meta-analytical studies in the work context have identified the following significant antecedents of burnout: influential demographic (e.g., Purvanova and Muros, 2010), situational (e.g., Alarcon, 2011), and personality factors (e.g., Swider and Zimmerman, 2010), including perfectionism (Childs and Stoeber, 2012). Given the degree of consensus among researchers on conceptualizing perfectionism through the twofactors model (i.e., strivings and concerns), the majority of studies has differentiated perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns when examining their relationships with burnout (e.g., Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Stoeber, 2010, 2012;Taris et al., 2010;Caliskan et al., 2014). In this context, a number of studies found perfectionistic concerns to show positive relationships with burnout's components [exhaustion, cynicism (or depersonalization), and inefficacy], whereas perfectionistic strivings showed no significant relationships (e.g., Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Fairlie and Flett, 2003). ...
... Given the degree of consensus among researchers on conceptualizing perfectionism through the twofactors model (i.e., strivings and concerns), the majority of studies has differentiated perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns when examining their relationships with burnout (e.g., Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Stoeber, 2010, 2012;Taris et al., 2010;Caliskan et al., 2014). In this context, a number of studies found perfectionistic concerns to show positive relationships with burnout's components [exhaustion, cynicism (or depersonalization), and inefficacy], whereas perfectionistic strivings showed no significant relationships (e.g., Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Fairlie and Flett, 2003). This same pattern was confirmed by other studies that, in addition, detected negative correlations of perfectionistic strivings with the burnout's inefficacy component (e.g., Caliskan et al., 2014;Li et al., 2014), while few studies found perfectionistic strivings to show positive correlations with burnout (Taris et al., 2010;Hrabluik et al., 2012). ...
The current study aims at examining the relationship between the perfectionism two-factor model (i.e., concerns and strivings) and burnout dimensions measured by using the BAT (Burnout Assessment Tool) through a longitudinal study. A two-wave cross-lagged study was conducted using path analysis in SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) of 191 workers. Results confirmed the predictive role of perfectionistic concerns on the burnout dimensions, whereas perfectionistic strivings were not significantly related, suggesting that perfectionism should be monitored by employers and clinicians to prevent employee burnout. Limitations and future research directions are envisaged.
... Other-oriented perfectionism is analyzed in these studies, though, as a general attitude towards other people who belong to various domains of life. Mitchelson and Burns [24] investigated 67 mothers and found that other-oriented perfectionism tended to be more visible in the workplace (e.g. I have high expectations of the people who are important to me at work) than at home (e.g., I have high expectations of the people who are important to me at home), yet other-oriented perfectionism at home still correlated with higher parental distress. ...
... 2. On the basis of past studies on domain-specific other-oriented perfectionism [24,25], it was predicted that there could occur differences in respect of levels of High Standards, Order, and Discrepancy regarding the partner and the child (within-subject comparisons). Due to the lack of earlier studies on child-oriented perfectionism, it was difficult to formulate an unequivocal hypothesis about the direction of these differences. ...
... Mitchelson and Burns [24] and Dunn,Dunn,and McDonald [25] demonstrated that general other-oriented perfectionism can have different levels in different domains, e.g. in work and in family. As regards the second hypothesis, the results suggest that in specific domains, such as a family domain as analyzed here, people also have different expectations for particular people. ...
The aim of the study was to verify the relationship between child-oriented and partner-oriented perfectionism, and their associations with narcissism and with difficulties in the romantic and parental domains. A total of 459 individuals participated, 264 women and 195 men (Mage = 33.88, SD = 4.39). Child-oriented perfectionism and partner-oriented perfectionism were related to each other and positively correlated with narcissism. Partner-oriented perfectionism turned out to be a specific predictor of difficulties in the romantic relations, whereas child-oriented perfectionism was found to be a predictor of difficulties in parental relation. The results suggest that studies on other-oriented perfectionism should take into consideration concrete individuals at whom perfectionistic expectations are directed (e.g. partner and children). This will enable a more precise investigation of the influence of perfectionism on family life and a better understanding of the social consequences of other-oriented perfectionism.
... However, there are two problems with considering SPP as a stable, personal factor that leads to disordered eating. One, social expectations on perfectionism may have some basis in reality, which is why perceptions of SPP can be affected by context (i.e., a person can consider pressure to be perfect to be different depending on what immediate group is salient to them; see Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Second, the lack of precision on the resulting measures of perfectionism (i.e., pressure to be perfect from an abstract "other people", as opposed to pressure from specific groups) means the link between disordered eating and perfectionism cannot be explained . ...
... However, in contrast to this broad, stable, conceptualisation of SPP, studies have found that the amount of perfectionism pressure varies depending on social context. One study showed that women significantly differed on their SPP scores when asked to consider themselves as workers versus when considering themselves at home (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Therefore, SPP levels can be affected by making different social groups salient (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). ...
... One study showed that women significantly differed on their SPP scores when asked to consider themselves as workers versus when considering themselves at home (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Therefore, SPP levels can be affected by making different social groups salient (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). A separate study showed that those typically described as perfectionists only show perfectionism in a select few social domains, rather than as a broad character trait (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
This research addressed how perfectionism relates to disordered eating by using a social identity approach. It found that the norms within valued identities dictated perfectionism content, including disordered eating tendencies, and that changing these norms could reduce perfectionism. Addressing perfectionism in this way may lead to improved disordered eating interventions.
... However, there are two problems with considering SPP as a stable, personal factor that leads to disordered eating. One, social expectations on perfectionism may have some basis in reality, which is why perceptions of SPP can be affected by context (i.e., a person can consider pressure to be perfect to be different depending on what immediate group is salient to them; see Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Second, the lack of precision on the resulting measures of perfectionism (i.e., pressure to be perfect from an abstract "other people", as opposed to pressure from specific groups) means the link between disordered eating and perfectionism cannot be explained . ...
... However, in contrast to this broad, stable, conceptualisation of SPP, studies have found that the amount of perfectionism pressure varies depending on social context. One study showed that women significantly differed on their SPP scores when asked to consider themselves as workers versus when considering themselves at home (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Therefore, SPP levels can be affected by making different social groups salient (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). ...
... One study showed that women significantly differed on their SPP scores when asked to consider themselves as workers versus when considering themselves at home (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). Therefore, SPP levels can be affected by making different social groups salient (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). A separate study showed that those typically described as perfectionists only show perfectionism in a select few social domains, rather than as a broad character trait (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
All over Australia, disordered eating rates are increasing. Decades of research have indicated that perfectionism is a key risk factor for disordered eating behaviour. While there remains some debate about the specific facets of perfectionism, there is general agreement that perfectionism can be delineated based on the perceived source: self-oriented perfectionism (i.e., “I must be perfect”) and socially prescribed perfectionism (i.e., “They require me to be perfect”). Conceptually, this overlaps with social psychology. Specifically, this mirrors traditional social identity approaches of how individuals integrate personal identity content with social identity content. However, to date no research has used a social psychological approach to understand how perfectionism comes about, how it may lead to disordered eating behaviour, and thereby imply how social psychology could aid in therapeutic approaches to reduce perfectionism. In this thesis, I argue that self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism are analogous to personal identity content and social identity content. Across five papers, I present evidence for this social identity approach to perfectionism in disordered eating. Firstly, I present the Consolidated Perfectionism Model to explain how self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism can be considered from a social identity perspective, integrating cross cultural, clinical, and sociocultural perspectives on perfectionism in disordered eating. Secondly, I present qualitative evidence suggesting that self-oriented perfectionism is absorbed through intrapersonal factors, and socially prescribed perfectionism is in fact a self-control norm transmitted through “fat talk.” Third, through two correlational studies, we find that perfectionism pressure does appear to relate to thin ideal beliefs, but in another study, low self-control was related to disordered eating above body dissatisfaction. Fourthly, I present data that suggests socially prescribed perfectionism relates to disordered eating through negative urgency (a facet of self-control), indicating that disordered eating behaviour is driven by a negative reaction to socially prescribed perfectionism norms present within the immediate social environment. Fifth and finally, I present evidence that we can reduce socially prescribed perfectionism by manipulating the context of health messages to counter perfectionism. We conclude by discussing how this new perspective can add to therapies designed to reduce perfectionism. This thesis adds to social psychological theory by further presenting evidence that the social identity approach has utility in changing toxic group-based beliefs. However, it also has implications for clinical psychology, by presenting evidence that the use of explicit social psychological frameworks may add to traditional clinicalapproaches. Overall, this thesis presents strong evidence for the use of social psychology approaches to clinical disorders, especially in disordered eating.
... Individuals with higher perfectionism may have negative thoughts about their competence, perceiving even small mistakes as failures because of their unrealistic standards that cause fear of making mistakes (Andrews et al., 2014;Park, 2011). This lead to stress by making them think that their performance is insufficient and not satisfied with their success (Frederiksen, 2009) since people with high levels of perfectionism may tend to experience high levels of anxiety and be affected more negatively by stress factors (Achtziger & Bayer, 2013;Amaral et al., 2013;Aydemir & Arlı, 2019;Çam et al. 2014;Mitchelson Burns, 1998). This may negatively affect many areas of life, especially the professional and educational process (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
... Çünkü mükemmeliyetçilik düzeyi yüksek olan kişiler, daha yüksek düzeyde kaygı yaşama eğiliminde olabilir ve stres faktörlerinden daha olumsuz biçimde etkilenebilirler (Achtziger & Bayer, 2013;Amaral vd., 2013;Aydemir & Arlı, 2019;Çam vd. 2014;Mitchelson Burns, 1998). Bu özellik başta mesleki ve eğitsel süreç olmak üzere, hayatın birçok alanına olumsuz biçimde etki edebilmektedir (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
Career stress is one of the current issues that university students have to deal with.
Although there are many reasons, it is stated that perfectionism can be one of the main
reasons for the formation of stress. On the other hand, it is supported by the literature
that the perception of social support can be a source that can reduce this effect. For
such reasons, this study aims to examine the mediating role of perceived social support
in the relationship between university students' perfectionism and career stress. A total
of 433 university students, 311 (71.8%) female and 122 (28.2%) male, participated in the
sample of this study. The measurement tools used to collect data in the study are the
‘Big Three Perfectionism Scale-16'', 'Career Stress Scale' and 'Multidimensional Scale of
Perceived Social Support'. The research findings explain that the perfectionist
personality traits of the students have a positive and significant effect on career stress.
It is also explained that perceived multidimensional social support has a partial
mediating role between perfectionism and career stress. The findings of the research
were discussed in relation to the literature.
... Individuals with higher perfectionism may have negative thoughts about their competence, perceiving even small mistakes as failures because of their unrealistic standards that cause fear of making mistakes (Andrews et al., 2014;Park, 2011). This lead to stress by making them think that their performance is insufficient and not satisfied with their success (Frederiksen, 2009) since people with high levels of perfectionism may tend to experience high levels of anxiety and be affected more negatively by stress factors (Achtziger & Bayer, 2013;Amaral et al., 2013;Aydemir & Arlı, 2019;Çam et al. 2014;Mitchelson Burns, 1998). This may negatively affect many areas of life, especially the professional and educational process (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
... Çünkü mükemmeliyetçilik düzeyi yüksek olan kişiler, daha yüksek düzeyde kaygı yaşama eğiliminde olabilir ve stres faktörlerinden daha olumsuz biçimde etkilenebilirler (Achtziger & Bayer, 2013;Amaral vd., 2013;Aydemir & Arlı, 2019;Çam vd. 2014;Mitchelson Burns, 1998). Bu özellik başta mesleki ve eğitsel süreç olmak üzere, hayatın birçok alanına olumsuz biçimde etki edebilmektedir (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). ...
Career stress is one of the current issues that university students have to deal with. Although there are many reasons, it is stated that perfectionism can be one of the main reasons for the formation of stress. On the other hand, it is supported by the literature that the perception of social support can be a source that can reduce this effect. For such reasons, this study aims to examine the mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between university students' perfectionism and career stress. A total of 433 university students, 311 (71.8%) female and 122 (28.2%) male, participated in the sample of this study. The measurement tools used to collect data in the study are the ‘Big Three Perfectionism Scale-16'', 'Career Stress Scale' and 'Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support'. The research findings explain that the perfectionist personality traits of the students have a positive and significant effect on career stress. It is also explained that perceived multidimensional social support has a partial mediating role between perfectionism and ca
... Along with that the excessive attention given to the execution of maintaining and implementing hygiene and sanitation of the households may have supplemented the stress during the pandemic (Eh &Jahan 2020). The impact of perfectionism in increasing stress is well established and documented in different researches from the earlier times ( Bendell et al., 1986 andMitchelson &Burns, 1998). A working mother who has the trait of being perfectionist and with her family and career goals would likely to add on stress and anxiety many times more than any other person around. ...
... Along with that the excessive attention given to the execution of maintaining and implementing hygiene and sanitation of the households may have supplemented the stress during the pandemic (Eh &Jahan 2020). The impact of perfectionism in increasing stress is well established and documented in different researches from the earlier times ( Bendell et al., 1986 andMitchelson &Burns, 1998). A working mother who has the trait of being perfectionist and with her family and career goals would likely to add on stress and anxiety many times more than any other person around. ...
The objective of the current study is to assess the associations between perceived quality of life and parental stress and to investigate if physical activity has an impact on the parenting stress to affect the quality of life in this sample of working mothers. Participants in this cross-sectional study were 108 full-time working mothers residing in Dhaka city (mean age = 35.21 years) who have to work full-time during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were randomly selected from different occupations and they completed International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short-Form, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale-Brief Version, the Parental Stress Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Pearson’s Bivariate Correlations and Multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to understand whether parental stress can be predicted based on different domains of quality of life and extent of physical activity carried out by the working mothers. There was a moderate, positive correlation between level of physical and psychological health with parental stress, which were statistically significant. In addition to that, there was also positive correlation seen between social relationships and environmental health with parental stress. In the case of physical activity there was a negative correlation observed with parenting stress and positive association seen with total quality of life of the participants. The study indicated that perceived higher quality of life was associated with greater parenting stress and any kind of physical activity may reduce the negative impact of parenting stress during the time of COVID-19.
... Stoeber & Stoeber (2009) found a negative correlation between socially prescribed perfectionism, a kind of maladaptive perfectionism measured with Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale developed by Hewitt & Flett (1991), and satisfaction with life in both university students and Internet users. A study by Mitchelson & Burns (1998) also revealed that negative and socially prescribed perfectionism predicted a decreased sense of overall satisfaction with life. However, as of yet, few studies explored the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among medical students and we tried to fill in this research gap. ...
... Our study found that maladaptive perfectionism was negatively associated with life satisfaction and this finding is consistent with conclusions of some previous research (e.g., Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). Life satisfaction, as a major component of positive well-being, is subjective perception of one's life as a whole and is found to predict long-term health outcomes. ...
Research shows that maladaptive perfectionism as a personality trait can result in a number of mental health problems and lowered life satisfaction levels. Since self-compassion has been demonstrated in numerous studies as an important emotional regulation resource and as an essential mental health protective factor, it is hypothesized that self-compassion may play a mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among medical students and we tried to explore this mediation by using a bi-factor model. In this cross-sectional study, 1653 Chinese undergraduate medical students (aged 17–26 years) completed questionnaires including the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) maladaptive perfectionism subscales, the 26-item Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and demographic information. Mediation analysis showed that self-compassion as a general factor together with its two specific factors of self-kindness and mindfulness played a full mediating role in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among medical students. This study has important implications for medical education as it adds to the literature on further understanding of the mechanism underlying the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction in medical students.
... As an important mental health indicator, life satisfaction entails an individual's subjective evaluation of the life as a whole which is based on the individual's self-set standards (Diener et al., 1985). Although some cross-sectional studies have demonstrated the negative relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among different population groups such as undergraduate students (Ashby et al., 2012;Gnilka et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2017), high school adolescents (Ongen, 2009), Internet users (Stoeber and Stoeber, 2009) and career mothers (Mitchelson and Burns, 1998), we found few studies exploring the association of maladaptive perfectionism with life satisfaction among medical students and the underlying mechanism in this association. Therefore, the current research aimed to examine the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction with a large sample of undergraduate medical students and to further explore the underlying mechanism in this relationship. ...
... Therefore, the current research aimed to examine the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction with a large sample of undergraduate medical students and to further explore the underlying mechanism in this relationship. Based on the results of the association between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction in previous studies (Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Ongen, 2009;Stoeber and Stoeber, 2009;Ashby et al., 2012;Gnilka et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2017), we hypothesized that the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction in medical students was negative and the first aim of the current research was to test this hypothesis. ...
Empirical research has shown that maladaptive perfectionism may lead to lower life satisfaction. However, the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among medical students and the mechanism underlying this relationship still need to be further explored. The present study used a large sample of undergraduate medical students to examine the associations between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction and to explore the mechanism underlying the associations. Specifically, the present study tried to probe the mediating role of academic burnout and the moderating role of self-esteem in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction in medical students. We invited 1628 undergraduate medical students from two medical universities in Northeastern China to participate in the survey. Among the students recruited, 1377 medical students (response rate: 84.6%) completed questionnaires including the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) maladaptive perfectionism subscales, the Chinese College Student Academic Burnout Inventory (CCSABI), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and demographic information. Results show that maladaptive perfectionism was significantly negatively related to life satisfaction among medical students and academic burnout played a significant mediating role (β = −0.10, BCa 95%CI: −0.12, −0.07) in this relationship. Moderated mediation analyses reveal that the mediating effect of maladaptive perfectionism on life satisfaction via academic burnout was moderated by self-esteem. Maladaptive perfectionism exerted a stronger effect on life satisfaction via the mediating role of academic burnout for medical students with high self-esteem [β = −0.026, SE = 0.009, 95%CI = (−0.047, −0.011)] than for medical students with low self-esteem [β = −0.019, SE = 0.009, 95%CI = (−0.038, −0.001)]. Medical institutions can implement effective interventions to decrease medical students’ maladaptive perfectionism levels and academic burnout levels, and increase their self-esteem levels in order to enhance their life satisfaction.
... Contrary to adaptive perfectionism, Stoeber and Otto (2006) state that maladaptive perfectionists demonstrate psychologically devastating negative characteristics. Mitchelson and Burns (1998) revealed that maladaptive perfectionism is associated with parental distress at home, job burnout, and a decreased sense of satisfaction with life. Similarly, Kanten and Yesiltas (2015) reported a negative association between maladaptive perfectionism and well-being with the data gathered from Turkey. ...
... Second, the gender role theory may function differently for men than for women. It is suggested that the home domain includes more ambiguous expectations than the work domain (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). In this vein, based on the gender role theory, it can be assumed that as the men have a breadwinner role, family responsibilities may be vaguer for men than for the women. ...
The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it aims to investigate the mediating role of family–work conflict (FWC) on the relationship between the dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive vs. maladaptive) and well-being, and second, it aims to explore whether gender moderates this mediated relationship. Data are gathered from 238 dual working and married employees working in different sectors. The moderated mediation analyses are conducted using PROCESS macro developed by Hayes and Preacher (2013). The findings reveal that FWC plays a critical mediating role in transmitting the effects of maladaptive perfectionism to well-being. Regarding it the moderated relationship, we find that the positive relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and FWC is stronger for men than it is for women. However, the effect of adaptive perfectionism on FWC is found to be stronger for women compared to that for men. We discuss these findings in relation to gender roles and FWC policies and research.
... Although previous studies have revealed that perfectionism is associated with burnout in job, sport, and education domains (Hill & Curran, 2016), it remained for a long time unclear whether the same is true for the parenting domain. Mitchelson and Burns (1998) were one of the first researchers showing that perfectionism was not only linked with job burnout and job stress, but also with stress at home, parental distress, and lower life satisfaction in career mothers. Further, a significant set of studies continued to show a link between parents' maladaptive perfectionism and decreased parental psychological well-being (Priel & Besser, 2000;Snell et al., 2005;Vliegen et al., 2006) as well as problematic parenting behaviors (Casalin et al., 2014;Dieleman et al., 2020;Snell et al., 2005;Soenens et al., 2005), and parental burnout (Furutani et al., 2020;Kawamoto et al., 2018;Lin et al., 2021;Sorkkila & Aunola, 2020;Szczygieł et al., 2020). ...
Work-family conflict and parental burnout are two important and often co-occurring indicators of psychological maladjustment related to the parenting role. Whereas both have been studied in largely different research areas, the present study forwards the assumption that their co-occurrence may be explained by shared dispositional factors such as parental perfectionism and emotional dysregulation (Malivoire et al., 2019). In particular, the present study adds to existing literature by (a) exploring the role of perfectionistic concerns in (the co-occurrence of) work-family conflict and parental burnout, (b) examining the role of emotional dysregulation as an intermediate variable in this link between perfectionism and parental maladjustment, and (c) addressing these research objectives for mothers (N = 116) and fathers (N = 102) separately, as well as their mutual influences using Actor-Partner Interdependence Modeling (APIM). The research goals are examined in families of adolescents, thereby addressing parental experiences during one of the most challenging periods of parenthood. The results based on both maternal and paternal self-report showed that perfectionistic concerns were related to both work-family conflict and parental burnout, with emotional dysregulation playing a significant intermediate role. In addition to these actor effects, the APIM results showed a significant partner-effect between paternal perfectionistic concerns and maternal work-family conflict, as well as between maternal perfectionistic concerns and paternal burnout. From an applied perspective, these findings suggest that interventions towards parents who struggle with work-family balance should not only focus on a more realistic and compassionate attitude towards themselves, but should also target emotion regulation, and enhance insight in transactional processes between partners.
... As well as having physical consequences such as behavioral disorders, there may also be mental consequences such as depression, burnout, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts (4,5). A variety of types of stress may affect an employee's performance at work, such as job stress, academic stress, environmental stress, health stress, relationship stress, and especially family stress (6)(7)(8). ...
Individuals with a satisfactory level of job satisfaction are much less likely to feel hopeless about their future and are more likely to perform efficiently in the workplace. General work stress (i.e., the work-related stress subjectively experienced) is a significant predictor of suicide cognitions. Furthermore, it has been posited that satisfaction and hope are fundamental to life from an existential perspective. We, therefore, tested a hypothetical model of general work stress, suicide cognitions, hopelessness, and job satisfaction. The data were collected from 416 health-care workers through a convenience sampling method. The mediation analysis results revealed significant negative and positive relationships among general work stress, suicide conceptions, hopelessness, and job satisfaction. The findings indicate that hopelessness and job satisfaction have a parallel mediating effect in the relationship between general work stress and suicide cognitions. The result of the study is of great importance, which suggests that interventions to alleviate hopelessness and work stress and to boost the job satisfaction of medical staff may help prevent suicide cognitions.
... Thus, individuals with high perfectionism may endure higher rates of stress to succeed as they feel that they must fulfil both their own perfect standards and norms and those of significant others. Therefore, perfectionism has been related to extreme rates of psychological distress (Gould, Udry, Tuffey, & Loehr, 1996;Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). ...
Given the dearth of research on the association between perfectionism in general and socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) in particular and learning burnout among English as a foreign language (EFL) learners, the present research set to examine the link between SPP and language learning burnout under the effects of self-esteem and shame emotion simultaneously. Accordingly, 244 university EFL learners were recruited conveniently. They were administered adapted self-reported questionnaires. The data analysis was done through SPSS, AMOS, and Process Macro. The findings of SEM analysis showed that SPP and shame were positively related to burnout. Further, self-esteem could negatively predict burnout. There was also a negative relationship between shame and self-esteem. The findings of mediation analysis also indicated that both self-esteem and shame significantly mediated the impact of SPP on burnout. Theoretical and practical implications were presented and suggestions were provided for further research.
... Because it can be said that the questions "Is the perfectionist individual a perfectionist in all areas at the same rate?" or "Can perfectionism be specific to a single area?" lead to the exclusive examination of the concept. Looking at the limited number of studies on the fields of perfectionism, it was seen that almost every subject related to life, including religious life (see Slaney -Ashby, 1996), such as work and home life (Deuling -Burns, 1998), sports, academic and daily work (Dunn vd., 2005), body hygiene, appearance, social relations, presentation preparation, spelling rules, clothing, rhetoric, romantic relationships, eating habits, health, time management communication, leisure time activities, oral presentation, investment, order, child education and even house repair (Stoeber -Stoeber, 2009;Haase vd., 2013) were included in this concept. Although the perfectionist individual is prone to be a perfectionist in almost every field, the perfectionism rates of the fields may vary according to the order of importance, he may also show perfectionism only in a special field such as work, academic life, appearance or religious life. ...
The fact that the absolute is only God, and therefore, God is the first to come to mind when perfection is mentioned, is a common occurrence among believers. Perfectionism was also associated with God by the early personality theorists, moved away from its religious meaning over time, and its relationship with piety was little taken into account until recently. The fact that perfectionism, which has a religious motif in its essence, came to life in the field of religious sciences in general and psychology of religion in particular, in other words, bringing the concept of religious perfectionism into the literature became possible by a limited number of measurement attempts made after 2010. In this study, which we carried out to contribute to the concept of religious perfectionism in the Turkish literature, religious perfectionism, which is based on setting high standards for religious life, was discussed as a whole with order, discipline, inadequacy of one's self, perfect religious expectations and generalizations about others. Our study aims to fill the gap in the relevant literature by making the operational definition of religious perfectionism, as well as measuring it. After determining the need for scale development and literature review, multidimensional perfectionism scales were reviewed and an item pool was created. Some features of perfectionism, such as discipline, generalization, and performance control, which are not dimensioned in multidimensional scales, were also adapted to piety. Previously developed religious perfectionism scales were also examined and, unlike them, we attempted to emphasize both the individual's religious life and the perfect God perception. The opinions of five experts in the field of Psychology of Religion were consulted about the adequacy of the items, so the first form of the scale was prepared for the pilot scheme. The study group of the study consists of 610 Muslim participants who live in Turkey, believe in Allah (God) and regularly perform at least one worship. A total of 254 people, 192 (75.6%) of whom were female and 62 (24.4%) were male, participated in the pilot scheme. A total of 356 participants, 242 (68%) of whom were women and 114 (32%) were men, participated in the main study. The educational background of the participants was undergraduate or postgraduate, and the majority of them were between the ages of 18-30. In order to determine the validity of the scale, construct validity and criterion-related validity were examined. Explanatory Factor Analysis (n=254) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (n=356) were used for construct validity and correlation analysis was performed for criterion-related validity. In addition, the differences between the item mean scores of the lower 27% and upper 27% groups were tested with the unrelated T-test for item discrimination. The reliability of the scale was determined by Cronbach's Alpha (a) and test-retest methods. As a result of Explanatory Factor Analysis, the scale was divided into two factors as Positive Religious perfectionism and Negative Religious perfectionism, as designed. The positive dimension of the scale included items that included the very high standards that the person set about God and his religious life, the order and discipline shown in worship. In the negative dimension of the scale, items such as finding the worships inadequate, doubting the actions and worrying about making mistakes, as well as the general acceptances that the individual has about himself, God or others, were included. The total score of the dimensions showed the general religious perfectionism level, and as the score gets higher, so does the religious perfectionism level. The scale can be used to measure the general religious perfectionism level based on the total score in the studies to be carried out, or it can also be used by dividing it into its positive and negative factors. The internal consistency coefficient of Positive Religious perfectionism was 0.913; it was 0.876 for Negative Religious perfectionism, and the overall reliability for the 22-item structure of the scale was 0.904. As a result of the test-retest performed with a new study group of 95 people with an interval of 14 days, a positive significant correlation was found between the pretest and retest levels (r=0.960 p
... Utamanya bagi ibu bekerja, telah banyak dari mereka yang berjuang dengan konflik antara membangun karir atau fokus pada keluarga. Seringkali aspek kepribadian yang dapat memperparah konflik emosional tersebut adalah betapa perfeksionisnya diri mereka (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998 Ibu bekerja dihadapkan pada tuntutan karir dengan tidak meninggalkan kewajiban utamanya sebagai seorang pengasuh. Mereka perlu meluangkan banyak waktu untuk anak agar proses pengasuhan dapat berjalan sebagaimana mestinya (Wibowo & Saidiyah, 2013). ...
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perfeksionisme dan parental burnout pada ibu bekerja dengan perceived social support sebagai variabel moderator. Hal ini mengacu pada studi sebelumnya yang telah menunjukkan perfeksionisme sebagai faktor penting terjadinya parental burnout. Di sisi lain, sejumlah studi juga membuktikan perceived social support sebagai stress buffer yang dapat memproteksi individu dari burnout. Data dikumpulkan dengan metode survei menggunakan skala Frost Multidimentional Perfectionism Scale, Parental Burnout Assessment, dan Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Melalui analisis moderasi dengan Bootstrap pada data 263 partisipan, didapatkan hasil bahwa perfeksionisme berhubungan signifikan dengan parental burnout (p=< 0,001), serta perceived social support memiliki peran moderasi yang juga signifikan terhadap hubungan keduanya (p=0,022). Sehingga, dalam hal ini intervensi dapat lebih difokuskan pada peningkatan dukungan sosial terhadap ibu bekerja, daripada upaya mengubah sifat perfeksionis itu sendiri.
... Third, we aim to improve the understanding of domain-specific perfectionism (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009). Previous research showed that perfectionism in one domain relates to well-being in this specific domain (e.g., perfectionism in the home domain relates to parental distress, whereas perfectionism in the work domain relates to work-related burnout symptoms; Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). However, perfectionism might also permeate boundaries between domains (Ocampo et al., 2020). ...
Little is known about the role of perfectionism in employees' daily work. Our study aimed to provide a fine‐grained view on perfectionism in work life by examining daily work‐related perfectionism in terms of perfectionistic strivings and concerns. Drawing on whole trait theory and the principle of trait activation, we investigated experienced time pressure and criticism at work as antecedents of daily work‐related perfectionism and in turn its implications for vigour and negative affect. In the course of two working weeks, 72 employees completed surveys three times per day, resulting in a total of 461 days of data. Multilevel path modelling showed that daily time pressure was positively related to both perfectionistic strivings and concerns, and that criticism was positively related to perfectionistic concerns. Daily work‐related perfectionistic strivings were positively indirectly related to vigour at bedtime via vigour at the end of the workday. Daily work‐related perfectionistic concerns were positively indirectly related to bedtime negative affect via end‐of‐workday negative affect. Our study shows that employees' daily experiences at work relate to within‐person fluctuations in work‐related perfectionism, which in turn matter for well‐being both at work and at home. We conclude that a dynamic view broadens the understanding of perfectionism at work.
... Research findings suggested that maladaptive perfectionists showed the lowest levels of life satisfaction, presence of meaning, and happiness (Suh et al. 2017;Rice and Ashby 2007;Gilman and Ashby 2003;Accordino et al. 2000). Another study showed that maladaptive perfectionism has a significant negative correlation with happiness and life satisfaction (Shaheen and Shaheen 2015;Williams and Cropley 2013;Stoeber and Stoeber 2009;Ashby and Rice 2002;Mitchelson and Burns 1998). ...
This paper aims to assess the relationship between perfectionism, social comparison, and happiness in young entrepreneurs. This correlational study used a purposive sample of 90 entrepreneurs (70 women; 20 men; Mage=25.44 years; SD=6.47) from different cities in Pakistan via an online survey. It was hypothesised that there is likely to be a significant relationship between perfectionism, social comparison, and happiness in young entrepreneurs. It was also hypothesised that perfectionism and social comparison are likely to predict happiness in young entrepreneurs. A biodata form was used to gather demographic information. The measures included the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale to measure overall perfectionism, Social Comparison Scale to assess the self-perceptions during social comparison, and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire to measure personal happiness. The descriptive statistics were computed for demographic variables. Further, reliability analysis was employed to determine the questionnaire’s psychometric properties including mean, standard deviation, and Cronbach alpha. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Regression Analysis were computed. The results indicated perfectionism to be negatively correlated with happiness and social comparison was positively related to happiness. Furthermore, regression analysis showed that social comparison is more likely to predict happiness in young entrepreneurs. The present study can be helpful for not only young entrepreneurs but also for counsellors, educational institutes, and workplaces to provide awareness about the influential relationship between the three phenomena as it may have far-reaching implications on the progress of entrepreneurship in Pakistan.
... Whilst self-and other-oriented perfectionism have been linked with a range of negative outcomes, perfectionists who are overly concerned with the evaluation of others may be particularly at risk (Mitchelson and Burns, 1998;Stoeber et al., 2009). Research with different occupational groups has found that socially prescribed perfectionism is significantly related to feelings of inadequacy and social alienation as well as stress and burnout (Childs and Stoeber, 2010;Kleszewski and Otto, 2020). ...
Perfectionism refers to a tendency to set unrealistically high standards for oneself and others. Although often seen positively, perfectionism can threaten health, relationships and performance. This study examined the effects of three types of maladaptive perfectionism on burnout in 294 UK social workers: self-oriented (having excessively high standards for oneself), other-oriented (having excessively high expectations of others) and socially prescribed (perceiving external pressure to excel). In line with previous research, we predicted that socially prescribed perfectionism would have particularly powerful effects on well-being, but significant relationships with self and other-oriented perfectionism were also expected. We also examined whether maladaptive perfectionism intensified the negative impact of work-related emotional demands on burnout. Significant positive relationships were found between socially prescribed and other-oriented perfectionism and burnout. A higher level of socially prescribed perfectionism was found than self and other-oriented and its relationship with burnout was particularly strong. We found no evidence, however, that perfectionism was an additional risk factor for burnout when emotional demands were high. Early career social workers were found to be at greater risk of dysfunctional perfectionism and burnout. The implications of the findings for the well-being of social workers are considered and potential interventions outlined to reduce maladaptive perfectionism.
... Mükemmeliyetçilik psikoloji ve eğitim alan yazınında önemli bir yer kaplamaktadır (Neumeister ve Finch, 2006). Mükemmeliyetçilik üzerine öncü kabul edilen kuramsal yaklaşımlar, mükemmeliyetçiliği yaşamın tüm boyutlarında ortaya çıkan bir kişilik özelliği olarak kabul ederken; yeni çalışmalar mükemmeliyetçiliğin farklı alanlara özgü ortaya çıkabilen (domain-specific) bir özellik olduğuna işaret etmektedir (Dunn ve ark., 2006;Haase ve ark., 2013;Mitchelson ve Burns, 1998;Saboonchi ve Lundh, 1999;Stoeber ve Stoeber, 2009). Kişiler ev yaşamı, iş yaşamı, ilişkiler ve ebeveynlik gibi farklı alanlara özgü olarak mükemmeliyetçi tutum sergileyebilmektedirler (Slaney ve Ashby, 1996). ...
Bu çalışma “Çok Boyutlu Ebeveynlik Mükemmeliyetçiliği Ölçeği”nin (ÇBEMÖ) B formunun Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini bir veya daha fazla çocuğu olan 290 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. 290 ebeveynin 203’ü kadın ve 87’si erkek katılımcılardan oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada ÇBEMÖ-B formu ile birlikte yakınsak geçerliği sınamak amacıyla Çok Boyutlu Mükemmeliyetçilik Ölçeği (ÇBMÖ) kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve AFA sonucunda ortaya çıkan yapının doğrulanması amacıyla da Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) uygulanmıştır. Yapılan faktör analizi temelinde, ölçekte yer alan faktörler, “Eşin Ebeveynlik Beklentileri ve Eleştirileri”, “Ebeveynlik Yeterliğinden Şüphe Duyma”, “Ebeveynlikte Düzen” ve “Kişisel Ebeveynlik Standartları” adlarıyla gruplanmıştır. Faktörlerin Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayıları .83 ile .93 arasında değişmektedir. Analiz sonuçları ÇBEMÖ’nün Türkçe formunun psikometrik açıdan güçlü bir ölçek olduğunu düşündürmektedir.
... Given that a large body of research already exists to support the examination of personality dispositions as domainspecific (e.g. Hanoch et al., 2006;Kaufman & Baer, 2004;Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Thienot et al., 2014;Zohar, 1998), future researchers may gain greater insight into how grit operates in athletes by using grit instruments that match the achievement domain in which samples perform. Furthermore, future instruments might instruct participants to consider grit in the more micro contexts of the technical, tactical, physical, or mental aspects of their primary sport. ...
Understanding the personality characteristics that help and/or hinder competitive success in sport is of great interest to many sport psychology researchers. Grit (i.e., passion and perseverance towards long-term goals) is one such construct that has recently gained popularity in the sport domain. This scoping review explored the associations between grit and the cognitive, affective, and behavioural variables that reside within athletes and sport settings. Ninety publications were identified through various search strategies. The majority of studies explored relationships between grit and athlete sex, athlete skill/competitive level, sport performance, motivation, mindfulness, self-compassion, and deliberate practice. Constructs that have been previously critiqued as sharing significant variance with grit were also collated from the existing research. Six collegiate-level coaches were consulted as knowledgeable stakeholders and provided input to the results of the scoping review. These results allowed for the identification of future research considerations, including ameliorating current issues regarding grit measurement in sport contexts, and the designing and testing of interventions aimed at increasing athlete grit levels. Additional research with stronger methodological design and rigour is needed, and recommendations to enhance the quality of future studies with athletes are discussed.
... Although perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns can influence various life domains (Stoeber & Stoeber, 2009), perfectionism has been studied primarily in clinical and educational settings, with fewer studies conducted in the work context. The existing studies indicate that perfectionism shares a positive relationship with psychological strain (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998), burnout (Stoeber & Rennert, 2008), work engagement (Childs & Stoeber, 2010), and workaholism (Falco et al., 2017). A recent meta-analysis confirmed those associations (Harari et al., 2018). ...
Research on the relationship between perfectionism and heavy work investment is all cross-sectional. It mainly considers these constructs as unidimensional, neglecting to examine possible relationships among these constructs' sub-dimensions. Thus, there is a lack of evidence supporting the predictive role of different perfectionism dimensions (perfectionistic concerns and strivings) in heavy work investment dimensions such as workaholism and work engagement. The current study addressed this gap by examining these relationships with two cross-lagged panel models (CLPM). Results based on 431 (T1) and 213 (T2) workers supported the predictive role of perfectionistic concerns at T1 on two T2 workaholism sub-dimensions of working excessively and working compulsively. Perfectionistic strivings at T1 also predicted three sub-dimensions of work engagement at T2: vigor, dedication, and absorption. Practical implications of these positive and negative aspects of perfectionism might suggest managers assess workers' perfectionism and to hire individuals high in perfectionistic strivings because it could be a predictor of work engagement. In contrast, they should try to mitigate workers' perfectionistic concerns tendencies by taking a more regulatory role to encourage employees to not overinvest in perfecting their work to their detriment. Study limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
... As found by Gilman and Ashby (2003), while adaptive perfectionism is featured by self-satisfaction, maladaptive one is linked with psychological distress, such as depression, anxiety, and other psychological disorders. Therefore, maladaptive perfectionism has been considered as exclusively negative and unhealthy, and more precisely, related to high levels of stress and burnout (Gould, Udry, Tuffey,& Loehr, 1996;Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). As previously mentioned, a factor influencing perfectionism is CER (Castro, Soares, Pereira, & Macedo, 2016). ...
The current study aims at finding the relationships between EFL teachers' cognitive emotion regulation, perfectionism, and burnout. Participants of this study were 150 EFL teachers who took three questionnaires of Cognitive Emotion Regulation. To analyze the data, first a model for interrelationships between cognitive emotion regulation, perfectionism, and burnout was proposed and tested through using path analysis, a kind of structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings showed that the model adequately fitted the data. Then Pearson Correlation analysis was used, and a significant relationship between all three variables was found. There were negative relationships between maladaptive perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation (r=-.31, p<.05), maladaptive perfectionism and adaptive perfectionism (r=-.41, p<.05), and adaptive perfectionism and burnout (r=-.63, p<.05). However, there were positive relationships between adaptive perfectionism and cognitive emotion regulation (r=.45, p<.05), and maladaptive perfectionism and burnout (r=.55, p<.05). Teachers and teacher trainers can benefit from the findings of the present study.
... There is no such thing as perfect parenting, so intolerance toward weaknesses or mistakes exerts a pressure that consumes energy and makes parents more vulnerable to stressful situations. Perfectionists have a less appropriate and unrealistic approach to adverse circumstances in the sense that they over-motivate themselves to have a flawless image in front of others (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998). The replication of the association between parental burnout and perfectionism is an important step in the validation of the Romanian version of PBA. ...
The concept of parental burnout only recently gained the attention of researchers, mainly through the International Investigation of Parental Burnout (IIPB), a 40‐country study of the prevalence of PB around the world. Based on the current gold‐standard instrument to evaluate parental burnout, that is the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the present research investigates the psychometric properties of the Romanian version of the PBA (PBA‐RO) in a sample of 650 Romanian parents (418 mothers), whose ange ranged from 18 to 65 (Mage = 36.60, SD = 5.73). First, we examined internal consistency and construct validity. The results displayed good reliability and the confirmatory factor analyses replicated both expected first‐ and second‐order four‐factor models. Second, the positive association between parental burnout and perfectionism, as well as the negative relation between parental burnout and both life satisfaction and resilience, confirmed the PBA‐RO's concurrent validity. Third, we replicated the low correlations with sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., age, educational level, family type, number of children, children's age, number of women in the household, number of men in the household, hours spent with children, having a paid professional activity, and neighborhood). The results were discussed according to the Romanian cultural context of parenting. Given the good psychometric properties of the PBA‐RO, we concluded that it can successfully assess parental burnout for this population.
... Nitekim yapılan çalışmalar uyumlu mükemmeliyetçiliğin örgütsel adanma, iş tatmini, yaşam doyumu, yenilikçi çalışan davranışları ve yüksek özsaygı (Deuling ve Burns, 2017;Chang vd. 2016;Stoeber ve Damian 2016;Karababa ve Acun, Kapıkıran, 2014;Mitchelson ve Burns, 1998) uyumsuz mükemmeliyetçiliğin ise stres, kaygı, tükenmişlik (Deuling ve Burns, 2017;Chang vd. 2016;Hill ve Curran, 2015;Stoeber ve Rennert, 2008;Fairlie ve Flett, 2003) ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. ...
... Stressors external to the mother-child dyad also influence mothers' PS levels. When mothers are under greater stress at work (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998) or are experiencing marital difficulties (Krishnakumar & Buehler, 2000), they are more likely to report negative feelings about their parenting and about their children. Demographic factors also play a role in PS. ...
We aimed to test how deviations in a mother's own parenting stress (PS) levels across her child's transition to adolescence contribute to subsequent changes in her child's internalizing symptom levels. We tested both linear and curvilinear effects, as well as the extent to which a child's perception of his or her mother's attunement alters these links. We further explored whether overall maternal PS levels (relative to the other mothers) further moderate the within-dyad association. These effects were tested in a community sample consisting of 202 mother-child dyads during transition to early adolescence. The dyads were examined within and across six waves, each separated by 6 months. During each wave, the mothers (Mage at baseline = 40.1 years [SD = 6.1]) reported on their PS, while children (Mage at baseline = 10.1 years [SD = .90]) reported on their internalizing symptoms and their perceived maternal attunement. Multilevel within-dyad analyses revealed a U-shaped effect of mothers' PS on concurrent child symptoms, whereas the prospective association was not significant. Maternal attunement moderated the concurrent effects, changing the tipping point at which the concurrent potential benefits of rising PS were outweighed by the potential negative consequences of overburdening the child. Increases in PS prospectively predicted increased symptoms in the child but not when maternal attunement was above the mothers' average level. Global PS levels did not moderate these effects. The results underscore the contribution made by mothers' PS to the emotional trajectories of their children and show that these effects vary as a function of deviations in maternal attunement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
... Jednocześnie badania pokazują, że perfekcjonizm może osiągać odmienny poziom nasilenia, ale także specyficzny profil, w zależności od domeny życia, której miałby dotyczyć. Innymi słowy-nasilenie opisywanego konstruktu różni się, gdy jest badane w kontekście sportu, osiągnięć akademickich lub uogólnionego poziomu w życiu codziennym (Mitchelson, Burns, 1998;Dunn, Gotwals, Causgrove i Dunn, 2005). ...
Perfekcjonizm to dyspozycja osobowościowa odgrywająca istotną rolę w funkcjonowaniu zawodnika w sporcie. W pierwszej części tekst zapoznaje Czytelnika z koncepcjami teoretycznymi perfekcjonizmu, jako cechy jedno-, dwu-oraz wielowymiarowej, a także z popularnymi narzędziami badawczymi, służącymi do diagnozy tego zjawiska, używanymi w sporcie oraz poza nim. Celem drugiej części pracy jest prezentacja badań własnych, przeprowadzonych w celu konstrukcji i walidacji Kwestionariusza Perfekcjonizmu w Sporcie - pierwszego polskojęzycznego narzędzia do badania tegoż konstruktu w kontekście sportu. Badanie pierwsze stanowi próbę eksploracji struktury perfekcjonizmu i prowadzi do wyboru najlepszych pozycji do finalnej wersji narzędzia. W badaniu drugim zweryfikowana została dwuczynnikowa struktura perfekcjonizmu. Zaprezentowano też właściwości psychometryczne kwestionariusza: rzetelność oraz trafność, której dowodem są związki obu skal perfekcjonizmu z odpowiednimi wymiarami osobowości z Wielkiej Piątki. Badanie trzecie to dalsze poszukiwanie dowodów na trafność narzędzia, z użyciem kryterium zewnętrznego. W rozdziale umieszczono również krótki przegląd obecnych badań nad zjawiskiem perfekcjonizmu.
... 나타났다. 한편, 직업 효능감은 직무 탈진의 하위요인이라기 보다는 직무열의(job engagement)의 하위척도로 보는 것이 더 적절하다는 증거가 제시되었다 (Schaufeli & Bakker, 2004;Schaufeli, Martínez, Pinto, Salanova, & Bakker, 2002;Schaufeli, Wilmar, Salanova, González-romá, & Bakker, 2002 (Bousman, 2007;Chen et al,, 2008;Mitchelson, 2009;Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Zhang et al., 2007) (Elliot, 1994;Elliot & Harackiewicz, 1996 (Elliot & Church, 1997;Vandewalle, 1997 (Ames, 1992;Brett & VandeWalle 1999, Cellar, Stuhlmacher, Young, Fisher, Adair, Haynes 등, 2011Dweck, 1986;Payne, Youngcourt, & Beaubien, 2007;Phillips & Gully, 1997 (Dykman, 1998 ...
We examined the mediational role of goal orientations in the relations between two perfectionism dimensions(i.e., evaluative concerns and personal standards) and job burnout and professional efficacy. Survey data from a total of two hundred seventy four employees of a call center and a R&D organization showed that personal standards, a positive aspect of perfectionism, was positively related to profession efficacy, while evaluative concerns, a negative aspect of perfectionism, was also positively related to job burnout. Furthermore, each of the relations was mediated by learning goal orientation and avoiding goal orientation, respectively. The theoretical and practical implications as well as directions for future research were discussed.
... It was assumed that this would apply both to women and men (Smith et al., 2016). 3. On the basis of past studies on domain-specific other-oriented perfectionism (Mitchelson & Burns, 1998;Dunn, Dunn, & McDonald, 2012), it was predicted that there could also occur differences in respect of levels of perfectionistic expectations (High Standards, Order, Discrepancy) towards the partner and towards the child/children (within-subject comparisons). Due to the lack of earlier studies on children oriented-perfectionism, it was difficult to formulate an unequivocal hypothesis about the direction of these differences. ...
Objective: The aim of the present study was to verify the relationship between partner-oriented and children-oriented perfectionism, and their associations with narcissism and with difficulties in the romantic and parental domains. Differences between women and men were also analyzed.
Method: 459 individuals participated, 264 women and 195 men (Mage = 33.88, SD = 4.39). All participants were Polish, had at least one child and were in a romantic relationship. In this cross-sectional, questionnaire study the Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale was applied along with its new adaptation, developed to measure children-oriented perfectionism: the Children Dyadic Almost Perfect Scale.
Results: Partner dyadic perfectionism and children dyadic perfectionism, both in women and in men, were related to each other and positively correlated with narcissism. Partner-oriented perfectionism turned out to be a specific predictor of difficulties in the romantic relation, whereas children-oriented perfectionism was found to be a predictor of difficulties in the parental relation.
Conclusion: The results suggest that studies on dyadic perfectionism should take into consideration concrete individuals at whom perfectionistic expectations are directed (e.g., partner and children). This will enable a more precise investigation of the influence of perfectionism on family life and a better understanding of the social consequences of other-oriented perfectionism.
This study analysed the effects of perfectionism on the formation of attitudes and expectations of organisational behaviour in potential recruiters. Specifically, the dimensions of perfectionism proposed by Hewitt and Flett were analysed in relation to the meta-cognitive process of thought self-validation. Participants were randomly exposed to the résumé (strong vs. weak) of a job candidate that produced either favourable thoughts (strong résumé) or unfavourable thoughts (weak résumé) about the candidate and the résumé. As hypothesised, participants perceived their thoughts as more perfect the higher their self-oriented perfectionism. Consequently, this led them to be more certain and confident in the thoughts generated. This greater cognitive validation of their own thoughts, in turn, gave rise to more polarised attitudes (either in favour of or against the candidate) and expectations about performance, adaptation and organisational commitment, according to the thoughts generated (favourable vs. unfavourable). The implications for research in persuasion and its application in personnel selection are discussed in this article.
The present trio of studies center around Terry-Short et al.'s (1995) Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS) and the convergent and discriminant validity of a short form of the PANPS. The results of the first study (CFA of the original structure of the PANPS) support acceptable levels of fit with RMSEA. Using the Item Response Theory (IRT) metrics, the PANPS-SF was reduced to 20 items. The PANPS-SF showed a good fit with the data when we ran a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the newly developed short form. The results of the final study indicate that the PANPS does offer significant predictive validity over Hewitt and Flett's (1991) HMPS subscales in predicting well-being. Therefore, based on our empirical work, we conclude that the PANPS is an adequate measure of perfectionism and that the scale offers an alternative theoretical assessment of perfectionism that other scales may not.
The present study is the first to empirically examine the overarching research question: what is the relationship between delayed gratification, work-life conflict and burnout in a general adult working population? While there is robust research which suggests that delayed gratification adaptively contributes to academic and professional success, this research hypothesizes that delayed gratification maladaptively contributes to negative outcomes such as work-life conflict and burnout. A sample of eighty-nine participants completed an online questionnaire and Pearson product-movement correlations and multiple regression analyses were computed. The results suggest (a) a statistically nonsignificant relationship between delayed gratification and work-life conflict and (b) a very weak, statistically significant, negative relationship between delayed gratification and burnout.
Research is needed to understand the effects that perfectionism may have in the occupational sector and whether its implications vary cross-nationally. In the current study the relationship of perfectionism on workaholism and work engagement was assessed through multiple groups structural equations models to compare strengths of association in the two countries after measurement invariance was examined for the measures in a sample of 804 U.S. and Italian participants. Evidence of similarities but also some differences were found between the countries. In particular, perfectionistic strivings was similarly related to workaholism in both the countries, whereas it was more strongly related to work engagement in Italy than in U.S. A statistically significant difference for work engagement (Italians more engaged that Americans) was also found, whereas no differences were found for workaholism. Cross-sectional nature of the study and culture used as a proxy is the main limitations. However, the cross-cultural approach adopted in the current study allowed us to report that evidence provided in a country might not be directly applied to another country, even if cultures are quite similar.
This study aimed to explore predictors of Chinese university faculty’s occupational well-being in the reshaped work environment. To achieve this aim, the job demands-resources model was utilized to test the relationships of job demands (work–family conflict) and job resources (leader support) to occupational well-being among 375 university faculty (145 males and 230 females) at a comprehensive research university in China. We further intended to extend the theory by incorporating personal demands (the perfectionism personality) within the research model. Results indicated work–family conflict was indirectly related to job satisfaction via the mediator of emotional exhaustion. Leader support was indirectly related to job satisfaction via the mediators of emotional exhaustion and work engagement. The two perfectionism dimensions (concerns and strivings) functioned differently in the model. The concerns dimension positively predicted exhaustion but was nonsignificant for engagement. By contrast, the strivings dimension positively predicted engagement but was nonsignificant for exhaustion.
In this paper, we explore why and when perfectionistic leaders are likely to abuse subordinates. The results of a multi‐wave, multi‐source survey study of 253 pairings of leader–subordinate dyads indicate that perfectionistic leaders are likely to perceive less control than non‐perfectionistic leaders and are thus likely to show more abusive behaviour towards subordinates. In addition, subordinate feedback‐seeking behaviour moderates this mediated relationship. Specifically, the less subordinates seek feedback from perfectionistic leaders, the less control the leaders perceive themselves to have and the more abusive behaviour the leaders will exhibit towards the subordinates. Implications for theory, practice, and future research are also discussed.
Practitioner points
• Perfectionistic leaders can engage in abusive behaviours that impede functioning.
• Perfectionistic leaders tend to perceive less control and thus abuse subordinates, especially when perceiving less subordinate feedback‐seeking behaviour.
W pracy przedstawiono podstawy teoretyczne i opisano procedurę konstruowania orygi- nalnych wersji dwóch narzędzi do badania pewności siebie w sporcie: Inwentarza Pewności Siebie w Sporcie (TSCI – Trait Sport-Confidence Inventory) i Kwestionariusza Źródeł Pewności Siebie w Sporcie autorstwa Vealey. Omówiono także szczegółowo ich adaptację do warunków polskich. Oba narzędzia w ich ostatecznych wersjach cechują się dobrą rzetelnością, a moc dyskryminacyjna pozycji jest zadowalająca. Trafność wewnętrzna, teoretyczna i kryterialna jest satysfakcjonująca. SSCQ-PL składa się z 38 pozycji, przypisanych do ośmiu skal: Mistrzostwo, Prezentowanie Umiejętności, Przygotowanie Psychiczne i Fizyczne, Postrzeganie Własnego Ciała, Wsparcie, Doświadczenie Zastępcze, Komfort Środowiskowy, Przywództwo. TSCI-PL składa się z 13 sformułowań. Osoba badana porównuje swoją pewność siebie w przykładowych kontekstach sportowych, do najbardziej pewnego siebie zawodnika, jakiego zna.
Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye'nin Doğu Anadolu Bölgesindeki ilköğretim döneminde çocuğu olan annelerin sahip oldukları akılcı olmayan inançların bazı değişkenlere (çocuk sayısı, eğitim düzeyleri, çalışma durumu, algıladıkları sosyoekonomik düzeyleri ve aylık geliri ve kitap okuma sıklığı) göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmanın katılımcıları Türkiye'de Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinde yaşayan ilköğretim döneminde çocuğu olan 88 annelerden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verilerinin elde edilmesinde Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Anne Babaların Akılcı Olmayan İnançlar Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve bağımsız örneklemler t-testi sonuçlarına göre, ilköğretim döneminde çocuğu olan annelerin, eğitim düzeyleri, algıladıkları sosyoekonomik düzeyleri ve aylık geliri ve kitap okuma sıklığı akılcı olmayan düşünceleri ve çocuk yetiştirmedeki mükemmeliyetçilikleri ile anlamlı derecede farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Ancak, annelerin çocukları ile ilişkilerinde beklentileri, çocuk yetiştirmedeki mükemmeliyetçilikleri ve akılcı olmayan inanışları, çocuk sayısına ve çalışma durumuna göre anlamlı derecede faklılaşmamaktadır. Bunun yanında, annelerin çocukları ile ilişkilerinde beklentileri eğitim düzeyine ve algılanan sosyoekonomik düzey ve ev hanesine düşen aylık gelire göre anlamlı bir farklılaşma olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu araştırmanın sonuçları ilgili alan yazını çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve gelecek araştırmalara yönelik öneriler sunulmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anne-çocuk, akılcı olmayan inanç, mükemmeliyetçilik, beklenti Abstract The main aim of this study to whether the irrational beliefs of mothers' with a primary school aged child show significant differences according to some variables (the number of children, educational level, working status, perceived socioeconomic level and monthly household income and reading book frequency). The participants of study consist 88 mothers with a primary school aged children and who are living in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. In order to collect research data, Personal Information form and Parent Irrational Belief Scale was used. Independent sample t-test and one way ANOVA results reveal that there are significant differences between irrational beliefs and perfectionism to child rearing, of mothers with a primary school aged child and their educational level, perceived monthly income and socioeconomic level and book reading frequency. However, there were no significant differences between the expectations of the mother for the relationship of their children, their perfectionism to child rearing and a number of children and their employment status. In addition, there were no significant differences between the expectations of a mother for the relationship of their children and their educational level, perceived socioeconomic level and monthly household income. The results of the study were discussed with in the context of literature and suggestions was provided for future studies.
The convergent and discriminant validities of well-being concepts were examined using multitrait–multimethod matrix analyses (D. T. Campbell & D. W. Fiske, 1959) on 3 sets of data. In Study 1, participants completed measures of life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, self-esteem, and optimism on 2 occasions 4 weeks apart and also obtained 3 informant ratings. In Study 2, participants completed each of the 5 measures on 2 occasions 2 years apart and collected informant reports at Time 2. In Study 3, participants completed 2 different scales for each of the 5 constructs. Analyses showed that (a) life satisfaction is discriminable from positive and negative affect, (b) positive affect is discriminable from negative affect, (c) life satisfaction is discriminable from optimism and self-esteem, and (d) optimism is separable from trait measures of negative affect.
Subjective well-being (SWB) in 55 nations, reported in probability surveys and a large college student sample, was correlated with social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nations. The SWB surveys, representing nations that include three fourths of the earth's population, showed strong convergence. Separate measures of the predictor variables also converged and formed scales with high reliability, with the exception of the comparison variables. High income, individualism, human rights, and societal equality correlated strongly with each other, and with SWB across surveys. Income correlated with SWB even after basic need fulfillment was controlled. Only individualism persistently correlated with SWB when other predictors were controlled. Cultural homogeneity, income growth, and income comparison showed either low or inconsistent relations with SWB.
We tested the hypothesis that self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism are related differentially to unipolar depression. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was administered along with measures of depression and anxiety to 22 depressed patients, 22 matched normal control subjects, and 13 anxiety patients
The early cognitive and motor development and temperament characteristics of 25 infants with interrupted infantile apnea and the degree and source of stress experienced by their mothers were compared to the same dimensions in a sample of 25 control infants and their mothers. No significant differences in development or temperament were found between apneic and control infants with the following exceptions. Contrary to previous research, apneic infants were perceived as more active during sleep. In addition, apneic infants were perceived by their mothers as less "acceptable" than were control infants, contributing to increased stress. There were no significant differences on maternal characteristics contributing to stress with the exception of the high degree of social isolation experienced by the mothers of apneic infants. The findings suggest that, although there were apparently no present developmental ramifications of the apnea, these infants are at risk for being perceived more negatively. In addition, continued support services are needed to alleviate the social isolation experienced by the families of these infants.
Previous research into perfectionism has focused on clinical populations resulting in a bias towards a negativistic, pathologically inclined conceptualization. The present study investigated the possibility of distinguishing aspects of perfectionism on the basis of perceived consequences, mirroring a behavioural distinction between positive and negative reinforcement. A 40-item questionnaire, designed to measure perfectionism defined in terms of both positive and negative outcome, was administered to 281 women; a comparison group (N = 225), an eating disordered group (N = 21), a depressed group (N = 15) and successful athletes (N = 20). A factor analysis of the results extracted three factors; negative perfectionism including both personal and social items; positive personal perfectionism; and positive social perfectionism. Limiting the number of factors to two yielded a clear distinction between positive and negative perfectionism. Group comparisons yielded significance differences; for athletes high positive perfectionism was associated with a low negative perfectionism score; for the eating disorders group a high positive perfectionism score was associated with a high negative score. When analysed in terms of personal and social items the distinguishing factors were the negative and positive components, athletes and eating disordered groups obtaining comparably high positive personal perfectionism scores and the clinical groups obtaining comparably high negative perfectionism scores.
We tested the hypothesis that self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism are related differentially to unipolar depression. The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale was administered along with measures of depression and anxiety to 22 depressed patients, 22 matched normal control subjects, and 13 anxiety patients. It was found that the depressed patients had higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism than did either the psychiatric or normal control subjects. In addition, depressed patients and anxious patients reported higher levels of socially prescribed perfectionism than did the normal control subjects. The results suggest that various dimensions of perfectionism may play an important role in clinical depression.
This article attempted to demonstrate that the perfectionism construct is multidimensional, comprising both personal and social components, and that these components contribute to severe levels of psychopathology. We describe three dimensions of perfectionism: self-oriented perfectionism, other-oriented perfectionism, and socially prescribed perfectionism. Four studies confirm the multidimensionality of the construct and show that these dimensions can be assessed in a reliable and valid manner. Finally, a study with 77 psychiatric patients shows that self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially prescribed perfectionism relate differentially to indices of personality disorders and other psychological maladjustment. A multidimensional approach to the study of perfectionism is warranted, particularly in terms of the association between perfectionism and maladjustment.
This article presents a theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representa- tions are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepan- cies between the actual/own self-state (i.e., the self-concept) and ideal self-stales (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a significant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions (e.g., disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness). In contrast, discrepancies between the ac- tual/own self-state and ought self-states (i.e., representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a significant other's beliefs about the individual's duties, responsibilities, or obligations) signify the presence of negative outcomes, which is associated with agitation-related emotions (e.g., fear, threat, restlessness). Differences in both the relative magnitude and the accessibility of individu- als' available types of self-discrepancies are predicted to be related to differences in the kinds of discomfort people are likely to experience. Correlational and experimental evidence supports the predictions of the model. Differences between serf-discrepancy theory and (a) other theories of in- compatible self-beliefs and (b) actual self negativity (e.g., low self-esteem) are discussed.
We tested whether perfectionism dimensions interact with specific stressors to predict depression. A depressed patient sample (N = 51) and a general psychiatric sample (N = 94) completed measures of perfectionism, hassles, and depression. Subjects in Sample 2 also completed other personality measures to assess the amount of unique variance in depression. Partial support was obtained in that in both samples self-oriented perfectionism interacted only with achievement stressors to predict depression. Socially prescribed perfectionism interacted with interpersonal stress in Sample 1 and with achievement stress in Sample 2 to predict depression. Several personality variables, including socially prescribed perfectionism, accounted for unique variance in depression. The results suggest that perfectionism dimensions are associated with depression and may constitute specific vulnerability factors.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is Suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
This article reports the development and validation of a scale to measure global life satisfaction, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Among the various components of subjective well-being, the SWLS is narrowly focused to assess global life satisfaction and does not tap related constructs such as positive affect or loneliness. The SWLS is shown to have favorable psychometric properties, including high internal consistency and high temporal reliability. Scores on the SWLS correlate moderately to highly with other measures of subjective well-being, and correlate predictably with specific personality characteristics. It is noted that the SWLS is suited for use with different age groups, and other potential uses of the scale are discussed.
Examined the association between (1) perfectionism and (2) indices of job stress and perceptions of organizational support in 62 teachers. Ss completed the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Teacher Stress Inventory, and the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support. Measures of job satisfaction, job expectancy, and absenteeism were also obtained. A pervasive positive association was found between socially prescribed perfectionism and various indices of teacher stress, including the intensity and frequency of professional distress, emotional manifestations, and physiological manifestations. A significant association was detected between socially prescribed perfectionism and low job satisfaction. Self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism dimensions were not correlated significantly with the measures of teacher stress. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
The association between dimensions of perfectionism and state and trait anxiety was examined in three studies. Study 1 and
Study 2 were correlational studies that investigated the link between dimensions of perfectionism (i.e., self-oriented, other-oriented,
and socially prescribed perfectionism) and the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS). Taken together, the results
indicated that self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionsim are correlated significantly with both the cognitive-worry
and autonomic-arousal components of state anxiety. As for the trait anxiety measures, self-oriented perfectionism was associated
with the ambiguous and social evaluation facets in Study 1, and socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with the
ambiguous and daily routines facets in Study 2. The purpose of Study 3 was to examine perfectionism and state anxiety under
conditions of high versus low ego involvement. It was found that socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with higher
state anxiety, but only in the high ego involvement condition. Self-oriented perfectionism was unrelated to state anxiety
in either experimental condition. Overall, the findings indicate that socially prescribed perfectionism is the dimension linked
most closely with components of state and trait anxiety, especially under conditions of ego threat. The results are discussed
in terms of the need for an interactional approach to the study of the social aspects of both perfectionism and anxiety.
The present research tested the hypothesis that perfectionists who experience stress are vulnerable to depression, in part
because negative life events represent a failure to maintain control over negative outcomes. In Study 1, 215 subjects completed
the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS) and control measures. The MPS assesses self-oriented, other-oriented, and socially
prescribed perfectionism. It was confirmed that self-oriented and other-oriented perfectionism were associated with both higher
desire for control and greater perceived personal control. Study 2 examined whether trait levels of perfectionism moderate
the link between life stress and symptoms of depression. In addition, prospective analyses investigated whether perfectionism
accounts for changes in levels of depressive symptomatology over time. Two samples comprised of 374 students (Sample 1) and
173 students (Sample 2) completed the MPS and measures of major life stress and depression symptoms. Subjects in Sample 2
completed these measures at two timepoints separated by a three-month interval. Regression analyses indicated that self-oriented
perfectionism and life stress interact significantly to produce higher levels of depressive symptomatology. Moreover, in Sample
2, self-oriented perfectionism at Time 1 was associated with increases in depression symptoms three months later for those
individuals who had experienced a major life event. The results provide support for diathesis-stress models, which maintain
that perfectionists exposed to life stress are vulnerable to symptoms of depression. The results are discussed in terms of
their implications for the study of personality, stress, and vulnerability to symptoms of depression.
To facilitate early identification of children at risk for development of behavioral or emotional disturbance, the Parenting Stress Index (PSI) is designed as a screening and diagnostic instrument that measures the relative magnitude of stress in the parent-child system. For this study, the most recent revision of the PSI, Form 6, was evaluated for reliability and factorial validity using a sample of 534 parents. Form 6 of the PSI was found to have even higher reliability than previous forms, supporting its continued usefulness both for preliminary screening and for pretest/posttest measurement of the effectiveness of counseling programs and intervention techniques. Form 6 of the PSI was also found to have high factorial validity, suggesting that the domain scores and subscale scores may be confidently utilized to provide information about specific sources of stress in the parent-child system which should be the focus of further attention and professional assistance.
Subjective well-being (SWB) in 55 nations, reported in probability surveys and a large college student sample, was correlated with social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nations. The SWB surveys, representing nations that include three fourths of the earth's population, showed strong convergence. Separate measures of the predictor variables also converged and formed scales with high reliability, with the exception of the comparison variables. High income, individualism, human rights, and societal equality correlated strongly with each other, and with SWB across surveys. Income correlated with SWB even after basic need fulfillment was controlled. Only individualism persistently correlated with SWB when other predictors were controlled. Cultural homogeneity, income growth, and income comparison showed either low or inconsistent relations with SWB.
Previous research has indicated that humor, optimism, and perfectionism are ubiquitous human tendencies and traits affecting the performance and coping styles of women in the work place. The purpose of the present series of studies was to provide a more rigorous test of the hypothesis that certain personality attributes buffer the impact of daily hassles on health outcomes among female executives. Three studies were conducted to examine how perfectionism, humor, and optimism moderate the deleterious effects of daily hassles on self-esteem, burnout, and physical health. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that all attributes significantly moderated the relationship between daily hassles and self-esteem maintenance, emotional exhaustion, and physical illness. A fourth study examined the correlations between high levels of perfectionism, humor, and optimism and female executives' use of different coping strategies and orientations. The results provide implications for the early socialization and management training of female executives working in stressful environments.
The convergent and discriminant validities of well-being concepts were examined using multitrait-multimethod matrix analyses (D. T. Campbell & D. W. Fiske, 1959) on 3 sets of data. In Study 1, participants completed measures of life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, self-esteem, and optimism on 2 occasions 4 weeks apart and also obtained 3 informant ratings. In Study 2, participants completed each of the 5 measures on 2 occasions 2 years apart and collected informant reports at Time 2. In Study 3, participants completed 2 different scales for each of the 5 constructs. Analyses showed that (a) life satisfaction is discriminable from positive and negative affect, (b) positive affect is discriminable from negative affect, (c) life satisfaction is discriminable from optimism and self-esteem, and (d) optimism is separable from trait measures of negative affect.
Good, early care has a huge impact on kids, studies say
- S Shellenbarger
- L A Terry-Short
- R G Owens
- P D Slade
- M E Dewey
Shellenbarger, S. (1997: 9 April). Good, early care has a huge impact on kids, studies say. Wall Street Journal, pp. Bl.
Terry-Short, L. A., Owens, R. G., Slade, P. D., & Dewey, M. E. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality
and Individual Differences, 18(5), 663-668.
Good, early care has a huge impact on kids, studies say
- Shellenbarger