No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female are not Enough
Abstract
Author(s): Anne Fausto-Sterling | Ен Фаусто-Стерлинг
Title (English): The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough
Title (Macedonian): Петте пола: Зошто машкиот и женскиот не се доволни
Translated by (English to Macedonian): Žarko Trajanoski | Жарко Трајаноски
Journal Reference: Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Summer 2004)
Publisher: Research Center in Gender Studies - Skopje and Euro-Balkan Institute
Page Range: 191-205
Page Count: 14
Citation (English): Anne Fausto-Sterling, “The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough,” Identities: Journal for Politics, Gender and Culture, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Summer 2004): 191-205.
Citation (Macedonian): Ен Фаусто-Стерлинг, „Петте пола: Зошто машкиот и женскиот не се доволни“, превод од англиски Жарко Трајаноски, Идентитети: списание за политика, род и култура, т. 3, бр. 1 (лето 2004): 191-205.
... A arqueologia infelizmente impregna os discursos do passado com a ideia de gênero binário, utiliza categorias como "homem", "mulher", "macho", "fêmea", "vagina" e "pênis" como se fossem categorias trans-históricas e universais da humanidade, e esquece toda produção científica, que desde de o século XX tem evidenciado a construção sócio-histórica destas categorias de pensamento (FAUSTO-STERLING, 1993;LAQUEUR, 2001;BUTLER, 2018;JOEL & FAUSTO-S-TERLING, 2015;CONNELL, 2016). A intenção deste artigo é, através de um breve exercício bibliográfico revisitando alguns estudos, mostrar como a arqueologia e áreas afins são atravessadas por um olhar cis-heteronormativo ao criarem discursos científicos sobre as sociedades humanas, impondo a ideia colonialista de "homem e mulher", e logo, apontar onde a arqueologia e áreas a fins extrapolaram suas logicidades de gênero, e ao mesmo tempo apresentar alguns estudos que permitem desconstruir os etnocentrismos e colonialidades de gênero/sexo, conceitos que serão abordados mais à frente. ...
... Enquanto uma mulher trans e arqueóloga, eu espero que este artigo possibilite desmascarar a natureza destas ideias, para corroborar a teoria de que homem e mulher não são universais humanos. Este esforço foi feito justamente para mostrar queFAUSTO-STERLING, 1993). Talvez algum pênis tenha características que visto de longe, pode até ser confundido com uma vagina e vise versa. ...
This paper proposes critical and theoretical reflections about archaeological
other areas of knowledge, practices and discourses, dabating together with
a series of bibliographies and theories how the science based in a gender
coloniality, maked invisible the non-binary gender identities and the anatomical
variability of the human genitals, creating a false idea that the cis-genderness
and the heterosexuality are an universal human phenomena. The impacts of
the legitimation of a binary sex-gender sistem, took the Latin America to a true
“Gender Aparthaid” for trans people. The science discourses, when often speacks
about an inded past, it over reverbareting in very severe consequences on the
present. The scientific method applied to this paper is the literature review, that
presenting diferentes researchs and estudies that recently had criticizing the
bases of a cisgender Science, while an historic process, as denonce the hegemony
of a cisheteronormative and colonial perspective.
... Despite this, the children tended to perceive this silence as emotional distance, which affected the quality of the relationship between parents and children (Natan 1981). Vardi claims that many survivor parents "closed their hearts" to their children, and the latter, in response, preferred to avoid speaking out or expressing emotions in public, which, in many cases, became a familial pattern (... (HARDING, 1986;FAUSTO-STERLING 1993;HIRATA, 2009;HARAWAY, 1991HARAWAY, , 2016 Nas palavras da autora: "o fio da ironia dá à paródia sua dimensão 'crítica' com a marcação da diferença no âmago da semelhança" (HUTCHEON, 1994, p. 4). Ela lembra-nos ainda que a paródia consiste numa "transgressão sancionada da convenção" (HUTCHEON, 1991, p. 12 Este resultado levou Sirsi à teoria das ideias inatas que ele apresentou em seu famoso artigo "Congenital Agenesis of Gender Ideation in a Midwestern Family" (Journal of Neurolinguistics, No. 20, 2006, pp. ...
... [...] baseada no que se sabe sobre eles/as, sugiro que os três intersexos, herm, merm e ferm merecem ser considerados como sexos adicionais, cada um em seu lugar. De fato, argumentaria ainda que o sexo seja uma imensa massa contínua, infinitamente maleável que desafia as limitações em até cinco categorias (STERLING, 1993). binarismo gramatical. ...
... Despite this, the children tended to perceive this silence as emotional distance, which affected the quality of the relationship between parents and children (Natan 1981). Vardi claims that many survivor parents "closed their hearts" to their children, and the latter, in response, preferred to avoid speaking out or expressing emotions in public, which, in many cases, became a familial pattern (... (HARDING, 1986;FAUSTO-STERLING 1993;HIRATA, 2009;HARAWAY, 1991HARAWAY, , 2016 Nas palavras da autora: "o fio da ironia dá à paródia sua dimensão 'crítica' com a marcação da diferença no âmago da semelhança" (HUTCHEON, 1994, p. 4). Ela lembra-nos ainda que a paródia consiste numa "transgressão sancionada da convenção" (HUTCHEON, 1991, p. 12 Este resultado levou Sirsi à teoria das ideias inatas que ele apresentou em seu famoso artigo "Congenital Agenesis of Gender Ideation in a Midwestern Family" (Journal of Neurolinguistics, No. 20, 2006, pp. ...
... [...] baseada no que se sabe sobre eles/as, sugiro que os três intersexos, herm, merm e ferm merecem ser considerados como sexos adicionais, cada um em seu lugar. De fato, argumentaria ainda que o sexo seja uma imensa massa contínua, infinitamente maleável que desafia as limitações em até cinco categorias (STERLING, 1993). binarismo gramatical. ...
... However, social science research is undoubtedly shaped by the socio-historical context and dominant stereotypes and ideologies prevalent at the time of the study's design and implementation, as well as individual researcher biases (Chenail 2011). The highly prevalent sex binary question, "Are you male or female?" serves as one example of how question operationalization within surveys perpetuates certain ideologies, such as the erroneous assumption that that sexed embodiment is exclusively "female" or "male" (Davis 2015;Spade 2011;Fausto-Sterling 1993). Although gender, sexuality, as well as biological sex, are all socially constructed, surveys reinforce and perpetuate established ideas about the concepts when framing measures and response options. ...
... Ideals of cisnormativity extend from the gender binary in that cisgender identities, or people who identify with their gender assigned at birth, go unquestioned and are upheld as the dominant standard, with gender expansiveness socially challenged and subordinated (Worthen 2016). The dominant biological sex/gender binary is an inadequate framework for capturing the full diversity of not only biological sex assignment at birth, as evidenced by intersex traits that complicate dominant binary sex understandings (Davis 2015;Fausto-Sterling 1993), but also expansive and complex gender dynamics across identity, expression, and interactions that challenge and resist stereotypical expectations, including transgender identities and broader nonconformity (Butler 1999;Halberstam 2017). Cisnormativity, or the ideology that cisgender experience is assumed and idealized, is often embedded in major social science surveys, with responses framed around assumptions of cisgender identities and experiences (Westbrook and Saperstein 2015;Worthen 2016). ...
As activists and scholars look toward nationally representative surveys for quality data regarding gender and sexual minorities, it is important to understand how top-utilized social surveys may be reinforcing dominant gender and sexuality-based stereotypes through their language or survey structure. Using the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research’s data on survey downloads and a focused survey of 300 social and health sciences faculty, we identified 18 top-utilized U.S. social surveys for our content analyses. For each wave of every survey, we identified and hand-coded language and practices that directly or indirectly referenced sex, gender, and/or sexual orientation within questionnaires. While the trend among surveys was toward the inclusion of sexual identity and/or two-step sex and gender measures, many surveys continue to exclude expansive gender and sexuality measures and essentialize sex and gender as interchangeable. We also identified three widespread practices that reinforce binary gender ideology, heteronormativity, and mononormativity: (1) assumptive language, (2) question or item omission, and (3) overtly biased priming and phrasing. Documenting how top-utilized social surveys rely on, and potentially reinforce, marginalizing gender and heteronormative assumptions is essential to begin establishing more inclusive survey practices that yield high-quality, accurate data regarding gender and sexual minority populations.KeywordsSexual orientation measurementGender measurementIntersex measurementSOGI
... In tal caso, il dualismo si porrebbe tra uomini e uomini-transgender. D'altro canto Anne Fausto-Sterling (1993; si oppone da sempre al binomio femmina-maschio, dato che vi è una percentuale della popolazione mondiale che non è né XX né XY, possedendo notevoli varianti di differenti caratteristiche sessuali. Le persone intersexed non devono crearci un problema e non dobbiamo, a meno di una nostra precipitosa caduta nella disumanità, creare loro problemi. ...
... Tuttavia, come è stato dimostrato, definire il sesso è complicato e non è qualcosa di così pacifico (Tripodi, 2011). Dato che la biologia ha stabilito che i sessi sono più di due (Fausto-Sterling, 1993;, dovremmo forse porci domande come: quali e quanti sessi dobbiamo prendere in considerazione quando studiamo il cervello? Quali sarebbero le caratteristiche, da un punto di vista neuronale, del cervello di un individuo né maschio né femmina? ...
... Foi na figura do hermafrodita -então entendida como pessoa nascida com características anatómicas ambíguas, incorporando aspetos da fisiologia masculina e feminina (como órgãos genitais externos e/ou sistema reprodutivo interno atípicos, não considerados "padrão") -que a medicina começou a focar primeiramente a sua atenção (Dreger, 1998), procurando interpretar corpos que não podiam ser classificados inteiramente como machos ou fêmeas, por se encontrarem em posição indefinida. Crendo que todas as pessoas deveriam possuir apenas um sexo e que ninguém poderia ser, em simultâneo, macho e fêmea -pensamento que nem sempre existiu nalgumas sociedades onde, por exemplo, se admitia que hermafroditas tivessem dois sexos até determinada idade (Fausto-Sterling, 1993;Garaizabal, 1998) -, as ciências médicas empreenderam esforços para descobrir, na fisiologia humana, o "verdadeiro sexo" dos hermafroditas (Foucault, 1978(Foucault, /1983. No final do século XIX, com o desenvolvimento da cirurgia e da microscopia, acreditou-se ter encontrado o elemento que eliminaria qualquer ambiguidade entre homens e mulheres: a presença de testículos e ovários (Hausman, 1992;Leite Júnior, 2008, p. 62). ...
O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma reflexão sobre as primeiras perspetivas teóricas que tentaram explicar os “problemas” de género e que conduziram ao surgimento das categorias “travesti” e “transexual”. Para tal, foi desenvolvido um estudo de natureza qualitativa, baseado numa pesquisa bibliográfica e documental com vista a ser realizada uma análise e revisão historiográfica sobre o tema. Foi possível observar que as categorias “travesti” e “transexual” são relativamente recentes, tendo sido produzidas pelo “modelo médico” e o seu interesse inicial por sujeitos com características anatômicas ambíguas que não podiam ser classificados inteiramente como machos ou fêmeas por se encontrarem em posição indefinida. Este modelo tentou explicá-los com base em diferentes perspetivas – biológicas, psicanalíticas, de aprendizagem social e de desenvolvimento cognitivo – e, em resultado, da sua integração nos compêndios médicos e prescrição de intervenções corretivas, acabou por promover e legitimar a sua patologização, com consequências expressivas na estigmatização e exclusão social de uma grande quantidade de sujeitos.
... A T LEAST 1.7 per cent of people have intersex variations that may be physically apparent preceding or at birth, or discovered later in life through testing (Carroll, 2005;Fausto-Sterling, 1993; Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA), 2012). Given that sex development is complex and some elements of sex are not apparent without testing and many people never test for them, current estimates of the incidence and types of intersex variations may be conservative. ...
Several large-scale surveys around the world show the most frequently reported mental health diagnoses among people with intersex variations include depression, anxiety and PTSD. Wellbeing risks are also high, with individuals with intersex variations citing suicidal thoughts or attempts across their life-course – specifically on the basis of issues related to having congenital sex variations. The population mostly attributed their wellbeing risks to negative social responses from others, difficulties around having undergone interventions, or issues around gender/identity. In the Canadian context, there is a lack of formalised, charitable Canadian wide intersex networks, advocacy groups, universal mental health care approaches, or provincial signposting to services similar to those developed elsewhere. Using a life-cycle lens, a group of international researchers came together in this collaborative Canadian study to explore health care transitions that people with intersex variations might need or desire, at various stages of their life. A key finding from this ongoing study is that transition phases have the capacity to be especially difficult in the context of mental health, such that integrating person-centred and trauma-informed approaches into care with this population is both wanted and needed. This paper specifically takes a case study approach which analyses data from two participants who identified three major themes regarding mental health impacts: ‘worth, mastery, and adequacy’, ‘isolation and inferiority’, and ‘identity and integrity’. The fourth and final theme drew on integrated medicine to celebrate emerging ‘resilience and generativity’; a positive experience that had emancipatory benefits across the lifespan.
... In a third example, students grappled with the topic of intersex. In addition to foundational readings (Fausto-Sterling, 1993West & Zimmerman, 1987) and recent articles (e.g., Camporesi, 2017), students were shown a documentary in which intersex people shared stories of genital surgeries and hormone treatments (Lahood, 2012). Together these resources drew attention to complexities about sex and gender. ...
Located in Nancy Fraser’s theory of participatory parity, this feminist qualitative study investigated how higher education pedagogies could be alert to students’ diverse and challenging contexts, draw on situated knowledges and lived experiences, and ignite a desire to tackle injustices and contribute to social change. The research site was two gender studies courses at UWC. Analysis of data showed the value of centering students’ lives and opening these up for dialogue and debate. Through theory, lectures and conversations, the pedagogies challenged students to see how they were both products of and implicated in reproducing injustices, fostering social activism for some. The study shows that teaching can raise awareness of and interrogate injustices to contribute to social transformation.
... As bases levantadas para justificar isso são que homem e mulher são coisas naturais, biologicamente formadas pela ideia de que ser homem corresponde a ter pênis, testosterona e cromossomos XY, enquanto ser mulher é ter vagina, estrogênio e cromossomos XX. Mas na realidade existem mais do que apenas 2 genitálias, pois há também as genitálias intersexo, e há diferentes níveis de hormônios em diferentes tipos de corpes (FAUSTO-STERLING, 1993;FORGET & COHEN, 1994). Quanto aos cromossomos, lamento informar, mas também existem outras configurações cromossômicas, inclusive existem homens cis com cromossomo XX e mulheres cis com cromossomos XY (WISNIEWSKI & MIGEON, 1995;BUTLER, 2018). ...
RESUMO Este artigo propõe um debate sobre uma teoria dos signos corporais para a arqueologia, tendo como base teórica e empírica a pesquisa que desenvolvi durante meu TCC entre 2018 e 2019 a respeito das vivências cotidianas de mulheres trans e travestis na sociedade contemporânea, através de metodologias qualitativas. Portanto, estas reflexões questionam as bases hegemônicas da arqueologia, que convencionalmente se voltaram para estudos cis-heteronormativos do passado e da cultura material. Ao questionar estes pilares, eu proponho uma arqueologia clandestina para analisar as coisas que constituem as corpas de mulheres trans e travestis, compreendendo a relação que existe entre a construção discursiva de significados performados na corpa e as interações sociais por ela estabelecidas no interior da cultura falocêntrica e genitalista, contexto que legitima os fenômenos da transfobia, como a hipersexualização e o limbo afetivo, logo, esta arqueologia pode ser considerada transfeminista e do/ no contemporâneo. Palavras-chave: Arqueologia; transfeminismo; falocentrismo; teorias da significação. 1. INTRODUÇÃO "Durante o terceiro ano da faculdade em arqueologia, eu corria pelo campus universitário desesperada com o tempo, esse tempo da modernidade, onde corpos tem hora para nascer e morrer. Estava atrasada para um seminário de uma disciplina. Uma sala retangular, branca, com um quadro "negro", mas eu o enxergava verde. Não há nada nas paredes se não a tinta branca e gélida, com exceção das janelas de vidro e as cortinas marrons que nunca bloqueiam a luz do dia. As cadeiras são de metal e plástico, e possuem uma pequena base no que seria o braço direito. São desconfortáveis e mal cabe um caderno em cima da base. Quase todes 2 já estavam na sala, e haviam organizado as cadeiras em um círculo, onde sentavam-se umes de frente para outrem. Me dirigi para a cadeira ao lado do professor, porque era a mais próxima, mas também porque eu queria questionar e provocar, porque não? Todes sabiam que sou uma mulher trans, e de certa forma tentavam respeitar meu pronome.
... On different versions of this view, "sex" is about having a Y chromosome or not, or having gone some way down a developmental pathway to producing either large or small gametes, or is a cluster concept involving combinations of sexual characteristics (Stock 2021); on any of these accounts, a number of individuals do not display the typical combination of the above-elements. But because a non-negligible number of people are, in this sense, intersex, some suggested -although perhaps tongue-in-cheek (Fausto-Sterling 1993 and -that there are as many as five sexes. How many sexes there are will then depend on the definition of sex in relation to the different elements listed above. ...
Talk of gender identity is at the core of heated current philosophical and political debates. Yet, it is unclear what it means to have one.
I examine several ways of understanding this concept in light of core aims of trans writers and activists. Most importantly, the concept should make good trans people’s understanding of their own gender identities and help understand why misgendering is a serious harm and why it is permissible to require information about people’s gender identities in public life. I conclude that none of the available accounts meets these essential criteria, on the assumption that the gender norms of femininity and masculinity are unjustified. But we can, and should, pursue the feminist project without “gender identity”. Such feminism can include trans people because it is possible to account for the specific harm of misgendering without assuming a claim to the recognition of our gender identities. I conclude that we should eliminate the concept of “gender identity.” To understand the phenomena that are putatively captured by “gender identity,” we are better off employing other concepts, such as “sexual dysphoria,” (assigned or aspirational) “gender roles,” and (internalised or endorsed) “gender norms”. These concepts can usefully replace “gender identity” in an individual evaluation of each of the trans people’s claims to inclusion into particular spaces.
... binariedade compulsória, e se começamos as análises de forma binária, como o dimorfismo sexual, acabamos por induzir o resultado final à uma perspectiva binária intencional(STRATTON, 2016). Isso reflete como a arqueologia invisibiliza corpos intersexo e identidades de gênero não binárias, criando falsas binariedades no passado da humanidade e ignorando a diversidade de identidades de gênero no mundo contemporâneo, enquanto potenciais dados etnoarqueológicos (HÄMÄLÄINEN, 2020).Talvez por isso, seja interessante mudar a forma como pensamos sobre os esqueletos, ao invés de falhar ao classificar os esqueletos em dois polos binários de macho e fêmea, especulando uma falsa binariedade, devemos começar a pensar nos esqueletos como um mosaico de características que foram convencionadas como macho e fêmea, e procurar desenvolver metodologias que, ao invés de buscar por um dimorfismo sexual, proponha estudar um POLIMORFISMO sexual com acurácias altas para o esqueleto humano, do mesmo modo como já se tem pensado para as genitálias, para o sistema endócrino, para os cariótipos sexuais e para o cérebro(FAUSTO-STERLING, 1993;JOEL & FAUSTO-STERLING, 2015) 9 . Isso apenas nos ajuda a identificar a anatomia das genitálias e sua diversidade, mas ainda não diz se essas genitálias foram relevantes ou não para a construção de identidades de gênero em sociedade humanas passadas e contemporâneas. ...
Este artigo problematiza de forma crítica como a arqueologia, em especial, a bioarqueologia trata o material arqueológico, como remanesce humanos de origem biológica de forma binária, sob uma perspectiva cis-heteronormativa sobre corpos humanos, e assim legitimando todo o Apartheid de gênero existente na América Latina. O objetivo desse artigo, é mostrar como o dimorfismo sexual é artificial e potencialmente perigoso, quando atravessa desde a intepretação do passado humano até o presente, onde as pessoas trans e intersexo são oprimidas e invisibilizadas em função de um dimorfismo sexual pretensioso e compulsório. A metodologia aplicada foi a revisão bibliográfica e teórica.
... Ainda que não seja objeto deste trabalho, vale destacar que este modelo desconsidera outras possibilidades de sexo biológico existentes. Como afirma Anne Fausto-Sterling (1993), a cultura ocidental é profundamente comprometida com a ideia da existência de apenas dois sexos, mesmo que, biologicamente falando, existem muitos graus entre fêmea e macho e, conforme a autora, ainda se pode argumentar que nesse espectro existem ao menos cinco sexos (FAUSTO-STERLING, 1993). Com base nisso, Fausto-Sterling reitera não ser surpresa que seja difícil estimar a frequência dos casos intersexos. ...
A especificidade do feminino permeia sua relação com outros campos de saber, e torna-se um novo horizonte para pensar a diferença. Termo polissêmico, o feminino remete tanto ao tornar-se mulher, quanto às origens da sexualidade e aos papéis de gênero. Esta pesquisa teve como motivação inicial o estudo de um órgão cuja anatomia é geralmente ignorada ou mal interpretada: o clitóris. Principalmente se confrontado a outra parte do aparelho genital: a vagina. A partir de uma matriz metodológica composta de entrevistas e revisão bibliográfica somado a um estudo comparativo frente à utilização do Google forms como instrumento de avaliação. Foi-nos revelado que muito mais do que um mero desconhecimento, o que havia envolto a este parco conhecimento acerca do clitóris relacionava-se com interesses de cunho social e cultural. Com relações de poder. E afetava materialmente a vida das mulheres não somente no âmbito sexual e do prazer, mas também no da sociabilização, pautada em papéis sociais, restrições, violências, opressões e dominações.
... A T LEAST 1.7 per cent of people have intersex variations that may be physically apparent preceding or at birth, or discovered later in life through testing (Carroll, 2005;Fausto-Sterling, 1993; Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA), 2012). Given that sex development is complex and some elements of sex are not apparent without testing and many people never test for them, current estimates of the incidence and types of intersex variations may be conservative. ...
Several large-scale surveys around the world show the most frequently reported mental health diagnoses among people with intersex variations include depression, anxiety and PTSD. Wellbeing risks are also high, with individuals with intersex variations citing suicidal thoughts or attempts across their life-course – specifically on the basis of issues related to having congenital sex variations. The population mostly attributed their wellbeing risks to negative social responses from others, difficulties around having undergone interventions or issues around gender/identity. In the Canadian context, there is a lack of formalized, charitable Canadian wide intersex networks, advocacy groups, universal mental health care approaches, or provincial signposting to services similar to those developed elsewhere. Using a life-cycle lens, a group of international researchers came together in a collaborative Canadian study to explore health care transitions that people with intersex variations might need or desire, at various stages of their life. A key finding highlights that transition phases have the capacity to be especially difficult in the context of mental health. Three themes in the data identified mental health impacts: worthlessness, alienation and self-esteem. However a final theme drew on integrated medicine to celebrate emerging emotional intelligence; a positive experience that had emancipatory benefits across the lifespan.
... Their variations can include for example having 47XXY chromosomal Karyotypes (47XXY), Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS), Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), and over 40 other variations (Jones, 2016). Whilst all humans have the potential for both male and female sex development traits in the first seven weeks in the womb, it is generally estimated that 1.7-4% of people are born intersex (Carroll, 2005;Dreger, 2015;Fausto-Sterling, 1993), and this may be a conservative estimation given the more frequent incidence of extreme physical hyperandrogenism from hormonal conditions such as Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome (Huang, Brennan, & Azziz, 2010) is rarely included in any estimation. ...
... The incidence of intersexuality is disputed, and it may now be more prevalent than before due to environmental chemicals that mimic estrogen and interfere with fetal genital development (Dumoski, Myers, Colborn, 1997). At the high end of estimates, Brown gender theorist Anne Fausto-Sterling (1993 has estimated that the incidence of intersexuality may be as high as 1.7% of the population, if all genital abnormalities are included. However other scholars argue that intersexuality should be reserved for conditions in which the person's chromosomes are a different sex than their phenotypic sex characteristics, or in which they have truly ambiguous genitalia. ...
Postgenderism is an extrapolation of ways that technology is eroding the biological, psychological and social role of gender, and an argument for why the erosion of binary gender will be liberatory. Postgenderists argue that gender is an arbitrary and unnecessary limitation on human potential, and foresee the elimination of involuntary biological and psychological gendering in the human species through the application of neurotechnology, biotechnology and reproductive technologies. Postgenderists contend that dyadic gender roles and sexual dimorphisms are generally to the detriment of individuals and society. Assisted reproduction will make it possible for individuals of any sex to reproduce in any combinations they choose, with or without "mothers" and "fathers," and artificial wombs will make biological wombs unnecessary for reproduction. Greater biological fluidity and psychological androgyny will allow future persons to explore both masculine and feminine aspects of personality. Postgenderists do not call for the end of all gender traits, or universal androgyny, but rather that those traits become a matter of choice. Bodies and personalities in our postgender future will no longer be constrained and circumscribed by gendered traits, but enriched by their use in the palette of diverse self-expression.
... Milton Diamond speaks of biolog-ical variants. 9 Mind games about the so-called third sex are of little help (Blackless 2000;Fausto-Sterling 1993). Because of the great diversity of phenotypes there is no unambiguous third sex. ...
... Die Initialzündung hierzu lieferte Foucaults Veröffentlichung der autobiographischen Aufzeichnungen Herculine Barbins (1978a), denen er ein Vorwort voranstellt, in welchem er das Zusammenwirken von biomedizinischer Geschlechterermittlung und juristischer Entscheidungsfindung als Formation eines Machtdiskurses und Sinnbild für die Entstehung eines abendländischen Sexualdispositivs beschreibt. Seitdem wendet sich die interdisziplinäre Forschung dem Thema aus unterschiedlichen Blickwinkeln zu: darunter aus einem medizinhistorischen (Groneberg 2008;Klöppel 2006Klöppel , 2010aKlöppel , 2012Reis 2005;Mildenberger 2005;Dreger 1998aDreger , 1998bJonas & Stallybrass 1991;Krämer 2018a;Schochow 2009Schochow , 2016Gregor 2015), ethnologischen (Lang 2006;Herdt 1990Herdt , 1994aHerdt , 1994bPreves 2002Preves , 2003Lang 1997), sozialwissenschaftlichen (Kessler & McKenna 1978;Kessler 1990Kessler , 1998Butler 1991Butler , 1999Butler , 2009aButler , 2009b, rechtswissenschaftlichen (Matt 2009;Plett 2003;Rothärmel 2006;Kolbe 2010), medizinkritischen (Fausto-Sterling 1993Voß 2010Voß , 2012Scheunemann 2016;Groß 2015) sowie aus der Sicht von intersexuellen Personen selbst (Gregor 2015;Fröhling 2003;Zehnder 2010;Völling 2010;Schabram 2017). ...
Desde a consolidação do dimorfismo sexual como uma verdade ontológica acerca do binarismo de gênero no discurso biomédico, corpos que, no momento de seu nascimento não se encaixem no padrão consolidado como normal – que enuncia corpos femininos ou masculinos com uma série de especificidades – são tratados como doentes e encaixados na categoria diagnóstica de anomalia de desenvolvimento sexual, termo popularmente conhecido como intersexualidade. Embora para o tratamento de tal “anomalia” seja recomendada, diversas intervenções de ordem hormonal, cirúrgica ou prostética, os genitais ou outros órgãos sexualizados não são doentes em si, não oferecendo qualquer risco à vida do paciente intersexo, que não o de ser estigmatizado como anormal e ter sua existência impossibilitada. Assim, as intervenções para readequação destes corpos a uma inteligibilidade de gênero binária não são levadas a cabo pela necessidade de tratar uma patologia, mas para impedir a existência de corpos que não se encaixem naquilo que é enunciado como normal. Desta feita, o presente trabalho tem como escopo a análise dos enunciados biomédicos que tratam a intersexualidade como patologia, de modo a enfatizar seu caráter tecno-necrobiopolítico e fazendo apontamentos prescritivos para uma hospitalidade biomédica incondicional. Para tal, utiliza-se a revisão bibliográfica do discurso biomédico sobre as questões de intersexualidade, de produções acerca da história da sexualidade e do binarismo sexual na sociedade ocidental e de produções contradiscursivas dentro do campo da biomedicina, articulando tais noções à teoria queer.
Issues pertaining to sex and gender continue to be some of the most hotly debated topics of our time. While many of the most heated disputes occur at the level of politics and public policy, metaphysics, too, has a crucial role to play in these debates. In this essay, I explore several key metaphysical debates concerning sex and gender through the lenses of two important areas in contemporary metaphysics: the metaphysics of essence and the ontology of the human person. The goal here is not to advocate any particular position on these issues, but to show how the tools of contemporary metaphysics can help to offer a more comprehensive map of the conceptual terrain, indicating where major areas of agreement can be found and where the most important disagreements really lie.
This essay examines the role of “kink” in an adolescent process of queer becoming in contemporary, fictionalized representations of intersex teenagers. Eugenides and Winter re-script the bildungsroman as a queer tale of coming into being for subjects who do not neatly fit onto one side of a sexed binary. At stake for these adolescents is more than a traditionalized set of concerns about self, family, and the social field. Rather they must navigate a complex series of negotiations at the centre of which is necessarily a question of gendered/sexed identity. It is through kink, or transgressive, non-normative sex acts that these subjects come to understand themselves as complexly gendered and sexed beings. Performance of illegible sexualities allows intersex subjects to resist a normalizing project of traditionalized ontological progress, to define themselves outside of matrices of acceptable, binary sexual and gender identities, and arrive ultimately and comfortably at adult subject positions that do not attempt to conform to standards of legibility.
[ES] La determinación sexual de restos humanos arqueológicos ha descansado tradicionalmente en los análisis bioantropológicos, asumiéndose la incertidumbre que ello suponía y la imposibilidad de conocer esta importante variable en el caso de los subadultos. Para mitigar tales inconvenientes, se cuenta hoy con las técnicas de ADN antiguo, pero sus requerimientos impiden su generalización. En este trabajo se ensaya una alternativa, el análisis proteómico, esto es, la detección directa en el esmalte dental de péptidos dimórficos de la amelogenina mediante cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas, con un protocolo bien consolidado. Esta primera aproximación se basa en una colección de dientes, diez de ellos de enterramientos de Cogotas I, y otros seis que van del Calcolítico al Bronce Final, todos ellos de la submeseta norte. El análisis proteómico ha permitido la determinación sexual de esos individuos, incluidos los subadultos ‒el grueso del lote‒, obteniéndose así una información fiable que enriquece su valoración cultural y abre el camino para profundizar en el género y sus implicaciones. Este ensayo también ha tenido en cuenta la controversia, candente en muy diversas disciplinas, sobre la relación sexo-género y el carácter no binario de ambos, problemas que gravitan sobre los análisis osteológicos y también arqueométricos ‒tildados incluso de actos performativos‒, por lo que, tras un acercamiento al debate, se justifica la decisión de utilizar la vía analítica.
[EN] ABSTRACT
Sex estimation of archaeological human remains has
traditionally relied on bioanthropological analysis, assuming
the uncertainty that this entails and the impossibility of
knowing this significant variable in the case of sub-adult individuals. The development of ancient DNA techniques allows
this problem to be solved, but its requirements limit the
generalization of its use. In this work, we evaluate the use
of proteomic analysis, an alternative method based on the
direct detection in dental enamel of dimorphic peptides of
amelogenin using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,
following a well-contrasted protocol. This first approximation
is based on a collection of teeth, ten belonging to
Cogotas I burials, and six ranging from the Chalcolithic to
the Final Bronze Age, all of them from the Iberian Northern Subplateau. Proteomic analysis has allowed the sex determination
of these individuals, including subadults (most of
the sample). The results provide reliable information that
enriches their cultural assessment and opens the way to a
deeper understanding of gender and its implications. This
essay has also taken into account the controversy, heated
in many different disciplines, on the sex-gender relationship
and the non-binary nature of both, issues that gravitate on
osteological and archaeometric analyses ‒qualified even as
performative acts‒, so, after assessing this debate, the decision
to use this analysis technique is justified.
Gender archaeology remains a marginalised subdiscipline despite decades of feminist literature highlighting its value. This dissertation will examine existing approaches to the teaching of gender theory in UK higher education in order to investigate the impact of curriculum content on perceptions of gender in archaeology. The wider effects of teaching on academic interpretations, and dissemination of archaeological narratives will also be presented through the study of current attitudes towards archaeological representation. These studies will subsequently be used to propose changes in the teaching of gender archaeology in order to highlight it as a relevant and valuable academic pursuit.
Balanced and ambitious content-wise, Snapshots from the USA is part of a series of volumes opened, in 2014, by Studying America in the 21st Century. This new editorial project is designed as a long-term initiative of the team of professors and students grouped around the American Studies M.A. program, one of the West University of Timișoara’s most coherent, prolific and visible ones from the point of view of research. The authors’ passion for and focus on the United States as their main study-topic are the basic elements which reunite the essays collected in the three large sections, Alternative Spaces, Literary Spectra and Cultural (Inter)Sections. As in the case of the first volume, which inaugurated the American Studies series at the West University of Timișoara, the content is structured by a complex view of American Studies as an essential component of the Cultural Studies field, bringing together a wide array of research-interests. If literature continues to be a dominant area of in-depth discussion and interpretation, in the present case, its dedicated research is accompanied by studies on identity issues, trauma or the urban space, as well as by perspectives revolving around concepts such as race, gender, ethics, morals.
Current biological research shows that sex is by no means as unambiguous and binary as previously assumed. Against the backdrop of contemporary debates in biological sciences about a gender difference "beyond binary" and in light of deconstructivist and posthumanist materialist concepts, this article unfolds a renewed perspective on feminist epistemologies of gender, nature, and the body. The focus is on whether and how biology can be a site from which to think difference beyond binarity. The paper is intended as a plea for increased consideration of biological theories of bodily difference in cultural studies. Given existing attempts to cement the two-gender order in public discourse, it seems all even more urgent to make empirical-revised research in the biological sciences visible and to challenge binary thinking not against but with biology.
Since the end of the nineteenth century, the Korean people have faced successive waves of foreign domination, authoritarian regimes, forced dispersal, and divided development. Throughout these turbulent times, “queer” Koreans were ignored, minimized, and erased in narratives of their modern nation, East Asia, and the wider world. This interdisciplinary volume challenges such marginalization through critical analyses of non-normative sexuality and gender variance. Considering both personal and collective forces, the contributors extend individualized notions of queer neoliberalism beyond those typically set in Western queer theory. Along the way, they recount a range of illuminating topics, from shamanic rituals during the colonial era and B-grade comedy films under Cold War dictatorship to female masculinity among today’s youth and transgender confrontations with the resident registration system. More broadly, Queer Korea offers readers new ways of understanding the limits and possibilities of human liberation under exclusionary conditions of modernity in Asia and beyond.
Contributors. Pei Jean Chen, John (Song Pae) Cho, Chung-kang Kim, Todd A. Henry, Merose Hwang, Ruin, Layoung Shin, Shin-ae Ha, John Whittier Treat
The following interview was conducted by Priscille Touraille and first appeared in Frenchin the autumn 2014 issue of Genre, sexualité, et société 12 under the title “Autour des critiquesdu concept de sexe. Entretien avec Anne Fausto-Sterling.”
This dialogue between Anne Fausto-Sterling and Priscille Touraille revisits some of the essential issues in the confrontation between the different disciplinary epistemologies of gender studies and biology. Basing their conversation on the work developed by Fausto-Sterling since the 1990s, the two scholars shift their focus to the problematic articulations between the social sciences and biology that have shaped one of the most important critiques to emerge from gender studies in the last twenty-five years.
Intersex thinkers and activists, queer-feminist science studies, and new materialist initiatives have argued that sex's complex materiality undermines the rigid binaries imposed by essentialist biology and exceeds the malleability of the body constructed as entirely open to intervention and control in biopower. Through a close reading of Lucia Puenzo's XXY, and the realist depiction of the impasses and rich potentialities surrounding intersex embodiment it puts forth, this article explores how intersex becomes the locus for expansive ontoepistemological schemas. Suffused with a rich visual language foregrounding the subject's plastic arts and the collective bodies of the ecosystem, XXY situates the expansive significance of intersex not only as an integral and intelligible form of bio-logical embodiment but also as a generative and even generalizable mode of more-than-binary corporeality.
Zweigendernde Diskurse bilden die Basis für den gesellschaftlichen Umgang mit Intergeschlechtlichkeit auf den Ebenen der Medizin, des Rechts, der Politik und in großen Teilen der Wissenschaft. Inter* Personen und ihre Organisationen kritisieren seit langem die hieraus entstehenden Diskriminierungen und Pathologisierungen. Auch Gremien der Europäischen Union, wie der Ethikrat, mahnen Deutschland wiederholt für den rechtlichen und medizinischen Umgang mit inter* Personen ab. Die deutsche Bundesregierung kündigt in ihrem Koalitionsvertrag von 2018 ein Verbot von nicht konsensualen Operationen an intergeschlechtlichen Minderjährigen an. Sie hat zum Januar 2019 aufgrund eines Beschlusses des Bundesverfassungsgerichts einen dritten optionalen Personenstand divers für intergeschlechtliche Personen eingeführt. Diese Arbeit untersucht die Diskrepanzen zwischen Denk- und Handlungsweisen, denen der hegemonialen Geschlechterdiskurs zugrundeliegt, auf der einen und Diskursen geschlechtlicher Vielfalt sowie den Einstellungen und Forderungen der Inter*Bewegungen auf der anderen Seite. Zudem werden die Wechselwirkungen der Diskursebenen Medizin, Recht, Politik und Wissenschaft herausgearbeitet. Hierzu werden Gesetze, Antidis-kriminierungsrichtlinien, medizinwissenschaftliche Theorien und Vorgehensweisen sowie Ansätze aus Psychologie, Bildungs- und Beratungsarbeit untersucht. (Post)identitäts- und bündnispolitische Strategien und Aspekte der Biopolitik werden im Kontext von Anpassung und Widerstand analysiert. Darüber hinaus wird die Verwobenheit struktureller Diskrimini-erungsformen einbezogen. Partizipative intersektionale Forschungsansätze werden im Zusammenhang mit Intergeschlechtlichkeit aufgezeigt. Die Arbeit hat das Ziel, herauszuarbeiten, welche Denk- und Handlungsoptionen Diskurse geschlechtlicher Vielfalt zukünftig bestärken können, und wie Forderungen von Inter*Be-wegungen sowie menschenrechtliche, antipathologisierende und antidiskriminierende Aspekte hierbei beachtet werden können.
Chronic pain affects 20% of adults and is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Women and girls are disproportionally affected by chronic pain. About half of chronic pain conditions are more common in women, with only 20% having a higher prevalence in men. There are also sex and gender differences in acute pain sensitivity. Pain is a subjective experience made up of sensory, cognitive, and emotional components. Consequently, there are multiple dimensions through which sex and gender can influence the pain experience. Historically, most preclinical pain research was conducted exclusively in male animals. However, recent studies that included females have revealed significant sex differences in the physiological mechanisms underlying pain, including sex specific involvement of different genes and proteins as well as distinct interactions between hormones and the immune system that influence the transmission of pain signals. Human neuroimaging has revealed sex and gender differences in the neural circuitry associated with pain, including sex specific brain alterations in chronic pain conditions. Clinical pain research suggests that gender can affect how an individual contextualizes and copes with pain. Gender may also influence the susceptibility to develop chronic pain. Sex and gender biases can impact how pain is perceived and treated clinically. Furthermore, the efficacy and side effects associated with different pain treatments can vary according to sex and gender. Therefore, preclinical and clinical research must include sex and gender analyses to understand basic mechanisms of pain and its relief, and to develop personalized pain treatment.
En este artículo propongo un examen de la relación entre emociones y representaciones culturales de la intersexualidad. Me centraré tanto en El libro intersexual de la artista mexicana Adiós al futuro, al que dedicaré especial atención, como en otros materiales culturales -dos películas, un discurso escrito y un poema- para activar una lectura de los cuerpos intersexuales comprometida con la atención a las energías emocionales que están en juego. A partir de esta premisa, la principal pregunta que guía este artículo podría formularse como sigue: ¿Qué podemos saber de la representación de los cuerpos intersexuales si nos enfocamos no tanto en sus estrategias estilísticas de formalización sino en sus estrategias emocionales?
The book was inadvertently published without the acknowledgement texts of funding from the Library of the University of California, Berkeley, for this book in the front matter. This has been updated in the book.
We live in a world which is organized around the idea that sex role stereotypes are the rigid fixed ideas of what is appropriate to masculine and feminine behavior. They imply a belief that "masculine" and "feminine" are two distinct and mutually exclusive categories and that an individual's behavior must be one or the other. These ideas pervade nearly in every culture. In a society, the notion of the two sexes (male and female) have been stereotyped and revolves round the preoccupied notion that men and women have different bodies, different capabilities, different needs and desires which is depicted in terms of different tasks, privileges and role patterns that are traditionally assigned to them. Despite the fact that every society gives affirmation to only two types of gender and their prescribed roles. But what about those who confirm the worldwide acceptance under the terminology used as transgender. It is often used as an umbrella term to signify individuals who defy rigid, binary gender constructions and who express or present a breaking and blurring culturally prevalent stereotypically gender roles. Children are put under strong social pressure to conform to these sex-role stereotypes, regardless of their natural dispositions. During the process of socialization, boys and girls are reared differently. Boys are encouraged and reinforced to develop masculine characteristics that is in terms of aggression, dominance, independence, sense of adventure, high risk taking behavior, freedom of space, and achievement oriented outlook whereas, girls are encouraged to acquire feminine characteristics as such in terms of submissiveness, nurturance, dependence, and low achievement orientation. The purpose of this research paper is to throw light on how and why the social world is arranged around gender distinctions. The paper also highlights the various problems faced by transgender community in Kashmir especially Male to Female (MTF) transgender. The paper attempts to examine to what extent gender is imposed on individuals as a result of the material conditions and social structures in which they live. The present paper relies entirely on the secondary sources of data. Certain suggestions will be recommended in this paper on promoting equality as a fundamental human right and basic principle of social justice.
The paper explores the impact of discrimination, identity factors (coming out and consistency
of sexual practices) and social factors (relationships and social capital) on lesbian women’s
well-being, broadly understood as mental, emotional and social health. The research,
carried out through an online survey addressed to 591 women who self-identify as lesbians,
follows a quantitative approach with the implementation of a multiple regression model.
Overall, findings demonstrate the presence of coping mechanisms and resilience strategies
aimed at buffering the impact of discrimination and centered around identity awareness, civic
activism, and closure in narrow, homogeneous friendship networks based on shared sexual
orientations.
New technological ability is leading postdigital science, where biology as digital information, and digital information as biology, are now dialectically interconnected. In this chapter we firstly explore a philosophy of biodigitalism as a new paradigm closely linked to bioinformationalism. Both involve the mutual interaction and integration of information and biology, which leads us into discussion of biodigital convergence. As a unified ecosystem, this allows us to resolve problems that isolated disciplinary capabilities cannot, creating new knowledge ecologies within a constellation of technoscience. To illustrate our arrival at this historical flash point via several major epistemological shifts in the post-war period, we venture a tentative typology. The convergence between biology and information reconfigures all levels of theory and practice, and even critical reason itself now requires a biodigital interpretation oriented towards ecosystems and coordinated Earth systems. In this understanding, neither the digital humanities, the biohumanities, nor the posthumanities sit outside of biodigitalism. Instead, posthumanism is but one form of biodigitalism that mediates the biohumanities and the digital humanities, no longer preoccupied with the tradition of the subject, but with the constellation of forces shaping the future of human ontologies. This heralds a new biopolitics which brings the philosophy of race, class, gender, and intelligence, into a compelling dialog with genomics and information.KeywordsBiodigitalismBioinformationalismBiopoliticsPostdigitalConvergenceKnowledge ecologyTechnoscienceDigital humanitiesBiohumanitiesPosthumanismPhilosophyEpistemologyOntology
This chapter explores the connections between the bio and the digital in the construction of ‘bioinformation’ and ‘biodigital convergence’. The site of examination of these connections is medical understandings of the body. Its focus is the notion of ontology in two related senses, philosophical and technical. The chapter considers the connections between, on the one hand, the immaterial understanding reflected in medical knowledge—in philosophical terms ‘the ideal’ or ideational—and on the other, the material, biological realities of bodies. In a technical sense, the chapter discusses medical ontologies in a computer science frame of reference, and the emergence in recent years of ‘knowledge graphs’ for their representation. On these philosophical and technical bases, the chapter goes on to discuss a research and development project in which the authors have been engaged, to develop a web-based knowledge graphing environment, with a wide range of potential sites of applications, one to support medical students in clinical case analysis, and the other to build medical logic visualizations to supplement electronic health records.KeywordsKnowledge graphsOntologiesMedical informaticsMedical educationElectronic health records
This dialogue (trilogue) is an attempt to critically discuss the technoscientific convergence that is taking place with biodigital technologies in the postdigital condition. In this discussion, Sarah Hayes, Petar Jandrić and Michael A. Peters examine the nature of the convergences, their applications for bioeconomic sustainability and associated ecopedagogies. The dialogue chapter raises issues of definition and places the technological convergence (‘nano-bio-info-cogno’) – of new systems biology and digital technologies at the nano level – in an evolutionary context to speculate, on the basis of the latest research, future possibilities. The chapter also reviews these developments within familiar landscapes of posthumanism and postmodernism, raises the question of political bioeconomy and the role of postdigital education within it.KeywordsPostdigitalBiodigitalismBioinformationalismBiopoliticsBioeconomyConvergenceKnowledge ecologyTechnoscience
El manuscrito expone un recorrido por las perspectivas teóricas centradas en lo interseccional y el cruce, las que han abierto debates sobre las intersecciones, hibridaciones, mixturas y fluideces. Se propone sumar al campo de los estudios de género las trayectorias teóricas del entrecruzamiento para ponerlas en diálogo y aplicarlas de manera crítica y creativa a éste. Revisando los planteamientos de intelectuales de diversas áreas del conocimiento: Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, Néstor García Canclini, Hommi Bhabha y Nancy Fraser, se plantea tensionar las normatividades sexogenéricas que imperan en el orden de la cultura y a partir de las cuales se excluyen las pluralidades propias de la vida social. Las referencias comparten su crítica al pensamiento binario, una des-idealización de lo puro, lo nativo, la identidad, la fijeza, del sujeto monolítico; no creen en las categorías fijas de lo moderno; más bien comparten la perspectiva del dinamismo, de los flujos, de la permanente reconfiguración de la alteridad/otredad. La visita a intelectuales se traduce en algunas propuestas ―y también preguntas― para ampliar el cuerpo teórico-conceptual en el campo de los Estudios de género.
Geschlecht ist gesellschaftlich gemacht. Dass das auch für das biologische Geschlecht sex gilt - ein Postulat queer-feministischer Theorien -, kann dieser Band anhand biologischer Theorien erstmals dezidiert und differenziert belegen. Die naturphilosophischen und biologisch-medizinischen Geschlechtertheorien unterschiedlicher Zeitabschnitte (Antike, beginnende Moderne, Gegenwart) werden dargestellt und mit gesellschaftlichen Geschlechterordnungen in Verbindung gebracht. Heinz-Jürgen Voß führt die miteinander ringenden Positionen differenziert aus und zeigt: Mit prozessorientierten Betrachtungsweisen sind in biologischen Theorien viele Geschlechter denkbar - statt nur zwei oder drei.
Статтю присвячено аналізу процесу пошуку самоідентифікації крізь призму цілого комплексу елементів на матеріалі романів Д. Еберсгоффа «Дівчина з Данії» (2000) та Дж.Юдженідіса «Середня стать» (2002). Метою дослідження є визначення специфіки формування ідентифікації з урахуванням гендерних та просторових особливостей, представлених в зазначених творах. Ця стаття є логічним продовженням розпочатого раніше дослідження проблем само ідентифікації в американській сучасній прозі. Робиться спроба порівняти та систематизувати функціонування та взаємодію різноманітних просторових та тілесних кодів (на кшталт просторового переміщення, імміграції, оприлюднення гендерної ідентичності тощо) з опертям на теорію перформативності гендеру Дж. Батлер, теорію взаємодії просторового та гендерного порядку Г. Урбаха, що й становитимуть методологічну основу дослідження. Для аналізу просторово-тілесних кодів романів обрано дослідження І-Фу Туана про взаємозв’язок тіла, особистих стосунків і просторових домінант, з огляду на яке виявлено додатковий інструментарій творення нової ідентичності персонажів, гендерної в тому числі. В результаті дослідження виявлено, яким чином відбувається трансформація та формування ідентичності, разом з переозначенням його гендерної складової. Крім того, окреслено функції просторового переміщення, транспозиції в ході ідентифікаційного пошуку. Ключові слова: самоідентифікація, гендерна ідентичність, стать, простір, переміщення, імміграція.
mathematical Modelling? Don’t worry if it sounds strange. Most people haven’t ever heard of them. That’s how it is, even though mathematical models run our everyday life and the technological foundations of our society. Even the AI that will soon drive our cars and write our news articles is based on computational models of nerve cells.
This chapter continues to explore what the theory of complicity brings, this time to gender, sex and sexuality. It offers a history of the emergence of binary gender and its relation to Western modernity as well as to race and other intersectionalities. It explores a complicitous understanding of transgender personhood in and through queer, feminist and psychological discourses. It also applies complicity to the idea of consent in heterosexual relations, and to transnational LGBTQ+ identities and colonial histories, with a focus on South Africa.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.