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Virgin olive oil as a fundamental nutritional component and skin protector
Abstract
Fats are indispensable to life not only as an energy source but also for their structural role in the skin, retina, nervous system, lipoproteins, and biologic membranes. They are also precursors of important hormones and constitute the vehicle for the absorption of liposoluble vitamins. Nutritionists recommend a balanced lipid intake corresponding to a total amount of fats equal to 25% to 30% of total calories with a ratio in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, olive oil, with its balanced fatty acid composition, is of high nutritional value. Moreover, extra virgin olive oil, extracted from a fruit, has an important value related to the antioxidant power of minor components. Extra virgin olive oil contains 98% to 99% triglycerides and 1% to 2% minor components. In the triglycerides, the main fatty acids are represented by monounsaturates (oleic), with a slight amount of saturates and an adequate amount of polyunsaturates. The minor components are alpha-tocopherol, phenol compounds, carotenoids, squalene, phytosterols, and chlorophyll. Factors that can influence olive oil's composition, especially in regard to its minor components, are the cultivar, area of production, time of harvesting, and degree of technology used in its production. Therefore, an evaluation of the biologic value of extra virgin olive oil and its use as a topical raw material in cosmetic dermatology is reported.
... They form the oily phase of emulsions and can act as over-greasing agents in detergents for the skin and hair. Additionally, olive oil can contribute to the improvement of skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis and eczema, moisturizing the dry, flaky skin, which becomes supple and flexible [6,72]. Several lipophilic compounds in the olive tree are also present in the skin. ...
... Several lipophilic compounds in the olive tree are also present in the skin. Their properties range from being emollient, moisturizing, and protective to being an antioxidant; they show healing activity and repair the function of the lipid barrier [72,73], and also act as lubricants, resulting in soft, elastic and lubricated skin, providing a feeling of well-being. Their activity results from their capacity to remain on the surface of the skin for long periods of time [74][75][76]. ...
... Oleic acid (C18:1), the most abundant fatty acid from the olive tree, holds a particular interest in topical formulations and may be used as a facilitator for the entry of certain active ingredients through the skin barrier [72,78,79]. ...
Currently, in addition to the use of olive oil in cosmetics, the use of olive-derived bioactives and their incorporation into cosmetics is a growing trend. The olive oil industry produces vast quantities of by-products, such as olive mill wastewater, olive pomace and leaves from which new ingredients may be obtained for cosmetic use. In this way, by-products are revalorized, which contributes to the implementation of a sustainable economy or upcycling. This review intends to provide a detailed overview of the different extraction techniques reported in order to obtain the bioactive compounds of cosmetic value that can be found in olive by-products: fatty acids, tocopherols, polyphenols, phytosterols and squalene. Different extraction techniques are presented, including some traditional techniques (solid–liquid extraction) and more novel or “greener” ones: ultrasound, microwave, supercritical extraction, pressurized fluids and deep eutectic solvents. Additionally, different applications of olive by-products in skin care products are explored: emollient, antioxidant, anti-age, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial, and the perspective of consumers is also considered since they increasingly demand products formulated with natural ingredients.
... The minor component is 1-2% consists of α-tocopherol, phenol component, carotenoid (ß-carotene and lutein), squalene, phytosterols, and chlorophyll. The linoleic and linolenic content of extra virgin olive oil has an essential function as a moisturizer and protection for the skin [6]. According to Orey [7], α-tocopherol in extra virgin olive oil is a natural antioxidant that can prevent free radicals. ...
... Squalene in extra virgin olive oil can bind to singlet oxygen species from free radicals that formed by exposure to UV light on the skin. Consumption of extra virgin olive oil is proven to protect against aging by inhibiting oxidative stress because of its contain [6,8]. ...
... This is because oil, in this research, was extra virgin olive oil can act as a protective bridge on the skin by providing occlusive properties that can prevent loss of water so that the skin became hydration [24]. The component of extra virgin olive oil, such as (linoleic and linolenic content, α-tocopherol, and squalene) is a natural antioxidant that can prevent free radicals that can make the skin become moist and protecting skin [6][7][8]. According to Iwai, et al. [25], water is quickly evaporated because there is a continuous phase in the liquid crystal emulsion released under dry skin conditions after application, which can increase the water content that enters the skin. ...
Objective: The purpose of this research was to formulate and evaluate the and anti-aging activity and the characteristic of liquid crystal emulsion of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Methods: Preparation of liquid crystal emulsion was made using the variation of alkyl polyglycoside and caprylic triglyceride as surfactant with concentration ratio was 3:5 (F1), 4:4 (F2), 5:3 (F3) and 5% extra virgin olive oil as an anti-aging substance. The liquid crystal emulsions were evaluated for an organoleptic test, microscopic, pH value, viscosity, particle size, zeta potential during 12 w storage at room temperature and centrifugation test. The selected liquid crystal emulsion was examined with anti-aging activity (moisture, pore, spot, and wrinkle) using a skin analyzer to volunteer’s skin. Results: The result showed that all formulas had stable storage for 12 w at room temperature (25±1 °C). Liquid crystal emulsion with a surfactant concentration of alkyl polyglycosides and caprylic triglycerides 4:4 (F2) showed the presence of liquid crystal, the stable value of pH (6.9) and viscosity (4995 mPa), smallest particle size 5.727 µm, and highest zeta potential-34.5 mV after 12 w storage at room temperature. Conclusion: EVOO liquid crystal emulsion (F2) showed better skin anti-aging activity (condition of moisture content, pore, spot, and wrinkle) than conventional emulsion. It concluded that the formula was stable physically and showed better skin anti-aging activity than conventional emulsion.
... However, there was no further discussion about the role of olive oil in their lipstick formulation. A study by Viola and Violab (2009) mentioned that the phenol structure of olive oil has shown antioxidant action, especially oleuropeine, which acts against free radicals at the skin level [103]. Olive oil has an inhibitory effect on sun-induced cancer development when applied on the skin after the sun exposure [103]. ...
... However, there was no further discussion about the role of olive oil in their lipstick formulation. A study by Viola and Violab (2009) mentioned that the phenol structure of olive oil has shown antioxidant action, especially oleuropeine, which acts against free radicals at the skin level [103]. Olive oil has an inhibitory effect on sun-induced cancer development when applied on the skin after the sun exposure [103]. ...
... A study by Viola and Violab (2009) mentioned that the phenol structure of olive oil has shown antioxidant action, especially oleuropeine, which acts against free radicals at the skin level [103]. Olive oil has an inhibitory effect on sun-induced cancer development when applied on the skin after the sun exposure [103]. On the other hand, Gorini et al. (2019) indicated that topical treatment with olive oil has a detrimental effect on skin barrier function and has the potential to promote the development of and to exacerbate existing atopic dermatitis [3,104]. ...
A considerable amount of literature has been published on several aspects of lipsticks production. To date, there is no collation of studies related to lipsticks production that has been published. This review was conducted to examine information about the history of lipsticks; ingredients used in the preparation of lipsticks, focusing on the natural and chemical ingredients; methods of preparation for the lipsticks; and the characterization of the lipsticks. A literature search for English language articles was conducted by searching electronic databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Overall, the evidence indicates that lipsticks have been used since ancient times and are among the highest demand cosmetics. The findings of this review summarize those of earlier studies that explained the use of different types of ingredients in the manufacturing processes of lipsticks. It highlights the importance of using green technology and ingredients to fabricate lipsticks to avoid potential side effects such as skin irritation and allergy reaction.
... The Egyptians, for example, used olive oil to make creams and perfumes, while the Romans used this oil to keep the skin elastic after bathing. Nowadays, especially in the last few decades, olive oil has been the subject of several studies, mainly due to its biologic and healthy value (Viola & Viola, 2009;Smeriglio et al., 2019). ...
... palmitic and stearic acids) fatty acids. (Viola & Viola, 2009;Driss & El-Benna, 2010;Wani et al., 2018) The group of minor components include hydrocarbons (e.g. squalene), phytosterols (e.g. ...
... Skin is the main protection organ against numerous internal and external conditions, being highly prone to oxidative stress, especially due to exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which leads to ROS formation and, upon an imbalance between ROS formation and antioxidant defences, to oxidative stress. (Viola & Viola, 2009;Rodrigues et al., 2015). ...
Olea europaea L. is one of the most important fruit trees in the Mediterranean countries due to its products, olive oil and table olives. However, the olive oil extraction industry produces large amounts of by‐products, such as olive pomace, leaves and olive mill wastewater, which are considered harmful to the environment, having negative impacts on soil, aquatic and air ecosystems. The olive oil industry by‐products are a major ecological issue mainly due to their phenolic components, such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol. However, olive oil industry by‐products can be recovered, treated and studied for their health‐promoting properties, holding great potential for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, the recovery and treatment processes contribute to an efficient waste management and sustainability of the olive oil industry, leading to important economic benefits. The phenolic compounds extracted and obtained from these by‐products present numerous health properties and can be used as antioxidant, photoprotector, anti‐inflammatory and/or antimicrobial agents in wellness and therapeutics of the skin. This review highlights issues related to olive oil industry by‐products and then proceeds to discuss how their beneficial biological activities make them reusable, particularly their high positive impact in treating skin disorders.
... To this aim, we compared their emulsification capacity test using two model oils-one mimicking the composition of sebum secreted by human skin (olive oil) and one representing a model greasy dirt difficult to remove (engine oil). The similarity of the composition of olive oil to human sebum results from the high content of squalene, β-sitosterol and fatty acids [45]. Analogous tests are typically employed to compare the washing abilities of different detergents, so in addition to the mechanistic questions, they will provide reliable grounds for the comparison of the practical usefulness of SAP and its synthetic counterparts. ...
... The chamber temperature was set to 120 °C and the outlet temperature (effective drying temperature) equaled typically 70 °C. The dried extract (SAP), with total saponin content of 110 ± 2.4 mg/g of dry mass (determined using UPLC-MS, as described in ref. [45]) was stored at room temperature and was dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH = 7, I = 10 −3 M) immediately before the measurements. ...
... It was then dried using a YC-015A lab spray dryer (Pilotech, Shanghai, China). The chamber temperature was set to 120 • C and the outlet temperature (effective drying temperature) equaled typically 70 • C. The dried extract (SAP), with total saponin content of 110 ± 2.4 mg/g of dry mass (determined using UPLC-MS, as described in ref. [45]) was stored at room temperature and was dissolved in phosphate buffer (pH = 7, I = 10 −3 M) immediately before the measurements. ...
Our skin is continuously exposed to different amphiphilic substances capable of interaction with its lipids and proteins. We describe the effect of a saponin-rich soapwort extract and of four commonly employed synthetic surfactants: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium laureth sulfate (SLES), ammonium lauryl sulfate (ALS), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) on different human skin models. Two human skin cell lines were employed: normal keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human melanoma cells (A375). The liposomes consisting of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixture in a molar ratio of 7:3, mimicking the cell membrane of keratinocytes and melanoma cells were employed as the second model. Using dynamic light scattering (DLS), the particle size distribution of liposomes was analyzed before and after contact with the tested (bio)surfactants. The results, supplemented by the protein solubilization tests (albumin denaturation test, zein test) and oil emulsification capacity (using olive oil and engine oil), showed that the soapwort extract affects the skin models to a clearly different extent than any of the tested synthetic surfactants. Its protein and lipid solubilizing potential are much smaller than for the three anionic surfactants (SLS, ALS, SLES). In terms of protein solubilization potential, the soapwort extract is comparable to CAPB, which, however, is much harsher to lipids.
... Together, these compounds give olive oil a unique chemical complexity that contributes to its sensory, nutritional, and functional properties. It is essential to note that this intricate composition is influenced by various environmental and agronomic factors, such as soil type, climate, and harvesting techniques, which modulate the qualitative and quantitative distribution of its constituents [6]. This variation can have a significant impact on the sensory profile and nutritional properties of olive oil, giving it a unique diversity of aromas and flavors [6]. ...
... It is essential to note that this intricate composition is influenced by various environmental and agronomic factors, such as soil type, climate, and harvesting techniques, which modulate the qualitative and quantitative distribution of its constituents [6]. This variation can have a significant impact on the sensory profile and nutritional properties of olive oil, giving it a unique diversity of aromas and flavors [6]. ...
Olive oil (Olea europaea) is one of the major components of the Mediterranean diet and is composed of a greater percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid; polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic acid; and minor compounds, such as phenolic compounds, and particularly hydroxytyrosol. The latter, in fact, are of greater interest since they have found widespread use in popular medicine. In recent years, it has been documented that phenolic acids and in particular hydroxytyrosol have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative action and therefore interest in their possible use in clinical practice and in particular in neoplasms, both solid and hematological, has arisen. This work aims to summarize and analyze the studies present in the literature, both in vitro and in vivo, on the possible use of minor components of olive oil in some hematological neoplasms. In recent years, in fact, interest in nutraceutical science has expanded as a possible adjuvant in the treatment of neoplastic pathologies. Although it is worth underlining that, regarding the object of our study, there are still few preclinical and clinical studies, it is, however, possible to document a role of possible interest in clinical practice.
... The results showed that there was no mortality or toxic signs up to 5000 mg/kg and the % body weight change in POFE/B/KOH/ABND and the group of mice that were treated with ABND were 9.5% and -0.15%, respectively. The results of our study agree with the results of studies by Viola andViola (2009) andFathy et al. (2018). The results showed that the activities of ALT and AST were increased in the group of mice that were treated with POFE/B/KOH/ABND, and ABND when compared to the normal control and NOFE control groups. ...
... The results showed that there was no mortality or toxic signs up to 5000 mg/kg and the % body weight change in POFE/B/KOH/ABND and the group of mice that were treated with ABND were 9.5% and -0.15%, respectively. The results of our study agree with the results of studies by Viola andViola (2009) andFathy et al. (2018). The results showed that the activities of ALT and AST were increased in the group of mice that were treated with POFE/B/KOH/ABND, and ABND when compared to the normal control and NOFE control groups. ...
... The results showed that there was no mortality or toxic signs up to 5000 mg/kg and the % body weight change in POFE/B/KOH/ABND and the group of mice that were treated with ABND were 9.5% and -0.15%, respectively. The results of our study agree with the results of studies by Viola andViola (2009) andFathy et al. (2018). The results showed that the activities of ALT and AST were increased in the group of mice that were treated with POFE/B/KOH/ABND, and ABND when compared to the normal control and NOFE control groups. ...
... The results showed that there was no mortality or toxic signs up to 5000 mg/kg and the % body weight change in POFE/B/KOH/ABND and the group of mice that were treated with ABND were 9.5% and -0.15%, respectively. The results of our study agree with the results of studies by Viola andViola (2009) andFathy et al. (2018). The results showed that the activities of ALT and AST were increased in the group of mice that were treated with POFE/B/KOH/ABND, and ABND when compared to the normal control and NOFE control groups. ...
Olive fruits (Olea europaea L) have several health and nutritional benefits due to their high content of antioxidant compounds. This study evaluated the hepato-renal toxic effects of pickled olive fruits that were treated with acid black nigrosine dye (ABND) in mice. Twenty male Swiss albino mice (CD-1) were used to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of ABND. Then the other forty male mice were equally divided into 4 groups (N = 10) as follows: Group 1 (Gp1) was served as a control group. Gp2 was administered orally with a normal olive fruit extract (NOFE) of 150 mg/kg b.wt. Gp3 was administered with pickled olive fruit extract treated with KOH and ABND (POFE/B/KOH/ABND) at 150 mg/kg b.wt. The last group (Gp4) was administered with ABND alone at 60 mg/kg b.wt. The treatment of all the experimental groups was daily for 2 consecutive months. At the end of the experiment, percentages of body weight (% b.wt.) changes were calculated. Blood and sera samples were collected for determination of the hematological and biochemical parameters Liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological investigations. The results showed that the group of mice that were treated with POFE/B/KOH/ABND showed significant hepato-renal dysfunctions, as evidenced by altering some of the hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters.
... In agreement, Viola P. and Viola M. [63] attributed the improved hematological parameters against toxicity to the oleuropein and other active ingredients of the olive oil. In addition, Joseph and Raj [64] and Fathy [61] reported that figs are the ideal diet in anemic conditions. ...
... The ameliorative FOD results in the present study might be due to the olive oil's potent antioxidants that prevent lipid oxidation due to the prevention of cholesterol absorption or its production or increased cholesterol secretion and excretion [93,94]. In agreement, unsaturated lipids like that of olive oil decreased the plasma cholesterol and ameliorated the blood lipids and the risk ratios [63]. In agreement with the present results, Lee et al. [95] recorded ameliorated lipid profile after fig extract supplementation to irradiated rats due to the protection of the plasma lipoproteins from oxidation and significantly elevated the plasma antioxidant capacity. ...
The present study determines the possible protective role of fig fruit extract with olive oil and date palm fruit extract (FOD) in decreasing the oral subchronic blood and cardiovascular toxicity of SiO2NPs, Al2O3NPs, or ZnONPs. The present study used 80 male Wistar rats (8 groups, n = 10 ) distributed according to the treatment. The FOD treatments were used at their recommended antioxidant doses. All nanoparticles (NPs) were given orally and daily at doses of 100 mg/kg for 75 days. The oral administration of different NPs alone led to dramatic, oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, blood coagulation, endothelial dysfunction markers, myocardial enzymes, hematological parameters, lipid profile, and histopathological features compared with the control group. The FOD-NP-treated groups recorded significantly ameliorated blood and cardiovascular toxicity hazards compared to the groups administered with the NPs alone. In conclusion, the administration of FOD provides considerable chemopreventive and ameliorative effects against NP toxicity.
... It is composed mainly of fatty acids and other minor components. 1 The fatty acids are mainly subdivided into unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids) and saturated types (palmitic and stearic acids). The other minor components include α-tocopherol, phenol compounds. ...
... The other minor components include α-tocopherol, phenol compounds. 1 Olive oil phenols can be divided into three categories: simple phenols, secoiridoids, and lignans, all of which inhibit auto-oxidation. Major phenols include hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, and ligstroside. ...
The use of topical olive oil (OO) for skin health is common among Saudis and worldwide. Therefore, this cross-sectional study is aimed at assessing the use of topical OO for skin health among Saudis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was administered to Saudis at four different malls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 401 participants were enrolled in the study. The results showed that the average knowledge score of the participants was 3.4±0.3 (out of 5) and 87% had fair knowledge. The top source of knowledge among the participants was friends/relatives. In the attitude section, the average score was 4.1±0.5 (out of 5). Females had a higher attitude score 4.2±0.5 as compared to males 4±0.5 (P=0.03). The most common reason for using topical OO among the participants was skin moisturizing (73%). Female gender was the only significant factor associated with the use of topical OO (P<0.001). The use of topical OO for skin health is highly prevalent in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, more awareness of the benefits and adverse effects of topical OO use is required especially from health educational organizations. The preliminary results of this study suggest further research with a larger sample in an academic setting across the nation.
... The ratio ω-6/ω-3 in olive oil is highly satisfied, since the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended this ratio to be within 5:1 to 10:1 [7,8]. ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids play an important role in development of cell membrane, regulate fluidity of cell membrane and activities of precursor molecules of many physiological elements, those are involved in controlling inflammatory reactions, blood pressure, mortal cardiac diseases and cancer [9]. ...
... In combination with vitamin A, vitamin E stimulates cell regeneration. It is considered as useful remedy against wrinkles and is also applied in treatment to prevent stretch marks [8,59]. Presently, microcapsule of olive oil has been applied into the cosmetics with the same aid [18,58,63]. ...
Olive oil has been received a great importance around the globe because it provides unique functional value. Olive oil prevents the risks of several chronic and acute metabolic disorders because it is enriched with monounsaturated fatty acids, antioxidant phenolic compounds, vitamin E and vitamin K. Unfortunately, oxidative deterioration of fatty acids in olive oil provides short shelf life and reduces biological activities. It is responsible for undesirable organoleptic properties. It may belief that one of the solutions to preserve the quality of olive oil is microencapsulation. In this review, comprehensive information about techniques to prepare olive oil microcapsule is represented. To prepare olive oil microcapsule, emulsification of olive oil with different wall materials (matrixes) has been adopted as a primary step. Subsequently, dehydration of emulsion by spray drying or freeze drying or coacervation process has been adopted to prepare olive oil microcapsule. Moreover, microcapsule of olive oil has been prepared by extrusion technology. Biopolymers, such as proteins and polysaccharides have been used as wall material for encapsulation of olive oil. As stable emulsification is one of important issue to produce microcapsule, several emulsifiers, such as lecithin, tween 20 have been used during emulsion preparation. Different characteristics of the microcapsule of olive oil are summarized because it is influenced by several factors during preparation of microcapsule. In later exercise, several applications of encapsulated olive oil in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are represented in comprehensive way. It may expect that this review article will receive attention in industries and academic sectors.
... It is composed mainly of fatty acids and other minor components. 1 The fatty acids are mainly subdivided into unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids) and saturated types (palmitic and stearic acids). The other minor components include α-tocopherol, phenol compounds. ...
... The other minor components include α-tocopherol, phenol compounds. 1 Olive oil phenols can be divided into three categories: simple phenols, secoiridoids, and lignans, all of which inhibit auto-oxidation. Major phenols include hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, and ligstroside. ...
The use of topical olive oil (OO) for skin health is common among Saudis and worldwide. Therefore, this cross-sectional study is aimed at assessing the use of topical OO for skin health among Saudis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was administered to Saudis at four different malls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 401 participants were enrolled in the study. The results showed that the average knowledge score of the participants was 3.4±0.3 (out of 5) and 87% had fair knowledge. The top source of knowledge among the participants was friends/relatives. In the attitude section, the average score was 4.1±0.5 (out of 5). Females had a higher attitude score 4.2±0.5 as compared to males 4±0.5 (P=0.03). The most common reason for using topical OO among the participants was skin moisturizing (73%). Female gender was the only significant factor associated with the use of topical OO (P < 0.001). The use of topical OO for skin health is highly prevalent in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, more awareness of the benefits and adverse effects of topical OO use is required especially from health educational organizations. The preliminary results of this study suggest further research with a larger sample in an academic setting across the nation.
... Some polyunsaturated fatty acids with 18 carbon atoms (linoleic, 18:2 ω-6, and α-linolenic, 18:3 ω-3), although indispensable for cell structure and function, cannot be synthesized by the body and must be consumed in food. 18 The minor components of EVOO are α-tocopherol, phenol compounds, carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein), squalene, phytosterols, and chlorophyll (in addition to a great number of aromatic substances). ...
... Therefore, olive oil is a good source in many applications such as biological, cosmetics and nutrition-related applications. 18,19 Black Cumin Products and their Characteristics Black cumin seed is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family growing in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. 26 The scientific classification of black cumin is shown in Table-3. Black cumin seed is an annual herbaceous plant cultivated in different parts of the world, mainly in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea. ...
... Emollients are a standard of care for inhibition of dryness, steroid-sparing effect, and maintenance therapy in AD [4,6]. Virgin olive oil coat the skin, occluding and protecting it by slowing down transepidermal water loss and increasing hydration within the stratum corneum [6,21]. Also, it makes the skin look less rough and scaly [21]. ...
... Virgin olive oil coat the skin, occluding and protecting it by slowing down transepidermal water loss and increasing hydration within the stratum corneum [6,21]. Also, it makes the skin look less rough and scaly [21]. The superiority of Olivederma in comparison with Betamethasone regarding the severity of dryness reported by our patients might be due to such moisturizing effects of olive oil. ...
Objectives:
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent and chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin condition that can influence all age groups. AD is associated with a poor health-related quality of life. This randomized clinical trial was performed to compare the effectiveness of Olivederma (combination of aloe vera and virgin olive oil) or betamethasone regarding disease severity, quality of life, serum IgE and eosinophil count.
Methods:
Thirty-six AD patients were randomly allocated to topical Olivederma or betamethasone, and were followed for 6 weeks.
Results:
Total SCORAD severity scores showed significant decrease in both groups, while it was more prominent in Olivederma group (64.5% improvement in Olivederma vs. 13.5% improvement in Betamethasone, p-value < 0.001). Quality of life (DLQI questionnaire) of AD patients was significantly improved after 6 weeks treatment with Betamethasone (22.3%, p < 0.001) and Olivederma (60.7%, p-value < 0.001). Olivederma group showed a significantly lower DLQI score in comparison with Betamethasone treated patients after 6 weeks of therapy (p < 0.001). Improvements in eosinophil count and serum IgE was observed.
Conclusion:
In summary, this study shows that Olivederma is superior to topical Betamethasone after 6 weeks of therapy with regard to disease severity, quality of life and eosinophil count.
... Ini dikarenakan oleh aktivasi enzim p53, suatu enzim yang mencegah dan memperbaiki kerusakan kulit yang disebabkan oleh paparan UVA. (26)(27)(28) Secara keseluruhan, minyak zaitun murni diindikasikan untuk digunakan langsung pada kulit dalam bentuk krim dan salep yang digunakan di dunia kosmetik. Namun, tidak dapat dilupakan jika penggunaan minyak zaitun secara topikal saja atau sebagai bahan dalam kosmetik kulit memiliki efek terapeutik (yaitu sebagai anti-inflamasi, anti-neoplastik serta anti-penuaan), penggunaan minyak zaitun sehari-hari diyakinin berkontribusi dapat mencegah perubahan fisiologis yang disebabkan oleh waktu dan beragam faktor pengaruh eksternal. ...
... Namun, tidak dapat dilupakan jika penggunaan minyak zaitun secara topikal saja atau sebagai bahan dalam kosmetik kulit memiliki efek terapeutik (yaitu sebagai anti-inflamasi, anti-neoplastik serta anti-penuaan), penggunaan minyak zaitun sehari-hari diyakinin berkontribusi dapat mencegah perubahan fisiologis yang disebabkan oleh waktu dan beragam faktor pengaruh eksternal. (26)(27)(28) ...
Sensus WHO memperkirakan kenaikan populasi lanjut usia di dunia sebesar 10% sampai 22% atau dari 800 juta jiwa menjadi 2 milyar jiwa. Populasi lanjut usia di Benua Asia dan Asia Tenggara berturut-turut berjumlah 7% dan 6% dari seluruh total demografi, serta hal ini pula berdampak untuk meningkatnya angka kejadian penyakit pada populasi lanjut usia salah satunya adalah penyakit kulit atau kulit kering. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari peningkatan kadar hidrasi kulit lansia setelah penelitian intervensi berupa minyak Klentiq. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian quasi eksperimental, dengan metode pengambilan sampel berupa total sampling. Penelitian dilakukan di Panti STW RIA Pembangunan Cibubur pada periode September 2019, dengan hasil penelitian menggunakan uji statistik Cochran dan uji statistik Friedman didapatkan perubahan status hidrasi kulit yang lebih baik setelah penggunaan minyak Klentiq secara rutin selama 3 minggu. Dianjurkan untuk secara terus menerus (rutin) menggunakan minyak klentiq minimal 3 minggu dalam rangka agar terjadi perbaikan kadar hidrasi dan status hidrasi kulit, serta tidak perlu khawatir untuk digunakan dalam jangka panjang.
... Due to its composition, olive oil provides a major contribution to the prevention and treatment of many diseases such as atherosclerosis (Ací n et al., 2005), thrombosis (De La Cruz et al., 2000), diabetes mellitus (De La Cruz et al., 2010), biliary disease, cataracts and eye diseases (Aparicio-Ruiz, Mí nguez-Mosquera & Gandul-Rojas, 2011), depression (Logan, 2005), bone mineralization (Coxam, Puel & Davicco, 2010), hypertension (Perona et al., 2004), and cancer (breast, prostate, digestive tract) (Fabiani & Morozzi, 2010;Ferná ndez-Arroyo et al., 2012;Flynn & Mega, 2010;Menendez et al., 2006). In addition, regular consumption of olive oil has a protective effect against free radicals in the skin, and increases life expectancy because it strengthens the immune system and protects against memory loss due to age (Viola & Viola, 2009;Baccouri et al., 2008). ...
The most common adulterants found in extra-virgin olive oil are refined olive oil and other vegetable oils, such as sunflower, soybean, corn, and canola. In addition to constituting economic fraud, adulteration can cause serious damage to the health of the consumer. This study focuses on the detection and quantification of the adulteration of extra-virgin olive oil with edible oils, using spectrofluorimetry and chemometrics. The data were analyzed by Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Through PCA, it was possible to separate the samples into two distinct areas, olive oil and other edible oils, based on their chemical composition. The PLS model, built with the spectra of mixtures of soybean oil in extra-virgin olive oil, exhibited an R2 of 0.99412 and low RMSEP (Root Mean Square Error of Prediction) (3.59), RMSEC (Root Mean Square Error of Calibration) (2.32) and bias (4.77. 10-7) values. Thus, the PLS model was considered exact for calibration and prediction.
... In this sense, given the current demand for omega-3 fatty acids, lipid fractions obtained from salmon heads could be potentially more readily explored [79][80][81]. Moreover, the similarities between salmon heads and olive oil, namely the high content of oleic acid [82][83][84], also overwhelmingly predominant in the form of triglycerides [85][86][87], may also be promising for future applications given the range of health benefits already reported for these biomolecules, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome [88][89][90][91][92]. It is important to notice, however, that eventual uses of these resources for food/feed should take into account that lipids, particularly those containing PUFA, may be readily degraded by lipid oxidation reactions with the production of secondary oxidation products contributing to flavor deterioration and the occurrence of off-flavors [93][94][95]. ...
The sustainable utilization of co-products derived from the salmon processing industry is crucial for enhancing the viability and decreasing the environmental footprint of both capture and aquaculture operations. Salmon (Salmo salar) is one of the most consumed fish worldwide and a major species produced in aquaculture. As such, significant quantities of salmon co-products are produced in pre-commercialization processing/steaking procedures. The present study characterized a specific co-product derived from the processing of salmon: minced salmon heads. More specifically, this work aimed to reveal the nutritional profile of this co-product, with a special focus on its lipid content, including thoroughly profiling fatty acids and fully appraising the composition in complex lipids (polar lipids and triglycerides) for the first time. The antioxidant potential of lipid extracts from this salmon co-product was also studied in order to bioprospect lipid functional properties and possibly unveil new pathways for added-value applications. Our analysis indicated that these minced salmon heads are exceptionally rich in lipids. Oleic acid is the most prevalent fatty acid in this co-product, followed by palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid. Moreover, relevant lipid indexes inferred from the fatty acid composition of this co-product revealed good nutritional traits. Lipidome analysis revealed that triglycerides were clearly the predominant lipid class present in this co-product while phospholipids, as well as ceramides, were also present, although in minimal quantities. The bioprospecting of antioxidant activity in the lipid extracts of the minced salmon heads revealed limited results. Given the high concentration of triglycerides, minced salmon heads can constitute a valuable resource for industrial applications from the production of fish oil to biodiesel (as triglycerides can be easily converted into fatty acid methyl esters), as well as possible ingredients for cosmetics, capitalizing on their alluring emollient properties. Overall, the valorization of minced salmon heads, major co-products derived from the processing of one of the most intensively farmed fish in the world, not only offers economic benefits but also contributes to the sustainability of the salmon processing industry by reducing waste and promoting a more efficient use of marine bioresources.
... Olive oil contains triglycerides and the main fatty acids represented by monounsaturates (oleic), with a small quantity of saturates and sufficient amounts of polyunsaturates. In addition, the minor components such as carotenoids, phytosterols, α-tocopherol, squalene, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll (Publio and Marzia, 2009) play an important role in protecting against oxidative stress and improving health. ...
Mercury is one of the environmental pollutants that could lead to a serious threat to the health of living organisms. This study was designed to determine the toxic effect of mercury chloride on hematological and immune cell levels, relative weight and tissue structure of the spleen and thymus, and concentration of mercury in these immune organs. The antioxidant protection of virgin olive oil and vitamin E against mercury toxicity in the local male rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus was also investigated. Twenty four adult male rabbits were divided randomly into four groups, the first group was kept as a control (C-group), and three groups (M-group, O-group, and E-group) were treated respectively with 0.25 mg/kg of HgCl2, 0.25 mg/kg of HgCl2 supplemented with 3 ml/kg b.w. of virgin olive oil, and 0.25 mg/kg of HgCl2 supplemented with 3 mg/kg b.w. of vitamin E. The mercury, virgin olive oil, and vitamin E were administered orally, for 30 days-period. The results showed a decrease in red blood cell count, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels white blood cell count, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils in rabbits intoxicated with mercury. In contrast, the relative weight of the spleen and thymus seemed to increase compared to the control. The measurement of the quantity of mercury in organs demonstrated a notable accumulation in the spleen and thymus. The histological examination of immune organs resulted in severe morphological changes, which seemed more severe in the spleen than in the thymus. In contrast, The combined treatment with olive oil or vitamin E led to an improvement of hematological and immunological indices, demonstrating the protective role of vitamin E and the antioxidant components of olive oil against the oxidative damage caused by mercury.
... Additionally, the presence of linoleic acid, an essential omega-6 fatty acid, is vital for maintaining skin health, as it supports the integrity of cell membranes and aids in moisture retention (Devappa, Rakshit, & Dekker, 2015). This makes olive stone oil particularly beneficial in cosmetic formulations, where it acts as an effective moisturizer and emollient, enhancing skin elasticity and hydration (Viola & Viola, 2009). The combination of these fatty acids highlights the nutritional value of olive stone oil in diets and its potential as a valuable ingredient in skincare products, promoting both health and beauty. ...
... For comparison purposes, only one of the three commercial γ-PGAs was employed to formulate this new cream formulation as no significant variation in rheological profile between different commercial γ-PGAs with the same base materials were observed ( Figure 9A,B). It has been previously described within the literature the beneficial effect of extra virgin olive oil (EVO) on the skin [51]. The effect of extra virgin γ-PGA as a rheological modifier to improve the sensation of the cream on the skin was further investigate ( Figure 9C). ...
Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a carboxylic-acid-rich, bio-derived, water-soluble, edible, hydrating, non-immunogenic polymer produced naturally by several microorganisms. Here, we re-emphasise the ability of Bacillus subtilis natto to naturally produce γ-PGA on whole seaweed, as well as for the yields and chemical properties of the material to be affected by the presence of Mn(2+). Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an extracellular glycosaminoglycan which presents a high concentration of carboxylic acid and hydroxyl groups, being key in fulfilling numerous applications. Currently, there are strong environmental (solvent use), social (non-vegan extraction), and economic factors pushing for the biosynthesis of this material through prokaryotic microorganisms, which is not yet scalable or sustainable. Our study aimed to investigate an innovative raw material which can combine both superior hygroscopicity and UV protection to the cosmetic industry. Comparable hydration effect of commercially available γ-PGA to conventional moisturising agents (HA and glycerol) was observed; however, greater hydration capacity was observed from seaweed-derived γ-PGA. Herewith, successful incorporation of seaweed-derived γ-PGA (0.2–2 w/v%) was achieved for several model cream systems with absorbances reported at 300 and 400 nm. All γ-PGA-based creams displayed shear thinning behaviour as the viscosity decreased, following increasing shear rates. Although the use of commercial γ-PGA within creams did not suggest a significant effect in rheological behaviour, this was confirmed to be a result of the similar molecular weight. Seaweed-derived γ-PGA cream systems did not display any negative effect on model HaCaT keratinocytes by means of in vitro MTT analysis.
... The constituents of the oil can be roughly divided into two groups: a major glycerol fraction and a minor unsaponifiable non-glycerol fraction (Tripoli et al., 2005). Olive oil has been shown to control the synthesis of cytokines, increase nitric oxide, and decrease the synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotriene B4 (Viola and Viola, 2009). Additionally, olive oil also has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties that are crucial for wound healing (Al-Waili et al., 2006). ...
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Olea europaea L. (Memecik olive oil) on wound healing in rats. A total of 63 Wistar albino rats were used to create a skin wound model. The study consisted of three groups: the control group, the olive oil group, and the positive control group (medication group). The results of the study revealed that the olive oil group exhibited faster wound healing, smaller wound areas, and a higher percentage of wound healing compared to the control and medication groups. Histopathological examination demonstrated a significant increase in epithelial tissue formation in the animals treated with olive oil. The presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in olive oil may contribute to its positive effects on wound healing. The study also found that bacterial colonization increased on the second day in all groups, with the highest increase observed in the control group. However, by the 12th day, bacterial counts were found to be below the initial levels in both the olive oil and medication groups, except for the control group where it remained high. It is believed that the bacterial inhibitory effect observed in the group treated with olive oil is attributed to the phenolic compounds present in olive oil.
... The antioxidant activity of olives makes them a candidate for moderating the effects of the aging process on the skin by limiting biochemical consequences of oxidation [9] due to their high content of squalene and β-sitosterol and its richness in oleic acid (a skin emollient). As such, virgin olive oil is ideal for the direct protection of the skin [10]. Oleuropein is used in cosmetics for its antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, skin-protecting, and anti-aging properties. ...
Background: The skin is essential for our survival and daily functioning. Everyday use and constant exposure to a wide
range of personal care products and different types of chemicals coming from various sources may cause serious problems.
Therefore, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly essential. The olive tree is one of the oldest
cultivated fruit trees and has been used in cosmetics for centuries. This study aimed to present a method for the easy
preparation of an olive tree leaf tincture that may be incorporated into a cosmetic product and reproduced in a domestic
environment. Materials and Methods: All equipment employed was cleaned and disinfected beforehand. Fresh olive tree
leaves were ground to a powder. A 20% olive tree leaf tincture was made. Olive tree leaves and alcohol were mixed in a
sterilized jar. The mixture was shaken daily for two weeks. Results: The pH of the olive tree leaf tincture was determined
with pH stripes and was in the range of 5.5 to 6.5. This may impact how much of the tincture will be used and how it
will be used. For this reason, we suggest using it at a concentration of 1%. The chosen herb-to-solvent ratio of 1:5 (w/v)
yielded a concentrated tincture with enhanced potency. A higher concentration of active constituents in the tincture is
expected to offer a more potent and effective form of herbal extract. Conclusion: The findings in this study supported
the potential of olive tree leaves as a valuable resource for developing natural and sustainable interventions targeting
DNA damage and related health conditions. Continued research in this field will contribute to a better understanding
of the therapeutic potential and applications of olive tree leaves in the field of natural cosmetics and medicine.
... Te present study demonstrated that the antioxidanttreated NPs administered groups (FOD-SiO 2 NPs, FOD-Al 2 O 3 NPs, and FOD-ZnONPs) treated for two weeks before and during the administration of the nanoparticles (75 days) recorded signifcantly ameliorated hepatic oxidative stress markers when compared with the nonantioxidant-treated NPs administered groups (SiO 2 NPs, Al 2 O 3 NPs, and ZnONPs, respectively). Te FOD treatment counteracted the free radical toxicity in the present study due to many antioxidants [37,42]. Our results showed that FOD efectively reduced oxidative stress induced by the NP administration. ...
The aim is to study the possible protection of fig fruit extract with olive oil and date-palm fruit extract (FOD) as natural antioxidants in decreasing the subchronic toxicity hazards of SiO2NPs, Al2O3NPs, or ZnONPs in male rats treated for 75 days. We used 80 male Wistar rats distributed into eight groups according to the treatment. The FOD antioxidant treatments were used at their recommended antioxidant doses. All nanoparticles (100 mg/kg) were given orally and daily for 75 days. Compared with the control, the oral administration of different NPs alone led to dramatic oxidative stress, liver function parameters, histopathological, p53, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6). The FOD-NPs-treated groups recorded significantly reduced hepatotoxicity effects compared to those treated with NPs alone. In conclusion, the FOD supplementations to the rats ameliorate the NP’s hepatotoxicity.
... Les vitamines : E, D, K et provitamine A(51).Propriétés : les acides gras contenus dans l'huile d'olive jouent un rôle important au niveau de la barrière cutanée. Ils gardent la peau bien hydratée et préviennent divers conditions, telle que la dermatite atopique , le psoriasis , l'acné et l'eczéma(52). ...
L’acné est l’affection dermatologique la plus commune touchant 80 % de la population âgée entre 11 et 30 ans. Les anti-acnéiques les plus efficaces
sont les rétinoïdes et le peroxyde de benzoyle. Cependant, l’un de leurs effets indésirables les plus remarqués est la xérodermie, appelée aussi
xérose ou sécheresse cutanée, qui peut affecter la qualité de vie du patient surtout quand elle se situe au niveau du visage.
L’objectif principal de cette étude est de recenser les remèdes naturels utilisés par les acnéiques en Algérie pour traiter la xérodermie et de justifier,
par une étude bibliographique, l’usage de ces remèdes.
Il s’agit principalement d’une étude descriptive transversale, la collecte des données est faite à travers un questionnaire en ligne. Les critères
d’inclusion sont : la résidence en Algérie, l’atteinte d’acné et le traitement par des anti-acnéiques. Les remèdes recensés ont fait l’objet d’une
recherche bibliographique.
L’échantillon est constitué de 185 personnes dont 35,1 % ont eu recours à l’utilisation d’un remède naturel. 31 remèdes ont été recensés, les plus
cités sont : l’huile d’olive, le gel d’Aloe vera et le miel .95,4 % ont considéré le remède naturel comme étant efficace dont 44,6 % ont remarqué
une amélioration juste après quelques jours d’utilisation.
Selon la bibliographie, l’huile d’olive a une composition similaire au sébum. Quant à l’aloe vera, il a été démontré que son extrait lyophilisé à
différentes concentrations a significativement amélioré l’hydratation cutanée par rapport au contrôle. D’autre part, le miel est inclus dans « the
International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients » (INCI) et il est classé comme un produit émollient, humectant et hydratant.
Cette étude nous a permis de recenser les remèdes naturels utilisés traditionnellement pour traiter la xérodermie, la bibliographie a pu confirmer
ces usages. Ceci pourrait donc constituer une base de données intéressante pour les laboratoires pour de nouvelles recherches et formulations.
... Skin elasticity was also found to be a positive association with MUFA (Nagata et al., 2010). Since MUFA is less susceptible to peroxidation than polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), a high amount of MUFA and a low ratio of n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA in olive oil may play some role in these protective effects (Owen et al., 2000;Viola & Viola, 2009). ...
The chapter focuses on current insights into anti-aging strategies, plant bioactives, and drug development. The aging process poses a significant risk of noncommunicable diseases and disorders depending on habitual factors leading to effective therapeutic interventions that are generally based on healthy diets and supplements containing antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. Evidence-based applications of bioactive phytochemicals, Ayurvedic medicinal
herbs and their formulations, traditional foods, and dietary supplements for protecting aging are highly needed to proceed towards plant-based anti-aging supplementations.
... 43 In addition, following peroxidation of polyunsaturated lipids from the tissues, the skin synthesises lipofuscin, which results in an alteration of the pigmentation characteristic of skin ageing. 44 Numerous studies have pointed out the protective effect of olive tree compounds on skin ageing, thanks to their role in the various mechanisms involved in the ageing process. [45][46][47] These compounds include squalene (Sq) from olives or their derivatives. ...
The olive tree and its derivatives are of great interest in the field of biomedicine due to their numerous health properties. The aim of the present study was to identify the effects of the use of olive products, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and products derived from its extraction, on the skin. Numerous studies have pointed out the protective effect of olive compounds on skin ageing, thanks to their role in the different mechanisms involved in the ageing process, such as reducing oxidative stress, increasing cell viability and decreasing histological alterations. With regard to their photoprotective effect, the olive tree and its fruit contain phenolic compounds which have a protective effect against radiation, such as low ultraviolet absorption and high antioxidant activity, acting as a protective factor against photocarcinogenesis. Similarly, the anti-tumour effects of olives have been studied at the level of the different compounds and extracts obtained from them, and their ability to selectively attack human melanoma cells has been observed. They have also shown antibacterial activity against microorganisms particularly implicated in skin infections, such as Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. Likewise, on healthy tissue, they have shown the ability to stimulate growth, migration and the expression of genes involved in cell differentiation, which favours the regeneration of skin wounds. According to the results included in this review, the olive tree and its derivatives could be useful in the treatment of many skin conditions.
... The anticancerous effects of olive oil when applied to the skin need to be more thoroughly explored. 30 ...
The olive tree is an unpredictable formed tree, which grows up to 10 m in stature. The olive leaves are inverse and elongated molded. The leaves are dim green above and gleaming beneath. The white and relatively little olive blossoms are shaped on a year ago's wood. The run of the mill natural products or olives are ovoid formed and regularly pointed. This study aimed to see if health signals influenced consumers' decisions of olive oil with varying levels of information about the oil's beneficial characteristics. In order to accomplish this, a direct poll on the use of olive oil was conducted by looking at the expressed preferences of a sample of users. Two economically measured examinations were conducted to determine the factors that influence the use of high-polyphenol olive oil. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that varying levels of personal knowledge have a role in shaping olive oil customers' health perceptions. Finally, this study confirmed that consumers' selections are heavily influenced by their sense of self-coherence, even with healthful foods. As a result, different reasons and traits impact customers' knowledge or beliefs that shape their attitudes.
... These results are in agreement with previous studies The present study demonstrated that the antioxidant-treated NPs-administered groups (FOD-SiO 2 NPs, FOD-Al 2 O 3 NPs, and FOD-ZnONPs) recorded significantly ameliorated oxidative stress markers in the kidney tissue when compared with their corresponding values in the non-antioxidant-treated NPs-administered groups (SiO 2 NPs, Al 2 O 3 NPs, and ZnONPs, respectively). The treatment with FOD revealed the presence of numerous and varied antioxidants and those diverse natural antioxidants acted synergistically [40,44]. The free radical toxicity in the present study was counteracted by the FOD treatment which might be attributed to the protective activity of the plant antioxidants since they are complex mixtures of many chemicals [45]. ...
The aim is to study the possible protection of fig fruit extract with olive oil and date-palm fruit extract (FOD) as natural antioxidants in decreasing the subchronic toxicity hazards of silicon oxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs), aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs), or zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) in male rats treated for 75 days. We used 80 male Wistar rats distributed into 8 groups (n = 10) according to the experiment. We used various antioxidant treatments at their recommended antioxidant doses. All nanoparticles were given orally and daily for 75 days at doses of 100 mg/kg. The oral administration of different NPs alone led to dramatic histopathological features, a significant increase in the levels of the TBARS, tumor suppressor p53, and inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6) in the renal tissue. In addition, serum kidney function parameters elevated significantly in NPs treated groups compared with the control group. On the other hand, the renal TAC, GSH, SOD, and TBARS lowered significantly in the renal tissue of rats administered with different NPs compared to the control group. The FOD-NPs-treated groups recorded significantly reduced nephrotoxicity effects as compared to the groups treated with NPs alone. In Conclusion, administration of FOD provides considerable protective effects against NPs-induced subchronic nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats.
... Sometimes called "liquid gold", olive oil is mainly appreciated for its flavour and high nutritional value, along with its recognised potential in the prevention of certain diseases [1,2]. It is also an interesting ingredient in dermo-cosmetology, as it has beneficial effects on the skin [3,4]. ...
The olive oil industry is subject to significant fraudulent practices that can lead to serious economic implications and even affect consumer health. Therefore, many analytical strategies have been developed for olive oil's geographic authentication, including multi-elemental and isotopic analyses. In the first part of this review, the range of multi-elemental concentrations recorded in olive oil from the main olive oil-producing countries is discussed. The compiled data from the literature indicates that the concentrations of elements are in comparable ranges overall. They can be classified into three categories, with (1) Rb and Pb well below 1 µg kg −1 ; (2) elements such as As, B, Mn, Ni, and Sr ranging on average between 10 and 100 µg kg −1 ; and (3) elements including Cr, Fe, and Ca ranging between 100 to 10,000 µg kg −1. Various sample preparations, detection techniques, and statistical data treatments were reviewed and discussed. Results obtained through the selected analytical approaches have demonstrated a strong correlation between the multi-elemental composition of the oil and that of the soil in which the plant grew. The review next focused on the limits of olive oil authentication using the multi-elemental composition method. Finally, different methods based on isotopic signatures were compiled and critically assessed. Stable isotopes of light elements have provided acceptable segregation of oils from different origins for years already. More recently, the determination of stable isotopes of strontium has proven to be a reliable tool in determining the geographical origin of food products. The ratio 87 Sr/ 86 Sr is stable over time and directly related to soil geology; it merits further study and is likely to become part of the standard tool kit for olive oil origin determination, along with a combination of different isotopic approaches and multi-elemental composition.
... Olej z pierwszego tłoczenia (na zimno) charakteryzuje się najmniejszą liczbą kwasową (7) i otrzymywany jest w procesach łagodnej obróbki mechanicznej, a następnie poddawany płukaniu, dekantacji, odwirowaniu i filtracji (8). Otrzymany olej zawiera triglicerydy, estry kwasów tłuszczowych, wielonasycone kwasy tłuszczowe (WKT) oraz frakcję niezmydlającą się (tokoferole, fitosterole, pigmenty, fenole) (9). ...
The olive tree is a long-lived plant, mentioned already in Greek mythology and the Bible. Currently most plantations is concentrated in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. The fruit of the olive ripens in favorable climatic conditions for about 5 months. Half of the fruit's content is water, the other ingredients are mainly: oil, carbohydrates, cellulose, phenolic compounds, proteins and inorganic compounds. This compound belongs to the terpenes secoids, it is a glucoside of the ester of elenolic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol. It is found in many genera of the Oleaceae and Gentianaceae families. Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol are responsible for the sharp and bitter taste of the oil.
... The antioxidant activity of olives makes them a candidate for moderating the effects of the aging process on the skin by limiting biochemical consequences of oxidation [101] due to its high squalene content and β-sitosterol, and richness in oleic acid (a skin softener). As such, virgin olive oil is ideal for directly protecting the skin [102]. Oleuropein is used in cosmetics due to its antioxidant, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, skin protecting, and anti-aging properties [65]. ...
The natural cosmetics market has grown since consumers became aware of the concept of natural-based ingredients. A significant number of cosmetics have an ecological impact on the environment and carry noxious and chemically potent substances. Thus, the use of natural and organic cosmetics becomes increasingly important since it is clear that topical treatment with cosmeceuticals can help improve skin rejuvenation. A substantial investigation into the benefits that fruits and plants can bring to health is required. Studies have shown that antigenotoxic properties are linked to anti-aging properties. Several studies have shown potential antigenotoxicity in natural ingredients such as Almonds (Prunus dulcis), Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), Olives (Olea europaea), and Grapes (Vitis vinifera). This review presents an overview of research conducted on these natural ingredients, the most common in the Northeast of Portugal. This region of Portugal possesses the most organic farmers, and ingredients are easily obtained. The Northeast of Portugal also has climatic , topographic, and pedological differences that contribute to agricultural diversity.
... The ancient Egyptians used it as an anti-wrinkle potion; the Romans used it as a moisturizer after bathing .To this day, olive oil is used widely in many countries to treat and prevent multiple skin conditions & an evaluation of its biologic value as a topical raw material in dermatology is reported. (Viola & Viola, 2009). ...
... OO contains up to 99% mixed triglyceride esters from which around 55-83% monounsaturated (e.g., oleic acid), 3.5-21% of polyunsaturated (e.g., linoleic acid), 7.5-20% of saturated (e.g., palmitic acid) and other minor compounds (e.g., stearic acid, α-linolenic acid, squalene, phenolics or sterols) [25]. Glycerides profile depends on several factors such as the plant variety, altitude, location, extraction process or harvest-time [26,27]. ...
The overall purpose of this study was to synthesize biobased polyols to replace conventional fossil-based polyols in polyurethane foams (PUF) in a multistep approach based on green chemistry, in order to bring both improved properties and sustainability. Oleochemistry has been largely used for PUFs elaboration, but for as far as we know the use of olive oil to obtain such systems had never been reported. The synthesis of the biobased polyols is based on robust approach based on the epoxidation of the double bonds from olive oil using hydrogen peroxide, followed by the ring opening of the epoxides with acetic acid or ethanol to yield polyols with different chemical structures. The chemical structures were determined and checked by NMR and FTIR. The molar masses, the thermal stability and the viscosity were also evaluated. These biobased polyols were further tested making biobased and flexible PUF (FPUFs), with open cells. In this respect, a conventional and fossil-based polyol was partially replaced by up to 35% of each synthesized biobased polyol, alone or mixed. The structural, morphological, mechanical and thermal properties of the PFUFs obtained from the mixture of the biobased polyols were superior to the ones obtained using a sole biobased polyol. Surprisingly, these biobased foams present higher properties than the conventional and fully fossil-based PUF.
... Olive oil has antioxidant substances, moisturizing and soothing effects, antiinflammatory and immune-modulator function, so its treatment has not side effects. Currently, it has an effective value in the dermo-cosmetology sector, like keeping the skin well hydrated and prevent various conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, and eczema [11,12]. ...
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is widely spread in this time. Diabetic foot is one of the most common symptoms, it starts when the dryness emerge after that the cracks appear on the back or outcrops of the foot. The primary treatment for these symptoms is considered the best choice to prevent diabetic foot diseases. The aim of this study is using treated fabric with Tancho® (based on olive oil) to give the cracked or pre-ulcer foot the sufficient hydration for skin cells during the rest periods to heal. The study was based on using 100% cotton woven fabrics with three structures that are treated with Tancho® petroleum jelly as emulsion using two techniques; Pad/Batch and Pad/Dry/Cure methods, to compare between them in the improvement of fabric for healing. Weight and thickness were conducted to evaluate the fabric functional performance before and after treatment with Tancho®. The antimicrobial activity was done for samples to determine the biological property. Roughness, SEM and TEM were done to study the morphological surface of samples produced. Finally, the best samples performances as a result from radar chart analysis were applied in vivo for rats, to determine the efficiency of the treated samples through clinical observation and histopathological changes. The results of the produced samples that weaved by three different structures and treated with Pad/Batch method were increased of the stimulation of skin cells to heal after surgical either in case of use for surface skin scratches or as scaffold for skin layers.
This study develops a time‐ and performance‐efficient process for oil activation with enhanced bioreactivity. Instead of ozone foaming, plasma‐activated gas (PAG) bubbling has been, for the first time, employed for potent olive oil activation. A parallel system integrating dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and gliding arc discharge (GAD) devices generates air‐PAG rich in high‐valence nitrogen oxides (NO x ) and O 3 . By adjusting DBD and GAD power ratios, PAG composition is controlled. At a power ratio of 1:1, NO x content and the sterilization performance of thus‐obtained plasma‐activated oil (PAO) reach their peaks. Compared to traditional ozonated oil and plasma‐activated water (PAW), PAO demonstrates superior bacterial‐killing ability and extended storage stability, showing outstanding capacity in medical and food applications as a green agent.
Edible oils and fats are derived from plants and animals and have several health benefits. Edible oils and fats consist of many health-promoting bioactive compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, vitamins, and inorganic compounds. The chemical compounds present in edible oils and fats are known for their possible health risks such as coronary heart disease and metabolic diseases, which is why there is a need to check the quality, purity, and safety of edible oils and fats. Bioactive Compounds of Edible Oils & Fats: Health Benefits, Risks, and Analysis provides an overview of different edible oils and fats, health benefits, associated risks, and analytical techniques for qualitative and quantitative guidelines for ensuring their quality and safety using modern analytical tools and techniques. This book will provide an important guideline for controlling quality, safety, and efficacy issues related to edible oils and fats.
Key Features:
Provides a detailed overview of different edible oils and fats of plant and animal origin, chemistry, and identification methods.
Describes their health benefits, risks, and the use of different analytical techniques in quality control.
Describes the applicability of sophisticated analytical techniques such as GC-FID, GC-MS, and HPLC for quality control of edible oils and fats.
Emphasizes the use of recent techniques such as LC-MS and FTIR-chemometrics in the analysis and quality control of edible oils and fats.
Bioactive natural compounds possess several health benefits in humans. Edible oils and fats are a major source of bioactive compounds, and these compounds are mainly categorized into triglycerides, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenolics and phenolic acids, flavonoids, phytosterols, phospholipids, vitamins, minerals, etc. These bioactive compounds have several health benefits in humans; however, excess consumption of saturated and trans fatty acids poses a risk for cardiovascular diseases. Unsaturated fatty acids such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids specifically linoleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are known for their cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities. Edible oils and fats are obtained from seeds of many plant species such as olive oils, peanut oils, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, flaxseed oil, corn oil, mustard oil, coconut oil, peanut oil, and linseed oil, and animal products such as fish oils, ghee, and butter also contain edible oils and fats. The current book chapter comprehensively compiles data on different plant and animal sources of edible oils and fats. The chapter also focuses on different classes of bioactive compounds present in these edible oils and fats.
Reversible deactivation radical polymerization of hydrophilic monomers in water is often poorly controlled due to several side reactions. It results in polymers with broad molecular weight distributions. As presented, this can be improved by the polymerization of hydrophilic monomers in an inverse dispersion system. From an ecological point of view, the use of environmentally friendly continuous phases is desirable. We present herein the synthesis of a well-controlled, high molecular weight water-soluble polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), in a vegetable oil-based inverse emulsion using activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization mediated by ascorbic acid. Various reaction parameters, including the type of vegetable oil, the surfactants used, the reaction temperature, and the volume ratio of the continuous and dispersed phases, were examined to determine their impact on the emulsion stability, polymerization kinetics, and properties of the final polymer. This approach enables the synthesis of low dispersity, high molecular weight polymers, reaching Mn up to 200,000, higher than when polymerizing HEA in aqueous homogeneous solution. The retention of polymer chain-end fidelity was confirmed by chain extension experiments. The use of vegetable oil as a continuous phase instead of typical toxic organic solvents represents a significant advancement toward the scalable production of water-soluble, high molecular weight polymers.
Projective techniques are a type of qualitative methodology that have rarely been applied to cosmetic products. In this study, 334 women completed an online survey aiming to explore their perception of an after-shower oil with olive oil, applying three variants of the completion projective technique (story completion, sentence completion, and dialogue completion). Even though 36% of the assessors intended to buy and try the product, some aspects discouraged other consumers from buying it, such as the belief that the product will leave a greasy and sticky sensation on the skin (36.4%) and the intense disagreeable smell (28.7%) that it might have. The lack of knowledge of several consumers regarding the effects of olive oil on the skin was also evident. This study allowed us to define important aspects to be considered during the design of a new cosmetic containing olive oil. The information obtained might also be used to plan strategies of communication and position of the product in the market.
Practical Applications
The application of completion projective techniques to study consumers' perception of a novel cosmetic product allows us to obtain relevant information to be considered during the design of the new cosmetic, hence identifying more suitable marketing and communication strategies to promote the product to potential purchasers.
Currently, hyperlipidemia is a growing health issue that is considered a risk factor for obesity. Controlling body weight and modifying life style in most of cases are not adequate and the condition requires medical treatment. Statin drugs (mainly Atorvastatin (ATO)), have been used broadly and for long time as medications for handling higher levels of lipid, especially bad cholesterol, which accordingly controls the prevalence of obesity. Still, the obstacle that stands in front of any formulation is the poor solubility of the drug. Low solubility of ATO came up with poor absorption as well as poor bioavailability. This paved the way for the present study, which aimed to exploit nanotechnology and develop certain nanolipid carriers that could accommodate hydrophobic drugs, such as ATO. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) containing ATO was fabricated using olive oil. Olive oil is natural plant oil possessing confirmed hypolipidemic activity that would help in improving the efficacy of the formulation. Via applying the Quality by Design (QbD) approach, one NLC formula was selected to be optimized based on appropriate size and higher entrapment. Optimized ATO-NLC was scrutinized for zeta potential, in vitro study and kinetic profile. Moreover, stability testing and in vivo hypolipidemic behavior was conducted. The optimized NLC formulation seemed to show particle size (254.23 nm) with neutral zeta potential (−1.77 mV) and entrapment efficiency (69.56%). The formulation could be prolonged for 12 h and provided higher % of release (97.17%). Stability testing confirmed the role of modifying the surface of the formulation with PEG-DSPE in providing a highly stable formulation that could withstand three months storage in two altered conditions. Ultimately, optimized ATO-NLC could successfully lower total cholesterol level in rats induced with obesity and fed a high-fat diet. Remarkably, ATO-NLC prepared with olive oil, in addition to shielding its surface, would provide a stable formulation that holds up the synergistic action between olive oil and ATO.
Rania Ibrahim Mohammad Almoselhy. Application of Some Methods for Detecting Adulteration in Olive Oil. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2010.
This study aimed to maintain the high quality of olive oil by investigating some analytical methods as a powerful tool to determine extra virgin olive oil adulteration with relatively cheap seed and vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, corn oil and refined olive oil. The analytical methods ranged from the familiar manual physical and chemical tests such as refractive index (RI) which gives a good idea about the degree of unsaturation of the oil under investigation, as well as its correlation with iodine value (IV); acid value (AV) as indication of free fatty acid content of the oil; peroxide value (PV) which determines the amount of primary oxidation products and UV absorbencies at 232 and 270 nm, that measure the formation of conjugated dienes and trienes, respectively due to the formation of secondary oxidation products.
The analytical methods extended to the more sophisticated instrumental methods of analysis such as chromatographic separation and determination techniques which involved gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detector (FID) in order to investigate the composition of the fatty acids of the oils under investigations.
Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectroscopic determination technique was employed and applied as a potent, nondestructive and effective analytical tool to study its potency to investigate the functional groups with their relative absorbencies or transmittances according to their concentrations in samples and their characteristic fingerprints. FTIR spectroscopy was used also to determine extra virgin olive oil adulteration with sunflower, corn and refined olive oils in their binary admixtures at different concentrations of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100%; w/w. FTIR spectral data collected in MIR range 4000-400 cm-1 showed major peaks representing triglyceride functional groups which could be observed around 2925 cm-1 [C–H stretching (asymmetry)], 2854 cm-1 [C– H stretching (symmetry)], 1747 cm-1 [C=O stretching], 1463 cm-1 [C–H bending (scissoring)], 1238, 1163, 1118 and 1097 cm-1 [C–O stretching] and 722 cm-1 [C–H bending (rocking)]. A peak around 1653 cm-1 is attributed to C=C stretching (cis). The spectral region (1300-1000 cm-1) which contains FTIR fingerprints of the used oils was found to be very useful in detecting extra virgin olive oil adulteration. A band shift at 3005 cm-1; assigned to C–H stretching vibration of cis- double bond (=C–H) characteristic to extra virgin olive oil, was observed at higher wavenumbers with increasing adulterant concentration which allowed the determination of adulteration of extra virgin olive oil.
The absorption intensity values of the spectral bands at 1163 cm-1 (assigned to C–O stretching vibration and CH2 bending vibration) increased with increasing adulterant concentration. There was a pronounced shift of the peak at 912 cm-1 (assigned to –HC=CH– of cis- double bond, bending out-of-plane) for extra virgin olive oil to higher wave numbers with increasing adulterant concentration. Absorbance ratios (R1118/1097 and R1747/2925 cm-1) decreased with increasing the concentrations of added adulterant oils (sunflower, corn and refined olive oils) with a fairly good linear relationship. The spectral region selected between 1800-900 cm-1 mostly represented the combination of C–H bending, C=O stretching and C=C stretching and hence it was directly related to the unsaturated C=C bond. It played a very important role in the discriminant analysis. In conclusion, FTIR spectroscopy proved its potency to detect extra virgin olive oil adulteration at 5% level of adulterant oils (sunflower, corn and refined olive oils) which is much lower than the limit at which there exists a threatening of adulteration of extra virgin olive oil.
*** Keywords: Adulteration; extra virgin olive oil; FTIR spectroscopy; UV spectroscopy; GC analysis; sunflower oil; corn oil; refined olive oil
***Suggested Citation:
Almoselhy, Rania I.M., M.Sc. 2010- Application of some Methods for Detecting Adulteration in Olive Oil (August 29, 2010). Ain Shams University - Faculty of Agriculture - Department of Food Science, 2010, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3908539 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3908539
Medium- and long-chain fatty acids (MLFAs) are essential energy sources in cells and possess vital biological functions. Characteristics of MLFAs in biosamples contributes to the understanding of biological process and finding potential biomarkers for relevant diseases. However, there are obstacles of the MLFAs determination due to their poor ionization efficiency in mass spectrometry and structural similarity of the MLFAs. Herein, a derivatization strategy was applied by labeling with d0-N, N-dimethyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[3,4-d] pyrimidine-2-amine (d0-DHPP) and detecting with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The parallel isotope labeled internal standards were generated by tagging d6-DHPP to MLFAs. The simple and rapid derivatization procedure and mild reaction conditions greatly reduced the potential of MLFA degradation during the processing procedure. With the methodology, the chromatographic performance was greatly improved, and the mass spectrum response was enhanced up to 1, 600 folds. Finally, the developed derivatization method was applied to serum samples to analyze the alteration of MLFAs induced by 2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) exposure in breast cancer nude mice. The semi-quantitative results demonstrated that the BDE-47 exposure significantly influenced the MLFA metabolism in mice.
Olive and olive oil (OO) are a fundamental component of the Mediterranean culture and cuisine. Diverse traditional medicines include olive and its oil as a vital ingredient for the formulation of concoctions useful against urinary tract infection, diabetes, high blood pressure, hair loss, diarrhea, gout, rheumatism, mouth, and as a skin cleanser in various parts of the world. The use of OO as a healthy culinary ingredient has remained in vogue compared to other cooking oils given its promising benefits on the cardiovascular system among other health benefits. Indeed, results derived from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have validated the potential benefits of olive and OO for the cardiovascular system. In vitro, both the methanolic and the ethanolic leaf extract downregulate hydroxynonenal-induced p-MAPKAPK-2 and p-c-Jun. Olive and OO are rich in bioactive metabolites such as oleuropein (OLE), hydroxytyrosol, and polyphenols. Notably, OLE inhibits the excess production of reactive oxygen species and stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential following simulated ischemia-/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte injury. In vivo, OLE reduced the plasma lipid peroxidation products and protein carbonyl levels in rabbits alongside providing strong antioxidant protection. Interestingly, it can also reduce doxorubicin-related cardiotoxicity. Both hydroxytyrosol and OLE significantly reversed chronic inflammation and oxidative stress consequently reducing cardiovascular, hepatic, and metabolic symptoms. Polyphenols also reduce chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. In furtherance, extra-virgin oil has demonstrated both cholesterol and blood pressure lowering properties while clinically decreasing cardiovascular disease risk by at least 35%. Virgin OO provides benefits among patients with stable coronary heart disease and can be employed as a supplement in patients with this disease.
The skin, the largest organ of the human body, performs many functions. Perhaps, the most important of which is protecting the internal organs from environmental toxins and pathogens. Diseases of the skin are now a global public health issue. Xerosis (dry skin) and pruritis (itch), the most common dermatological conditions, result from damage to the skin. Olive oil is known as “liquid gold.” Its consumption improves health, reducing the incidence of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Wrinkles, xerosis, and pruritis can be treated with molecules found naturally in olive oil which have antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. This chapter reviews the effects of olive oil on skin.
Determination of authenticity of extra virgin olive oils has become very important in recent years due to the increasing public concerns about possible adulterations with relatively cheap vegetable oils such as sunflower oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, corn oil and refined olive oil. Recent developments in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy instrumentation extend the application of this technique to the field of food research, facilitating particularly the studies on edible oils and fats. In this work, FT-IR spectroscopy is used as an effective analytical tool in order to determine extra virgin olive oil adulteration with sunflower, corn and refined olive oils in their binary admixtures in different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100% - w/w). The spectral region (1300-1000 cm-1) which contains the IR fingerprints of these vegetable oils was found to be very useful in detecting olive oil adulteration. A band shift observed at 3009 cm−1 assigned to the =C–H stretching vibration of the cis- double bond, allows the determination of extra virgin olive oil adulteration. The intensities of the spectral bands at 1163 cm-1 (assigned to -C-O stretching vibration and CH2 bending vibration) increase with increasing adulterant concentration. The absorbance ratio (R1118/1097 cm-1) decreased with increasing adulterant concentration. Also, there was a pronounced shift of the peak at 912.78 cm-1 (assigned to -HC=CH- cis- double bond, bending out of plane) for pure olive oil to higher wave numbers with increasing adulterant concentration.
Ethnopharmacological relevance
Cutaneous inflammatory diseases, such as irritant contact dermatitis, are usually treated with topical corticosteroids, which cause systemic and local adverse effects limiting their use. Thus, the discovery of new therapeutic alternatives able to effectively treat skin inflammatory disorders, without causing adverse effects, is urgently needed.
Aim of the study: To investigate the topical anti-inflammatory effect of oleic acid (OA), a monounsaturated fatty acid, into Pemulen® TR2-based semisolid dosage forms, employing a croton oil-induced irritant contact dermatitis model in mice.
Materials and methods
Male Swiss mice were submitted to skin inflammation protocols by acute and repeated applications of croton oil. The anti-inflammatory activity of Pemulen® TR2 hydrogels containing OA was evaluated by assessing oedema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β levels. The mechanisms of action of OA were evaluated using cytokine IL-1β application or pretreatment with the glucocorticoid antagonist mifepristone. Possible toxic effects of OA were also assessed.
Results
Pemulen® TR2 3% OA inhibited the acute ear oedema [maximal inhibition (Imax) = 76.41 ± 5.69%], similarly to dexamethasone (Imax = 84.94 ± 2.16%), and also inhibited ear oedema after repeated croton oil application with Imax = 85.75 ± 3.08%, similar to dexamethasone (Imax = 81.03 ± 4.66%) on the day 7 of the experiment. Croton oil increased myeloperoxidase activity, which was inhibited by Pemulen® TR2 3% OA (Imax = 71.37 ± 10.97%) and by 0.5% dexamethasone (Imax = 96.31 ± 3.73%). Pemulen® TR2 3% OA also prevented the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β levels induced by croton oil (Imax = 94.18 ± 12.03%), similar to 0.5% dexamethasone (Imax = 87.21 ± 10.58%). Besides, both Pemulen® TR2 3% OA and 0.5% dexamethasone inhibited IL-1β-induced ear oedema with an Imax of 80.58 ± 2.45% and 77.46 ± 1.92%, respectively. OA and dexamethasone anti-inflammatory effects were prevented by 100% and 91.43 ± 5.43%, respectively, after pretreatment with mifepristone. No adverse effects were related to Pemulen® TR2 3% OA administration.
Conclusions
OA demonstrated anti-inflammatory efficacy similar to dexamethasone, clinically used to treat skin inflammatory conditions, without presenting adverse effects.
Reactive oxygen species have been shown to play a role in ultraviolet light (UV)-induced skin carcinogenesis. Vitamin E and green tea polyphenols reduce experimental skin cancers in mice mainly because of their antioxidant properties. Since olive oil has also been reported to be a potent antioxidant, we examined its effect on UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis in hairless mice. Extra-virgin olive oil was applied topically before or after repeated exposure of mice to UVB. The onset of UVB-induced skin tumors was delayed in mice painted with olive oil compared with UVB control mice. However, with increasing numbers of UVB exposures, differences in the mean number of tumors between UVB control mice and mice pretreated with olive oil before UVB exposure (pre-UVB group) were lost. In contrast, mice that received olive oil after UVB exposure (post-UVB group) showed significantly lower numbers of tumors per mouse than those in the UVB control group throughout the experimental period. The mean number of tumors per mouse in the UVB control, pre-UVB and postUVB groups was 7.33, 6.69 and 2.64, respectively, in the first experiment, and 8.53, 9.53 and 3.36 in the second experiment. Camellia oil was also applied, using the same experimental protocol, but did not have a suppressive effect. Immunohistochemical analysis of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), (6‐4) photoproducts and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG) in samples taken 30 min after a single exposure of UVB showed no significant difference between UVBirradiated control mice and the pre-UVB group. In the post-UVB group, there were lower levels of 8-OHdG in epidermal nuclei, but the formation of CPD and (6‐4) photoproducts did not differ. Exposure of olive oil to UVB before application abrogated the protective effect on 8OHdG formation. These results indicate that olive oil topically applied after UVB exposure can effectively reduce UVB-induced murine skin tumors, possibly via its antioxidant effects in reducing DNA damage by reactive oxygen species, and that the effective component may be labile to UVB.
Five subjects ingested in a single oral dose containing 50 mg each of 2R,4'R,8'R-alpha-(5,7-(C2H3)2)tocopheryl acetate (d6-RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) with natural stereochemistry, and of 2S,4'R,8'R-alpha-(5-C2H3)tocopheryl acetate (d3-SRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate). These are two of eight stereoisomers in synthetic vitamin E. By day 1 the plasma and red blood cells were enriched fourfold with d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol (P less than 0.004). The ratio of d6-RRR-/d2-SRR- further increased over the succeeding 4 days, because the d3-SRR- decreased at a faster rate than did the d6-RRR-stereoisomer. Plasma and lipoproteins were isolated at intervals during the first day, and daily for 3 days, from four additional subjects fed a mixture of equal amounts of the deuterated tocopherols. The plasma contained similar concentrations of the two forms until 11 h, when the d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentration became significantly greater (P less than 0.05). The chylomicrons contained similar concentrations of the two deuterated tocopherols, but the VLDL (very low density lipoproteins) became preferentially enriched in d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol by 11 h. The pattern of the deuterated tocopherols shows that during chylomicron catabolism all of the plasma lipoproteins were labeled equally with both tocopherols, but that during the subsequent VLDL catabolism the low and high density lipoproteins became enriched in d6-RRR-alpha-tocopherol. These results suggest the existence of a mechanism in the liver for assembling VLDL preferentially enriched in RRR- relative to SRR-alpha-tocopherol.
Approximately 12 h after the ingestion of a single dose containing 1000 mg each of all-rac-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-gamma-tocopherol, the plasma and lipoproteins of normal subjects contained equal increases of both tocopherols; by 24 h the concentration of gamma-tocopherol, but not the alpha-tocopherol, decreased sharply. Similar studies in hyperlipidemic subjects demonstrated that the plasma and the chylomicron fraction from lipoprotein lipase-deficient patients (with elevated chylomicrons) contained both tocopherols up to 24 h, whereas plasma from a patient with dysbetalipoproteinemia (with elevated beta very-low-density lipoproteins) displayed the decrease in gamma-tocopherol at 24 h. These studies demonstrate that both alpha- and gamma-tocopherols are absorbed and secreted by the intestine in chylomicrons, and suggest that alpha-tocopherol is preferentially secreted by the liver in nascent lipoproteins. Furthermore, studies in post-gall bladder surgery patients suggest a preferential secretion of gamma-tocopherol in bile. Thus, the liver rather than the intestine appears to discriminate between alpha- and gamma-tocopherols.
Topical supplementation represents an attractive approach to mitigate environmentally induced deficiencies of skin vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol). We report here the impact of natural sunlight on stratum corneum (SC) vitamin E and also compare the effectiveness of dietary supplementation to topical application as a way to increase vitamin E in the superficial layers of the SC. The effects of natural sunlight, 30 minutes of midday sunlight, were measured on two separate occasions. Vitamin E in the surface layers of the SC was measured by HPLC after ethanol extraction. Under these relevant conditions, vitamin E in the superficial SC was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by 50-65%. In a followup study, panelists entered into a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study. In this study, one group washed their skin once daily for one minute with a commercially available body wash containing 0.15% vitamin E and 0.10% vitamin E acetate, while the second group used a body wash without vitamin E but also supplemented their diet with 400 IU alpha-tocopherol (18 x RDI). Not surprisingly, only dietary supplementation increased serum vitamin E (approximately twofold). Although both treatment modalities increased SC vitamin E, topical delivery was significantly more effective (53-fold vs baseline) than dietary delivery (eightfold vs baseline). Moreover, only topical delivery increased SC vitamin E acetate (19-fold vs baseline). The results reported here indicate that vitamin E in the superficial layers of the SC is depleted readily by even a brief exposure to sunlight and that use of a vitamin E body wash can substantially increase the vitamin E in this superficial layer more effectively than dietary supplementation.
background.Generation of free radicals has been shown to play a role in cutaneous alterations resulting from ultraviolet radiation.objective.Cells from a previously described in vitro transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging were exposed to reactive oxygen species to determine if this results in elastin promoter activation.methods.Reactive oxygen species were generated using a hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system, and elastin promoter activation was measured using cells derived from transgenic mice containing the human elastin promoter.results.Free radical generation resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in elastin promoter activity, and this increase was blocked with the addition of catalase.conclusion.Elastin promoter activation may play a role in the generation of solar elastosis in photoaged skin. Utilizing hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase with the in vitro transgenic photoaging model results in a sensitive system for evaluating agents that may prevent oxidative damage.
Because antioxidants may play a role in the prevention of coronary heart disease by inhibiting the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), the combined association of diet-derived antioxidants and PUFAs with acute myocardial infarction (MI) was investigated. This multicenter case-control study included 674 patients and 725 control subjects in eight European countries and Israel. Fatty acid composition and alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene levels were determined in adipose tissue; selenium level was determined in toenails. For alpha-tocopherol no association with MI was observed at any PUFA level. The overall multivariate odds ratio (OR) for low (10th percentile) versus high (90th percentile) beta-carotene was 1.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 2.82). The strength of this inverse association with MI was dependent on PUFA levels (in tertiles): for low PUFA, the OR for low versus high beta-carotene was 1.79 (95% CI, 0.98 to 3.25), for medium PUFA the OR was 1.76 (95% CI, 1.00 to 3.11), and for high PUFA 3.47 (95% CI, 1.93 to 6.24). For selenium increased risk was observed only at the lowest PUFA tertile (OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.22 to 5.09). This interaction between selenium and PUFAs was not significant and may at least partly be explained by a higher proportion of smokers at the low PUFA level. These findings support the hypothesis that beta-carotene plays a role in the protection of PUFAs against oxidation and subsequently in the protection against MI. No evidence was found that alpha-tocopherol or selenium may protect against MI at any level of PUFA intake.
Interpretation of studies comparing the efficacy of different dietary fat sources in promoting 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumorigenesis often ignores the fact that about 4% (wt/wt) linoleic acid (18:2n-6) is required for optimal tumor promotion. We therefore fed DMBA-intubated or placebo-intubated female, Sprague-Dawley rats 20% fat diets containing 18:2n-6 (wt/wt) from either high-linoleic safflower oil (SL, 14.6% 18:2n-6), high-oleic safflower oil (SO, 3.4% 18:2n-6), olive oil (OO, 1.1% 18:2n-6), or OO supplemented with 18:2n-6 (OL, 3.4% 18:2n-6) for 16 weeks. Results indicated that OO-fed rats had longer tumor-free time, fewer tumors per rat, and lower tumor incidence compared with SO and OL. Addition of 2.3% 18:2n-6 to OO enhanced tumor promotion (p less than 0.04); SL, SO, and OL demonstrated similar tumor-enhancement effect. About 74% of observed mammary tumors were adenocarcinomas; a greater number of tumors appeared in the thoracic and inguinal than in the cervical and abdominal regions irrespective of diet. These results indicate that once an optimal amount of linoleic acid is provided in the diet, oleic- or linoleic-rich oils have similar effects on promotion of mammary tumors in the rat.
Both the presentation and prognosis of coronary heart disease in women are significantly different than in men. Diagnostic evaluations should be approached somewhat differently in male and female populations, and gender should be one of the variables assessed when options for medical and surgical therapy are considered. Risk factor modification can be offered as a potentially effective form of therapy for coronary heart disease in women. These modifications would include cessation of smoking, avoidance of oral contraceptives in women greater than 35 years of age, hypertension control, and normalization of blood lipid profile and body weight. Risk factor modification may be particularly important in prevention of accelerated atherosclerosis in diabetic women. Prognosis after myocardial infarction is significantly worse in women despite better post-infarction left ventricular ejection fraction and higher incidence of non-Q-wave myocardial infarction in that population. Definitive assessment of coronary anatomy and aggressive management of coronary heart disease should be considered in women judged to be at high risk. Little information is available regarding gender-specific responses to medical management of coronary heart disease. Women seem to have a less favorable short-term outcome after PTCA, but better long-term results. Coronary artery bypass grafting results appear to depend less on gender than on coronary anatomy, preoperative risk factors, and patient size, and thus should not be withheld from women.
Malonaldehyde (MA), a product of lipid peroxidation, is known to have a number of toxicological effects. Among skin surface components, squalene has been suggested as a significant source of MA following UV exposure. Irradiation of squalene coated on the inside surface of glass tubes served as a simple model to examine skin surface photochemistry. Malonaldehyde produced during UV-irradiation was reacted with methyl hydrazine to form N-methylpyrazole, which was then measured by gas chromatographic analysis. Ultraviolet A-irradiation produced low levels of MA from squalene, with a maximum of 1.0 nmol MA/mumol squalene near 6 h. Malonaldehyde production varied with the energy of irradiation, with levels of 176 nmol/mg squalene and 9 nmol/mg squalene produced after 3 h of irradiation with UVB and UVA, respectively. The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) assay for lipid peroxidation showed large overestimations of MA levels under all irradiation conditions tested. The TBA assay predicted the highest levels of MA with UVC but we did not detect any MA with our assay.
Carotenoid pigments have been found to have a protective function against photosensitization in green plants. This protective ability has been exploited in the administration of high doses of beta-carotene to patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria to ameliorate the photosensitivity associated with this disease. The carotenoids seem to exert their light-protective function by quenching excited species such as singlet oxygen and free radicals.
The rate constant of quenching of singlet oxygen (kQ) by squalene (SQ) is found to be much larger than those of the lipids in human skin surface. SQ is the first target lipid in human skin surface by oxidative stresses such as sun light exposure. kQ of SQ is similar to that of 3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT). The large kQ of SQ is due to the small ionization potential. SQ consists of six 2-methyl-2-pentene units and kQ of SQ is about 6-times as large as that of 2-methyl-2-pentene. The electron donating property of methyl groups bonded to quaternary carbons of SQ is essential to the large kQ. SQ is not very susceptible to peroxidation and is stable for attacks by peroxide radicals. The chain reaction of lipid peroxidation is unlikely to be propagated with SQ in human skin surface. It is concluded that SQ functions as an efficient quencher of singlet oxygen and prevents the corresponding part of lipid peroxidation in human skin surface.
Recent scientific evidence has shown free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) to play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer. Many radical scavengers have also been found to help reduce the attacks by these ROS. Interestingly, the ROS scavengers that have been investigated are naturally occurring compounds such as vitamins C and E. Roidex is a formulation of squalene, vitamin e, and aloe vera. It was our goal to investigate whether Roidex was able to prevent the development of chemically induced cancer and to cause regression of any tumors already formed in a mouse skin model. In the prevention study, skin tumors were initiated in 50 female CD-1 mice with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA) and promoted with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The mice were treated with either mineral oil, 5% squalene, or Roidex. At the end of the prevention study, there was a 33.34% incidence to tumors (multiplicity of 1.40) in the mineral oil-treatment group, 26.67% (multiplicity of 0.467) in the 5% squalene and Roidex groups, respectively. The tumor regression study involved the selection of mice with tumors and possible regression of these tumors with Roidex treatment. There was a regression of 33.34% of the tumors in the Roidex-treated group (39 tumors to 26 tumors) compared to the non-treated group whose tumors regressed only 3.44% (29 tumors to 28 tumors).
Squalene, an isoprenoid compound structurally similar to beta-carotene, is an intermediate metabolite in the synthesis of cholesterol. In humans, about 60 percent of dietary squalene is absorbed. It is transported in serum generally in association with very low density lipoproteins and is distributed ubiquitously in human tissues, with the greatest concentration in the skin, where it is one of the major components of skin surface lipids. Squalene is not very susceptible to peroxidation and appears to function in the skin as a quencher of singlet oxygen, protecting human skin surface from lipid peroxidation due to exposure to UV and other sources of ionizing radiation. Supplementation of squalene to mice has resulted in marked increases in cellular and non-specific immune functions in a dose-dependent manner. Squalene may also act as a "sink" for highly lipophilic xenobiotics. Since it is a nonpolar substance, it has a higher affinity for un-ionized drugs. In animals, supplementation of the diet with squalene can reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In humans, squalene might be a useful addition to potentiate the effects of some cholesterol-lowering drugs. The primary therapeutic use of squalene currently is as an adjunctive therapy in a variety of cancers. Although epidemiological, experimental and animal evidence suggests anti-cancer properties, to date no human trials have been conducted to verify the role this nutrient might have in cancer therapy regimens.
In our ongoing studies on the chemoprevention of cancer we have a particular interest in the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet, of which olive oil is a major component. Recent studies have shown that extravirgin olive oil contains an abundance of phenolic antioxidants including simple phenols (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol), aldehydic secoiridoids, flavonoids and lignans (acetoxypinoresinol, pinoresinol). All of these phenolic substances are potent inhibitors of reactive oxygen species attack on, e.g. salicylic acid, 2-deoxyguanosine. Currently there is growing evidence that reactive oxygen species are involved in the aetiology of fat-related neoplasms such as cancer of the breast and colorectum. A plausible mechanism is a high intake of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids which are especially prone to lipid peroxidation initiated and propagated by reactive oxygen species, leading to the formation (via alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes such as trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) of highly pro-mutagenic exocyclic DNA adducts. Previous studies have shown that the colonic mucosa of cancer patients and those suffering from predisposing inflammatory conditions such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease generates appreciably higher quantities of reactive oxygen species compared with normal tissue. We have extended these studies by developing accurate high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for the quantitation of reactive oxygen species generated by the faecal matrix. The data shows that the faecal matrix supports the generation of reactive oxygen species in abundance. As yet, there is a dearth of evidence linking this capacity to actual components of the diet which may influence the colorectal milieu. However, using the newly developed methodology we can demonstrate that the antioxidant phenolic compounds present in olive oil are potent inhibitors of free radical generation by the faecal matrix. This indicates that the study of the inter-relation between reactive oxygen species and dietary antioxidants is an area of great promise for elucidating mechanisms of colorectal carcinogenesis and possible future chemopreventive strategies.
Generation of free radicals has been shown to play a role in cutaneous alterations resulting from ultraviolet radiation.
Cells from a previously described in vitro transgenic model of cutaneous photoaging were exposed to reactive oxygen species to determine if this results in elastin promoter activation.
Reactive oxygen species were generated using a hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system, and elastin promoter activation was measured using cells derived from transgenic mice containing the human elastin promoter.
Free radical generation resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in elastin promoter activity, and this increase was blocked with the addition of catalase.
Elastin promoter activation may play a role in the generation of solar elastosis in photoaged skin. Utilizing hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase with the in vitro transgenic photoaging model results in a sensitive system for evaluating agents that may prevent oxidative damage.
The oxidative modifications of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are crucial for the atherosclerosis process. The aim of this study was to determine if the minimally modified LDL, obtained after the ingestion of three different diets, produce differential effects on the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin expression in human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVECs).
Twenty healthy young males were exposed to three dietary periods. Each period lasted four weeks. During the first period, all subjects consumed a saturated fat (SFA) enriched diet (38% fat, 20% SFA). The second and third dietary periods were administered following a randomized crossover design: a low fat high carbohydrates diet (CHO diet) and a Mediterranean diet. LDL particles, isolated during each dietary period, were oxidized by exposure to UV light and incubated for 48 h with HUVEC. Thereafter, 100 U/mL of TNF-alpha was added and incubation continued for 6 h. Cellular ELISA determined adhesion molecules expression. Lag time, propagation rate and total amounts of formed conjugated dienes were calculated in LDL incubated with 10mumol/L Cu(2+). When compared to the SFA diet, LDL isolated from the Mediterranean and CHO diets induced a lower expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin in HUVECS (P<0.007). There were no differences between both lipid lowering diets. However, lag time of LDL from the Mediterranean diet was higher than with the CHO diet (P<0.042). This parameter was inversely correlated with E-selectin expression (r=-0.497; P<0.04).
Our results suggest that both the Mediterranean and CHO diets may decrease the pro-inflammatory environment induced by modified LDL in endothelial cells.
Preferential incorporation of α-tocopherol vs γtocopherol in human lipoproteins
- Mg Traber
- Kajden
Traber MG, Kajden HI. Preferential incorporation of α-tocopherol vs γtocopherol in human lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:517-26.
Phenolic compounds extracted from olive oilpreventoxidationofLDLandinhibitplateletfunctionandplateletand leukocyte eicosanoid production in vitro
- F Visioli
- A Petroni
- Galli
Visioli F, Petroni A, Galli C. Phenolic compounds extracted from olive oilpreventoxidationofLDLandinhibitplateletfunctionandplateletand leukocyte eicosanoid production in vitro. In: Paoletti R, et al, editor. Oxidativeprocessesandantioxidants.NewYork:RavenPressLdt;1994
RRR- and SRR-α-tocopherol are secreted without discrimination in human chylomicrons, but RRR-α-tocopherol is preferentially secreted in very low lipoproteins
- Mg Traber
- Gw Burton
- Ku
Traber MG, Burton GW, Ingold KU, et al. RRR- and SRR-α-tocopherol are secreted without discrimination in human chylomicrons, but RRR-α-tocopherol is preferentially secreted in very low lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 1989;119:1252-8
Effetti antitumorali " in vitro " dei polifenoli dell'olio extravergine di oliva. Symposium on " Gli antiossidanti degli oli vergini di oliva con particolare riferimento ai composti fenolici
- G Morozzi
- A Debartolomeo
- R Fabiani
Morozzi G, DeBartolomeo A, Fabiani R, et al. Effetti antitumorali " in vitro " dei polifenoli dell'olio extravergine di oliva. Symposium on " Gli antiossidanti degli oli vergini di oliva con particolare riferimento ai composti fenolici. " ; 2005. Spoleto, Italy.
Lipidi alimentari e invecchiamento—enciclopedia mondiale dell'olivo
- Viola P Audisio
Viola P, Audisio M. Lipidi alimentari e invecchiamento—enciclopedia mondiale dell'olivo. Madrid, Spain: Consiglio Oleicolo Internazionale Publ; 1997. p. 378-80.
The antioxidant defence system in skin. International Congress on Nutricosmeceutical, a Challenge for the Future
- U Cornelli
Cornelli U. The antioxidant defence system in skin. International Congress on Nutricosmeceutical, a Challenge for the Future; 2002.
Fasi iniziali dell'aterogenesi e punti d'attacco per la prevenzione. Dieta Mediterranea e cordioprotezione Dalle evidenze epidemiologiche ai meccanismi di azione moleculare
- De Caterina
De Caterina R. Fasi iniziali dell'aterogenesi e punti d'attacco per la prevenzione. Dieta Mediterranea e cordioprotezione. Dalle evidenze epidemiologiche ai meccanismi di azione moleculare. Pisa, Italy: Primula Multimedia Publ; 2002. p. 60-72.
Evaluation of cosmetic efficacy of oleoeuropein. Symposium on the New Frontiers of Dermo-cosmetol-ogy: Efficacy, Stability and Safety
- Roma C C Ancora
- Vettor
Ancora C, Roma C, Vettor M. Evaluation of cosmetic efficacy of oleoeuropein. Symposium on the New Frontiers of Dermo-cosmetol-ogy: Efficacy, Stability and Safety. Rome, Italy, November 4-6; 2004.
- L Cohen
- Dieta
- Cancro
Cohen L. Dieta e Cancro. Le Scienze 1988;21:15-21.
Limit of current therapy in coronary heart disease In: Ursini F, Cadenas E, editors. The importance of fat composition on progression and regression of atherosclerosis
- Dm Kramsher
- A Sevanian
- Dh Blakenhorn
Kramsher DM, Sevanian A, Blakenhorn DH. Limit of current therapy in
coronary heart disease. In: Ursini F, Cadenas E, editors. The importance
of fat composition on progression and regression of atherosclerosis.
Swiss male mice: effect of dietary fats on skin damage by ultraviolet light—olive oil in medicine
- D Harman
Harman D. Swiss male mice: effect of dietary fats on skin damage by
ultraviolet light—olive oil in medicine. Madrid, Spain: COI Publ; 1996.
Phenolic compounds extracted from olive oil prevent oxidation of LDL and inhibit platelet function and platelet and leukocyte eicosanoid production in vitro
- Visioli
The effect of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids on immune function-related skin disease
- Soiland
Evaluation of cosmetic efficacy of oleoeuropein
- Ancora