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The research progress and prospect of Digital Manufacturing Science
Abstract
On reviewing the manufacturing activity and the development process of manufacturing science, the research progress and the concept of Digital Manufacturing (DM) are explored. Then, the application status in manufacturing industry and the theory support system of Digital Manufacturing Science (DMS) is summarised. Also, the connotation of DMS is researched. And, the in-depth discussion of the research progress of DMS is given, including the research of sharing and integration of Grid-based manufacturing resources, the intelligent manufacturing system based on agent technology, the Numerical Control (NC) system based on embedded and industrial communication technology, the online digital monitoring system for the operation of large mechanical equipment and device, etc. Finally, the future developing directions of DMS are discussed.
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As the ratio of transport costs to total product cost increases, manufacturers try to fulfil the demands of each geographical region with products manufactured within the same region. Since the manufacturing resources available at each venue can be varied, it is necessary to adapt the manufacturing process plan for each production facility. Traditionally, this process is carried out manually by engineers utilizing computer-aided design (CAD) files. With the advances in artificial intelligence technology and emergence of integration standards such as STEP, it is now possible to automate the CAD/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)/computer numerical control (CNC) interface. Distributed artificial intelligence techniques and mobile agents in particular can be used to transfer information throughout the manufacturing network and construct the distributed knowledge-base required for the intelligent interoperable integration of product data models and manufacturing resources. This paper explores the application of mobile agents as enablers of interoperability in a global manufacturing enterprise. A novel manufacturing chain based on the STEP-NC standard is proposed and the application of agents for transfer of manufacturing information is studied. The research is demonstrated through the use of a prototype manufacturing decision support system developed using agents.
The search for automatic manufacture of components has been and continues to be a major goal of researchers since CNC machines appeared in the 1980's. The ability to generate an NC tool path is now commonplace from CAD/CAM systems, but the technology used to program NC machines is still based on 1950's standards. Today under the IMS project named STEP-NC in Europe and Asia, and Super Model in the USA, industrialists and academics are collaborating to deliver a new data model for CNC machines entitled the ISO14649 standard. The authors believe that this standard will provide software vendors with the basis to meet this automatic CNC manufacturing goal. This paper provides a futuristic view of how this standard could be used in manufacturing and highlights the various issues for CAD/CAM vendors; machine control vendors and manufacturing users.
In recent years, the application of agent-based systems in manufacturing has received a lot of attention in several areas, particularly scheduling and shop-floor control. This paper explores two methods of enhancing the negotiation process employed by an agent-based system to support performance improvements in real-time routing of job orders within job-shop environments. The first method takes advantage of an extended negotiation period to provide a more complete picture of the shop''s conditions in order to enhance the validity of the decisions made by individual agents. The second approach explores the possibility of process model data to increase the accuracy of time estimates used in the negotiation process. The resulting performance of the two methods is tested using a simulated job shop.
The ability to generate an NC tool path is now commonplace in CAD/CAM systems, but the technology used for programming and control of NC machines is still based on 1950s standards. Today, under the IMS project called STEP-NC in Europe and Asia, and Super Model in USA, industrialists and academics are collaborating to deliver a new data model as an ISO 14649 standard for CNC machines. This standard will enable software vendors to revolutionize the programming of these machines. This paper provides a futuristic view of how this standard could be used in manufacturing and highlights a number of possible generic frameworks for how CAD/CAM systems may evolve using the ISO 14649 standard. Finally, the paper proposes a prototype STEP-compliant CAD/CAM system based on one of these frameworks using the new ISO 14649 standard for milling components.
Today's complex manufacturing systems operate in a changing environment rife with uncertainty. The performance of manufacturing companies ultimately hinges on their ability to rapidly adapt their production to current internal and external circumstances. On the base of a running national research project on digital enterprises and production networks, the paper illustrates how the concepts of intelligent manufacturing systems and digital enterprises can contribute to the solution of the above problems.
The bionic vibration isolation mechanism and organic texture of woodpecker's brain were analyzed. Based on the bionics and hybrid vibration isolation technology, a 6-degree-of-freedom bionics vibration isolation system for the micro-manufacturing platform and its structural model were established. This system used air springs as passive vibration isolation elements and giant magnetostrictive actuators as active vibration isolation elements. The experimental results show that the developed vibration isolation system has good isolation performance against the floor disturbance.
In an Virtual Enterprise (VE), low efficiency in manufacturing resource share is an urgent problem. The emergence of grid technology has provided a feasible solution to improve resources utilization rates. The characteristics and architecture of grid were firstly introduced. Afterwards the connotations and application classification of manufacturing grid were discussed. Then, the enterprise information integration framework based on grid technology and its implementation methods were put forward. In virtue of a specific application background, the five-layer-model application framework of VE based on grid technology was presented, and its functions were detailed. Finally, a case was employed to demonstrate primary realization of the application framework on the Manufacturing Grid (MG) test-bed.
Currently in optical machining systems, the voice coil actuator is implemented for servo control. The main obstacle that hinders the machining accuracy and efficiency is the limited bandwidth of voice coil. To fundamentally solve this issue, we develop a hybrid actuation system that consists of the voice coil that covers the coarse motion and a piezoelectric stack that induces the fine motion. The focus of this present research is the mechatronics synthesis of the actuation system through mechanism design. A series of numerical and experimental studies are carried out to optimally design the dual-stage actuation system that has adequate bandwidth at the system level while maintaining the stroke and alignment of the piezo stack. The performance of the new system is demonstrated via closed-loop system simulation.
This paper is a supplement to “Trends in the Development of Advanced Manufacturing Technology” (Yang and Wu in Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 39: 73, 2003) but delves deeper into it. It first points out the strategic status of manufacturing industry in state development. Then,
a detailed analysis is given on the features and trends in the development of advanced manufacturing technology in a total
of 12 points from three aspects: “precision,” “extreme,” and “culture” from the aspect of the product itself; “green,” “rapidness,”
“saving,” and “efficiency” during the manufacturing process; and “digit,” “auto,” “integration,” “networking,” and “intelligence”
in view of the manufacturing method. In addition, it emphasizes that all the above aspects should be based on two base points:
“manufacture” and “machinery.” Finally, it puts forth the guiding ideologies for the development of advanced manufacturing
technology and the aspects China should give priority to in development, while stressing on the principles of independence,
innovation and “human orientation.”
In order to respond to the continuously changeable market rapidly and flexibly, manufacturing system should be able to configure its structure and manufacturing ability according to manufacturing task, namely have reconfigurability. It’s a heavy difficult problem, facing manufacturing task, to quickly and accurately reconfigure manufacturing system due to its complicated, heterarchical, nonlinear structure. This paper proposes bionic Self-organizing theory, which resolves the reconfigurable problem of manufacturing system from a new visual angle. Human body responds to the external environment through the dynamic link structure and connecting intensity of synapses on the neurons, which has some super characters such as real-time, fast, parallel, and plastic and so on. In this paper, manufacturing resources are regarded as neuron. While manufacturing task and process information changes, corresponding manufacturing resources set up dynamically related structure. This structure can self-organize real-timely, quickly, dynamically according to the internal and external environments, have anti-interference ability, and meet continuously changeable market’s needs.
Agent technology has been recognized as a promising paradigm for next generation manufacturing systems. Researchers have attempted to apply agent technology to manufacturing enterprise integration, enterprise collaboration (including supply chain management and virtual enterprises), manufacturing process planning and scheduling, shop floor control, and to holonic manufacturing as an implementation methodology. This paper provides an update review on the recent achievements in these areas, and discusses some key issues in implementing agent-based manufacturing systems such as agent encapsulation, agent organization, agent coordination and negotiation, system dynamics, learning, optimization, security and privacy, tools and standards.
Industrial risk and the diversification of risk types both increase with industrial development. Many uncertain factors and high risk are inherent in the implementation of new green manufacturing methods. Because of the shortage of successful examples and complete and certain knowledge, decision-making methods using probabilities to represent risk, which need many examples, cannot be used to evaluate risk in the implementation of green manufacturing projects. Therefore, a fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making (FMADM) method was developed with a three-level hierarchical decision-making model to evaluate the aggregate risk for green manufacturing projects. A case study shows that the hierarchical decision-making model of the aggregate risk and the FMADM method effectively reflect the characteristics of the risk in green manufacturing projects.
A part is primarily characterized by its ‘function(s)’. The function of the part is achieved through its ‘interactions’ with other parts in an assembly under a set of operating conditions. These ‘interactions’ constitute the ‘behavior’ of the part. The ‘part behavior’ is achieved through a set of spatial and design functional relationships between the interacting surfaces of the parts. The set of spatial and design functional relationships for a part constitutes the Part Function Model (PFM) of that part. In this paper, the nature and role of part ‘functions’ and ‘behaviors’ have been studied in the context of a product design system. The paper addresses the following issues: (i) relationship between function, behavior, and geometry of a part; (ii) importance of ‘part behavior’ over ‘part function’, and development of a ‘part behavior’ model; (iii) methodology for transforming the part behaviors into the PFM model of the part; (iv) product model framework for storing the PFM model information with an Object Oriented Programming (OOP) based CAD system (Concentra's Concept Modeller); (v) importance of the PFM model within the product development process; and (vi) application of the PFM model for generating various product specifications of the part. The prototype implementation of a Functional Design System for transforming part behaviors into different types of part specifications has also been presented in this paper.
Advanced manufacturing technologies and modes, grid technologies, information technologies and advanced management technologies were integrated to solve the resource sharing and collaborative operation in current manufacturing process. A new manufacturing mode namely Manufacturing Grid (MGrid) was presented. After the grid and its applications were summarised, the concept of MGrid was discussed firstly, and the related works about MGrid as well. Then the differences between MGrid and networked manufacturing and computational grid, the structure and main functions of MGrid system, were put forward. The executing platform of MGrid and its main workflow were presented thirdly. An application prototype, namely MBRSSP-MGrid, was developed to show the workflow of MGrid system.
Grid technology is a new sustentation for the sharing of global manufacturing resources. To promote the application of grid technologies in the manufacturing industry, a framework for a manufacturing grid (MG) has been expatiated. The framework is composed of a network infrastructure layer, a manufacturing resource aggregation layer, a manufacturing resource management layer, a manufacturing service application layer and a MG portal layer. Modelling manufacturing resources, one key technology of implementing the MG application system, has been studied intensively. A manufacturing resource hierarchy model (MRHM), which consists of a manufacturing resource layer, a resource expressing layer and a resource interface layer, is proposed. In the model, various manufacturing resources are aggregated into a resource layer; all resource information is encapsulated in an information expressing layer employing XML (extensible markup language) schema; all accessing operations to resources are defined in the resource interface layer using WSDL (web service description language). Lastly, being the validation of MRHM, a standard part library system based on Unigraphics18.0 and SQL Server2000 is encapsulated as a resource node in the MG. The node provides online services like querying information for standard parts, viewing and downloading geometry models of standard parts, and so on.
Typically, the Winter Simulation Conference has generally focused
on discrete event simulation and capacity modeling. This paper discusses
integration of several of the engineering simulation systems involved in
the design and manufacturing of capital intensive products. The purpose
of this paper is to foster discussion on the benefits of an integrated
data environment for design through production