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Para la conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de la boa curiyú (Eunectes notaeus) en la Argentina Etapa experimental piloto 2002-2004, Formosa
Abstract
Entre los años 2002 y 2004 se llevó a cabo en la provincia de Formosa la etapa experimental piloto (EEP) del "Progra- ma para la conservación y el aprovechamiento sustentable de la boa curiyú (Eunectes notaeus) en la Argentina". La EEP tuvo como objetivos profundizar los estudios de biología reproductiva e historia natural de la boa curiyú, estable- cer pautas experimentales de manejo y fiscalización, así como analizar las características ecológicas y económicas de la producción. En los tres años se obtuvieron un total de 16.517 cueros con una media de 2,6 m de longitud, y valo- res de CPUE y rendimiento constantes. De esta manera, comenzaron los registros y mediciones de indicadores de abundancia y sustentabilidad de una especie con un gran vacío previo de información, y para una población con nin- guna o muy baja presión de caza reciente, pero que había sido intensamente explotada décadas atrás. En este capí- tulo presentaremos las bases y criterios para un plan de manejo y conservación de la especie, en acuerdo con los cri- terios de una administración adaptable. Palabras clave: administración adaptable, curiyú, Eunectes notaeus, Formosa, manejo sustentable. Resumen
... Local communities in northeastern Argentina have historically hunted yellow anacondas-locally known as boa curiyú-for their skin [34]. Between 1980 and 1999, around 320,000 individuals were harvested [48], but the harvest was terminated abruptly when trade was effectively banned in 1999, affecting the subsistence of local residents [34]. In 2002, an adaptive management program for the species was developed [48] and remains active as of the publication of this research, harvesting~6500 individuals in 2022. ...
... Between 1980 and 1999, around 320,000 individuals were harvested [48], but the harvest was terminated abruptly when trade was effectively banned in 1999, affecting the subsistence of local residents [34]. In 2002, an adaptive management program for the species was developed [48] and remains active as of the publication of this research, harvesting~6500 individuals in 2022. ...
... Furthermore, we estimated the SVL of living snakes according to the following Eq (2) [48]: ...
Sustainable wildlife management is necessary to guarantee the viability of source populations; but it is rarely practiced in the tropics. The yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) has long been harvested for its leather. Since 2002 its harvest has operated under a management program in northeastern Argentina, which relies on adaptive management practices, that limit the minimum body length permitted for harvesting, the number of active hunters and the length of hunting seasons. Here we investigated the effects of yellow anaconda harvest on its demography based on 2002–2019 data and show that exploitation levels are sustainable. The gradual reduction in annual hunting effort, due to a decrease in the number of hunters and hunting season duration, reduced the total number of anacondas harvested. Conversely, captures per unit effort increased across the study period. The body size of anacondas was not influenced by the harvesting, and more females than males were caught. We also found that a decrease in mean temperature positively influenced anaconda harvest and the capture of giant individuals. Because sustainable use is a powerful tool for conservation, and anacondas are widespread in South America, these discoveries are highly applicable to other species and regions.
... Traditional communities in northeastern Argentina historically hunt yellow anacondas-locally known as boa curiyú-for their skin 29 . Between 1980 and 1999, some 320,000 individuals were harvested 31 , but the harvest decreased abruptly when trade was effectively banned in 1999, affecting the subsistence of local residents 29 . In 2002, a management program for the species-hereafter Programa Curiyú-was developed and remains in operation to the present day 31 . ...
... Between 1980 and 1999, some 320,000 individuals were harvested 31 , but the harvest decreased abruptly when trade was effectively banned in 1999, affecting the subsistence of local residents 29 . In 2002, a management program for the species-hereafter Programa Curiyú-was developed and remains in operation to the present day 31 . ...
... Because management plans must ensure the continuous availability of the exploited resource 32,33 , selected biological parameters must drive management strategies, and this was done for the yellow anaconda in Argentina 30 . During a pilot period (2002)(2003)(2004), the managers established that accredited hunters should be restricted to: 1) hunt during the annual hunting season (currently, a three to four months period during the local winter), and 2) only capture individuals longer than 200 cm snout-vent length (SVL), corresponding to a skin of 230 cm SVL 29,31 , however, a small number of undersized animals has been tolerated. After skins have been extracted and dried by hunters, they are sent to a local buyer, where the Programa Curiyú team collects and systematizes harvest data. ...
Sustainable wildlife management is required to guarantee source species viability; however, it is practiced rarely in the tropics. The yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) has a long history of being harvested for its leather. Since 2002 its harvest has operated under a management program in northeastern Argentina, which relies on adaptive management through limiting the minimum anaconda length, number of hunters and restricting the hunting season. We investigated the effects of the anaconda harvest on its biological parameters based on 2002-2016 data. Here we show that the levels of species exploitation are sustainable. The gradual reduction in the annual hunting effort, due to a decrease in number of hunters and hunting season duration, reduced the total number of anacondas harvested. Conversely, captures per unit effort increased across the study time-period. There was no variation in the mean length of anacondas harvested, or in largest anaconda sizes. Though more females than males were caught, the sex ratio did not vary significantly. We also found that a decrease in mean temperature positively influenced anaconda harvest and the captures of giant individuals. Because sustainable use is a powerful tool for conservation, those discoveries are highly applicable to other species and regions.
... Waller et al. (2007) noted that: "For the first time in more than 20 years, biologists were able to design and test a harvest methodology for this traditionally exploited species. The experimental harvest began in 2002, and approximately 5,000 skins of an average length of 2.6 m were obtained in Formosa each year between 2002 and 2004, following strict administrative and technical procedures (Micucci et al., 2006)." An article describing the plan in detail will appear in the next issue of IGUANA. ...
... The Pigeon Paradox Conservation of urban nature is rarely discussed, yet, as ecosystems continue to shrink and change due to urbanization, conservation will increasingly rely on urban habitats to preserve natural communities. DUNN ET AL. (2006. Conservation Biology 20:1814-1816 refer to this phenomenon as the "pigeon paradox." ...
... Herpetofaunal Declines ARAÚJO ET AL. (2006. Journal of Biogeography 33:1712-1728 explored the relationship between current European distributions of amphibian and reptilian species and potential impacts of climatic warming by asking what proportion of species are projected to lose and gain suitable climate space; whether species projections vary according to taxonomic, spatial, or environmental properties; and what climate factors might be driving projections of loss or gain in suitable environments. ...
... This species was hunted for its skin throughout its range for half a century (Waller and Micucci 1993) until the late 1990s. Approximately 140,000 skins originated from stockpiles accumulated as a result of a hunting ban established by Argentina in 1986 were released for export between the years 1996 and 2000 under strict control of the national authorities (Micucci et al. 2006). International trade diminished after 2001 due to better CITES enforcement in range countries. ...
... Paraguay introduced a voluntary suspension of trade of all CITES Appendix II listed species in 2003, while Argentina implemented a sustainable harvest programme. As of 2002, the species started to be harvested in specific areas of the Province of Formosa, Argentina, under the Yellow Anaconda Management Program (YAMP) that has been producing 2,500 to 5,500 individuals per year (Micucci et al. 2006, Waller et al. 2011. (Embert 2007), Paraguay (Aquino-Shuster et al. 1991) and Argentina (Gallardo 1977). ...
... In northern Argentina's Formosa Province, a harvest program for yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) has been in place since 2002. The program aims to improve the livelihoods of traditional hunters while promoting the conservation value of the species (Micucci et al, 2006;Micucci and Waller, 2007). After an experimental period of two years, a harvest monitoring system was established, which is governed by provincial authorities. ...
... The main difficulty identified within the program is that bureaucratic delays result in changes to activity timelines each year, which affects annual harvest yield results and complicates analysis and comparisons of data between years. Fitzgerald et al. 1994;Mieres and Fitzgerald 2006;Cuéllar et al. 2010Micucci et al. 2006. Shine et al. 1999Natusch et al. 2016a;Natusch et al. 2016bBrooks et al. 2007Brooks et al. 2008;Brooks et al. 2010 Fitzgerald andPainter 2000 Buffrenil and Hemery 2002 Establishment of sustainable use programs for tegu lizards in Argentina and Paraguay. ...
https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/48407
... In northern Argentina's Formosa Province, a harvest program for yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) has been in place since 2002. The program aims to improve the livelihoods of traditional hunters while promoting the conservation value of the species (Micucci et al, 2006;Micucci and Waller, 2007). After an experimental period of two years, a harvest monitoring system was established, which is governed by provincial authorities. ...
... The main difficulty identified within the program is that bureaucratic delays result in changes to activity timelines each year, which affects annual harvest yield results and complicates analysis and comparisons of data between years. Fitzgerald et al. 1994;Mieres and Fitzgerald 2006;Cuéllar et al. 2010Micucci et al. 2006. Shine et al. 1999Natusch et al. 2016a;Natusch et al. 2016bBrooks et al. 2007Brooks et al. 2008;Brooks et al. 2010 Fitzgerald andPainter 2000 Buffrenil and Hemery 2002 Establishment of sustainable use programs for tegu lizards in Argentina and Paraguay. ...
... Program ini berada di bawah kawalan langsung kepada ahli-ahli parlimen asal Isoceño yang mencadangkan kuota dan mengarahkan penangkapan kendali diri (Cuéllar et al. 2010) Di Wilayah Formosa utara Argentina, program penangkapan untuk anaconda kuning (Eunectes notaeus) telah dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2002. Program ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan mata pencarian penangkapan tradisional sambil mempromosikan nilai pemuliharaan spesies (Micucci et al, 2006;Micucci dan Waller, 2007). Selepas tempoh eksperimen selama dua tahun, sistem pengawasan penangkapan telah ditubuhkan, yang ditadbir oleh pihak berkuasa wilayah. ...
... Ular orok-orok yang ditangkap dan dijual secara hidup, tidak mati, dan dibunuh di khalayak ramai sebagai bentuk hiburan. Fitzgerald et al. 1994;Mieres dan Fitzgerald 2006;Cuéllar et al. 2010Micucci et al. 2006. Shine et al. 1999Natusch et al. 2016a;Natusch et al. 2016bBrooks et al. 2007Brooks et al. 2008;Brooks et al. 2010Fitzgerald and Painter 2000Buffrenil and Hemery 2002 Penubuhan program penggunaan lestari bagi kad tegu di Argentina dan Paraguay. ...
... notaeus] in Argentina''), hereafter referred to as ''Curiy´uCuriy´u Program''. The Curiy´uCuriy´u Program allows access to a large number of wild individuals of Yellow Anacondas, which are legally harvested for their skin and, therefore, offers an opportunity for research on several aspects of their biology (for additional information on management, see Micucci et al., 2006;Micucci and Waller, 2007). ...
... Every year during the hunting season (winter), hunters catch about 5,000 Yellow Anacondas ( Micucci et al., 2006). In June and July 2015, the hunters brought us Yellow Anacondas, which we surveyed before slaughter to ensure the dissection of intact individuals. ...
Size and function of digestive organs in snakes are modulated by feeding frequency and by the energetic demands of reproduction. This allows snakes to minimize costs and maximize the energetic gains from predation. Examination of Yellow Anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) acquired from sustainable management activities provided an opportunity to study the predation in this species. Field evidence poses doubts on the historical assumption that they are infrequent feeders. We probed this question by analyzing data of postprandial modulation of stomach, liver, kidneys, and heart, as well as fat bodies in the light of foraging theory. This allowed us to evaluate intersexual differences in the allometry of such structures. We analyzed 95 snakes, and we show that both sexes have similar organ masses. However, livers in females were 55% larger than in males. We also show, for the first time, the postprandial hypertrophy of a digestion-related organ in a wild snake. In specimens with prey in their intestines, postprandial response was significant for only the liver (57% of increase). No other organ presented postprandial hypertrophy. The biggest prey represented 23% of the snake’s body mass, and the prey mass had no significant effect on organ mass. The meager or absent postprandial hypertrophy observed here is similar to frequent foraging snakes. The abundance and levels of consumption of small prey are high in habitats occupied by Yellow Anacondas at our study site. We believe that field data and physiological postprandial responses allow us to regard Yellow Anacondas as active foraging snakes that feed frequently.
... Waller et al. (2007) noted that: "For the first time in more than 20 years, biologists were able to design and test a harvest methodology for this traditionally exploited species. The experimental harvest began in 2002, and approximately 5,000 skins of an average length of 2.6 m were obtained in Formosa each year between 2002 and 2004, following strict administrative and technical procedures (Micucci et al., 2006)." An article describing the plan in detail will appear in the next issue of IGUANA. ...
... Our study area encompasses the Argentinean portion of the species range, in the Formosa and Corrientes provinces ( Figure 1). This region represents the southernmost part of the range of Eunectes notaeus, extending as far down as 30u S [10,14]. Most of the area is a poorlydrained flat plain where palm savannas, grasslands and forest patches form a matrix of wetlands and creeks that slowly drains into four major rivers: the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, Paraná, and Paraguay. ...
[This corrects the article on p. e37473 in vol. 7.].
... Our study area encompasses the Argentinean portion of the species range, in the Formosa and Corrientes provinces (Figure 1). This region represents the southernmost part of the range of Eunectes notaeus, extending as far down as 30u S [10,14] . Most of the area is a poorlydrained flat plain where palm savannas, grasslands and forest patches form a matrix of wetlands and creeks that slowly drains into four major rivers: the Pilcomayo, Bermejo, Paraná, and Paraguay. ...
Yellow anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) are large, semiaquatic boid snakes found in wetland systems in South America. These snakes are commercially harvested under a sustainable management plan in Argentina, so information regarding population structuring can be helpful for determination of management units. We evaluated genetic structure and migration using partial sequences from the mitochondrial control region and mitochondrial genes cyt-b and ND4 for 183 samples collected within northern Argentina. A group of landscape features and environmental variables including several treatments of temperature and precipitation were explored as potential drivers of observed genetic patterns. We found significant population structure between most putative population comparisons and bidirectional but asymmetric migration in several cases. The configuration of rivers and wetlands was found to be significantly associated with yellow anaconda population structure (IBD), and important for gene flow, although genetic distances were not significantly correlated with the environmental variables used here. More in-depth analyses of environmental data may be needed to fully understand the importance of environmental conditions on population structure and migration. These analyses indicate that our putative populations are demographically distinct and should be treated as such in Argentina's management plan for the harvesting of yellow anacondas.
Understanding of snake ecology has increased over the past two decades, but is still limited for many species. This is particularly true for the recently described Beni anaconda (Eunectes beniensis). We present the results of a radio-telemetry study of nine (3M:6F) adult E. beniensis, including home range, and habitat use. We located the snakes 242 times in wet season, and 255 in dry season. Mean wet season home range (MCP) was 25.81 ha (6.7 to 39.4 ha); while mean dry season home range was 0.29 ha (0.13 to 0.42 ha). We found no relationship between home range size and either snout-vent length, weight, or sex. Beni anacondas seem to prefer swamps, and patujusal, while avoiding forest, and rice fields. However, habitat use by individual snakes seems to vary based on the habitats available within their respective home range. Notably, rice fields were avoided by most snakes, which suggests that this type of habitat is unsuitable for anaconda management.
RESUMEN A más de una década de la primera Lista Roja de herpetofauna amenazada propuesta por la Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (AHA 2000), se recategorizaron las serpientes a partir de nueva información taxonómica, biogeográfica y bio-ecológica, además de modificaciones metodológicas respecto a la evaluación anterior. Mediante la participación de 18 especialistas de toda la Argentina se reevaluaron 136 taxones de serpientes (130 en la anterior) incluyendo varios cambios taxonómicos (8 taxones nuevos para Argentina y 2 sinonimizados), obtenién-dose como resultado la inclusión de 49 especies en la lista roja (5 En Peligro, 17 Amenazadas, 27 Vulnerables), 15 Insuficientemente Conocidas y 72 No Amenazadas. En relación con la categorización anterior de la AHA: un taxón descendió de Vulnerable a No Amenazado, 11 No amenazados y 4 Insuficientemente Conocidos fueron elevados a distintas categorías de amenaza, 7 taxones Vulnerables fueron elevados a Amenazados, un taxón fue elevado de Amenazado a En Peligro. De 8 taxones no evaluados en 2000, uno categorizó No Amenazado, 4 Insuficientemente Conocidos, uno Vulnerable y 2 Amenazados. Estas modificaciones son el resultado de: (1) Mayor información sistemática, biogeográfica y bio-ecológica disponible para la evaluación; (2) Cambios en cuanto a las presiones antrópicas sobre las especies o sus hábitats; (3) Modificaciones metodológicas que incluyeron instructivos para aplicar los conceptos, la discusión y consenso entre especialistas y el análisis de las incertidumbres. ABSTRACT After more than a decade from the first red list of threatened herpetofauna proposal by the Asociación Herpetológica Argentina (2000), we re-categorized snakes from new taxonomic, biogeographical and bio-ecological information as well as methodological changes in the former evaluation. Through the participation of 18 specialists from all over Argentina, 136 taxa of snakes (130 in the previous) were re-evaluated including several taxonomic changes (8 new taxa added to Argentina, and 2 sinonimies). The results were the inclusion of 49 species in the red list (5 Endangered, 17 Threatened, 27 Vulnerable), 15 Insufficiently Known and 72 Not Threatened. Compared to the former categorization of the AHA: one taxon descended from Vulnerable to Not Threatened, 11 Not Threatened and 4 Insufficiently Known were elevated to different ca-tegories of threat, 7 taxa were elevated from Endangered to Vulnerable, one from Vulnerable to
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