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A subgeneric classification of the genus Vaccinium and the metamorphosis of V. section Bracteata Nakai: More terrestrial and less epiphytic in habit, more continental and less insular in distribution
Abstract
The taxonomic integrity of Vaccinium section Bracteata sensu Sleumer was assessed using a variety of numerical measures on a data matrix created from 46 OTUs scored for 65 descriptors. These analyses supported a much restricted ambit for section Bracteata and the concomitant resurrection of section Nesococcus and section Euepigynium, a more cosmopolitan interpretation for section Eococcus and section Pyxothamnus as well as a new taxon, Vaccinium section Baccula-nigra Kloet, sect. nov. to accommodate V. fragile Franch. and its conspecifics. A key to all the sections as well as a brief description for each section is also provided.
Supplementary resource (1)
... Hemimyrtillus was recovered as two separate clades; (2) a "Bracteata-Oarianthe" Clade of some tropical Asian species of Vaccinium was recovered corresponding to V. sects. Bracteata and Oarianthe sensu Sleumer (1941Sleumer ( , 1966Sleumer ( -1967 or the corresponding segregate sections of Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009); and the Asian genus Costera was unresolved. ...
... To provide a broad perspective on the evolution of Vaccinieae and assess the extent of polyphyly of Vaccinium, we sampled 30 of the 35 genera in the tribe, and 25 of the 29 sections within Vaccinium as currently recognized (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009 as modified by Argent, 2019; Supplementary Tables S1, S2). Our sampling includes at least two representatives for small non-monotypic genera sampled and many more for larger groups, including the sections of the large and taxonomically complex genus Vaccinium. ...
... Stevens et al. (2004) considered Agapetes to contain~400 species and Vaccinium 140 species, reflecting their view that many of the Paleotropical members of Vaccinium might better be placed in Agapetes. This contrasts with the sectional delimitations of Sleumer (1941Sleumer ( , 1966Sleumer ( -1967 and Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) for Paleotropical Vaccinium. Insofar as Stevens et al. (2004) considered their view as tentative, we have chosen to follow the most recent treatment (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009) for species diversity estimates of Vaccinium and Agapetes, as modified by Argent (2019; Supplementary Table S1). ...
... Hemimyrtillus was recovered as two separate clades; (2) a "Bracteata-Oarianthe" Clade of some tropical Asian species of Vaccinium was recovered corresponding to V. sects. Bracteata and Oarianthe sensu Sleumer (1941Sleumer ( , 1966Sleumer ( -1967 or the corresponding segregate sections of Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009); and the Asian genus Costera was unresolved. ...
... To provide a broad perspective on the evolution of Vaccinieae and assess the extent of polyphyly of Vaccinium, we sampled 30 of the 35 genera in the tribe, and 25 of the 29 sections within Vaccinium as currently recognized (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009 as modified by Argent, 2019; Supplementary Tables S1, S2). Our sampling includes at least two representatives for small non-monotypic genera sampled and many more for larger groups, including the sections of the large and taxonomically complex genus Vaccinium. ...
... Stevens et al. (2004) considered Agapetes to contain~400 species and Vaccinium 140 species, reflecting their view that many of the Paleotropical members of Vaccinium might better be placed in Agapetes. This contrasts with the sectional delimitations of Sleumer (1941Sleumer ( , 1966Sleumer ( -1967 and Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) for Paleotropical Vaccinium. Insofar as Stevens et al. (2004) considered their view as tentative, we have chosen to follow the most recent treatment (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009) for species diversity estimates of Vaccinium and Agapetes, as modified by Argent (2019; Supplementary Table S1). ...
... Although the genus is diverse, its taxonomic limits are still uncertain (Argent 2008;Fritsch et al. 2020). Evidence of its monophyly has not been resolved (Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009) with the current phylogenetic data based on DNA sequences strongly suggesting nonmonophyly (Kron et al. 2002). ...
... In the sectional treatment of Vaccinium (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009), V. carmesinum can be treated as a member of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174) by its evergreen habit, monomorphic perennating buds, each with more than two scales, one perennating bud per leaf axil, plinerved leaf blade venation, entire leaf blade margin, peduncle longer than pedicels, calyx tube completely fused to the ovary, and pseudo-10-locular ovary. However, the boundaries of V. section Euepigynium and other sections of Malesian Vaccinium delimited by Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) were vaguely defined (i.e. the species included in each section are not provided). ...
... In the sectional treatment of Vaccinium (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009), V. carmesinum can be treated as a member of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174) by its evergreen habit, monomorphic perennating buds, each with more than two scales, one perennating bud per leaf axil, plinerved leaf blade venation, entire leaf blade margin, peduncle longer than pedicels, calyx tube completely fused to the ovary, and pseudo-10-locular ovary. However, the boundaries of V. section Euepigynium and other sections of Malesian Vaccinium delimited by Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) were vaguely defined (i.e. the species included in each section are not provided). Hence, the sectional limits of Vaccinium in Malesia need further study. ...
Vaccinium carmesinum is described as a new species of Ericaceae from Mt. Tago Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. It is
similar to V. platyphyllum Merrill and V. luzoniense S.Vidal but is distinct from the former by longer and wider leaves, longer
racemes, longer bracts, glabrous corollas, and glabrescent fruits, and from the latter by longer petioles, leaf glands distributed
along the blade margin, glabrous rachis, and lanate filaments. Vaccinium carmesinum bears the widest leaves among Philippine
Vaccinium. Its discovery increases the number of Vaccinium species recognized in the Philippines to 37.
... Although the genus is diverse, its taxonomic limits are still uncertain (Argent 2008;Fritsch et al. 2020). Evidence of its monophyly has not been resolved (Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009) with the current phylogenetic data based on DNA sequences strongly suggesting nonmonophyly (Kron et al. 2002). ...
... In the sectional treatment of Vaccinium (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009), V. carmesinum can be treated as a member of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174) by its evergreen habit, monomorphic perennating buds, each with more than two scales, one perennating bud per leaf axil, plinerved leaf blade venation, entire leaf blade margin, peduncle longer than pedicels, calyx tube completely fused to the ovary, and pseudo-10-locular ovary. However, the boundaries of V. section Euepigynium and other sections of Malesian Vaccinium delimited by Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) were vaguely defined (i.e. the species included in each section are not provided). ...
... In the sectional treatment of Vaccinium (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009), V. carmesinum can be treated as a member of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174) by its evergreen habit, monomorphic perennating buds, each with more than two scales, one perennating bud per leaf axil, plinerved leaf blade venation, entire leaf blade margin, peduncle longer than pedicels, calyx tube completely fused to the ovary, and pseudo-10-locular ovary. However, the boundaries of V. section Euepigynium and other sections of Malesian Vaccinium delimited by Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) were vaguely defined (i.e. the species included in each section are not provided). Hence, the sectional limits of Vaccinium in Malesia need further study. ...
Vaccinium carmesinum is described as a new species of Ericaceae from Mt. Tago Range, Mindanao Island, Philippines. It is similar to V. platyphyllum Merrill and V. luzoniense S.Vidal but is distinct from the former by longer and wider leaves, longer racemes, longer bracts, glabrous corollas, and glabrescent fruits, and from the latter by longer petioles, leaf glands distributed along the blade margin, glabrous rachis, and lanate filaments. Vaccinium carmesinum bears the widest leaves among Philippine Vaccinium. Its discovery increases the number of Vaccinium species recognized in the Philippines to 37.
... Vaccinium Linnaeus (1753: 349), with 450-500 species, is distributed worldwide except Australia and Antarctica (Fang 1991, Fang & Stevens 2005, Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009). In China, 99 species are recorded (Fang & Stevens 2005, Tong & Xia 2015, Tong et al. 2018, 2021a, b, 2022, Huang et al. 2022. ...
... During a revisit of the same locality in April to May the next year, we successfully collected its flowering materials. After comparing its morphological characteristics with the known species of Vaccinium in China and neighbouring countries, and consulting the relevant literature (Dop 1930, Pham 1999, Nguyen 2005, Vander Kloet 2005, Newman et al. 2007, Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009, Vu-Huynh et al. 2020, we confirmed that the plant is a new species, which is described and illustrated below. Diagnosis:-The new species is similar to V. subfalcatum Merrill ex Sleumer (1941: 475) in having narrow leaf blades with serrate margins (each serra with one short and black glandular hair at apex), obconical and densely pubescent hypanthium, and tubular-urceolate and pubescent corolla with 5 longitudinal ridges abaxially, but can be easily distinguished from the latter mainly by its 15-80 cm tall (vs. ...
Vaccinium jiuwanshanense, a new species from Jiuwanshan National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is similar to V. subfalcatum, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by its smaller habit, smaller and dense leaves, shorter and pubescent inflorescence rachis, bracteoles inserted near apex of pedicel, corolla with small teeth at middle of longitudinal ridges and stamens with very small downward spurs on the back of anther tubules. Detailed morphological descriptions, colour photographs, distribution, and some other information of this new species are also provided.
... The genus Vaccinium L., with about 450-500 species distributed worldwide, is the largest genus of the tribe Vaccinieae in Ericaceae (Fang 1991;Fang and Stevens 2005;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009;POWO 2022). In China, 97 species of Vaccinium have been recorded, with several new species or records reported from the country after the revision completed by Fang and Stevens (2005) in "Flora of China", such as V. eberhardtii Dop, V. damingshanense (Fang 1991;Fang and Stevens 2005;Tong and Xia 2015;Tong et al. 2018;Tong et al. 2020;Tong et al. 2021a, b). ...
... Bracteata, which have a serrate margin and pinnate venation. Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) also treated sect. Euepigynium and sect. ...
Here we describe a new species, Vaccinium pseudopubicalyx , and report a new record for the flora of China, V. viscifolium , both from Hainan Province. Vaccinium viscifolium also represents the first record of V. sect. Euepigynium for China. Detailed descriptions and illustrations with analytical photographs of the two taxa are provided.
... The genus Vaccinium L. comprises almost 500 species (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009), with counts ranging from ca. 450 (POWO, 2022) to ca. 520 (Freiberg, 2020) species. These are shrubs found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009). ...
... The genus Vaccinium L. comprises almost 500 species (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009), with counts ranging from ca. 450 (POWO, 2022) to ca. 520 (Freiberg, 2020) species. These are shrubs found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica (Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009). A few bird-dispersed species have circumboreal distribution and are widely recognized as valuable crops (Song and Hancock, 2011). ...
Comparison of genetic variation among closely related species with well-known ecological preferences may provide insights into the role of specific traits in biogeographic processes. Three widely distributed bird dispersed species of the genus Vaccinium L. provide a good model system for such an inference. We report the first comprehensive range-wide dataset on genetic variation in V. myrtillus that can be directly used for interspecific comparisons. In contrast to its congeners V. uliginosum and V. vitis-idaea, V. myrtillus is characterized by extremely low plastid DNA variation, with a single haplotype occupying vast territories in Eurasia and two more haplotypes occurring in the Caucasus. We suggest that the main reason for the genetic impoverishment of V. myrtillus, which is relatively cold-intolerant, is bottlenecking during the Pleistocene glaciations. We reinforce this view using niche modeling, predicting that no suitable habitats for V. myrtillus existed during the Last Glacial Maximum in Beringia and Siberia. We aggregate our new data and published information on genetic diversity in the three species and explain the differences between them based on their ecology, reproductive biology and demographic history.
... In addition, inflorescences, leaves, and fruits were collected for morphological examination. Samples were morphologically characterized according to Focke (1910Focke ( , 1911; Middleton and Wilcock (1990);Sleumer (1967); Middleton (1991); Smith (1933); Kron et al. (2002) and Vander and Dickinson (2009) and were deposited in the herbarium of Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (KUELAP), Peru (Table 1) (Thiers, 2016). Furthermore, the records and morphologies of berries were revised and contrasted from databases and collections such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (https://www.gbif.org/), ...
... The genus Vaccinium consists of~400 species distributed worldwide, except Australia (Asturizaga et al., 2006;Vander and Dickinson, 2009). Fifteen species have been reported from the tropical Andes and humid forests of Peru (Pedraza-Peñalosa and Luteyn, 2011;Coico et al., 2016;Le on et al., 2017;Mostacero et al., 2017;WCVP, 2021). ...
More than 12,000 species have been listed under the category of berries, and most of them belong to the orders Ericales and Rosales. Recent phylogenetic studies using molecular data have revealed disagreements with morphological approaches mainly due to diverse floral arrangements, which has proven to be a problem when recognizing species. Therefore, the use of multilocus sequence data is essential to establish robust species boundaries. Although berries are common in Andean cloud forests, diversity of these taxa has not been extensively evaluated in the current context of DNA-based techniques. In this regard, this study characterized morphologically and constructed multilocus phylogenies using four molecular markers, two chloroplast markers (matK and rbcL) and two nuclear markers (ITS and GBSSI-2). Specimens did not show diagnostic features to delimit species of berries. A total of 125 DNA-barcodes of andean berries were newly generated for the four molecular markers. The multilocus phylogenies constructed from these markers allowed the identification of 24 species grouped into the order Ericales (Cavendishia=1, Clethra=2, Disterigma=2, Gaultheria=4, Thibaudia=4, Vaccinium=3) and Rosales (Rubus=8), incorporating into the Peruvian flora four new records (Disterigma ecuadorense, Disterigma synanthum, Vaccinium meridionale and Rubus glabratus) and revealing the genus Rubus as the most diverse group of berries in the Amazonas region. The results of this study showed congruence in all the multilocus phylogenies, with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) showing the best resolution to distinguish the species. These species were found in coniferous forests, dry and humid forests, rocky slopes, and grasslands at 2,506–3,019 masl from Amazonas region. The integration of morphological and DNA-based methods is recommended to understand the diversity of berries along the Peruvian Andean cloud forest.
... Available molecular phylogenies suggest that the genus is monophyletic, whereas intrageneric relationships are more difficult to resolve [2,3]. Dependent on different systematic treatments, the genus is divided into approximately 30 sections and subgenera [1][2][3][4]. Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, also known as the American cranberry, is native to North America [5,6] and is one of the most commonly cultivated Vaccinium species, along with the highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) [5]. ...
... The small berry fruits produced from wild and cultivated species of the genus are rich in nutritious secondary plant metabolites, including some beneficial for human health with anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and many other properties [7,8]. The American cranberry and the European cranberry (a close relative, V. oxycoccus L.) belong to the same section or subgenus, named Oxycoccus [1,4]. Although these two species differ in geographical distribution, they can produce fertile offspring upon hybridization [5,6]. ...
BACKGROUND: Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are widespread in plant genomes and play a large role in the generation of genomic variation. Despite this, their identification and characterization remains challenging, especially for non-model genomes. Hence, LTR retrotransposons remain undercharacterized in Vaccinium genomes, although they may be beneficial for current berry breeding efforts. OBJECTIVE: Exemplarily focusing on the genome of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), we aim to generate an overview of the LTR retrotransposon landscape, highlighting the abundance, transcriptional activity, sequence, and structure of the major retrotransposon lineages. METHODS: Graph-based clustering of whole genome shotgun Illumina reads was performed to identify the most abundant LTR retrotransposons and to reconstruct representative in silico full-length elements. To generate insights into the LTR retrotransposon diversity in V. macrocarpon, we also queried the genome assembly for presence of reverse transcriptases (RTs), the key domain of LTR retrotransposons. Using transcriptomic data, transcriptional activity of retrotransposons corresponding to the consensuses was analyzed. RESULTS: We provide an in-depth characterization of the LTR retrotransposon landscape in the V. macrocarpon genome. Based on 475 RTs harvested from the genome assembly, we detect a high retrotransposon variety, with all major lineages present. To better understand their structural hallmarks, we reconstructed 26 Ty1-copia and 28 Ty3-gypsy in silico consensuses that capture the detected diversity. Accordingly, we frequently identify association with tandemly repeated motifs, extra open reading frames, and specialized, lineage-typical domains. Based on the overall high genomic abundance and transcriptional activity, we suggest that retrotransposons of the Ale and Athila lineages are most promising to monitor retrotransposon-derived polymorphisms across accessions. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that LTR retrotransposons are major components of the V. macrocarpon genome. The representative consensuses provide an entry point for further Vaccinium genome analyses and may be applied to derive molecular markers for enhancing cranberry selection and breeding.
... The genus Vaccinium L., with about 450-500 species distributed worldwide, is the largest genus of the blueberry tribe, Vaccinieae Rchb., in Ericaceae (Fang 1991, Fang and Stevens 2005, Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009. In China, 93 species of Vaccinium have been recorded, and these are placed into 15 sections according to Sleumer's infrageneric classification (Sleumer 1941, Fang 1986, Fang and Stevens 2005, Tong and Xia 2015. ...
... Vaccinium napoense obviously belongs to V. sect. Conchophyllum Sleumer, which is characterized by an evergreen shrub growth form with an epipetric, epiphytic or terrestrial habit, small leaves (< 4 cm) with an obtuse or retuse apex, flowers solitary or 2-5 arranged into a short raceme, pedicel articulate with hypanthium, corolla campanulate, stamens with spurs on the back of anthers and a pseudo-10-loculed ovary with a few seeds per locule (Sleumer 1941, Vander Kloet andDickinson 2009), despite the fact that the corolla of Vaccinium napoense is not typically campanulate but urceolate. Vaccinium napoense is similar to V. chengiae W. P. Fang, V. saxicola Chun ex Sleumer and V. triflorum Rehder, particularly in its much branched habit, ascending stem with creeping rhizome on the ground, dense small leaves on the upper branches and short (< 5 mm) racemose inflorescence usually borne on leafless old stems, but it differs by the obovate or oblanceolate (versus elliptic, elliptic-oblong or oblong-obovate) leaf blades, and urceolate (versus campanulate) yellow-green (versus white, yellowish white or red) pilose (versus glabrous or puberulous on veins) corolla. ...
Vaccinium napoense (Ericaceae), a new species from Napo County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China is described and illustrated. The new species is assigned to V. sect. Conchophyllum and is closest to V. chengiae, V. saxicola and V. triflorum, but differs in having obovate or oblanceolate leaf blades and urceolate, yellow‐green and pilose corolla.
... Indeed, in V. bullatum, the anthetic false septa are considerably incomplete, and the ovary can be described as 5-locular with V-shaped locules (Fig. 3a,b). The pseudo-10-locular condition that is usually assigned to this species (Fang et al. 2005, Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009) apparently becomes more evident in fruits. Therefore, this character depends on the stage of the flower/fruit under study, and we thus argue that examination of a range of phenological stages is needed for its reliable evaluation. ...
... Galeopetalum s.str. Vander Kloet & Dickinson (2009) subsequently referred V. bullatum to V. sect. Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174). ...
A comprehensive morphological and taxonomic revision of Vaccinium bullatum, a species of Ericaceae from China and Vietnam, is presented. Typification of this species is performed and a specimen at P (P04022860) is designated as a second-step lectotype. The floral morphology of V. bullatum is described for the first time, based on the study of living plants in their natural habitat and dry collections. Sectional placement of the species is discussed in the light of new morphological data; its attribution to V. sect. Galeopetalum is partly corroborated. A full list of all available specimens examined, a distribution map, a drawing and colour photographs are included for the species.
... Vaccinium is an economically important genus belonging to Ericaceae family containing about 30 different sections and 450 species (Trehane, 2004;Kloet and Dickinson, 2009). ...
... This means having a common single ancestor and separated into sections are based on the well-supported bootstrap value of more than 75% Vander Kloet and Dickinson, 2009). Nonetheless, placement of different species in different sections is not always consistent due to inefficient nuclear and chloroplast data used to study the molecular taxonomy of the genus. ...
Vaccinium is a taxonomically diverse genus. Subgenus and species are mostly prone to extensive polyploidization within intra and interspecies level. In this study, Vaccinium genome analysis has been performed through ploidy level estimation and repetitive DNA exploration using RepeatExplorer software. It is found that total percentage of repetitive sequences is 80 and 90% in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and cranberry genome (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.), respectively. The main portion of which belong to transposable elements, satellite repeats and rDNA sequences. A total of six different satellite families, 28 full-length Ty3/gypsy and 26 Ty1/copia LTR-retrotransposon are identified from the Vaccinium genome. Internal structural features of both satellite repeats and LTR retrotansposons are characterized. Cloning and molecular characterization of satellite repeats from five different sections (Cyanococcus, Oxycococcus, Myrtillus, Hemimyrtillus and Vaccinium) of the genus Vaccinium revealed that VaccSat1, 5 and 6 have some levels of species specificity, while VaccSat2, 3 and 7 are common satellite families in all studied species. The results from this investigation suggest VaccSat1, 5 and 6 can be used as markers for species identification. Overall, the results from this research expand the limited knowledge about Vaccinium genome structure and evolution.
... The Vaccinium genus from the Ericaceae family encompasses about 450 species, widespread mostly in the Northern Hemisphere [1][2][3]. Some of its species are of particular relevance due to their highly appreciated small berries. ...
Vaccinium corymbosum is one of the main sources of commercialized blueberries across the world. This species has a large number of distinct cultivars, leading to significantly different berries characteristics such as size, sweetness, production rate, and growing season. In this context, accurate cultivar discrimination is of significant relevance, and currently, it is mostly performed through berries examination. In this work, we developed a method to discriminate 19 cultivars from the V. corymbosum species through their leaves’ near-infrared spectra. Spectra were acquired from fresh blueberry leaves collected from two geographic regions and across three seasons. Machine-learning-based models, selected from a pool of 10 classifiers based on their discrimination power under a twofold stratified cross-validation process, were trained/tested with 1 to 20 components obtained by the application of data dimensionality reduction (DDR) techniques (dictionary learning, factor analysis, fast individual component analysis, and principal component analysis) to different near-infrared (NIR) spectra regions’ data, to either analyze a single spectral region and season or combine spectral regions and/or seasons for each side of the blueberry leaf. The percentage of correct cultivar discrimination ranged from 52.27 to 100%, with the best spectral results obtained with the adaxial side of the leaves in the fall (100% Accuracy) and the abaxial side of the leaves in the winter (100% Accuracy); the fast ICA DDR technique was present in 83.33% of the best analyses (five out of six); and the LinearSVC was present in 66.67% (four out six best analyses). The results obtained in this work denote that near-infrared spectroscopy is a suitable and accurate technique for V. corymbosum cultivar discrimination.
... Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) production has expanded worldwide in the past two decades, increasing from approximately 0.4 million t in 2000 to over 1.5 million t in 2022 (US Department of Agriculture, National Agriculture Statistics Service 2023). The Vaccinium genus (family Ericaceae) includes over 400 blueberry species that occur naturally at different ploidy levels (Kloet 1988;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009). Most cultivated blueberries are from cultivars derived from tetraploid V. corymbossum L. (highbush blueberries) and V. angustifolium (lowbush) or hexaploid V. ashei Reade. ...
Stomata are pores on the leaf epidermis that control gas exchange between leaves and the atmosphere. Stomata differ in shape, size, and number among and within plant species. Stomata morphology has physiological consequences for some plant species. We investigated stomata morphology of different blueberry ( Vaccinium spp.) genotypes and its influence on the speed of response to a change in irradiance. Understanding how these traits affect gas exchange can inform breeding programs and management practices to enhance agricultural productivity and resilience. Thirty-seven blueberry genotypes of southern highbush blueberry (SHB), northern highbush blueberry, and rabbiteye blueberry grown in seven different locations in North America were evaluated. Significant diversity in stomata area (S a ) and stomata density (S d ) were observed among the studied genotypes. Changes in S a and S d were not compensatory. During a follow-up study, the effects of S a and S d on the temporal response of stomatal conductance ( g s ) to changes in irradiance were studied. The stomatal speed of response of the tested SHB genotypes was significantly affected by S d , but not by S a . Additionally, significant differences in minimum g s were documented. Overall, this study provides foundational information about the stomatal biology of a globally important fruit crop.
... The two species belong to V. section Bracteata Nakai (Nakai & Koidzumi, 1927) sensu Sleumer (1966Sleumer ( -1967 by the combination of racemose multiflowered inflorescences, a hypanthium markedly larger than the calyx lobes, the absence of a membranaceous wing at the corolla sinuses, and anthers opening by terminal pores. These species can alternatively be treated as members of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter sensu Vander Kloet & Dickinson (2009) by their evergreen habit, single monomorphic perennating buds on leaf axils, plinerved leaf venation, the peduncle longer than pedicels, a calyx tube (hypanthium) that is wholly fused to the ovary, and a pseudo-10-locular ovary. Both species are restricted to central Sabah and are here described under a morphological species concept (Cronquist, 1978). ...
Two new species of tropical blueberry from central Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, are described and illustrated. Vaccinium madanii resembles V. clementis but is distinct by the presence of glands along the leaf blade margin, a longer inflorescence, longer pedicels, a pubescent hypanthium, and anther spurs longer than the tubules. Vaccinium maliauense resembles V. phillyreoides but is distinct by the absence of glands on the leaf blade base, a cuneate leaf blade base, non-dimorphic filaments, presence of anther spurs, and longer tubules. Photos, illustrations, and a distribution map of the new species are provided. Notes on their closest congeners are discussed, and their preliminary conservation status are assessed.
... Vaccinium dehongense obviously belongs to V. sect. Epigynium due to its evergreen and pseudo-verticillate leaves with a serrate margin, urceolate corollas and stamens without spurs on the back of anthers (Sleumer 1941;Stevens 1969;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009). In the key to Vaccinium in the Flora of China (Fang and Stevens 2005), V. dehongense is keyed out to be close to V. vacciniaceum. ...
Vaccinium dehongense (Ericaceae), a new species from Yingjiang County of Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Vaccinium sect. Epigynium and is most similar to V. vacciniaceum, but differs from the latter in the subsessile leaves, the inflorescence usually developing at leafless nodes, the shorter pedicels and the filaments being ca. 1/3 length of the stamens. Since the type locality of this new species is very near the border between China and Myanmar, it is probably also distributed in the adjacent area of Myanmar. As no population assessment of this species in its whole distribution area is made, it is best to assign a conservation status of ‘Data Deficient’ (DD) for this species.
... All belong to V. section Bracteata Nakai in Nakai and Koidzumi (1927: 234) sensu Sleumer (1966Sleumer ( -1967 by the combination of racemose multi-flowered inflorescences, a hypanthium markedly larger than the calyx lobes, the absence of a membranaceous wing at the corolla sinuses, and anthers opening by terminal pores. From the revised sectional treatment by Vander Kloet & Dickinson (2009), they can be treated as members of V. section Euepigynium Schlechter (1919: 174) by their evergreen habit, single monomorphic perennating buds on leaf axils, plinerved leaf venation, the peduncle longer than pedicels, a calyx tube (hypanthium) that is wholly fused to the ovary, and a pseudo-10-locular ovary. All three species are apparently micro-endemics. ...
Three new species of Vaccinium endemic to the island of Mindanao, Philippines are here described and illustrated. Vaccinium fallax most closely resembles V. myrtoides, but differs by having smaller leaves, caducous bracts, shorter pedicels, a broadly obconical hypanthium, broadly triangular calyx lobes, and a deep pink and broadly urceolate corolla. It grows on exposed areas and among sulfur vents at and near the summit of Mt. Apo. Vaccinium gamay most closely resembles V. gitingense, but differs in having shorter inflorescences, early caducous inflorescence bracts, shorter pedicels, presence of clavate glands on the hypanthium, and an absence of anther spurs. It grows on exposed areas in the ultramafic forest of Mt. Hamiguitan. It is one of only two Philippine Vaccinium species possessing distinctly callose-thickened calyx lobes, the other being V. gitin-gense. Vaccinium vomicum most closely resembles V. carmesinum, but differs by having smaller leaves, presence of glands on the extreme end of the leaf blade base, presence of clavate glands on the hypanthium, shorter stamens, and presence of stalked glands on the dentate apex of the tubules. It grows in the mossy rainforest of Mt. Kitanglad, and it is the only Philip-pine species of Vaccinium with glands on the extreme end of its leaf blade base. Following IUCN guidelines, we propose a conservation status of Critically Endangered for V. fallax, Endangered for V. gamay, and Data Deficient for V. vomicum. With these discoveries, the number of Vaccinium species in Mindanao Islands increases to 22 and in the Philippines to 44. Furthermore, the Mindanao Islands can now be considered the center of Vaccinium diversity in the Philippines.
... The genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae), with about 450-500 species distributed worldwide, is the largest genus of the blueberry tribe (Fang 1991;Fang and Stevens 2005;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009). This genus is a morphologically diverse group, which was divided into 33 (Sleumer 1941) (Huang et al. 2022;Qin et al. 2023). ...
Vaccinium usneoides (Ericaceae), a new species from Fugong County of Yunnan Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Vaccinium sect. Calcicolus and is most similar to V. brachyandrum , but differs in its branches hanging down, much smaller leaf blades, shorter inflorescences and pedicels, non-glandular tomentellate or densely pubescent inflorescence rachis and pedicels, densely white-pubescent hypanthium and pilose filaments.
... Inflorescence length (cm) 1.5-4 5-8.5 (Sleumer 1941;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009) by its terrestrial habit, pinninerved leaf blade with a serrate margin, persistent and leaf-like floral bracts, pseudo-10-locular ovary and black fruit, which match the characters of that section. Two other species are also similar to this new species in having the same leathery leaf texture, persistent, large, and leaf-like floral bracts, and similar urceolate or spherical-urceolate corolla shape, i.e., V. eberhardtii Dop from Vietnam and Thailand, which has also been recently reported from Guangxi, China (Tong et al. 2018), and V. boninense Nakai endemic to the Bonin Islands (also known as Ogasawara Islands). ...
Vaccinium chaozhouense (Ericaceae), a new species from East Guangdong Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species is morphologically similar to V. wrightii by having flowers with persistent and leaf-like bracts, long pedicels, and white spherical-urceolate corollas, but is distinguished by having glandular trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade, shorter pedicels, sparsely pilose corolla ridges, and anther thecae longer than the tubules. A key to the new species and morphologically similar species is also provided.
... Bracteata sensu Sleumer (Sleumer, 1966(Sleumer, -1967, i.e., racemose multiflowered inflorescences, hypanthium distinctly larger than calyx lobes, absence of a membranaceous wing at the sinuses of the corolla, and anthers that open by terminal pores. However, in accordance with the key in the revised sectional treatment by Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009), Vaccinium coarctatum can be accommodated as a member of Vaccinium sect. Euepigynium Schlechter by its evergreen habit, monomorphic perennating buds, a single perennating bud per leaf axil, plinerved leaf blade venation, a peduncle that is longer than the pedicels, the calyx tube (hypanthium) completely fused to the ovary, and a pseudo-10locular ovary. ...
A new species of blueberry, Vaccinium coarctatum M.N.Tamayo & Fernando, from the dwarf forest on ultramafic soil of Dinagat Island, Philippines, is described. It closely resembles Vaccinium hamiguitanense P.W.Fritsch but is distinct from that species in having a longer inflorescence, shorter pedicels, longer and persistent bracteoles, white-hirsutulous calyx lobes, and shorter anther spurs. This discovery brings the number of Vaccinium species known from the Philippines to 41. A key to the small-leaved Vaccinium in the Philippines is provided.
... Vander Kloet & Dickinson (2009) drastically changed the circumscription of Vaccinium sect. Bracteata but without support from molecular data. ...
Routine identification of historical Vaccinium specimens at E revealed scurfy deposits on a specimen identified as Vaccinium brassii Sleumer. On examination with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), these scurfy deposits turned out to be filamentous wax remarkably similar to that observed in Vaccinium ceraceum Argent. The disparity of the geographical locations of these two species is noted, together with the lack of molecular data to give insights into the evolutionary relationships.
... The genus Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae), with about 450-500 species distributed worldwide, is the largest genus of the blueberry tribe or Vaccinieae Rchb. (Fang 1991;Fang and Stevens 2005;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009 (Tong and Xia 2015;Tong et al. 2020Tong et al. , 2021. There are 15 species of Vaccinium recorded from Xizang Autonomous Region, most of which occur in the south to south-eastern part of that Province (Fang 1986). ...
Vaccinium motuoense (Ericaceae), a new species from Motuo County, Xizang Autonomous Region, China is described and illustrated. This new species belongs to Vaccinium sect. Calcicolus and is morphologically most similar to V. dunalianum , but differs in having yellowish-brown tomentose young branches, petioles and inflorescence rachis, leaf blades with 2–3(–4) pairs of secondary veins, usually all basal and with fine veins impressed adaxially and urceolate to spherical corollas.
... Due to the paucity of collections and relative lack of study, intraspecific morphological variation within the species of Philippine Vaccinium (Salares et al. 2018), as well as sectional boundaries and composition, are imprecisely known (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009;Fritsch et al. 2020). A detailed monographic study of this group is warranted. ...
Citation: Tamayo MN, Bustamante RAA, Fritsch PW (2021) Vaccinium exiguum (Ericaceae, Vaccinieae), a new species from the ultramafic summit of Mt. Victoria, Palawan Island, Philippines. PhytoKeys 179: 145-154. https://doi. Abstract Vaccinium exiguum from the ultramafic summit of Mt. Victoria, Palawan Island, Philippines is here described as a new species of Ericaceae. It closely resembles V. hamiguitanense but is distinct by having much shorter petioles and leaves, longer and glabrous calyx lobes with serrate lobe margins, a larger corolla with deeper sulcations, and longer stamens with spurs oriented laterally. Vaccinium exiguum represents the third Vaccinium species found on the Island of Palawan and 36 th in the Philippines.
... complete plastid genome; Ericaceae; Vaccinium japonicum; phylogenetic analysis; ndhF Vaccinium L., the largest genus within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae Rchb.) in the family Ericaceae, consists of approximately 450 species that are widely distributed globally (Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009;Kim et al. 2020). Owing to the economic, agricultural, and medical importance, several plastid genomes (plastomes) of this genus have been sequenced (Fajardo et al. 2013). ...
We here sequenced the complete plastid genome (plastome) of Vaccinium japonicum (Ericaceae), a deciduous broad-leaved shrub endemic to East Asia. This species has considerable practical economic value. The plastome of V. japonicum is assembled as a single contig (187,213 bp). A large single copy (104,637 bp) and a small single copy (3,000 bp) of the genome are separated by a pair of inverted repeats (39,788 bp). The genome consists of 135 genes, which include 88 protein coding, eight ribosomal RNA, and 39 transfer RNA genes. The plastome of V. japonicum is similar to that of Vaccinium macrocarpon in gene content and order. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed the phylogenetic position of V. japonicum in a highly supported clade of the genus Vaccinium together with other four congeners, V. bracteatum, V. vitis-idaea, V. uliginosum and V. macrocarpon.
... Blueberry is an economically and medicinally high-value crop that belongs to the genus Vaccinium L., which contains about 400-500 species native to countries all over the world except Antarctica and Australia [1,2]. The five major groups of blueberries grown commercially include (1) lowbush (V. ...
Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) have gained much attention worldwide because of their potential health benefits and economic importance. Genetic diversity was estimated in blueberry hybrids, wild clones and cultivars by their antioxidant efficacy, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and express sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (SSR) (EST–SSR), genomic (G)–SSR and express sequence tag–polymerase chain reaction (EST–PCR) markers. Wide diversity existed among the genotypes for antioxidant properties, with the highest variation for DPPH radical scavenging activity (20-fold), followed by the contents of total flavonoids (16-fold) and phenolics (3.8-fold). Although a group of 11 hybrids generated the maximum diversity for antioxidant activity (15-fold), wild clones collected from Quebec, Canada, had the maximum variation for total phenolic (2.8-fold) and flavonoid contents (6.9-fold). Extensive genetic diversity was evident from Shannon’s index (0.34 for EST–SSRs, 0.29 for G–SSR, 0.26 for EST–PCR) and expected heterozygosity (0.23 for EST–SSR, 0.19 for G–SSR, 0.16 for EST–PCR). STRUCTURE analysis separated the genotypes into three groups, which were in agreement with principal coordinate and neighbour-joining analyses. Molecular variance suggested 19% variation among groups and 81% among genotypes within the groups. Clustering based on biochemical data and molecular analysis did not coincide, indicating a random distribution of loci in the blueberry genome, conferring antioxidant properties. However, the stepwise multiple regression analysis (SMRA) revealed that 17 EST–SSR, G–SSR and EST–PCR markers were associated with antioxidant properties. The study is valuable to breeding and germplasm conservation programs.
... Galeopetalum: the type of the section, V. dialypetalum Smith (1912: 99) and its allies have an indeterminate inflorescence (the inflorescence axis develops after bud break) whilst other species have a determinate inflorescence (the complete inflorescence axis develops within a series of bud scales forming a massive flower bud) (Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2005). The former is restrictedly distributed in Peninsular Malaysia and northern Sumatra (Vander Kloet 2002), while those plants with a determinate inflorescence are widespread in the Himalayas from Nepal to Indochina and South China (Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009 Kloet & Dickinson (2005: 451) to accommodate those species with a determinate inflorescence, which is characterized by an evergreen habit, dimorphic perennating buds (i.e., floral perennating buds are at least twice the size of vegetative prerenating buds), racemose inflorescences with large caducous bracts, pseudo-10-loculed ovary with 2-5 seeds per locule and soft seed testa. Vaccinium glaucophyllum was not treated by Vander Kloet & Dickinson (2005), perhaps due to the lack of inflorescence information at that time. ...
The floral morphological description of Vaccinium glaucophyllum is supplemented based on newly collected flowering material. This species is reassigned to V. section Calcicolus based on its evergreen habit, dimorphic perennating buds, racemose inflorescences with large caducous bracts and pseudo-10-loculed ovary with 2–5 seeds. The information on its type, distribution and conservation status together with color photos is also provided.
... Intersectional hybridization is difficult but not impossible [37][38][39]. Some of the most common and economically important sections are Cynococcus (blueberry), Oxycococus (cranberry and small cranberry), Myrtillus (bilberry), Hemimyrtillus (whortleberry), Vitis-idaea (lingonberry), and Vaccinium (bog bilberry) [40]. The small berry fruits produced by these species contain numerous secondary plant metabolites with antioxidant, anticancer, and antidiabetic activities, providing beneficial health effects [41]. ...
Bioinformatic and molecular characterization of satellite repeats was performed to understand the impact of their diversification on Vaccinium genome evolution. Satellite repeat diversity was evaluated in four cultivated and wild species, including the diploid species Vaccinium myrtillus and Vaccinium uliginosum, as well as the tetraploid species Vaccinium corymbosum and Vaccinium arctostaphylos. We comparatively characterized six satellite repeat families using in total 76 clones with 180 monomers. We observed that the monomer units of VaccSat1, VaccSat2, VaccSat5, and VaccSat6 showed a higher order repeat (HOR) structure, likely originating from the organization of two adjacent subunits with differing similarity, length and size. Moreover, VaccSat1, VaccSat3, VaccSat6, and VaccSat7 were found to have sequence similarity to parts of transposable elements. We detected satellite-typical tandem organization for VaccSat1 and VaccSat2 in long arrays, while VaccSat5 and VaccSat6 distributed in multiple sites over all chromosomes of tetraploid V. corymbosum, presumably in long arrays. In contrast, very short arrays of VaccSat3 and VaccSat7 are dispersedly distributed over all chromosomes in the same species, likely as internal parts of transposable elements. We provide a comprehensive overview on satellite species specificity in Vaccinium, which are potentially useful as molecular markers to address the taxonomic complexity of the genus, and provide information for genome studies of this genus.
... and V. arctostaphylos and the hexaploid V. virgatum (2C = 3.8 pg,[12]) which would be considered just "small genomes" (2C = 2.9-7 pg). It should be noted that, although the known range may not reliably reflect the real GS variation within the genus, the species with known GS belong to nine sections out of the 30 within the genus[1], so although scarce, the extant data could barely represent the probably small GS dominant in the genus and its low diversity within Vaccinium. The reconstruction of the ancestral GS state in the genus (2C = 1.88-2.31 ...
... Vaccinium Linnaeus (1753: 349), with 450-500 species, is the largest genus of the tribe Vaccinieae in Ericaceae (Stevens et al. 2004, Fang & Stevens 2005, Vander Kloet & Dickinson 2009). In China, Vaccinium is the second largest genus after Rhdododendron Linnaeus (1753: 392) in the heath family, with ca. ...
The floral morphology of Vaccinium guangdongense is described and supplemented based on living plants with flowers. According to the supplementary description, V. guangdongense can be differentiated from the closely related V. bracteatum by puberulent inflorescence rachis and pedicels, ovate to elliptic bracts, anthers with spurs 0.3 mm long and tubules ca. 1.5 times as long as thecae. The type information, distribution, ecology, conservation status and color photos are also provided.
... Interest in using intersectional crosses in breeding Vaccinium cultivars is increasing. Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) divided the world's 400 ...
Nine F1hybrids produced by crossing seven tetraploid highbush blueberry cultivars with three tetraploid Vaccinium stamineum genotypes were backcrossed to an array of highbush blueberry cultivars to produce 2500 Backcross1(BC1) seedlings. Thirty of the most vigorous BC1 plants were intercrossed in a greenhouse. Fertility of the BC1 plants was studied by examining their pollen at 250× and by determining the number of well-developed seeds per pollinated flower after the crosses. Percent well-formed microspores averaged 62.7% for BC1plants compared with 30.9% for their F1hybrid parents. Fruit set percentage was high from the BC1intercrosses, with an average of 9.29 plump seeds per pollinated flower. The 2500 BC1seedlings in the field were highly variable in vigor, but fewer than 10% were as vigorous as the median vigor of highbush × highbush seedlings. BC1plants in the field averaged ≈1 month later ripening than highbush × highbush seedlings and berries averaged slightly smaller. Berry clusters were very loose compared with those of highbush. Berry flavor was highly variable from plant to plant, but the berries averaged less sweet and lower in acid than highbush berries. New flavor components not found in highbush seedlings were found in only a few BC1seedlings. Fresh berries from BC1plants made bright red juice when crushed in water, whereas berries from most highbush cultivars produced brown to yellow juice/water mixes. Although berry quality in the BC1population averaged lower than in highbush seedlings, some plants had berry quality as high as typical cultivars. Because V. stamineum is highly drought-tolerant, cultivars bred using V. stamineum introgression could have improved upland adaptation. © 2018, American Society for Horticultural Science. All rights reserved.
... Vander Kloet and Dickinson (2009) and several other references (Vander Kloet, 2002Vander Kloet and Paterson, 2000;Dickinson, 2005, 2009; plus those of Sleumer (1941) provided information for Ericaceae for this expedition. Vaccinium collections from Vietnam were described by Hummer et al. (2017). ...
... Blueberries belong to the genus Vaccinium L., which contains between 400 and 500 species of shrubs or small trees worldwide (Vander Kloet 1988;Vander Kloet and Dickinson 2009). Research strongly suggests the association of blueberry antioxidants with numerous health benefits (Halliwell 2007;Joseph et al. 2003;Willis et al. 2005). ...
The blueberry (Vaccinium L. section Cyanococcus Rydb.) is a health promoting and economically important small fruit crop. Structured genetic diversity and relatedness were studied in 63 blueberry wild clones and cultivars , using eleven EST-PCR and nine microsatellite markers. Markers were found to be polymorphic and detected 249 alleles with mean polymorphic information content of 0.80 for EST-PCR; and 164 alleles with mean polymorphic information content of 0.77 for microsatellite markers. The average resolving power was 4.6 for EST-PCR and 2.6 for microsatellite markers. The average values of expected and observed heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient and Shannon’s index were higher for the EST-PCR markers than those of microsatellites. Multivariate clustering analyses using neighbor joining and principal coordinate analyses formed five groups and clustered the genotypes according to their place of origin that were also confirmed by STRUCTURE analysis and analysis of molecular variance. While 33% of variation was found among the geographic groups, the variation among the communities within the groups was 23% and among genotypes within the communities was 44%, in combined analysis. The availability of high genetic diversity among the wild clones will contribute significantly in germplasm management and their utilization in the current blueberry improvement program.
... Повідомлення 1. Назви видів роду Vaccinium L. В табл. 1 наведено назви й синоніміку найбільш відомих видів з 14 секцій роду Vaccinium s.l. згідно з даними [2,16,31,32,33,34,35,36,37]. ...
Nomenclature of genus Vaccinium considered, as well as the application of names for indigenous and introduced species and denomination of fruit crops as derived from those species. System of binary species names for Vaccinium s.l. has been proposed as based on the Ukrainian generic name ‘lokhina’ that best complies with the principles for establishing generic names.
Аннотация. Представлен обзор семейства Ericaceae Juss. во флоре Республики Беларусь с ключом для определения.
По предварительным данным, изучаемое семейство в Беларуси представлено 5 подсемействами, 12 родами и 26 видами
(23 аборигенных и 3 широко культивируемых и дичающих). Обсуждена правомерность выделения Rhododendron subarcti
cum Harmaja и Vaccinium hagerupii (Á. Löve et D. Löve) Rothm. Проведена лектотипификация названий Ledum palustre var.
angustum E. A. Busch, Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr. и Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus G. Lodd. Предложена новая ком
бинация в ранге секции Rhododendron sect. Ledum (L.) Val. N. Tikhom.
Ключевые слова: Ericaceae, Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Беларусь, ключ для определения, редкие виды.
Abstract. A review of the family Ericaceae Juss. in the flora of the Republic of Belarus with an identification key is presented.
According to preliminary data, Ericaceae in Belarus comprises 5 subfamilies, 12 genera and 26 species (23 native and 3 wide
ly cultivated and established species). The validity of the separation of Rhododendron subarcticum Harmaja and Vaccinium
hagerupii (Á. Löve et D. Löve) Rothm. is discussed. Lectotypification of Ledum palustre var. angustum E. A. Busch, Oxycoccus
microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr. and Vaccinium vitis-idaea var. minus G. Lodd. is carried out. A new combination in the sectional
rank is published, Rhododendron sect. Ledum (L.) Val. N. Tikhom.
Keywords: Ericaceae, Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Belarus, identification key, rare species
Vaccinium henryi Hemsl. 1889 is an endemic deciduous shrub in China, belonging to the family Ericaceae. In this study, the first complete chloroplast genome of V. henryi was assembled and annotated. The genome was 176,339 bp in size containing a large single-copy region of length 106,115 bp, a small single-copy region of length 3022 bp, and a pair of inverted repeat regions of 33,601 bp each. It contained 139 genes, including 91 protein-coding genes, 40 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis exhibited that V. henryi and V. oldhamii were phylogenetic closely related. The chloroplast genome of V. henryi would provide valuable information for phylogenetic and evolutionary research on genus Vaccinium.
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El mortiño (Vaccinium meridionale Sw.) es una especie frutal de interés por su contenido de polifenoles. Para el fomento del cultivo se requiere una efectiva propagación masiva. Esta investigación tuvo por objetivo desarrollar un sistema de micropropagación de tres genotipos silvestres de mortiño mediante la proliferación de yemas axilares y su enraizamiento ex vitro. Para los ensayos de micropropagación se utilizaron como fuente de explantes miniestacas inducidas a través de podas. Después de estandarizar el protocolo de desinfección, se evaluó el efecto de diferentes concentraciones de 2-isopenteniladenina (2-iP) sobre la proliferación en el medio de cultivo basal WPM sobre la proliferación. El enraizamiento se realizó bajo condiciones ex vitro con ácido indolbutírico (AIB). En la etapa de proliferación se utilizó la concentración de 5 mg/l de 2-iP, que aunque presentó un menor número de brotes (2,1 a 1,7 por explante) respecto a la concentración de 20 mg/l de 2-iP, estos fueron de origen axilar y de mayor altura. Cada subcultivo se realizó con una periodicidad de 30 días. Estos brotes enraizaron entre el 66,6 y 80% bajo condiciones ex vitro con 2.000 mg/l de AIB y tuvieron una supervivencia del 82,7%. El proceso de enraizamiento ex vitro hasta la obtención de plantas competentes listas para sembrar en campo dura tres meses.
The genus Vaccinium includes almost 500 species, among which there are economically important species of cranberries V. macrocarpon Ait. and V. oxycoccos L., lingonberries V. vitis-idaea L., bilberries V. myrtillus L. and blueberries V. uliginosum L., V. angustifolium Ait., V. corymbosum L., V. virgatum Ait. Despite the fact that many of these species were actively used by humans in medicine and food, their active selection began in the 20th century, in connection with which a classification of the genus according to morphological characters was developed. Many of these data remain relevant to the present day. The development of the ideas of molecular phylogeny prompted a revision of the old classification, identifying a number of difficulties that do not allow one to unambiguously determine phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Today, the genus includes 33 sections, while the species composition of the sections and the evolutionary relationships between them remain controversial. This review discusses various approaches to the study of the structure of the genus Vaccinium: from classical to phylogenomic, the main results of using these approaches and their prospects.
In the entire European Union the drupes of the vegetable euterpa (Euterpe oleracea
Mart.), known as „acai berries”, are considered to be a very promising source of polyphenols. However, the belief about their high health values may be wrong. However,
numerous Ericaceae, producing edible berries, have enormous potential. This
chapter discusses a number of heretofore uncultivated species worth domesticating,
notably Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. and the Empetrum
nigrum L./Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup. The challenges and possibilities of
their cultivation and breeding were presented against a broad background of their biology
and ecology. Less known heather plants do not require highly peaty substrates,
necessary for northern highbush blueberry and large-fruited cranberry, which will reduce
the carbon footprint and better protect the last European wetlands. Having its
own, new sources of polyphenols will make Europe less dependent on acai berries
and other exotic fruits, which is important in times when supply chains break down
during pandemic waves.
Polifenole są metabolitami wtórnymi roślin i grzybów. Powszechnie występują w kwiatach, korze, korzeniach, łodygach, liściach i owocach roślin. Ich strukturę chemiczną charakteryzuje obecność dwóch lub więcej grup –OH przyłączonych do pierścieni aromatycznych. Do polifenoli zaliczamy lignany, kurkuminoidy, taniny, stilbenoidy, kwasy fenolowe oraz flawonoidy. Ta ostatnia klasa obejmuje: flawony (np. apigenina), flawanony (np. naringenina), flawonole (np. kwercetyna), flawanole (np. katechiny), izoflawony (np. genisteina), antocyjanidyny (np. malwidyna), chalkony (np. buteina), aurony (np. aureuzydyna) i ksantony (np. α-mangostyna). Do tej pory opisano ponad dziesięć tysięcy związków polifenolowych i wciąż nie poznano ich wszystkich. Właściwości polifenoli to temat intensywnie badany na całym świecie ze względu na możliwe wykorzystanie związków polifenolowych w medycynie, farmakologii, kosmetologii, rolnictwie, dietetyce i przemyśle. (...)
Vaccinium bangliangense , a new species from limestone areas in Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. It is morphologically most similar to V. pseudotonkinense and V. sciaphilum in having small and dense obovate leaf blades with a retuse apex, hairy young branches and calyx and campanulate corollas, but can be distinguished from them by the distance of basal gland from petiole, the length of peduncle, pedicle and filaments, the indumentum of calyx tube and corolla and the existence of apical glands on calyx lobes. A table to distinguish the new species from other morphologically similar Vaccinium species, as well as colour plates of comparison of key characters, is also provided.
Vaccinium zhangzhouse (Ericaceae), a new epipetric species from Wushan Mountain, Fujian Province, China is described and illustrated. This new species is similar to V. foetidissimum in having an evergreen habit, obovate to oblanceolate leaf blades with cuneate or attenuate bases, basal glands and 3–5 pairs of lateral veins, and long racemes with 6–10 flowers, but is easily distinguished by its pubescent young twigs and shorter leaf blades with inconspicuous fine veins on the adaxial surface, and sparse easily‐deciduous brown glandular hairs on the abaxial surface.
BACKGROUND: Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are widespread in plant genomes and play a large role in the generation of genomic variation. Despite this, their identification and characterization remains challenging, especially for non-model genomes. Hence, LTR retrotransposons remain undercharacterized in Vaccinium genomes, although they may be beneficial for current berry breeding efforts.
OBJECTIVE: Exemplarily focusing on the genome of American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton), we aim to generate an overview of the LTR retrotransposon landscape, highlighting the abundance, transcriptional activity, sequence, and structure of the major retrotransposon lineages.
METHODS: Graph-based clustering of whole genome shotgun Illumina reads was performed to identify the most abundant LTR retrotransposons and to reconstruct representative in silico full-length elements. To generate insights into the LTR retrotransposon diversity in V. macrocarpon, we also queried the genome assembly for presence of reverse transcriptases (RTs), the key domain of LTR retrotransposons. Using transcriptomic data, transcriptional activity of retrotransposons corresponding to the consensuses was analyzed.
RESULTS: We provide an in-depth characterization of the LTR retrotransposon landscape in the V. macrocarpon genome. Based on 475 RTs harvested from the genome assembly, we detect a high retrotransposon variety, with all major lineages present. To better understand their structural hallmarks, we reconstructed 26 Ty1-copia and 28 Ty3-gypsy in silico consensuses that capture the detected diversity. Accordingly, we frequently identify association with tandemly repeated motifs, extra open reading frames, and specialized, lineage-typical domains. Based on the overall high genomic abundance and transcriptional activity, we suggest that retrotransposons of the Ale and Athila lineages are most promising to monitor retrotransposon-derived polymorphisms across accessions.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that LTR retrotransposons are major components of the V. macrocarpon genome. The representative consensuses provide an entry point for further Vaccinium genome analyses and may be applied to derive molecular markers for enhancing cranberry selection and breeding.
p>El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto del ácido indolbutírico (AIB) sobre el sobre el enraizamiento y adaptabilidad de segmentos nodales de arándano ( Vaccinium corimbosum L.). Para esto, se utilizaron microtallos de arándano (Bluecrop, Legacy, Star y Biloxi) provenientes de multiplicación in vitro , los cuales fueron sometidos a diferentes dosis de AIB (100, 200, 400, 800 mg/L). El ensayo se realizó bajo un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo bifactorial, donde se evaluó el porcentaje de enraizamiento, longitud de raíz, número de raíces, número de brotes, altura de planta, número de hojas y diámetro de tallo. Los datos se analizaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal Wallis (p<0,05) y análisis de componentes principales (ACP). Los resultados mostraron que las dosis de AIB tienen efecto significativo, el rango optimo es de 100 a 200 mg/L AIB. Por otro lado, se evidencia que la variedad Biloxi presento mejores parámetros morfológicos. Asimismo, el ACP muestra que la variedad Biloxi tiene mejor respuesta a concentraciones de 100 a 200 mg/L AIB, siendo significativa en comparación con los otros tratamientos.</p
Vaccinium hamiguitanense, a new species from the Philippines, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to V. gitin-gense Hook. f. but differs by having smaller leaf blades, leaf blade margins with 2 to 4 impressed more or less evenly distributed crenations (glands) per side, inflorescences with fewer flowers, shorter pedicels that are puberulent and muriculate, and a glabrous floral disk. The new species is endemic to Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary in Davao Oriental Province of Mindanao Island in Tropical Upper Montane Rain Forest and low ("bonsai") forest on clay derived from ultramafic rock. We assign an IUCN Red List preliminary status as Data Deficient. aBsTrak Inilalarawan sa ulat na ito ang isang bagong species ng halaman mula sa Pilipinas, ang Vaccinium hamiguitanense. Kahawig ng bagong species ang V. gitingense Hook f., ngunit mas maliit ang mga dahon, bawat isa ay may 2 hanggang 4 na kapansin-pansin at halos pantay-pantay na mga umbok sa parehong gilid (mga glandula), mas kakaunti ang bulaklak kada kumpol, bawat isa ay mas maikli ang tangkay na pinalilibutan ng maliliit ngunit magagaspang na buhok, at ang floral disk ay makinis. Ang bagong species ay matatagpuan lamang sa Mt. Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary sa lalawigan ng Davao Oriental, isla ng Mindanao, partikular sa matataas na bahagi ng kagubatan at sa kagubatang "bonsai," kung saan ang lupa ay luwad at hango sa batong ultramafic. Binibigyan namin ng paunang status na Data Deficient ang bagong species sa IUCN Red List.
Variations in volatile organic compound (VOC) type and content can result in noticeable differences in fruit aroma. The genus Vaccinium encompasses over 500 distinct species of berry-producing plants, several of which are important to commercial horticulture. Understanding which VOCs are produced by different members of this genus could greatly aid efforts to improve the aroma of multiple Vaccinium crops by breeding for desirable fruit volatiles. This review summarizes the published research available on this topic, examining prior work done to characterize the volatile profiles of blueberries, cranberries, bilberries, lingonberries, whortleberries and other Vaccinium berries. In addition, analytical methodologies used to obtain Vaccinium berry volatile profiles are discussed. Possible future directions for Vaccinium berry volatile research are also examined.
Rigiolepis and Vaccinium of Borneo are revised, and their characteristics are discussed. Brief comments on distinguishing Vaccinium and Rigiolepis from related genera in the Ericaceae are made. Vaccinium sect. Bracteata is now considered the only section of Vaccinium occurring in Borneo. The chief reason for reinstating Rigiolepis as a genus is the distinctive 10-locular ovary whose structure has been overlooked in recent studies, while the supporting characters of multiple axillary flower buds, flower size, anther shape and fruit colour provide for easy recognition. New keys are provided to all 42 species, and all accepted taxa are described. Ten taxa are new to science and 17 new combinations are made. An addendum gives the combinations to be used for the two species of Rigiolepis presently known to occur outside Borneo.
Strawberry, raspberry, grape, blueberry, and cranberry are major small fruit crops cultivated widely across the world. They are highly appreciated and have long been enjoyed enormous popularity among consumers. Their superior nutritive components play a significant dietary role in maintaining human health that has led to a dramatic increase of their global production. There has been an immense progress in small fruit micropropagation using semisolid gelled and liquid media containing different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Thidiazuron [1-phenyl-3- (1,2,3-thiadiazol-5-yl)urea (TDZ)] is a PGR and with its cytokinin- and auxin-like effects, has significant role in in vitro propagation of small fruit crops. Bioreactor micropropagation containing liquid media with TDZ has resulted in significant progresses not only in reducing micropropagation cost but also in speeding up the process significantly for these crop species. However, the optimal plant production depends upon a number of factors including genotype, media types, types and concentration of PGR, and culture environment. The chapter deals with the progress in-depth of various aspects of small fruit micropropagation in semisolid and liquid media containing TDZ and use of TDZ in a bioreactor micropropagation for commercial production. Somaclonal variation can be a major concern in small fruit micropropagation using TDZ. Although strategies have been developed to reduce these variations, DNA-based molecular markers are promising tools to monitor clonal fidelity of TDZ-induced micropropagated small fruit plants. The chapter also describes the use of molecular markers for the assessment of genetic fidelity, stability, and true-to-typeness in small fruit tissue culture plants. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018. All rights reserved.
Phylogenetic relationships among Vaccinium sections Macropelma, Myrtillus, and Hemimyrtillus have been the subject of much debate. These taxa have been proposed as close relatives and they share, along with sect. Oxycoccoides, the character of buds covered by two partially fused prophylls. However, the monophyly of these sections has not been assessed and hypotheses about evolutionary relationships have not been tested using a cladistic framework. While most investigators agree that the Hawaiian taxa from sect. Macropelma represent a monophyletic group, the phylogenetic position of the Polynesian V. cereum has been the subject of much discussion. Molecular data from the nrITS and the chloroplast genes matK and ndhF for 52 species of Vaccinieae were used in a phylogenetic analysis to assess the monophyly of these sections and to determine their phylogenetic position in tribe Vaccinieae. Hawaiian representatives from sect. Macropelma form a monophyletic group that is derived from within sect. Myrtillus. However, the Polynesian V. cereum is likely of hybrid origin. The Myrtillus + Macropelma clade is sister to a clade that includes sections Oxycoccoides and Praestantia, and the two Asian representatives from sect. Hemimyrtillus. The Tethyan clade from sect. Hemimyrtillus is sister to the rest of tribe Vaccinieae. Communicating Editor: Aaron Liston
Vacciniumoscarlopezianum (sect. Bracteata Nakai) (Ericaceae), known only from two sites in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Luzon, Philippines, is formally described.
In view of their awnless stamens and pseudo-10-loculed berries borne on short racemes several NE Asian species ofVaccinium (includingV. hirtum, V. smallii, V. versicolor, andV. yakushimense) were transferred toVaccinium sectionCyanococcus by Sleumer (1941). Subsequently, however, Stevens (1969) and Vander Kloet (1972, 1981) argued on the basis of further study that these taxa should be transferred instead to sectionHemimyrtillus. Phenetic analyses of data from representatives of sectionsCyanococcus andHemimyrtillus, including NE Asian taxa transferred by Sleumer, demonstrate the distinctness of the two sections and support the assignment of the NE Asian taxa to sectionHemimyrtillus. A revised taxonomic treatment and key to the species ofVaccinium sectionHemimyrtillus is provided.
DNA sequence data were generated for the nuclear ITS region for Symphysia racemosa and for 26 additional Vaccinieae representing 12 sections in the genus Vaccinium plus one species from each of five additional segregate genera. Our focus is on the placement of S. racemosa relative to Vaccinium sensu stricto and Vaccinium sect. Oreades (represented by V. poasanum). Maximum parsimony analysis of 608 bp of nrITS region suggests that S. racemosa and V. poasanum form a well-supported clade in spite of substantial morphological divergence. Furthermore, this clade is a sister group to a clade consisting of all segregate genera examined. These molecular results led us to undertake a morphological cladistic analysis of all of the other Central American green-flowered taxa. We suggest that the genus Symphysia should be expanded to encompass these 15 taxa, despite the lack of phylogenetic resolution within this group. This will necessitate eight new combinations, viz., Symphysia almedae (= V. almedae), Symphysia costaricensis (= V. costaricense), Symphysia jefensis (= V. jefense), Symphysia orosiensis (= V. orosiense), Symphysia ovata (= Lateropora ovata), Symphysia perardua (= V. santafeënsis), Symphysia poasana (= Vaccinium poasanum), Symphysia santafeënsis (= L. santafeënsis), and Symphysia tubulifera (= L. tubulifera).
The use of staminal features as generic characters in Vaccinieae are reviewed and assessed using 108 OTUs belonging to 97 taxa, scored for 17 characters and then subjected to a variety of phenetic analyses. Our results suggest that such staminal features quo genetic characters are highly overrated and that any generic revision contemplated for Vaccinieae ought to encompass a much wider selection of characters.
This is a book, not a book review.
The blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae) is a large and morphologically diverse group that is widespread in the temperate and tropical zones of most continents. The greatest species diversity is in the tropics, where Vaccinieae are a major component of montane cloud forests. Generic limits are poorly understood, and many of the characters traditionally used fail to adequately distinguish among taxa. This study analyzed sequence data from the chloroplast matK gene and the nrITS region for 93 species of Vaccinieae, representing 28 genera, and 16 sections (of the ∼33 currently recognized) of Vaccinium. Results indicated that, in general, traditional generic circumscriptions were not corroborated, but several well-supported clades were found: an Andean clade (including at least some members of 18 of the 23 Neotropical genera sampled), a Meso-American/Caribbean clade, an East Malesian clade (including the Old World taxa Paphia and Dimorphanthera), an Agapetes clade comprised of some Asian Vaccinium and Agapetes, and a Bracteata-Oarianthe clade (Vaccinium spp.). This study is the first to address phylogenetic relationships among members of Vaccinieae on a worldwide basis and the results indicate that the large genus Vaccinium is not monophyletic, but likely represents a grade group out of which several more specialized clades evolved.
The Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series consists of selected books that have been made more accessible to consumers in an effort to increase global appeal and general circulation. With these new unabridged softcover volumes, Wiley hopes to extend the lives of these works by making them available to future generations of statisticians, mathematicians, and scientists. "Cluster analysis is the increasingly important and practical subject of finding groupings in data. The authors set out to write a book for the user who does not necessarily have an extensive background in mathematics. They succeed very well." textemdash}Mathematical Reviews "Finding Groups in Data [is] a clear, readable, and interesting presentation of a small number of clustering methods. In addition, the book introduced some interesting innovations of applied value to clustering literature." textemdash{Journal of Classification "This is a very good, easy-to-read, and practical book. It has many nice features and is highly recommended for students and practitioners in various fields of study." textemdashTechnometrics An introduction to the practical application of cluster analysis, this text presents a selection of methods that together can deal with most applications. These methods are chosen for their robustness, consistency, and general applicability. This book discusses various types of data, including interval-scaled and binary variables as well as similarity data, and explains how these can be transformed prior to clustering.
— We studied sequence variation in 16S rDNA in 204 individuals from 37 populations of the land snail Candidula unifasciata (Poiret 1801) across the core species range in France, Switzerland, and Germany. Phylogeographic, nested clade, and coalescence analyses were used to elucidate the species evolutionary history. The study revealed the presence of two major evolutionary lineages that evolved in separate refuges in southeast France as result of previous fragmentation during the Pleistocene. Applying a recent extension of the nested clade analysis (Templeton 2001), we inferred that range expansions along river valleys in independent corridors to the north led eventually to a secondary contact zone of the major clades around the Geneva Basin. There is evidence supporting the idea that the formation of the secondary contact zone and the colonization of Germany might be postglacial events. The phylogeographic history inferred for C. unifasciata differs from general biogeographic patterns of postglacial colonization previously identified for other taxa, and it might represent a common model for species with restricted dispersal.
Genera of blueberries from the Andean clade (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) have traditionally been distinguished on the basis of stamen characters in combination with features of the calyx and corolla. However, previous molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that most Andean genera are not monophyletic, and several workers have noted morphological overlap between Neotropical blueberry genera. This study analyzed sequence data from matK, ndhF, rps4, and nrITS (4664 bp) for 55 species from the Andean clade in order to assess the monophyly of Andean genera and to identify major clades of Andean blueberries. Results show that six of the 10 genera for which more than one species was sampled were not monophyletic, and four of these genera were polyphyletic. This study identified seven major clades within the Andean blueberries, Anthopterus-Themistoclesia, Cavendishia, Satyria, Disterigma, Sphyrospermum, Thibaudia, and Ceratostema-Macleania. Results indicate that most of the currently recognized Andean blueberry genera are not monophyletic and that morphological characters traditionally used to delimit genera in this species-rich, cloud forest clade need to be reevaluated.
A suite of eight foliar venation characteristics from two closely related sections of Vaccinium L., sect. Macropelma Klotzsch and sect. Myrtillus Dumortier, were analyzed to assess the level of similarity between these sister sections, address the questionable classification of Vaccinium cereum (L.f) Forster, and assess the diagnostic ability of venation characteristics. Our analysis revealed no significant differences in foliar venation characteristics between V. cereum and the Hawaiian species from sect. Macropelma. In addition, all the leaves of V. cereum examined contained the attenuated extended bundle sheath system as found in other representatives from sect. Macropelma. Taximetric analysis showed that these quantitative foliar venation characters were diagnostic at the sectional level but not at the species level. A cluster analysis of 108 operational taxonomic units did separate the two sections but did not discriminate among the 12 individual species. However, a similar taximetric analysis using the character means for each species (for the eight foliar characters), which "smoothed out" the variation due to environmental plasticity, produced a dendrogram which closely resembled the currently accepted Vaccinium classification. Although further investigations into the constancy and reliability of foliar venation characters in the remaining sections of Vaccinium are desirable, our results clearly show that these quantitative vegetative foliar characters do have diagnostic value and can be utilized in taximetric analyses. Key words: Vaccinium, venation, leaf, systematics.
Twenty-nine Vaccinium species were scored for 14 stem and twig characters to determine whether or not vegetative features would support current taxonomic delimitations within the genus. The data obtained show not only that the verrucose characteristic of the twigs, one of the character states that defines Vaccinium section Cyanococcus, is caused by the presence of raised stomata, but also that members of this section have a peculiar mode of periderm development. In addition to the type of periderm development, the occurrence of lignification in twigs and stems was also noted, but was found not to be taxonomically useful at the sectional rank.
Vaccinium section Rigiolepis (Hook.f.) Sleumer is revised for the Flora Malesiana region. In the introduction a short history of the genus (section) and its defining characters are presented followed by comments about Sleumer's classification for this section. Numerical techniques using features suggested by Sleumer on 'indet' specimens at Leiden counsel a more conservative approach to species delimitation and the resultant revision for this section recognizes thirteen species including three new taxa, viz., V. crinigrum, V. suberosum, and V. linearifolium. Lectotypes for V. borneense W.W. Sm. and V. leptanthum Miq. are also proposed.
A general coefficient measuring the similarity between two sampling units is defined. The matrix of similarities between all pairs of sample units is shown to be positive semidefinite (except possibly when there are missing values). This is important for the multidimensional Euclidean representation of the sample and also establishes some inequalities amongst the similarities relating three individuals. The definition is extended to cope with a hierarchy of characters.
The inflorescence of Vaccinium hiepii is described for the first time, and as predicted, its floral features are similar to those of V. chunii. However, this floral axis has nothing in common with the type of its putative section, i.e. Vaccinium sect. Galeopetalum. Subsequent numerical analyses of inflorescence types in Vaccinium using 43 taxa and 11 floral features suggest three inflorescence types for the genus: (1) the ‘myrtillus’ type where a single flower emerges directly from the axil of some leaves or bracts of the current shoot; (2) the ‘dialypetalum’ type where just the floral primordia are laid down within the confines of the perennating bud; (3) the ‘hiepii’ type where the complete floral axis is laid down within the perennating bud. Based on this tripartite division, a new taxon, Vaccinium sect. Calcicolus Vander Kloet sect. nov. is described for these Himalayan blueberries. A diagnostic key and brief description is provided for the eight species included in this new section. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 148, 445–457.
The variation shown by 60 characters (morphological, anatomical, embryological, chemical and cytological) is tabulated for the whole of the Ericaceae. The reliability of the characters and the observations on them are discussed, and it is emphasized that many characters are difficult to use because they are rarely restricted to one taxon. Six subfamilies are recognized. Within the Rhododendroideae seven tribes are recognized, the monogeneric Daboecieae being new; Epigaea is transferred to the Rhododendroideae from the Andromedeae and Diplarche from the Diapensiaceae. Calluna is placed in a new monotypic tribe within the Ericoideae. The extended Vaccinioideae includes the Arbutoideae; five tribes are recognized, of which the Enkiantheae and Cassiopeae are new. The Pyroloideae and Monotropoideae are left unchanged: a new subfamily, the Wittsteinioideae, includes the deviant monotypic genus Wittsteinia. A key to subfamilies, and to genera of the Pyroloideae, Rhododendroideae and superior-ovaried Vaccinioideae is given.
Welcome to the R Package, an advanced multivariate and spatial analysis program for the Macintosh line of personal computers. The program and this documentation may be freely redistributed, and the latest version can always be downloaded from our WWWeb site. If you are familiar with previous versions of the R Package, we hope you will be pleasantly surprised by the improvements made in the user interface. Apart from bug fixes and new features, the algorithms that make up the R Package are virtually unchanged from version 3.0; only the way to access them and ease of use have changed. Although this manual contains some information about the foundations of multivariate and spatial analysis, all of the topics touched here are treated in much greater detail in Legendre & Legendre (1998). 1.1. The R Package highlights The R Package is a software program that offers a wide variety of tools for the exploration and analysis of multivariate and spatial data. Multivariate data is common in scientific studies, and simply means that more than one variable was studied on a sample; for instance the age, weight, sex, and species of one or many fishes is a multivariate data set. Spatial data is a subset of multivariate data, where two variables in the dataset represent some X and Y coordinates, or a latitude and longitude. If we also recorded the longitude and latitude of the capture site in the above fish data example, it could be used in many spatial analysis procedures.
Phenetic analyses of 218 OTUs belonging toVaccinium sectionMyrtillus and scored for 13 characters generated five robust clusters.Vaccinium parvifolium is the most distinct cluster, followed by the “myrtillus-scoparium” complex, thenV. membranaceum, V. caespitosum, and the “ovalifolium-deliciosum” complex. Biosystematic studies suggest that the five clusters comprise seven taxa that possess many of the properties that
define biological species. Indeed, the recognition of the seven taxa as species is supported by cytological, phenological,
biogeographical and ecological as well as chemical data. A detailed taxonomic treatment for all these taxa is presented.
This paper is concerned with the representation of a multivariate sample of size n as points P1, P2, …, Pn in a Euclidean space. The interpretation of the distance Δ(Pi, Pj) between the ith and jth members of the sample is discussed for some commonly used types of analysis, including both Q and R techniques. When all the distances between n points are known a method is derived which finds their co-ordinates referred to principal axes. A set of necessary and sufficient
conditions for a solution to exist in real Euclidean sapce is found. Q and R techniques are defined as being dual to one another when they both lead to a set of n points with the same inter-point distances. Pairs of dual techniques are derived. In factor analysis the distances between
points whose co-ordinrates are the estimated factor scores can be interpreted as D2 with a singular dispersion matrix.
Thesis (doctoral)--University of Edinburgh, 1969.
The decrease of successive eigenvalues in some principal component analysis of 20 variates and 44 individuals, is compared with that of the ‘broken stick’ model, where a fixed length is broken at random into a number of segments.In the real analysis, the two first eigenvalues stay distinctly above the model values, indicating the occurrence of factors acting on the variables. Residual variance seems partitioned between other axes, according to a model which approaches the broken stick. The adjustment is not perfect, since an unknown part of the random variance also contributes to the first eigenvalues. The model, however, allows an empirical determination of the number of significant vectors.
Studies on Chinese Vaccinium
- Fang
Studien über die natürliche Klasse Bicornes
- Klotzsch
Flora of Panama, VIII. Ericaceae
- Rl Wilbur
- Luteyn
Vaccinium in flora of China
- R Fang
- Pf Stevens
Fang R, Stevens PF (2005) Vaccinium in flora of China, vol 14.
Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St Louis, pp 476-504
MacClade Version 4.08 for OS X. Sinauer Associates
- Dr Maddison
- Wp Maddison
Description of new species and genera: Vaccinieae
- T Nuttall
Agauria and Agarista: an example of tropical transatlantic affinity
- P F Stevens
- PF Stevens
Trees and shrubs indigenous in Japan proper
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Nakai T, Koidzumi G (1927) Trees and shrubs indigenous in Japan
proper (Revised Ed.) vol 1. Seibido Shoten, Tokyo
Nuttall T (1843) Description of new species and genera: Vaccinieae.
Trans Am Phil Soc II 8:259-266
Floristics of Philippine Vaccinium (Ericaceae)
- Vander Kloet
- SP Vander Kloet
New taxa of the Genus Vaccinium
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Wu C, Fang R (1987) New taxa of the Genus Vaccinium. Acta Bot
Yunnan 9:379-395
An introduction to R, version 2.4
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- Core Development
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(1851) pro parte. Gaylussacia sensu Royle in Ill
- Epigynium Klotzsch
Epigynium Klotzsch, Linnaea 24: 49 (1851) pro parte.
Gaylussacia sensu Royle in Ill. Bot. Himal. (1839) non
HBK.
Agapetes D. Don in G.Don, Gen. Hist. 3: 862 (1834).
(1873) pro parte. Vaccinium sect
Vaccinium sect. Cinctosandra (Klotzsch) Hook.f. in
Gen. Pl. [Bentham and Hooker f.] 2: 574 (1873) pro parte.
Vaccinium sect. Eococcus Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74:
420 (1941), pro parte; non P.F. Stevens, Taxonomic studies
in the Ericaceae (1969).
- Bot Sleumer
Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 74:416 (1941); P.F. Stevens,
Taxonomic Studies in the Ericaceae (1969);
(1834) pro parte. Vaccinium sect. Euvaccinium A. Gray in Mem
- Helv
Helv. ed 1: 474 (1834) pro parte.
Vaccinium sect. Euvaccinium A. Gray in Mem. Am.
This monotypic section comprises deciduous, low growing, terrestrial or epipetric shrubs whose leaves and twigs are usually glaucous; perennating buds are monomorphic; the inflorescence much reduced
- Acad
Acad. of Arts and Sciences, New Series 3: 52 (1846).
This monotypic section comprises deciduous, low
growing, terrestrial or epipetric shrubs whose leaves and
twigs are usually glaucous; perennating buds are monomorphic; the inflorescence much reduced, corollas(3) 4-5
- Section Cyanophthalmos Sleumer
- Bot
Section Cyanophthalmos Sleumer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst.
74:421 (1941); P.F. Stevens, Taxonomic Studies in the
Ericaceae (1969).
Philippine Ericaceae II: the species of Vaccinium
- H F Copeland
- HF Copeland
Circumscription and relationships of Dimorphanthera (Ericaceae) with notes on some Papuasian species
- P F Stevens
- PF Stevens
Stevens PF (1974) Circumscription and relationships of Dimorphanthera (Ericaceae) with notes on some Papuasian species. Contrib
Herb Aust 8:1-34
Re-examination of Vaccinium dialypetalum (Ericaceae)
- Vander Kloet
- SP Vander Kloet
Vander Kloet SP (2002) Re-examination of Vaccinium dialypetalum
(Ericaceae). Gard Bull Singapore 54:179-183