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Mercato e forze locali. Il distretto industriale
... Interestingly, family firms are not concentrating on exporting abroad, as indicated by the negative correlation between "export" and "family" (Table 2), while those firms affiliated to the National Association of Footwear Producers can be considered exporters. Geographical distance and cognitive proximity are negatively correlated (Table 3): firms focusing on the same productive activities were probably established closer to each other, as discussed by Becattini (1987) in his study on the evolution of Italian industrial districts. ...
... Based on our findings, we assume that clusters would evolve differently without family firms. These firms are shaping the knowledge exchange network in Parabiago, which means that their presence is key for the survival of the cluster-seen as a traditional regional cluster as described by Marshall (1920) and Becattini (1987). Differently from non-family firms, family firms' networking approach is based on homophily; if confirmed also in other contexts, this would mean that homophily can be considered an important network effect but only for certain cluster actors. ...
Knowledge networks in regional clusters are fundamental to support innovation and local development. Within clusters, family firms are key in creating business opportunities and supporting the establishment of inter-organizational networks. Yet, their role within regional clusters for knowledge transfers is still not well understood, especially in comparison with non-family firms. This paper applies Exponential Random Graph Models (ERGMs) to network data collected from the Parabiago cluster, one of the most important Italian footwear clusters, to contribute to a better understanding of the network strategies of family firms. We identify distinct network strategies associated with the cluster firms, accounting for different knowledge exchange types: technological, market, and managerial. In our modelling, we control for firm-level attributes and dyadic-level attributes, such as geographical distance and cognitive proximity between cluster firms. Our results suggest that the proneness of family firms to grow networks is highly robust relative to non-family firm relationships, irrespective of knowledge types being exchanged. Moreover, family firms tend to establish connections with other family firms, showing the presence of homophily in their networking approach; however, non-family firms are rather different, since they do not have the same homophilous approach when it comes to exchange knowledge with other non-family firms. These results indicate that the nature of ownership is driving knowledge exchange differences. This key feature of family-only relationships in clusters may help managers and policymakers in devising more effective and targeted cluster strategies.
... Inherent in horizontal like-industry clusters however is the distrust between members Lyon and Atherton, 2000). Most modern commentators argue that trust is an element of cluster formation and critical to cluster success, Enright, 1992Enright, , 1993Brusco 1992;Piore and Sabel 1984;Becattini 1987Becattini , 1989Goodman and Bamford 1990;Pyke 1992;Sforzi 1992, Staber, 1996DPI, 2000). Trust leads to cooperation (Fukuyama, 1995;Gambetta, 1988;Putnam, 1993Putnam, , 1995Ring andVan de Ven, 1994 and, and the development of collective strategies (Kramer, Brewer and Hanna. ...
... Many terms have been used to describe geographic agglomerations of firms in an industry or related industries. Terms such as industrial cluster , regional cluster (Enright, 1992(Enright, , 1993, and Industrial districts (such as the Italian industrial districts described in Brusco, 1992;Piore and Sabel, 1984;Becattini, 1987Becattini, , 1989Goodman and Bamford, 1990;. This paper focuses more on export clusters that is, small exporting or potential exporting firms operating in the same industry segment. ...
Automotive industry is one of the major industries in which the Internet and information
technologies may affect the whole supply chain and transform the sector. This paper focuses
on the changing patterns of supply chain management and the effects of web based
information technology on buyer supplier relationships in the Turkish automotive industry by
examining the current developments and crises in Turkey. The current international business
environments require innovation across the entire business processes and supply chains are
the key factor in many business processes. Supply chain management can reach beyond the
boundaries of a single company to share the information between suppliers, manufacturers,
distributors and retailers. This is where the information technology and today Internet plays a
central role. The results of the study support most of the arguments given above
... Since 1990, the concepts of industrial district and cluster have been widely used, and the term industrial district is commonly used in the economic literature (Markusen 2003;Lazzeretti 2006;Ortega-Colomer, Molina-Morales and Fernández de Lucio 2016). In the 1980s, Marshall's concept of the industrial district was used as a new unit for analysis of industry-specific enterprises clustering based on a socio-economic approach to industrial organisation (Becattini 1987). Later, Porter (1989), starting from his interest in the combination of competitive forces which give impetus within the economic system to specific specialised clusters formed through inter-organisational networks, proposed the territorial cluster. ...
... Later, Porter (1989), starting from his interest in the combination of competitive forces which give impetus within the economic system to specific specialised clusters formed through inter-organisational networks, proposed the territorial cluster. Becattini (1987) often cited territorial clusters as a typical example of industrial districts . A cluster approach can be limiting if the geography is defined by a rigid boundary (Henriques et al. 2022). ...
The article highlights the importance of industrial symbiosis in the industrial ecology literature, which refers to geographically close relationships between companies in which networks and geographic proximity play a vital role. Industrial symbiosis traditionally deals with different industries in a collective approach to economic and environmental management. The research was carried out in the northeast of Italy in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, close to the Slovenian border. The Ponte Rosso was used as a case study. The empirical analysis served to highlight some critical aspects of the environmental, geographic-economic, and social factors that could hinder the development of industrial symbiosis in this region
... De acuerdo a la literatura especializada en el tema, se identifica una serie de estudios que se han centrado en diversas unidades de análisis de los clúster, entre los que destacan: integración hacia atrás y hacia delante (Hirschman, 1957), economías de aglomeración (Lösch, 1954;Harrison, 1992;Lloyd y Dicken, 1977;Fujita y Thisse, 1996), geografía económica (Storper, 1997;Amin y Nigel, 2002), sistemas nacionales de innovación (Storper, 1997;Amin y Nigel, 2002) y distritos industriales (Becattini, 1987;Pyke, Becattini, y Sengenberger, 1990). ...
... Así, las aportaciones teóricas de Hirschman (1957), Lösch (1954), Harrison (1992), Lloyd y Dicken (1977), Fujita y Thisse (1996), Storper (1997), Becattini (1987), Pyke, et al., (1990), Porter (1990), Krugman (1980), Fujita y Krugman (2004), Sölvell, et al., (2003), Ketels (2017), Porter (1990), Midelfart-Knarvik, et al., 2000, Dahl y Pedersen (2002 contribuyeron a la construcción de un marco analítico que concibió al clúster como modelo de asociatividad para promover el desarrollo económico (Ver Gráfico 1). ...
En la presentación de este libro Series de Investigación de la RED REOALCEI, en su primera edición con la Editorial Americana High Rate Consulting, presentamos a nuestros autores e instituciones, quienes son miembros activos de nuestra Red Académica Internacional y nos han acompañado durante este enriquecedor proceso. En esta edición se presentan 09 artículos de interés internacional, representados por instituciones provenientes de varios países de Latinoamérica como: Colombia, México, Perú y Venezuela países de gran reconocimiento a nivel investigativo.
... De acuerdo a la literatura especializada en el tema, se identifica una serie de estudios que se han centrado en diversas unidades de análisis de los clúster, entre los que destacan: integración hacia atrás y hacia delante (Hirschman, 1957), economías de aglomeración (Lösch, 1954;Harrison, 1992;Lloyd y Dicken, 1977;Fujita y Thisse, 1996), geografía económica (Storper, 1997;Amin y Nigel, 2002), sistemas nacionales de innovación (Storper, 1997;Amin y Nigel, 2002) y distritos industriales (Becattini, 1987;Pyke, Becattini, y Sengenberger, 1990). ...
... Así, las aportaciones teóricas de Hirschman (1957), Lösch (1954), Harrison (1992), Lloyd y Dicken (1977), Fujita y Thisse (1996), Storper (1997), Becattini (1987), Pyke, et al., (1990), Porter (1990), Krugman (1980), Fujita y Krugman (2004), Sölvell, et al., (2003), Ketels (2017), Porter (1990), Midelfart-Knarvik, et al., 2000, Dahl y Pedersen (2002 contribuyeron a la construcción de un marco analítico que concibió al clúster como modelo de asociatividad para promover el desarrollo económico (Ver Gráfico 1). ...
En la presentación de este libro Series de Investigación de la RED REOALCEI, en su primera edición con la Editorial Americana High Rate Consulting, presentamos a nuestros autores e instituciones, quienes son miembros activos de nuestra Red Académica Internacional y nos han acompañado durante este enriquecedor proceso. En esta edición se presentan 09 artículos de interés internacional, representados por instituciones provenientes de varios países de Latinoamérica como: Colombia, México, Perú y Venezuela países de gran reconocimiento a nivel investigativo.
... Una ampliación del concepto de Marshall (1890/1963) vino de la mano de Becattini (1987) para quien el distretto industriale es un conjunto de empresas que es en parte homogéneo y en parte heterogéneo, en el sentido de que realizan partes, productos o fases diferentes y parciales de producción. Para este autor, el elemento territorial es importante, ya que es donde se desenvuelve el clima social y empresarial que crea competencias y condiciones favorables, para el desarrollo de una producción típica que identifica el distrito (Becattini, 1989). ...
... Para este autor, el elemento territorial es importante, ya que es donde se desenvuelve el clima social y empresarial que crea competencias y condiciones favorables, para el desarrollo de una producción típica que identifica el distrito (Becattini, 1989). Según Brusco (2008), Becattini (1987) y Rullani (2004), las empresas del distrito industrial obtienen más ventajas que la empresa tradicional, cuando se cumplen estas condiciones: disponibilidad de bienes comunes, mano de obra calificada, empresas suplidoras de servicios o tecnología; que la elaboración de un producto sea divisible de tal modo que cada empresa pueda desarrollar sus propias especializaciones en calidad y flexibilidad; y que el ambiente social del distrito favorezca la reducción de costos de transacción. ...
This paper analyses the cantonal gross value added of Ecuador from the agglomeration economy approach, based on theories: Krugman (1998), Frost (2017) and Boussauw et al. (2018). The research, of descriptive and analytical character, delimits in 4 clusters the units of analysis. The results confirm the presence of agglomeration economies in the Quito and Guayaquil cantons, resulting in territorial inequalities and negative externalities, which generate diseconomies of scales. Market competition, as Myrdal (1957/1962) and Krugman (1992) express, results in the generation of interregional disparities between these districts and their neighbouring regions. JEL: R1, R11, R12, R32.
... Il maggiore livello di integrazione, che tale modello di contratto di rete implica, genera -e nel contempo presuppone -rapporti di cooperazione stabili e solidi. Sotto questo profilo, la vicinanza spaziale tra aziende è spesso condizione propedeutica (sebbene non sufficiente) per pervenire a forme profonde di collaborazione e di integrazione produttiva, come la letteratura sui distretti industriali dimostra (Becattini, 1987(Becattini, e 1988. Ciò può rappresentare una possibile spiegazione della limitata presenza di aziende extra-regionali inserite in reti-soggetto. ...
... In tale assetto microcapitalistico la politica, dal canto suo, non ha espletato alcuna azione regolativa o promozionale di rilievo, limitandosi a distribuire incentivi e sussidi spesso seguendo logiche clientelari. I legami comunitari, diversamente da quanto avvenuto nelle aree dei distretti industriali del Centro-Nord (Becattini, 1987), hanno qui agito per «riprodurre le posizioni di potere sociale nella politica e attraverso la politica, anziché nel mercato economico» (Fantozzi, 1997, p. 15). ...
... During the twenty-year period between 1951 and 1971, about six million Italians were living in a geographical area other than that of their birth(Bonifazi, 2013).5 For an essential overview of Terza Italia and the industrial districts, see the pioneering works ofBagnasco, (1977);Becattini, (1987);Fuà, Zacchia, (1983).6 For an analysis of the "full" and the "empty" in Italy today, cf.Cersosimo, Ferrara, Nisticò, (2018). ...
This study examines how the Covid-19 pandemic crises has not only modified networks and rhythms of human movement and migratory flows on both a global and local scale; yet it also has weakened the hegemony of the prevailing paradigm that considers urban densification as “the” way to achieve resilience, innovation, and well-being. While recognizing that the factors of agglomeration favouring cities and densely populated places are still very significant in our contemporary society and economy, the study critically review the notion of the unidirectionality of progress and human and economic development from the metropolis to the rest, from the city to the countryside and the mountains. Rather, the analytical challenging perspective this contribute proposes is to adopt a new approach, able to take into consideration the “whole” and the complementary nature of its parts, by bringing rural places to the centre of public and academic debate and promoting the collective awareness that the future of the entire country also depends on the civil, social, and political enhancement of internal areas.
... Avec Becattini (1987), on peut traduire en termes contemporains ces caractéristiques du district industriel: coexistence singulière de concurrence et de solidarité entre les entreprises qui réduit les coûts de transaction du marché local; pléthore d'innovations qui viennent de la base, favorisées par le «climat industriel» régnant dans le district; grande mobilité, tant horizontale que verticale, des postes de travail; émulation que se communiquent les membres du district, tant pour atteindre les objectifs économiques que, parfois, pour améliorer et parfaire l'environnement géographique et social du district proprement dit. ...
A primeira parte do artigo ocupa-se de uma análise de distrito segundo o modelo de Marshall e suas funções. Para isso o autor recorre á discussões feita pelo G. Becattini e seus discípulos sobre o fenômeno de distrito. A segunda parte é dedicada a Murano, sua história e as grandes etapas de sua evolução bem como a atual. O artigo evoca a organização comercial, o trabalho e a distribuição entre outras. Conclui que a sobrevivência do distrito depende de instituições políticas destinadas ao mesmo
... Ainsi, il développe la notion d'atmosphère industrielle, qui s'apparente à un processus culturel et localisé qui facilite le développement de ces savoir-faire spécifiques (Marshall, 1890). Plus récemment, cet intérêt pour les PME et les aspects communautaires se retrouvent dans l'approche italienne des districts, qui y ajoutent des rapports de coopération et de compétition qui se jouent simultanément au sein de ces lieux (Bagnasco, 1977 ;Becattini, 1987). ...
Globalement, cette thèse s’inscrit dans l’approche systémique, dont la principale stratégie méthodologique est la modélisation. L’exercice est ici entièrement qualitatif et la technique d’enquête correspond à l’étude de cas, qui consiste à mener un travail de comparaison systématique par un découpage et un codage en unités de sens. Ce type de recherche mène à rassembler une masse de données relevant d’un matériau hétérogène (documents, images, extraits de conversation, etc.).
En résulte un outil d’intelligibilité d’une vocation maritime locale en trois pôles (ressources, mises en oeuvre et esprit maritime), vue comme instanciation d’une notion plus générale de situation maritime (milieu et circonstances, agir, vivre), ayant le rapport à la mer comme barycentre, dans une logique de causalité holistique.
Un peu comme à rebours, l’outil d’intelligibilité qui résulte de la recherche la concernant a ensuite été utilisé pour décrire la vocation maritime rimouskoise. Cela tend à montrer que le savoir produit pourrait être actionnable par des praticiens ou d’autres chercheurs.
... Nella definizione delle strategie di regolazione dello sviluppo locale ricopre dunque fondamentale importanza il contesto (place matters) inteso come una complessa costruzione sociale, sedimentata storicamente in un dato luogo, costituita da istituzioni, risorse locali, identità e sistema di valori, storia locale e reti di relazioni, in costante interazione, che contribuiscono a definire un "sistema locale" come "sistema complesso" (Becattini 1987). ...
L’oggetto del presente lavoro è il turismo sostenibile, il suo ruolo di motore di crescita dell’economia e di risorsa cruciale in grado di offrire una risposta concreta all’esigenza di sviluppo sostenibile dei territori, costretto a sfide e trasformazioni in tempi di pandemia da Coronavirus.
Un viaggio che prevede quattro tappe, come i quattro capitoli di questo lavoro, in cui si analizza il legame tra il turismo, che basa la sua rilevanza economica sui rapporti che lo collegano al contesto territoriale in cui agisce, e lo sviluppo locale; sullo sfondo delle numerose e continue sfide che arrivano dalla globalizzazione, focalizzando l’attenzione, nell’ultima tappa, sulla grave minaccia del XXI, il Covid-19, che ha assestato un duro colpo al turismo.
... A doubly-faceted dynamic of economic and geographic transformation was now beginning to push geographers toward a reformulated sense of spatial dynamics. On the one hand, new spatial foci of economic growth were springing up in hitherto peripheral or quasi-peripheral regions in the more economically-advanced countries, with neoartisanal communities in the Third Italy and high-technology industrial districts in the US Sunbelt doing heavy duty as early exemplars of this trend (Becattini 1987;Scott 1986). In this connection, geographers' interests converged intently on the theoretical and empirical analysis of spatial agglomeration. ...
... As zonas rurais, sobretudo as marginalizadas, caracterizam-se, frequentemente, pela fragmentação empresarial (com um número elevado de pequenos negócios) e pela policentralidade (ausência de um único "motor" econômico no território). Nesse contexto, surge de forma intensa a questão distrital, possibilitada pela economia industrial (Becattini, 1987) e expressa não apenas como uma forma peculiar de organização da produção dentro de um setor territorializado, mas também como um espaço de planejamento e governance ligado ao avanço de um sistema produtivo local ou, de forma mais ampla, de um território rural. O distrito como possibilidade de organização da produção -um distrito agrícola ou agroalimentar -propõe, como foi evidenciado por Iacoponi (1990Iacoponi ( e 1995, um modelo de interação reticular entre uma pluralidade de empresas que compartilham entre si o pertencimento setorial e a proximidade regional, além de organizativa. ...
Nas zonas rurais, o desenvolvimento é reorientado de forma a valorizar os recursos locais - físicos e socioculturais - com o objetivo de reter os benefícios na área o máximo possível. Os objetivos de desenvolvimento são definidos com base nas necessidades, capacidades e perspectivas dos agentes locais, enquanto a participação da população é um princípio fundamental e uma estratégia de ação. A pluralidade e heterogeneidade de agentes e interesses é, portanto, característica marcante da estratégia de qualidade territorial, cujo desenvolvimento e implementação costuma envolver a contribuição de diversas figuras econômicas. Neste ensaio, identificamos e discutimos a pluralidade de funções-chave que as redes podem desempenhar nos processos de desenvolvimento rural endógeno. A zona rural e seus processos de desenvolvimento endógeno, evidenciados pelos dois casos analisados - do agriturismo e da valorização dos produtos de origem - podem ser interpretados respectivamente como uma rede de redes, mais ou menos formalizada, resultantes de suas interações. Em particular, identificamos a função de construir conexões entre capitais para criar significados, ou seja, capital simbólico, caracterizado pelo desenvolvimento de funções econômicas / organizativas, pela criação e compartilhamento de padrões internos e gestão de bens comuns territoriais; soma-se a isso uma metafunção, uma governance eficaz da relação entre os agentes.
... From here, the step towards the notion of the industrial district is a short one (Becattini 1979(Becattini , 1987(Becattini , 1990. Within the same cycle of production, small and medium-sized firms coexist thanks to a positive synergy of know-how and skills, technologies and labour power, a synergy that is also greatly facilitated by the fundamental homogeneity of culture, values and even of politics (Trigilia 1986). ...
... La réception de la question managériale en Italie est donc biaisée par une double illusion : d'une part le déclin de la souveraineté des propriétaires-actionnaires, et d'autre part le déclin de la petite et moyenne entreprise. Le cours de l'histoire n'a pas confirmé ces hypothèses, tout en mettant au centre la problématique territoriale dans le développement italien, et donc la place des petites entreprises de matrice familiale et à vocation artisanale autour de la notion de « district industriel » (Bagnasco, 1977 ;Becattini, 1987). Les prévisions qu'on vient d'évoquer, en revanche, étaient vraisemblables si l'on prend en considération les trajectoires des entreprises publiques, dont la séparation entre propriété et gestion a été un des facteurs constitutifs de leur identité (Barca, Trento, 1997). ...
... • La existencia de relaciones mixtas de competencia y cooperación a escala territorial entre empresas, a la vez que múltiples conexiones entre las esferas empresarial e institucional. Se trata, obviamente, de dos de los ingredientes básicos que tipifican la figura del cluster, acuñada por Porter (1990), ampliamente afín y tributaria de los sistemas productivos locales (SPLs) y, retrocediendo algo más en el tiempo, de los distritos industriales, que, interpretados en clave territorial más allá del mero enfoque sectorial, constituyen, respectivamente, la esencia de la labor investigadora de autores como Garofoli (1983;1991) y Becattini (19791987). ...
El presente artículo tiene como principal objetivo ofrecer una aproximación al papel del sector
del vino en general y al de las denominaciones de origen vinícolas, como exponente de cluster
a escala territorial, en particular, en relación con la sostenibilidad, partiendo de la limitada
información cuantitativa detallada disponible a tales efectos y de la información cualitativa
recabada de entrevistas a algunas personas altamente cualificadas vinculadas a esta rama de
actividad.
Con este propósito, el trabajo se ha estructurado en cuatro apartados. En el primero, de
carácter introductorio, se destaca la importancia de la industria agroalimentaria (IAA) española
y sus denominaciones de origen, haciendo hincapié en la relevancia del sector vinícola en su
seno. En el segundo, se ofrece una caracterización de las principales denominaciones de origen
vinícolas, catalogables como sistemas productivos locales (SPLs) o cluster territoriales. En el
tercero, se detallan las principales actividades y acciones que, a lo largo de la cadena de valor
del sector vitivinícola, tienen favorable incidencia desde el punto de vista de la sostenibilidad.
El cuarto y último apartado se dedica al examen de los aspectos más relevantes en torno a la
contribución de las regiones y las denominaciones de origen vinícolas al desarrollo sustentable.
El trabajo finaliza con las principales conclusiones extraídas de esos cuatro apartados y una serie
de consideraciones finales de interés desde la perspectiva del desarrollo local sostenible. Cabe
anticipar , en este sentido, la trascendencia de las DOPs para la España rural – ampliamente
afectada por la despoblación y el envejecimiento demográfico – sobre todo en aquellos territorios
en los que el enoturismo aparece como elemento de diversificación productiva, así como la
creciente vinculación entre el mundo del vino y la sostenibilidad ambiental, especialmente
visible a través de la proliferación de vinos ecológicos y de certificaciones que implican un claro
compromiso con el respeto del medio ambiente, como activo intangible que aporta imagen y
prestigio a las bodegas.
... » (transactional space) dé limité par « l'inténsité dés flux dé marchandisés, dé pérsonnés, d'informations ét dé capitaux »(McGEE T. G., 2008, p. 34). Cé problé mé ést d'autant plus dé licat qué lé systé mé ést én pérpé tuél mouvémént, si bién qué sés frontié rés é voluént constammént, cé qui nous contraint a récourir fauté dé miéux a « un nivéau raisonnablé dé stabilité » dé sés contours(BECATTINI G. , 1987), qui doivént sé situér a uné é chéllé térritorialé suffisanté pour analysér lés intéractions, mais pas trop grandé pour qué lé cadré concéptuél résté opé rablé. Il s'agit donc dé trouvér lé méilléur compromis éntré la ré alité dé procéssus par naturé é vanéscénts ét lés contraintés dé dé limitation imposé és pour notammént colléctér dés donné és.Pour simplifiér l'éxércicé é minémmént compléxé dé cétté analysé systé miqué, nous avons pris lé parti dé choisir un secteur d'activité obé issant a un procéssus dé fabrication simplé. ...
Alors que l’intégration économique régionale semble faire fi des crises politique, sanitaire et écologique mondiales, l’Indonésie anticipe un flux toujours croissant d’IDE dans le secteur manufacturier. Cet apport est sensé accélérer le développement des régions secondaires, parmi lesquelles le littoral nord de Java-Centre. Ces perspectives s’inscrivent dans la continuité d’un processus à l’œuvre depuis le milieu des années 1980, objet de recherche pertinent pour analyser comment ces territoires ont réagi à une industrialisation rapide.La fabrication de meubles en bois est une activité mondialisée et intensive en main d’œuvre clef à Java-Centre, où elle revêt des formes diverses. Des usines implantées dans les zones industrielles de la capitale provinciale Semarang jouxtent des « usines de poche » disséminées dans sa grande périphérie, mais aussi une impressionnante concentration d’artisans dans la petite ville de Jepara, à 100 Km de là. Chacune s’est développée de manière singulière en interagissant avec le territoire et les structures sociales locales, générant des systèmes productifs contrastés qui se concurrencent, collaborent et coexistent. Seule une approche systémique peut dévoiler les dynamiques à l’œuvre. Elle révèle des vertus dont les modèles économiques dominants peinent à rendre compte, autour des notions de territorialité des retombées, de durabilité du développement et d’adaptabilité aux chocs et aux opportunités. Le concept de « loi de la mesure » (Kodrat Alam) pose la question d’alternatives sobres pour les territoires subalternes de la mondialisation à des formes d’industrialisation et d’urbanisation coûteuses sur le plan social et environnemental.
... spatialized networks generated by the contact of agents that the accumulation and transmission of knowledge are performed. According to Becattini (1987), the districts develop in mobilizing tacit knowledge accumulated in the territory rather than codified knowledge. Generally, one can distinguish tacit internal, tacit external, codified internal and codified external knowledge. ...
... Para o "novo regionalismo", a aglomeração geográfica é a principal causa da especialização económica, devido às externalidades positivas. Esta linha de argumentação apoia-se nos seguintes contributos: "distrito industrial", de Alfred Marshall, aplicado com grande sucesso no estudo das dinâmicas da "industrialização sem fratura" nos distritos da "Terceira Itália" (BAGNASCO, 1977;BECATTINI, 1987;GAROFOLI, 2002;SCOTT, 1988); "Novos Espaços Industriais" da escola californiana de geografia económica (SCOTT, 1988b); ...
No terreno da "cidade inteligente": geografias desiguais da inovação, do valor e do poder Mário Vale Introdução Do mesmo modo que Zukin (2020), quando revela, no prólogo do artigo publicado na Urban Studies, que a pandemia influenciou o seu texto sobre o ecossistema nova-iorquino de inovação, também não seria este o capítulo que teria escrito antes da crise desencadeada pela Covid-19. As consequências económicas e sociais ainda não são possíveis de descortinar com clareza, mas é evidente que a pandemia da Covid-19 agravou as desigualdades sociais e acentuou as fragilidades de alguns trabalhadores, mais expostos ao vírus e sem possibilidade de exercerem teletrabalho. Muitos deles auferem rendimentos baixos, apesar de alguns serem indispensáveis à economia de plataforma, e também não foram contemplados com ajudas excecionais, durante a crise pandémica, equivalentes às concedidas pelo governo aos trabalhadores com contratos de trabalho. Mulheres, minorias étnicas, emigrantes-muitos conjugando mais do que uma destas condições-tiveram de continuar a trabalhar, correndo riscos mais elevados do que outros grupos, para sobreviverem. A Covid-19 afeta todas as pessoas, famílias e grupos sociais, mas não da mesma forma, pois, como refere Harvey (2020), esta é uma crise pandémica marcada pelas diferenças de classe, género e raça/etnia. Neste contexto de crise, a tecnologia e a inovação revelam-se ainda mais centrais na economia capitalista e ilustram, de forma inequívoca, as desigualdades existentes entre cidades e regiões, como se pode verificar pelos distintos níveis de teletrabalho ou ainda pela progressão das economias de plataforma. Mas a centralidade atribuída à inovação não está isenta de críticas, já que, por um lado, são ainda muitas as dúvidas existentes sobre o seu papel no crescimento económico (SHEARMUR, 2012) e, por outro, há sólidas evidências de crescentes desigualdades sociais e territoriais que lhe estão associadas (CLARK, 2020). Será, deste modo, pertinente questionar a quem interessa a inovação? Além disto, estará a inovação vinculada ao território, numa
... A clear example of this dynamic in the Italian industrial districts is found in the literature led by Italian and Spanish authors [e.g. Becattini (1987); Brusco (1992); Hervas-Oliver et al. Highlighting the in°uences of the territory (agglomerations) on¯rms, literature°o urishes from various disciplines and approaches. ...
This paper analyzes the conceptual bases of innovation studies at the micro- and meso-levels of analysis. The analysis is carried out from a theoretical perspective and highlights the need to study the business unit (micro-unit) and the regional/local scope (meso-unit) as an indissoluble whole in which value creation and competitive advantages are reinforced and sustained, thereby creating winning regions. Likewise, this paper helps us understand the systemic aspect, nature, and dynamics of innovation, and the influence of the historical, social, economic, and technological contexts that affect it. Finally, this paper highlights the study of the micro- and meso-areas of innovation, including their main schools and research.
... The second movement was focused on externalities also found in industrial districts theory under the economic approach of the third Italy model 1 (Zimmermann, 2008, see also Bellandiay, 1982Beccatini, 1987) coupled with the new economic geography line of thought proposed by the Nobel laureate in economics Krugman (1991). Both in the innovative milieu and the externalities effects approaches, the role of local interactions is assumed as an existing and a factual situation. ...
This doctoral dissertation is an interdisciplinary research work at the intersection of geography and innovation studies through the prism of two subjects: diffusion of sustainable innovations and urban resilience to the energy transition. The research work was developed in the Swiss Alps and in the South Region of France in order to deploy comparative analyses. This Ph.D dissertation investigates the regions receptivity to sustainable innovations, specifically renewable energy technologies (RET) such as solar photovoltaics, solar thermal collectors in the Swiss Alps and electric and hybrid vehicles in Switzerland at the national level. As well as the research was developed in the South Region of France were six innovation indicators were analysed: solar photovoltaics, solar thermal collectors, wind power, small and big hydroelectric power plants, biogas and biomass. The research aimed at improving our understanding on regions’ ability to integrate these innovations into their dynamics and the embedded urban resilience to the energy transition, to adapt to change, accommodating disruptions in the diffusion process and develop new spatial diffusion paths. The research questions aimed at underpinning our understanding on the network effects of the RET diffusion and on the potential insights that spatial information might provide regarding such diffusion processes. The underlying assumptions were that RET diffuses across scales in a non-random fashion and describe a preferential attachment mechanism. The implication of the latter assumption is that the urban renewable energy systems exhibit fractality, which is the signature of self-organized systems. By definition, resilient systems are self-organized, so in this context, the innovation systems are analyzed in the framework of urban resilience to the energy transition. Thus, a further assumption is made and proposes that more innovative places and locations are more resilient than less innovative locations. The methodological approaches to address these research questions and verify the assumptions are described as follows. In the Swiss region a model called ‘Spatial Preferential Attachment’ (SPA) was created based on spatial interaction theory, relying on a gravity model that was built through agent-based modelling and systems dynamics approaches. The integration of the gravity model with the spatial information of the RET allowed to build a spatial network, which simulated the urban energy system of the region. The results allowed to accept the assumptions in which a preferential mechanism in the diffusion process take place, since the spatial diffusion distribution follow power laws. The model was also applied in Switzerland and in the South Region of France, obtaining similar results, following multi-level and hierarchical mechanisms. These results are in line with the path development theory proposed by economic geographers, where the specific-place legacy has at least a partial impact in the future intensity of diffusion processesThese results are important within the sustainability paradigm from a research perspective and challenging for the current innovation framework, the so-called Transformative Change, which aims at establishing a fairer view on socio-economic and environmental issues. The preferential attachment mechanisms in RET diffusion imply that there are hubs of innovation ruled by urban scaling laws that put in disadvantage other locations. The SPA was also used to simulate the urban resilience to the energy transition in the Swiss canton of Valais. The energy urban network was ‘attacked’ by removing the hubs of the structure and the simulations showed that the system could reorganized itself at global level, showing strong sings of resilience however not at local level. Resilient systems are self-organized however it does not imply that resilient itself is fractal as differences were found from a multiscale spatial perspective.
... The second movement was focused on externalities also found in industrial districts theory under the economic approach of the third Italy model 1 (Zimmermann, 2008, see also Bellandiay, 1982Beccatini, 1987) coupled with the new economic geography line of thought proposed by the Nobel laureate in economics Krugman (1991). Both in the innovative milieu and the externalities effects approaches, the role of local interactions is assumed as an existing and a factual situation. ...
This doctoral dissertation is an interdisciplinary research work at the intersection of geography and innovation studies through the prism of two subjects: diffusion of sustainable innovations and urban resilience to the energy transition. The research work was developed in the Swiss Alps and in the South Region of France in order to deploy comparative analyses. This Ph.D. dissertation investigates the region's receptivity to sustainable innovations, specifically renewable energy technologies (RET) such as solar photovoltaics, solar thermal collectors in the Swiss Alps, and electric and hybrid vehicles in Switzerland at the national level. As well as the research was developed in the South Region of France where six innovation indicators were analysed: solar photovoltaics, solar thermal collectors, wind power, small and big hydroelectric power plants, biogas, and biomass. The research aimed at improving our understanding of regions’ ability to integrate these innovations into their dynamics and the embedded urban resilience to the energy transition, to adapt to change, accommodating disruptions in the diffusion process and develop new spatial diffusion paths.
The research questions aimed at underpinning our understanding on the network effects of the RET diffusion and on the potential insights that spatial information might provide regarding such diffusion processes. The underlying assumptions were that RET diffuses across scales in a non-random fashion and describes a preferential attachment mechanism. The implication of the latter assumption is that the urban renewable energy systems exhibit fractality, which is the signature of self-organized systems. By definition, resilient systems are self-organized, so in this context, the innovation systems are analyzed in the framework of urban resilience to the energy transition. Thus, a further assumption is made and proposes that more innovative places and locations are more resilient than less innovative locations.
The methodological approaches to address these research questions and verify the assumptions are described as follows. In the Swiss region a model called ‘Spatial Preferential Attachment’ (SPA) was created based on spatial interaction theory, relying on a gravity model that was built through agent-based modelling and systems dynamics approaches. The integration of the gravity model with the spatial information of the RET allowed building a spatial network, which simulated the urban energy system of the region. The results allowed us to accept the assumptions in which a preferential mechanism in the diffusion process takes place since the spatial diffusion distribution follows power laws. The model was also applied in Switzerland and in the South Region of France, obtaining similar results, following multi-level and hierarchical mechanisms. These results are in line with the path development theory proposed by economic geographers, where the specific-place legacy has at least a partial impact on the future intensity of diffusion processes.
These results are important within the sustainability paradigm from a research perspective and challenging for the current innovation framework, the so-called Transformative Change, which aims at establishing a fairer view on socio-economic and environmental issues. The preferential attachment mechanisms in RET diffusion imply that there are hubs of innovation ruled by urban scaling laws that put in disadvantage other locations. The SPA was also used to simulate the urban resilience to energy transition in the Swiss canton of Valais. The energy urban network was ‘attacked’ by removing the hubs of the structure and the simulations showed that the system could reorganize itself at a global level, showing strong signs of resilience however not at the local level. Resilient systems are self-organized however it does not imply that resilient itself is fractal as differences were found from a multiscale spatial perspective.
... L'appartenenza al sistema è quindi determinata dalla natura e dalla frequenza dei flussi/transazioni/scambi significativi. Definire il Nord come area omogenea non esclude quindi la compresenza di modi di produzione (mondes de production) e di subculture del lavoro (conventions) anche assai diverse (Salais e Storper 1993) 1 : comporta però l'esistenza di quello che Becattini [1987] definì in altro contesto ispessimento localizzato di relazioni. Senza dimenticare che relazioni significativamente fitte non dipendono necessariamente dalla prossimità geografica: "…nella letteratura più recente la prossimità geografica non è più vista come elemento chiave nella definizione di cluster, bensì diversi autori evidenziano l'esistenza di cinque livelli di prossimità: a. cognitiva; b. organizzativa; c. sociale; d. istituzionale; e. geografica" (Ancarani e Raffa 2006, p. 144). ...
... Furono questi gli anni in cui le imprese di piccola e media dimensione iniziarono ad assumere un ruolo di rilievo nello scenario industriale domestico, fungendo da fornitori di semilavorati e materie prime per le imprese di grandi dimensioni che miravano ai profitti sui mercati esteri. Nascono i cosiddetti "distretti industriali", un insieme di imprese di piccola e media dimensione racchiuse in uno ambito territoriale determinato e tendenzialmente dedicate ad un unico anello della filiera (Becattini, 1987). ...
La tesi affronta il tema dell’internazionalizzazione delle piccole e medie imprese italiane del settore tessile-abbigliamento, con un focus sulle opportunità legate all’emergente mercato cinese.
L’obiettivo dell’elaborato è studiare il comportamento, fornire un quadro delle decisioni ed analizzare i bisogni e le strategie delle suddette PMI, colonna portante del Made in Italy, nell’intraprendere attività oltre confine, delineando schemi sostenibili nel medio-lungo periodo.
Nella prima parte, dopo aver descritto le teorie alla base del fenomeno, le modalità d’ingresso nei mercati esteri ed il ruolo predominante del comparto tessile-abbigliamento nel sistema produttivo italiano, viene condotta una ricerca empirica quantitativa attraverso la somministrazione di un questionario ad una popolazione di 1285 PMI del settore in questione con lo scopo di validare le seguenti ipotesi: le PMI italiane presenti all’estero godono di performance migliori in termini di fatturato annuo realizzato; la dimensione aziendale, l’approccio al mercato, le reti di collaborazione e l’adesione a consorzi o distretti sono variabili da cui dipende l’incremento di fatturato estero. I risultati emersi dalla rielaborazione delle 137 risposte del campione tramite il test del Chi-quadrato sull’indipendenza tra variabili nominali, evidenziano rispettivamente il legame statistico tra aumento di fatturato annuo, presenza sui mercati esteri, esperienza acquisita nel tempo su tali mercati e tra incremento dell’aliquota di fatturato estero sul fatturato totale, approccio sistematico al mercato, stipula di collaborazioni ed alleanze strategiche. Viceversa, le variabili slegate dal successo estero delle PMI sono numerosità di Paesi penetrati, dimensione in termini di impiegati ed associazione a consorzi e distretti.
Nella seconda parte, dopo aver descritto le caratteristiche del settore tessile-abbigliamento cinese ed il relativo posizionamento delle PMI italiane, viene condotta un’ulteriore ricerca empirica qualitativa attraverso intervista telematica a 10 PMI selezionate dal precedente campione con lo scopo di validare la seguente ipotesi: la conoscenza approfondita della cultura del Paese estero è un fattore critico di successo per l’implementazione adeguata delle strategie di penetrazione in termini di strumenti di comunicazione interculturale e delle politiche di marketing mix. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che la strategia esportativa, modalità d’ingresso prevalentemente utilizzata dalle imprese italiane, è inadatta a colmare il gap culturale con Paesi molto distanti geograficamente e culturalmente, viceversa le alleanze strategiche e gli investimenti diretti esteri, con un conseguente riposizionamento sulla filiera produttiva e la delocalizzazione di parte della produzione, favoriscono l’efficace localizzazione degli strumenti del marketing mix, tenendo conto degli usi e delle esigenze dei consumatori locali.
In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti possono fornire rilevanti implicazioni manageriali alle PMI del settore tessile-abbigliamento che desiderano sviluppare strategie d’ingresso efficaci in mercati distanti culturalmente, soprattutto in quello cinese, in quanto ritenuto trainante per la ripresa economica italiana post epidemia da Covid-19.
... This line of thinking was further advanced by the Italian school of the "new industrial districts" (e.g. Becattini 1987Becattini , 1989 and the GREMI school of the "milieux innovateurs" (Aydalot 1986, Camagni 1995, Castells 1996 in the 1970s-90s. These schools of thought shed light on several important elements of inter-firm network innovativeness, notably, the combination of competition and co-operation between the actors; their conscious engagement in networking activities, and synergies between them. ...
How should a cluster be designed to foster the innovativeness of its members? In this article, we view self-aware and organised clusters as “meta-organisations” which can deliberately shape their internal structures through design-based interventions. To formulate interventions for cluster design fostering its innovativeness, we adopt a methodology combining a systematic literature review and a design-oriented synthesis. We distinguish between six cluster business model elements: actors and their roles, resources and capabilities, value flows, governance, value propositions and value-creating activities. To gain insight into the properties of these elements conducive to cluster innovativeness, we review literature at the intersection of cluster, meta-organisation, business model and innovation studies. Our study allows to consolidate the extant research into “organised” clustering and the drivers of the cluster actors’ innovativeness. It also helps identify several important unanswered questions in the literature and to suggest potentially fruitful directions for further work.
Os efeitos geográficos da crise pós década de 1970, amplificada pelo processo de globalização, tornaram-se evidentes por meio das articulações produtivas que emergiram dessa nova configuração econômica. Redes industriais destacaram-se como símbolo e sintoma da queda da hegemonia do sistema de produção fordista, em favor da flexibilização e de sua influência nas estratégias espaciais da indústria. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa concentra-se nas empresas e em suas estratégias espaciais produtivas, bem como nas decisões territoriais por elas tomadas para garantirem suas margens de lucratividade, face a um mundo que se globalizava. Isso inclui a disjunção funcional e a dispersão espacial da produção, no contexto de um regime de acumulação patrimonial marcado pela determinação do imperativo das finanças. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa é analisar a rede de produção industrial de calçados, resultante da articulação produtiva entre o Rio Grande do Sul e o Ceará, por meio da relocalização de unidades de produção de empresas gaúchas para o território cearense. Para atingir esse objetivo, a metodologia estrutura uma matriz metodológica, organizando temas, dinâmicas territoriais e variáveis relacionadas à pesquisa. As etapas incluem levantamento bibliográfico e documental, montagem de hemerotecas temáticas, levantamento estatístico e criação de um banco de dados. Além dessas etapas, destaca-se o trabalho de campo que ocorreu nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e do Ceará. Os resultados desta investigação apontam, no caso gaúcho, para um sistema produtivo regional responsável pela produção de calçados de maior valor agregado e uma governança baseada num entorno inovador. Para o caso cearense, a presença pontual da atividade calçadista, territorialmente dispersa pelo estado, pauta-se em ganhos de escala e em uma localização planejada e zonal, tendo alguns municípios como base de operação. Ambos, o sistema produtivo regional e a zona industrial, formam o território-rede da produção de calçados, segmentando a produção de acordo com a lógica funcional que rege a organização geográfica calçadista nesses estados. Assim, a articulação produtiva entre o Ceará e o Rio Grande do Sul reflete a estratégia espacial das empresas de calçados a partir da criação de um perfil de empresa-rede, capaz de coordenar uma produção sincronizada, culminando na formação de um território-rede como base geográfica de acumulação industrial calçadista.
Questo contributo nasce da una ricerca condotta nella Provincia Autonoma di Trento, volta ad esplorare le traiettorie lavorative di rifugiati e richiedenti asilo al di fuori del sistema di accoglienza. Il mercato del lavoro locale è avido di forza lavoro da impiegare in lavori stagionali e rappresenta un'attrattiva forte, ma fragile. In questa situazione, i rifugiati e i richiedenti asilo fruiscono di alcune risorse del territorio tese a promuovere la loro inclusione lavorativa e sociale. Tuttavia, tali risorse non solo sono diversamente disponibili e accessibili a seconda del capitale sociale e culturale riconosciuto ai migranti, dello status giuridico, dell'esperienza e del luogo di accoglienza, ma presentano anche delle ambivalenze: se da un lato sono "boe" che li sostengono, dall'altro sono "reti" che li intrappolano in una condizione di precarietà, tuttavia non in grado di inibire completamente la loro agency.
Questo articolo sfrutta il potenziale informativo di dati amministrativi sull'occupazione in Veneto per proporre una fotografia sulle modalità di ingresso dei giovani nel mercato del lavoro regionale ponendo un particolare focus sulla componente con background migrato- rio, strategica tanto in termini teorici quanto nel contributo effettivo alle dinamiche del si- stema d'impiego. Gli interrogativi che si pone sono: come si connotano le opportunità di inserimento occupazionale alla luce del background migratorio? In che misura l'anzianità migratoria favorisce le traiettorie più continuative e stabili? Quali gli eventuali pattern di mobilità sociale? L'articolo dapprima descrive il contesto regionale evidenziandone la va- lenza di "caso studio" nella disamina dell'evoluzione della partecipazione immigrata al la- voro, poi presenta le scelte metodologiche adottate e, infine, descrive le tipologie di traiet- torie identificate investigando le opportunità di mobilità per la componente immigrata.
Sono pochi, a oggi, gli studi che hanno investigato empiricamente la resilienza economica dei sistemi produttivi locali, attraverso le molteplici crisi degli anni Dieci. Il presente lavoro mira a colmare questa lacuna, offrendo una Ratio Analysis combinata di oltre 30mila imprese, collocate nel territorio di Monza e Brianza. L'articolo costituisce la prima parte di una ricerca più ampia, che si pone lo scopo di indagare, nel suo complesso, il funzionamento dell'ecosistema imprenditoriale brianteo, esplorando tanto lo stato di salute delle aziende del territorio, quanto l'efficacia dei rapporti tra amministrazione locale e universo imprenditoriale. Nel caso particolare del lavoro qui presentato, l'analisi longitudinale degli indici di bilancio, della quasi totalità delle imprese del territorio, nel periodo 2011-2020, da un lato ci consente di descrivere in maniera accurata le performance degli attori economici locali, dall'altro ci offre una lente tramite cui indagare le capacità dell'ecosistema imprenditoriale brianteo, di navigare tempi travagliati.
In questo lavoro si conduce una riflessione critica preliminare sulle Aree interne delle Marche con riferimento a quattro temi: le traiettorie di declino socio-economico pluridecennale che esse hanno seguito; la congruità della loro perimetrazione dalla prospettiva del paradigma dello sviluppo locale consolidatosi in Italia; le profonde ed estese relazioni di interdipendenza tra il territorio delle Aree interne e il resto del territorio regionale; il ruolo dei centri maggiori nel garantire l'accesso a un soddisfacente ‘grado di urbanità' alla popolazione locale. Nel lavoro si sostiene che l'evidenza empirica disponibile – e anche quella preliminarmente presentata nel lavoro – suggerisce un profondo cambiamento dei fondamenti metodologici e teorici della Strategia per le Aree interne delle Marche. Il modo in cui i quattro temi sopra richiamati sono stati sin qui affrontati è di ostacolo alla costruzione di efficaci strategie di rigenerazione economica, sociale ed ambientale. L'importanza e l'urgenza di riconfigurare il sistema delle politiche per le Aree interne sono accresciute dal fatto che esse coprono circa il 44% del territorio regionale.
L'Italia ha introdotto tardi, nel2019, una misura di garanzia di reddito per i poveri di tipo universale e non categoriale. L'introduzione del Reddito di Cit-tadinanza fu il risultato dell'arrivo al governo di un nuovo attore politico, il Movimento Cinque Stelle. Ciò ha reso questo strumento oggetto di conflitto politico e di un discorso pubblico molto divisivo, rendendone difficile la legit-timazione nell'opinione pubblica. Problemi di disegno e l'inadeguata attua-zione delle misure non monetarie che avrebbero dovuto accompagnarlo han-no ulteriormente contribuito alla sua immagine negativa, nonostante la sua efficacia nel togliere dalla povertà centinaia di migliaia di famiglie, specie durante la pandemia Covid 19. Questa scarsa legittimazione spiega come mai la coalizione di destra-centro che ha vinto le elezioni a Settembre 2022 abbia potuto dare seguito alla sua promessa elettorale di abolirlo senza temere una forte opposizione nel paese. Il RdC verrà sostituito da due distinte misure ri-volte a due diverse popolazioni in base alla composizione delle loro famiglie. Solo le famiglie che abbiano al proprio interno minorenni, o persone con di-sabilità grave o ultrasessantenni riceveranno un sostegno molto simile al RdC. Gli altri riceveranno un sostegno molto più ridotto, con criteri economi-ci più stringenti e per un tempo più breve, purché frequentino un corso di formazione e/o siano coinvolti in politiche attive del lavoro. L'articolo argo-menta che questo nuovo approccio non solo è in contrasto con la recente Raccomandazione Europea sul Reddito minimo e crea nuove disuguaglianze tra poveri, ma non risolve neppure i principali difetti sia di disegno sia di at-tuazione del RdC.
En este artículo se argumenta que la forma en que se implante la informatización es decisiva para detectar las "consecuencias sociales": así, la mayor o menor descentralización, la participación o no de los trabajadores implicados, las posibilidades del contexto industrial y cultural señalan que es la variable organización el factor decisivo de explicación de los cambios en las condiciones de trabajo de las empresas por la introducción de la informática. En otras palabras, son las estrategias empresariales, incluyendo en ellas la política de innovación tecnológica, las que orientan y "anuncian" los cambios.
The contribution intends to examine the concept of natural city, starting from the hypothesis that the administrative boundaries of cities and regional entities are not able by themselves to capture the dynamics of territorial coalescence in progress. Urban systems are progressively increasing connections and their networks (not only physical) are consolidating, producing welding phenomena that create polycentric urban regions. Two distinct but integrable territorial analysis strategies are analysed: the survey and measurement of the degree of physical density of the settlements and a general strategy capable of capturing the commuting basins. The Italian urban system, thus, can be observed from the combination of these two analytical strategies, showing the emergence of medium-sized urban regions (between 50,000 and 300,000 inhabitants) which constitute the territorial and economic 21st century skeleton of Italy. These are very dynamic urban regions that are positioned between metropolitan Italy and the internal areas. Finally, we analyze a multi-temporal rank-size model of Italian urban regions, constructing scenario where the settlement peculiarities at the macro-regional level emerge. An initial analysis at a temporal level (releasing up to the 1950s) reveals how the Italian urban system has been changing, giving greater weight to medium-sized natural cities, even in a landscape of demographic decline.
Since the late 1980s of the twentieth century, much attention has been devoted to the economy of Innovation and Technological Change, especially to the concept of “National Innovation Systems.” This concept, even despite the growing trend of globalization in recent decades, has remained robust and has even expanded its scope, including both geographical and sector-specific areas. The National Innovation System is not only a concept, but a research field that helps to explain and understand the level of development and the state of national production systems, as well as their evolution over time. This chapter studies the pre-Schumpeterian evolution of the concept of National Innovation Systems and finds contributions in the context of the transition between the First and Second Industrial Revolutions in authors who show interest in the economic transformation that these revolutions were bringing to Europe. In particular, it stresses the contributions of Friedrich List, and the less known of Charles Babbage and Johann Heinrich Von Thünen.
Spatial concentration of Cultural and Creative Industries is not a new topic in academic research. However, the analysis of this phenomenon often neglects that CCIs behave differently, due to their heterogeneity. This chapter focuses on the literature on CCIs’ concentration, highlighting that there exist two key dimensions behind this process: CCIs’ heterogeneous creativity and the type of filière in which they are embedded. This review presents four different approaches to reading the wide literature on this field and, based on the literature discussion, the new research trajectories are introduced. In detail, a conceptual taxonomy of the main agglomeration factors based on creativity and filière is presented.
Complexity in defining creativity affects all topics related to it. Starting from the conceptual reflections of the literature, this chapter proposes a novel definition of creativity in CCIs considering that creativity is heterogeneous both in the forms and in the spatial intensity it assumes. Thanks to the new definition, it is possible to outline an original framework for CCIs’ classification, taking into account their heterogeneous capacity to innovate in space. This approach will allow an innovative mapping of CCIs across EU regions and it represents the core of the conceptual innovation proposed in this book.
Il 1980 avrebbe dovuto segnare l'avvio di un vasto processo di messa in opera della legge 833/78 basato su di una forte tensione culturale e politica e su di una altrettanto ampia dotazione di mezzi e di strumenti capaci di realizzare una trasformazione della sanità italiana che si prospettava complessa e difficoltosa. A soli sei anni, invece, dalla sua implementazione, il Ssn appare già avviato verso una sostanziale riforma istituzionale e organizzativa (che si realizzerà nei primi anni Novanta) complice il mutato clima politico-economico, la crisi dei principali soggetti sostenitori, le difficoltà finanziarie e la debolezza dei governi dei primi anni Ottanta, nonché una attuazione fortemente frammentata e caotica derivante tanto dalle incongruenze della legge 833, quanto dalla mancata creazione dei principali strumenti di regolazione.
À travers l'étude de cas des perles de verre vénitiennes au XVIIIe siècle, cette thèse vise à montrer comment la spécialisation dans un produit de niche permet à un système économique méditerranéen de rester accroché aux principaux flux commerciaux internationaux de la fin de l'époque moderne. Cette thèse ambitionne donc de contribuer au débat scientifique qui, depuis quelques années, est en train de questionner l'idée de décadence de la Méditerranée à l'époque moderne, et de préciser la position de Venise dans l'économie-monde européenne du XVIIIe siècle.Cette recherche adopte une approche qui croise la macroanalyse des flux et la micro-analyse des acteurs, en utilisant des sources quantitatives vénitiennes (Registri) et étrangères (Custom books britanniques, Toflit19 pour le commerce français et la balança do comerçio portugaise) et des sources qualitatives vénitiennes issues principalement des Censori, Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia, Inquisitore alle Arti, Inquisitori di Stato, en suivant la filière des perles de verre vénitiennes au XVIIIe siècle : des phases de production jusqu'à la commercialisation, en précisant les routes, les acteurs et les marchés concernés.Cette thèse est donc divisée en trois parties. La première porte sur le contexte économique de Venise et se focalise sur le commerce du port vénitien et sur l'industrie exportatrice de la ville de Saint-Marc au XVIIIe siècle. C'est à travers cette contextualisation qu'on comprend que les perles de verre sont le fruit d'un pôle manufacturier et commercial encore riche et connecté au monde euro-méditerranéen et qu'on peut mieux évaluer l'expansion de ce secteur de la verrerie vénitienne au XVIIIe siècle.La deuxième partie étudie la filière de fabrication et l'organisation du travail du secteur des perles de verre vénitiennes, en s'interrogeant sur la compétitivité d'un système de production qui est marqué par une forte présence corporative (à savoir, les Arts de Murano, des Margariteri et des Perleri) et, en même temps, par un haut degré de flexibilité. Quatre thèmes font l'objet de cette analyse : le degré d'ouverture de la filière des perles et des métiers concernés ; la gestion des matières premières ; l'assujettissement de la main-d'œuvre aux patrons/négociants des corporations ; les espaces de travail et la position des femmes dans les deux Arts des perles. Cette partie montre que ce secteur est parfaitement adapté aux caractéristiques du commerce international du XVIIIe siècle. Une fois produites, les perles de verre vénitiennes sont exportées à l'échelle de la planète. La troisième partie analyse les routes, les acteurs qui gèrent les échanges et les marchés de ce produit au XVIIIe siècle, en se focalisant sur les deux circuits majeurs de ce commerce, celui du Ponant et celui du Levant. Dans le premier cas, l'attention est mise sur l'importance des perles pour le commerce vénitien avec l'Europe occidentale, sur la géographie des marchés, sur l'émergence des marchands-fabricants margariteri et perleri comme expéditeurs de perles et sur le lien entre le commerce occidental des perles de verre vénitiennes et la traite atlantique des esclaves. Ensuite, la focale d'analyse est déplacée vers l'Orient et plus précisément vers l'Égypte et la Syrie, étapes principales des trajets qui amènent les perles de Venise en Perse, en Inde et dans l'Afrique centre-orientale. Après avoir établi le rôle de ce produit pour le commerce vénitien au Levant, on étudie les routes, l'évolution et les marchands protagonistes de ces trafics, notamment les Juifs sont étudiés.Au final, on constate que les perles sont bien plus que de la pacotille : elles se révèlent un outil essentiel pour le commerce vénitien au XVIIIe siècle, une vraie marchandise globale qui permet à la ville de Saint-Marc de rester interconnectée aux flux commerciaux majeurs de la fin de l'époque moderne.
O desenvolvimento regional é um tema explorado, mas ainda possui lacunas na literatura. Este ensaio teórico tem como objetivo examinar como as aproximações e distanciamentos entre as abordagens a respeito dos aglomerados podem contribuir para a compreensão do tema desenvolvimento regional. No intuito de alcançar o objetivo proposto, optou-se por apresentar um histórico do desenvolvimento regional, além das principais abordagens a respeito dos aglomerados. A abordagem qualitativa mostrou-se pertinente desde a coleta dos dados bibliográficos até a análise dos mesmos. Como resultado, percebeu-se que o tema do desenvolvimento regional é apresentado pelas abordagens de maneira complementar e por intermédio das suas principais causas e consequências. Concluiu-se que as especificidades locais em cada um dos tipos de aglomerados produzem conceitos que consideram distintas demandas e resultados para o desenvolvimento regional.
Fondements et analyse d'une approche "knowledge-based view" des réseaux territorialisés Ce chapitre propose une relecture de différentes approches théoriques développées sur le thème des réseaux territorialisés. Il met en exergue l'intérêt chronologiquement croissant porté à la connaissance et l'innovation jusqu'à l'émergence d'une approche dite « knowledge-based view » des réseaux territorialisés. L'exposé s'achève sur une analyse des principes, apports et principales limites de cette approche émergente.
This paper deals with the location, origins, and early development of clusters and industrial districts in the agribusiness sector. It considers the case of the meat processing industry in the second half of the 19th century in Catalonia, a prosperous southern-European region in the period when this industry emerged. By constructing an index of potential locations at the municipal level, the paper discusses whether, and to what extent, deterministic factors explain the genesis of pigmeat processing clusters. The paper concludes that although deterministic factors need primary consideration, the contingency and non-deterministic factors, particularly human agency, may also play a non-negligible role. As an illustration, this study pays particular attention to the cluster of Vic, which developed around this middle-sized town in central Catalonia. It became a leading meat cluster in early 20th century Spain, despite the fact that it was not better suited to this industry than other Catalan localities where meat companies had also emerged.
Contrairement aux villes-ports, les villes-ports militaires sont peu abordées en tant qu'objet d'étude car l'espace y diffère profondément. Si les premières sont intégrées à des réseaux et cherchent toujours plus de fluidité, les secondes, voient leur développement urbain et économique soumis à un système de commandement étatique composé de choix stratégiques et de politiques génériques.En s'intéressant aux villes-ports militaires possédant des chantiers de construction navale, cette thèse vise à montrer d'une part que l'aménagement de l'espace opéré par l'Etat renvoie à des moteurs de développement inscrits dans un temps long et d'autre part à la capacité des acteurs locaux à s'approprier les différentes politiques publiques liées ou non au militaire. Ce second aspect conditionne l'émergence d'un milieu innovateur qui permet au territoire de se démarquer dans une certaine mesure de la tutelle de l'Etat et de poursuivre une trajectoire économique plus diversifiée.L'étude de l'aspect productif et résidentiel de l'économie des villes-ports militaires met en lumière une perméabilité entre moteurs et supports de développement. Au sein de nos terrains d'étude, nous distinguons ainsi trois sous-systèmes spatiaux renvoyant à une influence variable du poids de l'Etat.Ainsi, les villes-ports militaires implantées de longue date dans des sites d'abri témoignent de la multiplicité des rôles joués par l'Etat dans le développement urbain et économique d'un territoire.
Faced with the grand narrative of the "industrial revolution", of the "disengagement of the economy" from the social, a more recent historiography sheds light on the weight of the rural anchorage of societies affected by the emergence of capitalism, by questioning the vision of an agro-industrial "take-off" (a la Rostow) based on mechanization. Far from the mythical picture of an "industrial revolution" (Jarrige 2015), the reality of a development of production initiated by an increasingly prosperous commercial activity is outlined. The historiographical debate that questions the contours of an "industrial revolution" (De Vries 2008) focuses on the part to be attributed in this dynamic to the growth of the population, the increase in working hours and their intensification, technological progress and the expansion of consumption and markets, proposing, moreover, to move away from Jan de Vries's Dutch-centric and urban prism (Béaur 2017). In addition, the incentive role played by states is also highlighted. Thus, in France from the seventeenth century, the inspectors of manufactures instituted by colbertism engaged in an activity of census and supervision of diffuse manufacturing production in the countryside by relying on a systematization of urban corporate regulations (Minard 1998, Minovez 2012). This diffusion of market production in the countryside constitutes one of the aspects of what Franklin Mendels (1972), and many others, have called the "protoindustry". This is assimilated by Max Weber, in the Protestant Ethics, to a "traditionalist capitalism" dominated by merchants distributing work to the home, both in the artisanal workshops of the cities and in the countryside (putting-out system). Many authors, such as Jean-Marc Olivier (2004) for the Morézien Jura, have shown the effect of financial and technical accumulation that this "soft industrialization" allows through a succession of productive cycles, for example from the production of nails to the manufacture of glasses, via that of clocks. It sometimes makes it possible to perpetuate a model of social organization of the independent pluriactive cultivator-owner (Villani 1990). This industrialization, different from the great factory concentration presented as the canonical model of the "industrial revolution" (one could speak of an altero-industrialization rather than a proto-industrialization), adopts a specific configuration in northern Italy, marked by a development of commercial activities in the rural world in parallel with an urban "de-industrialization" that would have begun from the seventeenth century onwards (De Maddalena 1982; Dewerpe 1985; Cento Bull 1989). Studies on industrial districts (e.g. Becattini 1987; Brusco 1989; Lescure 2006) and on "territorial communities of enterprises" (Bagnasco 1999; Amatori and Colli 2001) also show that, in several urban contexts, the factory and the artisanal workshop have been two strongly complementary organizational forms and have established constant and sometimes close relations with the surrounding countryside (Borruso 1997; Fontana 1997; Maitte 2001; Eck and Lescure 2002; Belfanti 2009; Maitte 2009).
Face au grand récit de la « révolution industrielle », du « désencastrement de l’économie » hors du social, une historiographie plus récente éclaire le poids que représente l’ancrage rural des sociétés affectées par l’émergence du capitalisme, en remettant en cause la vision d’un « décollage » (d’un « take-off » à la Rostow) agro-industriel reposant sur la mécanisation. Loin du tableau mythifié d’une « révolution industrielle » (Jarrige 2015), s’esquisse la réalité d’un développement de la production initiée par une activité commerciale de plus en plus prospère. Le débat historiographique qui interroge les contours d’une « révolution industrieuse » (De Vries 2008) porte sur la part à attribuer dans cette dynamique à l’accroissement de la population, à l’augmentation du temps de travail et à son intensification, aux progrès technologiques et à l’élargissement de la consommation et des marchés, en proposant, qui plus est, de sortir du prisme hollando-centré et urbain de Jan de Vries (Béaur 2017). Par ailleurs, le rôle incitatif joué par les Etats est également mis en exergue. Ainsi, en France dès le XVIIe siècle, les inspecteurs des manufactures institués par le colbertisme ont engagé une activité de recensement et d’encadrement de productions manufacturières diffuses dans les campagnes en s’appuyant sur une systématisation des règlements corporatifs urbains (Minard 1998, Minovez 2012). Cette diffusion de la production marchande dans les campagnes constitue l’un des aspects de ce que Franklin Mendels (1972), et bien d’autres, ont nommé la « protoindustrie ». Celle-ci est assimilée par Max Weber, dans l’Éthique protestante, à un « capitalisme traditionnaliste » dominé par des commerçants distribuant de l’ouvrage à domicile, tant dans les ateliers artisanaux des villes que dans les campagnes (putting-out system). De très nombreux auteurs, comme Jean-Marc Olivier (2004) pour le Jura morézien, ont montré l’effet d’accumulation financière et technique que permet cette « industrialisation douce » à travers une succession de cycles productifs, là par exemple de la production de clous jusqu’à la fabrication de lunettes, en passant par celle d’horloges. Elle permet parfois de perpétuer un modèle d’organisation sociale du cultivateur propriétaire indépendant pluriactif (Villani 1990). Cette industrialisation différente par rapport à la grande concentation usinière présentée comme le modèle canonique de la « révolution industrielle » (on pourrait parler d’une altero-industrialisation plutôt que d’une proto-industrialisation) adopte une configuration spécifique en Italie septentrionale marquée par un développement des activités marchandes dans le monde rural parallèlement à une « désindustrialisation » urbaine qui aurait commencé à partir du XVIIe siècle (De Maddalena 1982 ; Dewerpe 1985 ; Cento Bull 1989). Les études sur les districts industriels (notamment Becattini 1987 ; Brusco 1989 ; Lescure 2006) et sur les « communautés territoriales d’entreprises » (Bagnasco 1999 ; Amatori et Colli 2001) montrent par ailleurs que, dans plusieurs contextes urbains, l’usine et l’atelier artisanal ont été deux formes organisationnelles fortement complémentaires et ont noué des relations constantes et parfois étroites avec la campagne environnante (Borruso 1997 ; Fontana 1997 ; Maitte 2001 ; Eck et Lescure 2002 ; Belfanti 2009 ; Maitte 2009).
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