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The Formation and Limitation of Hakka Identity in
Abstract
Studies have shown that, given the structural limitations imposed by historical, social and political circumstances, the Hakka identity in Southeast Asia is squashed both by the nationalism of indigenous people on the one hand, and the Chineseness of the ethnic Chinese groups as a whole on the other. Therefore, it is not surprising to observe that, in the public spheres of Southeast Asia, Hakka language and culture are virtually invisible. Compared to the situation during the 19 th century, we can see the differences and changes of "being a Hakka" in most of the Southeast Asian states today. These are the results of structural limitations for the Hakka identity in Southeast Asia. However, the Hakka identity or the Hakkaness among the Hakka people in Southeast Asia has not disappeared altogether. It survives, albeit in different forms. In this article, we intend to examine those structural limitations imposed by historical, social and political factors upon the Hakka people in Southeast Asia. We then clarify the development of Hakkaness and its discourse of Hakka identity in contemporary Southeast Asian states, especially in Malaya (including Singapore) /Malaysia. In some cases, the Hakka of Indonesia will also be mentioned. ∗
... Summarily, Hakka consciousness among the Hakkas in Malaysia has eroded. Such pessimism is shared by scholars such as Carstens (1996) and Michael Hsiao and Lim (2007). According to Carstens, the cultural patterns that used to be distinct the Hakkas and the non-Hakkas are disappearing. ...
Civilization is a manifestation of the brilliant cultural progress of a nation. The more excellence and progress is built, the higher the civilization of the nation. To develop a civilization, the spiritual aspect cannot be sidelined because the inner aspect will shape the view of the universe of the nation that built that civilization. Thus, Malaysia as a Muslim country, of course, makes Islam the main thrust as a guide and driver of progress. In building the civilization of the beloved country, the academics are also always concerned and always together with the government squeezing the thinking to achieve the objectives and strategic planning of the government. The current issues of the country are given full attention and together find solutions through various approaches. Thus, the Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies (ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perlis Branch in collaboration with Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Social Augmented Research Initiative Group (SARIG), joined efforts and energy to make the Science, Ethics and Civilization Conference (KonSEP 2022) a success themed Building Malaysian Families, Towards Sustainable Development Goals.
During the 130 years since Chinese settlers first began coming to Sarawak, the pattern of leadership and power within the Chinese community has changed in a number of important respects. The purpose of this essay is to examine the nature of the changes manifested within the Chinese elite, and to analyze the ways in which the criteria for the selection of leaders and the exercise of power have changed from the establishment of Chinese settlement in the 1830's to the contemporary situation as part of the Malaysian Federation. The emphasis is on leadership and power within the Chinese community itself. At the same time the history of the Chinese elite is treated as a problem in local history.
A preliminary analysis of the development model of Hakka associations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” (in Chinese
- Hsieh
Hsieh, Jiann (1999) “A preliminary analysis of the development model of Hakka associations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia” (in Chinese), in Lai Guanfu (ed.) A Distant Source and Long Stream of Hakka: Proceedings of the 5th International Hakkaology Conference. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Federation of Hakka Associations. pp. 134-157