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Chemistry of Shilajit, an immunomodulatory Ayurvedic rasayan
Abstract
The chemical polemics in the reported literature on shilajit are resolved. This study shows that humification of latex and resin-bearing plants is responsible for the major organic mass (80-85%) of shilajit. The low mol. wt. chemical markers (&lo%), viz. aucuparins, oxygenated dibenzo-K -pyrones and triterpenic acids of the tirucallane type (free and conjugated), occurring in the core structure of shilajit humus, are the major active constituents of Himalayan shilajit. The therapeutic effects of shilajit are the consequences of hormonal control and regulation of immunity.
... These are primarily humic acid, fulvic acid, minerals and some organic compounds. Shilajit is one such traditional formulation used in India for centuries, made up of humic substances and is used as a rejuvenator and anti-ageing medicine (10). ...
... Shilajit, also known as Salajit, Silajatu, Mimie, or Mummiyo in the north of India, is a brown to blackish powder from high mountain rocks. These rocks are especially located in the Himalayan Mountains between India and Nepal (10). ...
... 25 and 50 mg/kg dose of shilajit for 5 days remarkably lowered the level of 5-hydroxy tryptamine, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid, resulting in an increase in noradrenaline, dopamine level and its metabolites in the brain of rats. Such modifications in levels of neurotransmitters were found to be similar to those having increased humoural activity (10). Shilajit has been proven to provide immuno-potentiating properties, which improves the immunity that may complement conventional therapy in HIV. ...
Background: COVID-19 pandemic has forced the human population to rethink over the lifestyle and food habits being followed by them. During the current scenario, when cases of more virulent new strain are emerging and specific treatment are still underway, we must look back to the Darvin’s theory of “Survival of the fittest” and in order to sustain the pandemic, we must follow the rule “Prevention is better than cure”. Traditional Medicinal System can bring possible solution including prevention and control of COVID-19. Humic substances have been used for antiviral activities, signifying that it has potential applications in the management and prevention of infectious diseases.
Summary: Present article is focused on the assessment of the naturally occurring humic substances, which are major constituents of Shilajit, being used in traditional system of medicine and can be used against for the prevention of COVID-19.
Key message: Humic substances not only improve the immune system, but also have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral activities against human RNA viruses. Therefore, while the entire world is preparing to deal with alarming threat of community spread of COVID-19, Humic substances may play a vital role in improving the innate immunity for prevention and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection
... Its Sanskrit meaning is "conqueror of mountains and destroyer of weakness."Shilajit has been used for thousands of years and for as many different health problems [3,4,5] health practices. The discovery is said to be made by Himalayan villagers observing large white monkeys migrate to the mountains in the warm summer months. ...
... It seemed to give them more energy, relieve digestive problems, Increase sex drive, improve memory and cognition, improve diabetes, reduce allergies, improve the quality and quantity of life and it seemed to cure all diseases. Types or Varieties [3,4,5,6] 1. According to charak-Suvaran, Rajat, Tamra, Lauha. ...
... Shilajit and its corresponding combined fractions, acted essentially as cell growth factors in both normal and tumour cells by maintaining membrane integrity. Thus, Ayurveda rasayan, Shilajit would be validated as currently available efficacious immunomodulator [5] . It was found that the white blood cell activity was increased by shilajit extract. ...
Shilajit is an ancient Ayurveda medicine used as a Rejuvenating substance to support youthfull long lifespan.Shilajit is type of a resin that oozes out from the cracks in the layers of the rocks on the Himalayan mountains During summer, the temperature of the mount gets warm, making the resin less viscous and flow. The resin is light-brown to dark blackish brown. It is water-soluble. Shilajit contains over 85 minerals in ionic form, Fulvic acid, Humic acid, Hippuric acid, and Benzopyrones.in the present time shilajit use as Antidiabetic, Immunomodulatory, Nootropic, Anti-anxiety, Antiviral activity, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic etc.
... [2,17] Shilajit was variously described as bitumen varying greatly in consistency from a free flowing liquid to hard brittle solid; a mineral resin, a plant fossil exposed by the elevation of the Himalayas, a substance of mixed plant and animal origin and an inorganic material. [18][19] Latex bearing plants, namely Euphorbia royleana Boiss and Trifoleum repens which occur in the vicinity of the shilajit bearing rocks are thought to be the most likely source of shilajit. [20][21] Other recent research claims that the mosses of species such as Barbula, Fissidenc, Minium, Thuidium and species of Liverworts like Asterella, Dumortiera, Marchantia, Pellia, Plagiochasma and Stephenrencella-Anthoceros were present in the vicinity of shilajit-exuding rocks and these bryophytes are responsible for the formation of shilajit. ...
... [2][3] According to Ayurveda, shilajit arrests the process of aging and produces rejuvenation which is two important aspects of an Ayurvedic rasayana. [19] Shilajit is also used as yogavaha. [16,31] Shilajit increases efficacy of: Shoria robusta (sala), Bachanania lactifolia (piala), Acacia fernesiana (acacia), Terminalia tomentosa (asana), Catechu nigrum (catechu), Terminalia chebula (myrobelan) and Sida cordifolia (bala) in the decoction form. ...
... Bioactive molecules e.g oxygenated dibenzene-alpha-pyrones and their dimeric and oligomeric equivalents. [19,20,24] , other low molecular weight phenolic entities and Fas of Shilajit act as an efficient carrier of several classes of drug molecules for uninterrupted systemic distribution and absorption. [15][16] The non-humic substances of Shilajit are low molecular weight compounds of marine fossil, plant, and microbial origin, occurring in and around Shilajit bearing rocks. ...
... Shilajit is a blackish-brown exudates of variable consistence obtained from the steep rocks of specific mountain regions of the world at altitudes between 0.6 and 5 km [17]. In India it is found in Himalayas region at altitudes between 1 and 5 km on the cave walls embedded in rocks or as rock exudates from Arunachal Pradesh in the East to Kashmir in the West [17,18]. Though shilajit has similar physical properties and qualitative chemical composition, there is a regional variation in the ratio of individual components. ...
... Though shilajit has similar physical properties and qualitative chemical composition, there is a regional variation in the ratio of individual components. Shilajit/ humus consists of humic (80e85% of total organic mass) and nonhumic (15e20%) substances [18], organic matter (60e80%), mineral matter (20e40%), and ~5% trace elements. Shilajit contain more than 85 minerals in ionic form and humic substances (mainly fulvic and humic acid) [19] . ...
... In line with these findings Shilajit a natural mineral has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of peptic ulcer [24,29]; further it is also used as a memory enhancer, a neuro-protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant [17,23,24,52,53] . Shilajit increase SOD, catalase (CAT), and GPx activities in corpora striatum and frontal cortex [53] ; it significantly decreased carrageenaninduced edema in rats [18]. These effects may be related to the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Shilajit [24]. ...
The effect of diet supplemented with Shilajit, a multi-component natural mineral substance on the antioxidant activity, immune response, and disease resistance in freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. The total hemocyte count (THC) and phagocytic activity significantly increased with 2 g kg−1 supplemented diet on first week and with other enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4. The respiratory burst (RB) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were significantly increased with 2 g kg−1 supplemented diet on weeks 1 and 2 whereas 2 and 4 g kg−1 diets on week 4. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity increased significantly with 2 g kg−1 diet only on second week and with other enriched diets only on fourth week. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly with any enriched diet during the experimental period except with 6 g kg−1 diets on first week. However, the glutathione reducase (GR) activity was enhanced significantly only with 2 g kg−1 enriched diets on weeks 2 and 4. The cumulative mortality of the prawn fed with 2 and 4 g kg−1 enriched diets was 10% and 15% whereas with 6 g kg−1 diet the mortality was 20%. The results suggest that diet enriched with Shilajit at 2 g kg−1 or 4 g kg−1 positively enhances the antioxidant activity, immunity, and disease resistance in M. rosenbergii against A. hydrophila.
... Other sources also include plant organisms such as, Barbula, Fissidens, Minium and Thuidium, Asterella, Pellia, Plagiochasma, and Stephenrencella-Anthoceros. [4,5,8,9] Purified shilajit is prepared from these exudates by a proprietary extraction process. Its main composition includes humic substances such as fulvic acids, humins, and humic acids. ...
... In addition, it possesses therapeutic properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anxiolytic, in addition, as a cognitive and memory enhancer with an ability to interact positively with other drugs. [9,7] Ayurveda literature reports that shilajit has an influence on endocrine, autonomic, and brain functional changes, mediated by cytokines, released by activated immunological cells. [10] This opens up possibilities for a similar mechanism of action of shilajit in inflammatory processes. ...
... There are some animal studies showing probable effect of momiai on reducing swelling, inflammation, and increasing tensile stretch of wound curing process, which result in better fracture and wound healing. 15,23 In other experimental or observational studies, some other effects like analgesic, 24 antidiabetic, 25 immunomodulatory, 26-28 nootropic, 29,30 antianxiety, 29 antiulcer, 31 antiviral, 26,27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] spermatogenic and ovogenic, 28 antifungal activity, 30 protection of mast cells from degranulation, 24 free radical scavenging and antioxidant effect, 15,25,33,39 and antilipid-peroxidative activity 26 have been mentioned. This vast range of actions is unique among contemporary remedies in the literature. ...
... There are some animal studies showing probable effect of momiai on reducing swelling, inflammation, and increasing tensile stretch of wound curing process, which result in better fracture and wound healing. 15,23 In other experimental or observational studies, some other effects like analgesic, 24 antidiabetic, 25 immunomodulatory, 26-28 nootropic, 29,30 antianxiety, 29 antiulcer, 31 antiviral, 26,27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] spermatogenic and ovogenic, 28 antifungal activity, 30 protection of mast cells from degranulation, 24 free radical scavenging and antioxidant effect, 15,25,33,39 and antilipid-peroxidative activity 26 have been mentioned. This vast range of actions is unique among contemporary remedies in the literature. ...
Objectives:
Momiai ( shilajit, mummy, mumie, or mineral pitch) has been used traditionally in different medical systems for the treatment of a variety of ailments since hundreds of years ago. It is a natural substance found in different rocky parts of the world, formed by plants, mineral, and animal remains gradually. There is also worthwhile evidence supporting its oral use for bone repair in Persian medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of momiai in tibia fracture healing.
Design:
This study is a randomized double-blinded controlled trial.
Settings/Location:
Three different hospitals in Tehran, Iran.
Subjects:
Patients with age range of 18-60 years admitted due to new tibia fracture were enrolled after meeting the inclusion criteria.
Interventions:
The patients were divided into two groups randomly and received two 500 mg capsules of momiai or placebo for 28 days.
Outcome measures:
The process of bone healing was assessed by frequent X-ray radiographies and adverse effects were recorded.
Results:
Totally, 160 patients participated in the study either in two equal intervention or placebo groups. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of demographic and descriptive data. At the end of the study, the mean time of tibial bone union was 129 days in the experimental group, while it was 153 days in the placebo group (p < 0.049). There was no significant difference in the reported adverse effects between the two groups (p = 0.839).
Conclusions:
The current study showed that oral consumption of momiai after tibial shaft fracture surgery could be a promising option to reduce the healing time.
... Statistical analysis software, SPSS (14 version) was adopted for processing the data of the present study. [16] Results ...
... The regenerative cycle of the antiradical-antioxidant activity of shilajit is apparent. The above findings are consistent with the study which shows that shilajit can be used as a therapeutic agent against oxidative stress-induced diseases and geriatric complaints [16] Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a bone marker. ALP is produced primarily in the liver and in the bone. ...
Purpose: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of Shilajit; a herbomineral, supplementation on the mechanical strength of alcohol treated rat bone. Methods: Experimental animals each were assigned to six groups: group A(control): control rats were given water orally for a period of ten weeks; group B (treated): Animals were given processed shilajit (PS; 100mg/kg/day); group C (treated): Animals were given processed shilajit (PS; 200mg/kg/day); group D: animals were given 30% alcohol; group E: animals were given 30% alcohol and shilajit (100mg/kg/day) orally; group F: animals were given 30% alcohol and shilajit (200mg/kg/day) orally for ten weeks. Bone tissue mechanical strength along with bone weight, liver antioxidative enzymes and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed for all the treatment groups. Results: Mechanical strength of the bone tissue (both femur as well as tibia) was found to be significantly enhanced upon shilajit supplementation to alcohol treated group. Also, the activities of anti oxidant enzymes and alkaline phosphatase in the liver of alcohol administered groups were restored upon shilajit administration. Conclusion: These findings suggest that shilajit is very efficacious and competent in the maintenance of bone health.
... Shilajit is a natural mineral originated in India is widely used in Indian traditional medicine (Agarwal et al., 2007). Shilajit plays a vital role as a rejuvenator and potential immuno-stimulant and capable of enhancing the antioxidant properties (Musthafa et al., 2016) and eliminates free radicals due to the presence dibenzo--pyrones, carotenoids, indigoids, metallo-humus substance like fulvic acids and fusims (Ghosal, 1990;Kwon et al., 2004;Ghosal, 2006). Moreover, it contains certain organic compounds and vitamins like B1 and B12 (Frolova and Kiseleva, 1996;Al-Himaidi and Mohammed, 2003). ...
... It has used in the treatment of peptic ulcer (Goel et al., 1990;Ghosal et al., 1998) as a memory enhancer, neuro-protective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects (Goel et al., 1990;Acharya et al., 1998;Agarwal et al., 2007). It is found to elevate the levels of antioxidant enzymes in corpora striatum after exposure to toxicants (Bhattacharya, 1995) and also significantly decreased carrageenan-induced edema in rats (Ghosal, 1990). These effects may be related to the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Shilajit (Goel et al., 1990). ...
Using Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism, we evaluated the radioprotective and antioxidant effects of the Indian traditional medicine Shilajit exposed to X-Ray. The Zebrafish were divided into three experimental groups and control group, each group containing ten fish. The three experimental fish groups, group I, group II and group III were fed with 3, 5 and 7 ppm shilajit encapsulated Chironomous larvae and group IV served as a control fed with non- encapsulated larvae. After 60 days of feeding trial, fish were irradiated with X-Ray at a single acute dose of 1 Gy. 72 h of post-irradiation, each experimental fish were observed for its morphological, behavioral, clinical symptoms, antioxidant levels and DNA damage were evaluated. Among the experimental groups 5 ppm shilajit encapsulated Chironomous larvae fed fish group shows the most significant radioprotective effects compared with control and other experimental fish groups. The present study indicates that shilajit have significant radioprotective and antioxidant enhancing capability. The humus substance of shilajit may be the factor responsible to react with radiation-derived or radiation related reactive species on zebrafish.
... A number of studies have demonstrated that Shilajit has multiple biological effects, and is used in the treatment of diabetes, bronchial asthma, genitourinary infections and nerve disorders (9). Shilajit has also been found to: enhance learning acquisition and memory retention (14), help in immunopotentiating (12), have antistress activity (15), be antiallergic (13), reabsorb tumors and pimples (27), and be safe for use in pregnancy (2). Some recent reports also have elucidated that Shilajit has anti-inflammatory activity (16) and anxiolytic effects (19), and eliminates free radicals (5). ...
... Furthermore, apart from metallic characterization, Shilajit was reported to contain more than 85 minerals in ionic form and also humic substances, mainly fulvic and humic acids (4). Ingredients like bioactive dibenzo alpha pyrones, along with humic and fulvic acids present in Shilajit, have been reported to induce physiological actions (12). Shilajit has been found to increase the plasma corticosterone levels and to decrease adrenal gland weight during chronic fatigue syndrome, and to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction by stabilizing the complex mitochondrial enzymes (30), and has been reported to show anxiolytic activity in rodents (19). ...
Shilajit, a mineral pitch, has been used in Ayurveda and Siddha system of medicine to treat many human ailments, and is reported to contain at least 85 minerals in ionic form. This study examined the possible mechanism of Shilajit action on preoptic hypothalamic neurons using juvenile mice. The hypothalamic neurons are the key regulator of many hormonal systems. In voltage clamp mode at a holding potential of -60 mV, and under a high chloride pipette solution, Shilajit induced dose-dependent inward current. Shilajit-induced inward currents were reproducible and persisted in the presence of 0.5 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX) suggesting a postsynaptic action of Shilajit on hypothalamic neurons. The currents induced by Shilajit were almost completely blocked by 2 μM strychnine (Stry), a glycine receptor antagonist. In addition, Shilajit-induced inward currents were partially blocked by bicuculline. Under a gramicidin-perforated patch clamp mode, Shilajit induced membrane depolarization on juvenile neurons. These results show that Shilajit affects hypothalamic neuronal activities by activating the strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor with α₂/α₂β subunit. Taken together, these results suggest that Shilajit contains some ingredients with possible glycine mimetic activities and might influence hypothalamic neurophysiology through activation of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor-mediated responses on hypothalamic neurons postsynaptically.
... Shilajit and HA matters are immunomodulatory agents (22). Shilajit helps the immune system for increased cytokine production by activated immunological cells and maintains the cell integrity (72). It has been shown that Shilajit can activate the murine peritoneal macrophages and activate splenocytes in tumor bearing animals at initial and later stage of the tumor growth (72). ...
... Shilajit helps the immune system for increased cytokine production by activated immunological cells and maintains the cell integrity (72). It has been shown that Shilajit can activate the murine peritoneal macrophages and activate splenocytes in tumor bearing animals at initial and later stage of the tumor growth (72). In this study glucan and HA works in synergy for the stimulation of the immune reaction. ...
Cancer is the leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. The primary etiologic agents for cancer include mutagens, toxins, free radicals, heavy metals, blood sugar, virus, radiations apart from many other factors including inflammation which can increase the risk of cancer development and progression. Shilajit is a blackish-brown coloured herbomineral medicine, collected from the high altitude mountains of many parts of the world. Shilajit refers to the humic matter that contains 60-80% of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA). The biological activity of Shilajit is mainly attributed to these humic compounds HA and FA. In this review we have focused on the cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic properties of Shilajit and humic compounds. Shilajit and HA possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antitoxic, antiviral, heavy metal chelating, antitumor, apoptotic and photo-protective properties. These properties make Shilajit useful agents for cancer therapy and prevention. In addition, Shilajit has no reported side effects and can be administered as a nutritive and rejuvenating tonic and combats age related problems.
... Rasayana Karma. 10 In view of all these facts and need, the present study has been planned to evaluate antioxidant activity of Shuddha Shilajatu along with impact of geography and processing media on it, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free Radical Scavenging Assay. The DPPH free radical is stable and has been widely approved as a tool for evaluating free radicalscavenging capacity of antioxidants. ...
... [6][7][8] Shilajatu is one such drug of prime importance that has been praised and used for centuries by ayurvedic physicians, as a Rasayana, i.e., rejuvenator and antiaging compound. [9] It is said to be ooze out from mountains due to strong sun rays specifically in the month of Jyestha and Ashadha. [10] Apart from this, it is indicated in numerous diseases such as Prameha (diabetes), Kamala (jaundice), Pandu (anemia), Mutra roga (uUrinary disorders), Jwara (fever), Yakshma (tuberculosis), Pleeharoga (spleen disorders), Hridroga (cardiac disorders), Twak roga (skin disorders), and Medoroga (obesity). ...
Introduction: Survey studies are used as a tool to analyze and explore human knowledge and practices in reference to a particular attribute. It is also used to assess the status of raw materials, drugs, etc. In the market to find out price variation, quality, adulteration, etc. It comprises a variety of data collection techniques with the most common being questionnaires and interviews. Ayurvedic medicines and products got a huge surge in its demand during the COVID-19 pandemic. Shilajatu is one such drug whose increased worldwide consumption leads to scarcity, replacing with substitutes or adulterants to the sample and, in turn, compromising the quality, safety, and efficacy of the products. A current survey study has been planned to document the different aspects pertaining to Shilajatu, i.e., availability status, price, etc.
Methodology: A questionnaire comprising open- and closed ended questions was designed and a survey (face-to-face interview) was conducted at preidentified major supply markets of Shilajatu in India.
Results: A wide range of variation in price/kg of Shilajatu has been found in the study. It has been revealed that the major supply of Shilajatu in India is from Nepal, commonly used processing media is water, and trading cost ranges between Rs. 350 to Rs. 2200/kg and Rs. 1500 to Rs. 10,000/kg for Ashuddha and Shuddha Shilajatu, respectively.
Conclusion: The present study provides comprehensive data pertaining to supply sources, type, price, processing media, and availability of Shilajatu in India and emphasizes the urgent need of strict regulatory provisions for crucial drugs such as Shilajatu.
... Therefore, significant conformational testimony was intended to document the mode of action for herbo-medicinal extracts [1]. Shilajit has potential uses such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-ulcerogenic, anxiolytic activity, anti-allergic, analgesic, antidiabetic, memory enhancer, and antioxidant [3][4][5][6]. ...
Enormous amounts of bioactive compounds incorporated in the shilajit extracts are accountable for many therapeutic properties. However, little is acknowledged concerning the chemical content and its correlation to the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of shilajit extract. Therefore, the current experiment aimed at the profiling of shilajit bioactive compounds with the aid of LC-HRESIMS technology, and assessing the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of in vitro and in vivo models. This method allowed the identification of a variety of bioactive compounds, which include fulvic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, naphsilajitone, fraxin, 3,8-dihydroxydibenzo-α-pyrone, and pregnane. The results confirmed significant antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 100 µg disc-1 , and Candida albicans at concentrations down to 25 µg disc-1 and gave inhibition zones of 13±0.3 and 12±0.3 mm diameter, respectively. There was low inhibition detected at a concentration beneath 25µg disc-1 , and null activity of shilajit crude extract in opposition to all the different microbes at the distinct concentrations used in the current study. Cytotoxic percentage inhibition of applied cell lines was elevated via increasing extract concentration and significant percent inhibition (IC50: 19 µg mL-1) of the investigated test extract was revealed by the applied cell line Hep G2. These statistics supply a molecular foundation to explain at least a section of the advisable therapeutic properties of shilajit extract. Disciplinary: Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering.
... Humic substances are the major organic constituents of Salajeet present in an amount of about 80-85%. The humic substances can be further divided into three fractions Fulvic acids, Humic acids and Humins which shows immunomodulator and antioxidant activity [43][44][45] . Hakim Najmul Ghani classified Salajeet in his Book, "Khazainul Advia", as of two types; Aaftabi and Aatishi in which former is better. ...
The concept of Iksir-e-Badan (Elixir) in Unani System of Medicine dates back to time immemorial and the connotation itself derived from an Arabic word "Al-Iksir". Some selected advia (single & compound drugs, either plant, animal or mineral origin) are described under its caption. Iksir-e-Badan (Aab-e-Hyat/Maddat-ul-Hayat/Rasayana/Elixir) is defined as "One who obtains perpetuity, regains youth, get sharp memory and liberty from disease". Unani Medicine advocate its use for two purposes i.e. one is to maintain the Sehhat (Health) and other for Izala-e-Marz (Cure the disease). The traditional Indian systems, particularly Unani System of Medicine advocates diverse modalities pertaining to prevention and cure of ailment and emphasize on diet, lifestyle modification and intake of drugs as corner stone of treatment. Medicinal plant products are known to influence different aspects of Umoor-e-Tabiy'a (Principles of Human physiology) and wield an alleviating impact on numerous pathophysiological conditions. It is only in recent years that the scientific notion of immunomodulation has been put forth with some of the beneficial effects of Indian medicinal plants. Some of the Unani drugs which act as Iksir-e-Badan are: Gilo (Tinospora cordifolia), Momiyai (Salajeet), Asgandh (Withania somnifera), Satavar (Aspragus racaemosus), Jadwar (Deliphinium denudatum), Waj (Acorus calamus), Tahlab (Spirulina platensis) and some formulations; Itriphalat, Mufarrehat, Khamirajat, Kushtajat etc. Unani scholars also advocated the use of these drugs during Waba (Epidemics) as prophylactics. A meticulous attempt has been made to enunciate the concept of Iksir-e-Badan in relation to some contemporary systems and highlight some drugs possessing elixir rich properties in Unani medicine.
... Shilajit contains antioxidant-rich compounds in its structure (Rege et al., 2012). In particular, it is a substance rich in humic and fulvic acids (Ghosal et al., 1990). It is known that shilajit is very effective against the damage of free radicals thanks to the antioxidants it contains (Bhattacharya et al., 1995). ...
... The presence of urolithins has also been reported in ellagitannin-rich plants such as pomegranate leaves [223], in the fruit of water caltrop (Trapa natans L.) [224,225], and in Nile tamarisk (Tamarix senegalensis DC.) flowers, which also contain EA and are known in Egyptian traditional medicine as antiseptic, antipyretic, and antiinflammatory remedy [226]. Urolithins are also important constituents of shilajit used in Ayurvedic medicine [227]. ...
Ellagic acid (EA) is a bioactive polyphenolic compound naturally occurring as secondary metabolite in many plant taxa. EA content is considerable in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and in wood and bark of some tree species. Structurally, EA is a dilactone of hexahydroxydiphenic acid (HHDP), a dimeric gallic acid derivative, produced mainly by hydrolysis of ellagitannins, a widely distributed group of secondary metabolites. EA is attracting attention due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antiproliferative properties. EA displayed pharmacological effects in various in vitro and in vivo model systems. Furthermore, EA has also been well documented for its antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective properties. This review reports on the health-promoting effects of EA, along with possible mechanisms of its action in maintaining the health status, by summarizing the literature related to the therapeutic potential of this polyphenolic in the treatment of several human diseases.
... Mineral pitch (MP), also known as shilajit, salajit, shilajatu, mumie, or mummiyo is a herbo-mineral drug, which comes from layers of rocks in many mountains of the world (Agarwal et al. 2007). The components of MP are as follows: gums, albuminoids, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, silica, resin, vegetable matter, magnesium, sulfur, iron, chloride, phosphorous, iodine, glycoside, tannic acid, benzoic acid and several vitamins, enzymes and carrier molecules including dibenzo-a-pyrones along with humic, and fulvic acids (Ghosal 1990;Park et al. 2006). In addition to the traditional use of MP, preclinical researches have also been done on its activities, and its therapeutic effects such as antiinflammatory and antioxidant roles, antiviral and antifungal activities, analgesic effect, and protection of mast cells from degranulation have been identified (Acharya et al. 1988;Ghosal et al. 1989Ghosal et al. , 1995Goel et al. 1990;Bhattacharya et al. 1995;Rachana 2009). ...
Injury from the severe burn is exacerbated by a persistent inflammatory response. This response is mediated by cytokines and chemokines, which are released from various immune cells, including mast cells. In this study, the ability of the acellular ovine small intestine submucosa (AOSIS) to load and release of Mineral Pitch (MP) was first investigated, and it was found that the preparation of the scaffold by a modified method enables it to load and release water-soluble drugs. Then, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups, a third-degree burn was created, and except for the control group, the others were treated with: AOSIS, WJ-MSCs seeded AOSIS, or AOSIS loaded with WJ-MSCs and MP. Wound sampling on the 5th day after treatment showed that the number of intact and degranulated mast cells in the treatment groups was associated with a decrease compared to the control group. In the last group, this decrease was the largest (and statically significant (p < 0.05)). Also, by measuring the level of inflammatory factors in blood serum, it was found that in the treatment groups compared to the control group, IL-10 was associated with an increase, and TNF-α was associated with a decrease. The changes in inflammatory factors were more significant (p < 0.05) in the last group. So, our results indicate that AOSIS loaded with WJ-MSCs and MP could be used as an innovative tissue-engineered device to control inflammatory condition during burn wound healing.
... Anuloman, mutrajanan and mutravirechaniya properties present in the trial drug help in correcting the low urine output and pedal oedema. According to various researchers, Ela (Elettaria cardamomum) has a Renal protective effect [11] ; Pashanbheda (Bergenia ligulata) has Free radical scavenging activity, Anti-diabetic and Diuretic activity [12] ; Shilajit (Asphaltum punja-bianum) has antioxidation and immuno-modulatory effect [13] ; Pippali (Piper longum) possess Vasodilator effect, Blood pressure-lowering effect and Immuno-modulatory effect [14] . Tandulyodak has a soothing effect due to its sheeta virya [10] . ...
CKD (Chronic Kidney Disease) is now a worldwide health crisis. The present study focuses on the efficacy of the poly herbo-mineral compound in the nephroprotective effect in CKD. Consent from all the selected patients was taken before the study. Ethical clearance was accredited by the Government Ayurvedic college and hospital, Gu- wahati, Assam. The patients were given the trial drug 1gm twice daily after food with Tandulyodak 25 ml and Punarnava panchanga kwath 25 ml as anupana for 3 months. A marked improvement was found in eGFR, Serum Creatinine, Blood Urea and Urine Albumin levels. Satisfactory results were noted in chief complaints like urine output, oedema, nausea, vomiting and muscle cramps and Serum Uric acid level. No change was observed in Serum Sodium and Serum Potassium levels at the end of the course. Keywords: Chronic kidney disease, poly herbo-mineral, anupana, Tandulyodak, Punarnava panchanga Kwath
... Shilajit is enriched with both immunopotentiating [5,19] and viral load reducing properties [20,21]. The in vitro evaluation of antiviral activity of shilajit against a panel of viruses including human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human rotavirus (HRV), and herpes simplex type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, and HSV-2) , as they encompass a range of viral characteristics, these viruses were selected including the presence or absence of a lipid envelope, different forms of genome (DNA or RNA), and different tissue/organ tropisms has been reported previously [21]. ...
Shilajit contains a blackish-brown exudation and a mineral-rich complex organic compound. Its source can be obtained from mountainous ranges of the world, where the hilly tribes first identified its beneficial use such as the Himalayan region from Gilgit to Skardu in Pakistan. This review article focuses on the potential applications of shilajit used in Pakistan’s traditional medicine. The major physiological action of Shilajit has been attributed to the presence of bioactive dibenzo-α-pyrones (DBPs) along with fulvic acids (FA) and humic acid (HA), which act as carrier molecules for the active ingredients. For many years, shilajit is extensively used as a part of the ayurvedic drug for the treatment of various ailments such as anaemia, viral infection, diabetes, wound healing,
liver disability and allergic disorders. Also, shilajit can settle the body’s immune system because it has anti-inflammatory properties.
Keywords: Shilajit; Herbomineral Drug; Fulvic Acid; Traditional Medicine
... These compounds mostly contains polyphenolic acids, flavonoidal and tannins. [10,11,12,13,14] ...
Shilajtu Vatika [S.V.], a herbo-mineral compound formulation having various therapeutic uses, predominately in Raktapradara (menorrhagia) has been used in Ayurvedic practice of medicine since many centuries. The present study was conducted to generate a fingerprint for raw Shilajatu [R.S.] and Shilajatu Vatika that can be practiced in Ayurvedic pharmacies and drug industries. Raw Shilajatu was processed with Triphala decoction by following integration of Agnitapi (heating in fire) and Suryatapi (heating in Sunshine) method, which have been followed for Shodhana of Shilajatu since many centuries. After obtaining Suddha Shilajatu it was added with Kajjali after being triturated with Kutaja decoction and Rakata kamala flower juice. Then all other ingredients of Shilajatu Vatika were added and triturated with honey to prepare Shilajatu Vatika by following SOP (Standard Operative Procedure) of Vati kalpana in Kharaliya method of preparation. After preparing Shilajatu Vatika complied with the features of herbo-mineral Vati kalpana, both raw Shilajatu and Shilajatu Vatika were analyzed by using X-Ray Fluorescence (X-RF) analysis. It was revealed that Raw Shilajatu contains K Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) studies showed that Strong spots identified on 254nm confirms presence of polyphenolic acids, flavonoidal and tannins.
... [11] Shilajatu, the main ingredient of Shiva gutika has significant anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immune-modulatory, antiviral and antioxidant activity. [12][13][14] S h i l a j a t u i s u s e f u l i n a l l e v i a t i n g Tr i d o s h a s (~three humours). [15] It possesses Rasayana property and useful in treating Shotha (~inflammation). ...
... It is generally used in the management of stone in urinary tract [26]. Classics refer about the use of Shilajeet (Purified) has influences on endocrine, automatic, and brain functional changes [27]. Hajrul yahood bhasma has lithotriptic property and potent diuretic action [28]. ...
Clinical Study to Evaluate the
Efficacy and Safety of Cystone Forte Tablet in Urolithiasis
... Triphala has become a potential candidate for skin care and protection through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties 33 Kutaki (Picrorhiza kurroa) is an important herb and largely used in Ayurveda for skin disorders, fever, burning sensation, respiratory diseases, hepatitis and anorexia 34 . It contains Shilajatu which has anti-inflammatory action 35 , anti-allergic and immunomodulator 36,32 ...
... With these aspects of green chemistry in mind, we have designed and synthesized γFe 2 O 3 @Sh@ Cu 2 O, a new catalysts for CuAAC reaction. Sh (mumlai in Farsi and mineral pitch in English) is a pale-brown to blackish-brown exudates obtained from layer of rocks in many mountain ranges [33][34][35][36] and it is a mixture of 85% humic acids and 15% non-humic compounds. The principle bioactive in Sh being Fulvic acid, a powerful organic electrolyte known to balance plant and animal life by increasing the electrical potential for cell restoration [36]. ...
A hybrid magnetic material γFe2O3@Sh@cu2O was easily prepared from Shilajit (Sh) decorated Fe3O4 and copper acetate. The prepared magnetic hybrid material was fully characterized using different analysis, including Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). All these analysis revealed that during coating of Fe3O4@Sh using copper salt (II), synchronized redox sorption of CuII to CuI occurs at the same time as the oxidation of Fe3O4 to γFe2O3. This magnetic catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity for regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles via one pot three-component click reaction of sodium azide, terminal alkynes and benzyl halides in the absence of any reducing agent. High yields, short reaction time, high turnover number and frequency (TON = 3.5 * 105 and TOF = 1.0 * 106 h-1 respectively), easy separation, and efficient recycling of the catalyst are the strengths of the present method.
... 'Shilajit' has been used extensively in ancient herbal formulations as a rejuvenator and anti-aging agent. Fulvic acid present in 'Shilajit' has been found to have immunomodulatory and psychoactive behavior 13 . Treatment of 'Shilajit' prevents self-aggregation of tau fibrils, that is responsible for the development of Alzheimer's disease 14,15 . ...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects joints of hands and feet and introduces injury in secondary organs such as cardiac tissue. In the present study, we induced RA in male Balb/c mice (CAIA) using collagen-antibody cocktail (C-Ab) and lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneal injections. Induction of RA in the animals was detected through the loss of body weight, food, and water consumption, pedal edema, increased arthritis score of the paw and ankle, increase in radiological and histological lesion score of ankle and knee joints and enhanced pain perception in the C-Ab induced RA animals. Ashwashila is a herbo-mineral medicine from Indian Ayurvedic system. Human equivalent doses of Ashwashila (ASHW) and standard of care, Methotrexate were given to the CAIA animals for two weeks. ASHW treatment significantly reversed the effect of C-Ab with reduced pedal edema, arthritis score, radiological and histological lesion scores in ankle-joint, knee-joint and articular cartilage, reduced pain perception. These effects were comparable with the Methotrexate treatment. In human monocytic (THP-1) cells, ASHW was found to be biocompatible at in-vitro test doses. The anti-arthritis mechanism of action for ASHW was established through the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α; and upstream regulator, NF-κB. Taken together, we show the pre-clinical efficacy of ASHW in reducing RA associated symptoms by controlling inflammation and suggest it as a potential therapeutic candidate for rheumatoid arthritis.
... There are some documents showing that Mumijo increases superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats (Bhattacharya et al., 1995). Also, Mumijo can significantly decrease carrageenaninduced edema in rats paw (Ghosal et al., 1990). In some scientific reports, it has also been described that Mumijo has antiallergic effects on histamine release and causes mast cells degranulation (Ghosal et al., 1989). ...
Objective
In this study, we elucidated the ameliorative effect of aqueous extract of leaves of Mumiju against acetic acid-induced experimental colitis in male rats.
Materials and Methods
The animals were randomly divided into four groups (n=7) including I: control group, II: vehicle group (injected with 2 ml acetic acid (4%) intra rectally), III and IV: treatment groups which received Mumiju (250 mg/kg) orally or intraperitoneally for 4 consecutive days after ulcer induction. Ulcer index, severity of inflammation, colonic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and histological changes were recorded after the treatment regimen of 4 days.
Results
The ulcer index, severity of inflammation and colonic MDA levels were increased following intrarectal instillation of acetic acid. Also, acetic acid significantly decreased the SOD and GSH levels. Treatment with Mumiju for 4 days exhibited significantly lowered oxidative stress, while elevated of SOD and GSH levels. Regenerative-healing patterns also was seen by histopathological findings after treatment with Mumiju.
Conclusion
The present investigation demonstrates that Mumiju could be regarded as a herb with potent therapeutic value in the amelioration of experimental colitis in laboratory animals by modulation of oxidant- antioxidant system.
... There are some documents showing that Mumijo increases superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in rats (Bhattacharya et al., 1995). Also, Mumijo can significantly decrease carrageenaninduced edema in rats paw (Ghosal et al., 1990). In some scientific reports, it has also been described that Mumijo has antiallergic effects on histamine release and causes mast cells degranulation (Ghosal et al., 1989). ...
Background: A majority of people widely use acetaminophen as a sedative. Overusing the drug for prolonged periods of time can lead to acute liver damage. Mumijo, as a strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug, could possibly reduce some of the acetaminophen-induced side effects on the liver. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of Mumijo on the liver damage caused by the use of acetaminophen. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: sham, acetaminophen, low and high doses of mumijo, and vehicle. All groups except the sham group received a single dose of 500 mg/kg acetaminophen via ip injection. Then the groups that were under treatment received 150 mg/kg (low dose) and 250 mg/kg (high dose) of mumijo, and the vehicle group received distilled water as vehicle. After 24 hours, blood samples were taken for biochemical tests, and a part of the liver was extracted for histopathological examination. Results: acetaminophen increases the activities of functional liver enzymes including alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and gamma glutamine transferase (GGT). In groups under treatment, values of the mentioned enzymes were significantly reduced in comparison with the acetaminophen and vehicle groups (P <0.05), and on the other hand, malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and protein carbonyl (PC) increase caused by acetaminophen were reduced by mumijo. Furthermore, the amount of glutathione (GPX) was increased by mumijo (P <0.05). From a histopathological point of view, necrosis and liver damage caused by acetaminophen was decreased by mumijo. Conclusion: The findings showed that mumijo is salient in preventing liver damage caused by consumption of high doses of acetaminophen probably through reducing oxidant activities and also through increasing anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. © 2018, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.
... In our study, improvement of blood antioxidants (SOD and GPx) and decreased MDA level may be due to the active metabolites of individual herbs such as Withania somnifera (Sitoindosides VII-X and Withaferin A), Shilajit (Dibenzo Alpha Pyrones, Humic acid and Fulvic acid), Tribulus terrestris (Protodioscin) (Ghosal 1990;Bhattacharya et al., 1997;Gauthaman et al., 2002;Sharma et al., 2003) [6, 2, 5, ] and Turnera diffusa (Apigenin) (Kumar et al., 2006;Kumar et al., 2008) [9,8] . This was the first pilot study conducted on the blood oxidative stress markers to evaluate the effect of herbal supplementation on blood oxidative stress markers in subfertile buffalo bulls. ...
The present study was conducted to minimize the oxidative stress in subfertile buffalo bulls by oral supplementation of herbal mixture. The study was conducted in three phases of 60 days each. Three subfertile buffalo bulls were supplemented with herbal mixture containing Panax ginseng
roots, Shilajit, Withania somnifera roots, Tribulus terrestris fruits, Turnera diffusa leaves;
Ptychopetalum olacoides bark each @ 400 mg/100 kg body weight and Pausinystalia yohimbe bark @ 300 mg/100 kg body weight of bulls. Blood samples were collected once in a week during all the three phases. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were estimated in blood samples. Herbal supplementation significantly (P<0.05) reduced the lipid peroxidation in supplementation (401.18 ± 20.06 μmole/gm Hb) and post-supplementation (259.69 ± 11.35 μmole/gm Hb) phases. The activity of SOD increased during supplementation (982.50 ± 111.63 U/gm Hb/min) and post-supplementation (1632.71 ± 140.57 U/gm Hb/min) phases. GPx activity was significantly (P<0.05) increased only during supplementation phase (35.17±6.06 U/gm Hb/min). In conclusion, the supplementation of herbs reduces the oxidative stress in subfertile buffalo bulls.
... Some discrete information are available regarding the individual use of herbs in small animals and humans (Kopalli et al., 2015;Biswas et al., 2009;Ambiye et al., 2013;Adaay et al., 2012;Ferrini et al., 2015;Kumar et al., 2008;Neha et al., 2017). In our study, the improvement in semen quality and antioxidant activity might be due to the antioxidant function of active metabolites like Ginsenosides of Panax ginseng (Leung et al., 2013), humic acid, fulvic acid and Dibenzo Alpha Pyrones of Shilajit ( Sharma et al., 2003;Ghosal, 1990), sitoindosides VII-X and withaferin A of Withania somnifera ( Bhattacharya et al., 1997), ...
... Objective 10 X Phase Image Pixels -1.48 pixels/unit Camera frequency (FPS) 160 Frame rate (FPS) 60 Frames acquired (FPS) 60 Detection of motility parameters Non progressive limit (µm/sec) 0-10 Slow progressive limit -(µm/sec) 10-25 Rapid progressive limit -(µm/sec) >=25 Improvement of sperm motion traits may be due the complex interactions or synergetic or adaptogenic or antioxidant effects of bioactive components like Ginsenosides of Panax ginseng (Leung et al., 2013), humic acid, fulvic acid and Dibenzo Alpha Pyrones of Shilajit (Sharma et al., 2003;Ghosal, 1990), sitoindosides VII-X and with a ferin A of Withania somnifera (Bhattacharya et al., 1997), protodioscin of Tribulus terrestris (Gauthaman et al., 2002), Apigenin of Turnera diffusa (Kumar et al., 2006), Ptychopetalum olacoides (Antunes et al., 2001) and yohimbine of Pausinystalia yohimbe (Neha et al., 2017). ...
... Humik maddelerin en çok bilinen aktiviteleri anti-viral (Riede, 1993), antimikrobiyal (Ansorg, 1978), anti-bakteriyel (Cronje, 1991, anti-oksidan (Avvakumova, 2011), anti-inflammatuar (Rensburg, 2004;Lown, 2006), antiklastojenik (Ferrara, 2006, anti-tümör (Kodama, 2007), anti-kariyojenik ve antiperiodontitic (Habilov LL, 1971), anti-alerjik (Ismatova, 2007;Maslinski, 1993), anti-toksin (Laub, 1999), anti-ülserojenik (Ghosal, 1988;Goel, 1990), anti-artritik ve anti-romatizmal (Iubitskaia, 1999) anti-anjiyogenez (Krzeminski, 2005;Strelis, 1989), anti-piretik (Golz-Berner, 2006, anti-radikal (Yudina, 2011), anti-mutajenik (Sato, 1986, 1987a, 1987b), analjezik (Salz, 1974)kanda heparin benzeri etki (Laub, 1999), östrojen benzeri etki (Jansen, 1996), bağışıklık sistemi düzenleyici (Ghosal, 1990;Inglot, 1993), tiroidal (Huang, 1994), kan şekeri düzenleyici (Meena, 2010), böbrek taşı bertarafı (Schepetkin, 2002) gibi etkilerdir. Bu etkileri yapısındaki polifenol (Manach, 2005), kuinon (Koyama, 2006) ve polikarboksilik gruplar (Thiel, 1981) ile sağladığı bilinmektedir. ...
Humic substances are potential drugs for human health. An evidence for their role in the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular ones is emerging. There are lots of humic substances’ sources such as lignite, peat, mumie, shilajit, gyttja, living plants, moss etc… Bioavailability differs greatly from one source to another. Among several other diseases, viral infections, particularly infections associated with HIV-1 and 2, HSV-1 and 2, HPV and newly emerging infectious viruses like avian influenza, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever have challenged mankind survival. A variety of humic substances have shown promise to treat a number of viral infections, and some of them possess broad-spectrum anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, anti-tumor activity.
... This is a viscous tar-like natural substance found in the Himalayan and other East Asian mountain ranges. It is composed of several organic compounds and more than 85 minerals, some of which include fulvic acids, dibenzo alpha-pyrones, humins, humic acids, Vitamins A, B complex, and C, phospholipids and polyphenol complexes, terpenoids, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, iron, and magnesium (Ghosal, Reddy, & Lal, 1976;Ghosal, 1990). There is no evidence, at present, for its safety or efficacy in people with epilepsy. ...
This article discusses etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, and treatment of epilepsy, as described in Charaka Samhitā (translation: Charaka's Compendium) and Sushruta Samhitā, the two core texts of Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine. Ayurveda emphasized amnesia and loss of consciousness as core features of epileptic seizures (Sanskrit: apasmar; translation: apa negation, smaran memory) and recognized that seizures occur due to a disturbance in brain function or flow of "humors" to the brain. Semiology of various seizure types was well described. Epilepsy was attributed to both internal and multiple exogenous factors. Treatment of epilepsy with formulations of naturally occurring substances, their compounding and use, is described in remarkable detail. Lifestyle modifications to protect people with epilepsy are also documented. Cognitive comorbidities of epilepsy were recognized. Although none of the Ayurveda formulations have any empirical evidence supporting their safety or efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, studies are needed to generate relevant evidence, to recognize their hazards, and to integrate traditional and complementary systems of medicine with modern health care in an informed and safe manner.
... There are essentially two major types of shilajit viz., karpura shilajit and gomuthira shilajit. The latter is further classified into four lesser types viz., savrana and lauha shilajit [4][5][6]. Shilajitis is considered to be a top rated and powerful adaptogen (Shukla et al., 2009). It is used to treat chest problems, diabetes mellitus, nervous disorders, immune disorders, obesity, kidney disorders, bleeding piles, enlarged spleen renal and bladder calculi, hysteria, bone fracture, moorcha (fainting), female infertility, joint pains, wounds, chronic Shilajit has demonstrated good inhibition against viral enzymes and also demonstrated a degree of anti HIV activity [9][10][11].Shilajit is available in tablet form in medicines such as Abana, Cystone and m as Evecare and Current knowledge on the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of shilajit is sparse and thus there remains a wide gap in our knowledge of it and thus it needs to be explored further to include various other pa present study was carried out to obtain a more comprehensive knowledge of the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of different samples of shilajit collected from Chitral i Northern area of Pakistan against s fungal species. ...
p>Shilajit (asphaltum) is produced by the long term humification of dead plant material and organic vegetable matter by different micro-organisms and has great potential for the treatment of a variety of human conditions. This treatise reviews its origin, sources, chemical composition, biological and commercial importance. Phytochemical analysis was done by standard methods to evaluate different Shilajit (asphaltum) classes of compounds in different samples of shilajit which are responsible for their biological activity. Shilajit`s anti-microbial activity has been evaluated against four different bacterial strains viz., Escherichia coli, Psuedomonas aeuroginosa , Klebisella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical analysis illustrated that shilajit contains terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and reducing sugars. Surprisingly, some classes of compounds are absent in shilajit viz., alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and anthraquinones. . Shilajit showed no response towards halophytic bacteria and negligible activity was shown towards other strains of bacteria. Since anti-microbial activity is based on environmental factors its activity varied between locations.</p
... These changes in neurotransmitter levels are similar to those seen in cases of increased humoral (immune) activity and hence validate its use as an Ayurvedicrasayana. [43] . ...
Cancer is a horrible disease which is leadingcause of death after cardiovascular disease. The principal etiological factor for cancer comprise mutagens, toxins, free radicals, radiations apart from many other causes, inflammation can increase the threat of cancer development and progression. Indian medical system i.e.Ayurveda was used as a means for the prevention of the effects of aging and generation of disease. Shilajitis a potent rejuvenator and havingadaptogenic action. Since thousands of years many therapeutic assets have been ascribed to it, some pharmacological properties have been verified by modern scientific evaluation. Shilajit has been attributed with many miraculous restorative properties,improve the quality of life and it seemed to cure all diseases. Shilajit is a brownish-blackcoloredherbo-mineral medicine, collected from the high altitude mountains of many parts of the world. In this review we have focused on the cancer preventive and therapeutic properties of active principles ofShilajit. Shilajit possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, immuno-modulator, antitumor, and photo-protective properties. These assets make Shilajit useful agents for cancer therapy and prevention.
... It is found at high altitudes ranging from 1000 to 5000 meters. The biologically important classes of compounds of Shilajit include dibenzo-alpha pyrenes phospholipids, triterpenes and phenolic acids of low molecular weight, fulvic acids: "carrier molecules", humins and humic acids and trace elements (Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, and P) [8] [9]. These natural materials have been established as potent wound healing medicines, possessing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and proliferative properties [10]. ...
Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is known to be chemo resistant but with the introduction of targeted therapies; there has been a “revolution” in its treatment strategies. The only targeted therapy available in Tunisia for the treatment of metastatic and/or locally advanced RCC is sunitinib. Objective of the Study: To evaluate therapeutic results and tolerance of sunitinib in metastatic and/or locally advanced RCC. Subjects and Methods: This was a retrospective study covering a period of six years (from January 2008 to January 2014) conducted in 5 medical oncology departments in Tunisia. The population of the study consisted of 29 patients treated with sunitinib for metastatic and/or locally advanced RCC. Results: The mean age of patients was 51 years. Three patients had tumor recurrence and 26 patients had a metastatic RCC. The prognosis was good for 5 patients, intermediate for 19 patients and poor for 5 patients. The median duration of treatment was 5 months. Because of side effects, treatment was discontinued in 12.5% of cases and the dose was reduced in 10.3% of cases. Side effects consisted of asthenia (95.8%), stomatitis (70.8%), anemia (50%), hand-foot syndrome (55.8%) in addition to nausea and vomiting (54.2%). Objective response was observed in 37.5% of patients after 3 months of treatment and in 50% after 6 months. The median progression-free survival was 14 months (95% CI, 7.9 to 20.6). The median overall survival was 22 months (95% CI, 15.6 to 28.7). Conclusion: The prognosis of RCC in Tunisian patients has clearly improved with the introduction of sunitinib, but other therapies with a proven efficacy as a first and second line therapy should be considered.
... It is found at high altitudes ranging from 1000 to 5000 meters. The biologically important classes of compounds of Shilajit include dibenzo-alpha pyrenes phospholipids, triterpenes and phenolic acids of low molecular weight, fulvic acids: "carrier molecules", humins and humic acids and trace elements (Fe, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, and P) [8] [9]. These natural materials have been established as potent wound healing medicines, possessing anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and proliferative properties [10]. ...
To compare the healing of purulent wounds with Shilajit dressing vs. Vishnevsky dressing in dogs with purulent wounds of >2 weeks of duration, eight dogs were chosen from same ages in two groups i.e., Shilajit and Vishnevsky dressing group. Dressing was done on every day basis for more than two weeks of follow up period. Main outcome of healing measure was completed at three weeks. Wound healing status was assessed at three days intervals till end of three weeks. Shilajit treated achieved complete decrease in the wound surface area, effect of healing score in Shilajit dressing group in comparison to the Vishnevsky dressing group at p > 0.05 level of significance. Shilajit is highly effective in achieving a characteristic feature of regenerative and granulation healing of purulent wounds as compared to Vishnevsky dressing group in dogs.
... Mineral Pitch (MP), also called as shilajit in local vernacular, is a dark brown coloured humic matter that drips out of the high altitude rocks (above 1000 m) during summer months. It is believed that it can cure almost all body ailments [5][6][7]. MP is a natural medicinal food, mainly used to treat people with weakness, inflammation, bone fracture, bleeding and for wound healing [6]. Since there is an insufficient number of medical facilities, eighty percent of total population mostly rely on the natural products for their primary health care needs [8]. ...
Background:
Mineral Pitch (MP) is a dark brown coloured humic matter originating from high altitude rocks. It is an Ayurvedic medicinal food, commonly used by the people of the Himalayan regions of Nepal and India for various body ailments.
Methods:
The Huh-7 cells were treated with different concentrations of MP for 24 h, and both apoptosis and proliferation was determined by the TUNEL and MTT assays respectively. The formation of ROS and nitric oxide was analysed by DCFH-DA and Griess reagent respectively. The expression of miRNA-21 and miRNA-22 were checked by the real time PCR. Effect of miRNA-22 on proliferation and c-myc was studied by over-expressing miRNA-22 premiRs in Huh-7 cells.
Results:
We found that MP enhanced anti-cancer effects by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation. MP induced both ROS and NO, upon neutralizing them, there was a partial recovery of apoptosis and proliferation. MP also induced miRNA-22 expression, while miRNA-21 expression was inhibited. Over-expression of miRNA-22 resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation. miRNA-22 directly targeted c-myc gene, thereby inhibited proliferation. These results clearly show that MP induces its anti-cancer activity by more than one pathway.
Conclusion:
The data clearly indicate that MP induced apoptosis via the production of ROS, and inhibited proliferation by inducing miRNA-22 and inhibiting miRNA-21 in Huh-7 cells.
... Shilajit has been known and used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, as a rejuvenator and as anti-aging compound. [13,14] Considering its unique composition as a phytocomplex, very rich in fulvic acid, researchers hypothesize that Shilajit is produced by the decomposition of plant material from species such as Euphorbia royleana and Trifolium repens. [15,16] Various pharmacological properties for shilajit including anti-inflammatory [17] anti-oxidant, [18] immunomodulatory, [17] aphrodisiac [18] are well documented. ...
Background: Alcohol addiction is a social problem leading to both loss of health and economic prosperity among addicted individuals. Common properties of anti-addictive compounds include anti-anxiety, anticonvulsants, anti-depressant, and nootropic actions primarily through modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonergic systems. Objective: Here, we screen ashwagandha and shilajit known ethnopharmacologically as nervine tonic and adaptogenic herbs for possible anti-addictive potential. Materials and Methods: Effect of ashwagandha churna and shilajit was measured on ethanol withdrawal anxiety using elevated plus maze. Role of ashwagandha and shilajit on chronic ethanol consumption (21 days) was measured using two bottle choice protocol of voluntary drinking. We also measured the effect of the above herbs on corticohippocampal GABA, dopamine, and serotonin levels. Results: Both ashwagandha and shilajit were found to reduce alcohol withdrawal anxiety in a dose-dependent manner. These herbs alone or in combination also decreased ethanol intake and increased water intake significantly after 21 days of chronic administration. Chronic administration of ashwagandha was found to significantly increase GABA and serotonin levels whereas shilajit altered cortico-hippocampal dopamine in mice. Conclusion: These central nervous system active herbs alone or in combination reduced both alcohol dependence and withdrawal thus showing promising anti-addictive potential.
SUMMARY
Withinia Somnifera alone and in combination with Shilajeet prevented ethanol withdrawal and alcohol addiction
Abbreviations used: GABA: Gama aminobutyric acid, CNS: Central Nervous System, CPP:Condition place preference, DA: Dopamine, 5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, NMDA:N-methyl-D-aspartate
Sugato Banerjee
... Shilajit has been known and used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine, as a rejuvenator and as anti-aging compound. [13,14] Considering its unique composition as a phytocomplex, very rich in fulvic acid, researchers hypothesize that Shilajit is produced by the decomposition of plant material from species such as Euphorbia royleana and Trifolium repens. [15,16] Various pharmacological properties for shilajit including anti-inflammatory [17] anti-oxidant, [18] immunomodulatory, [17] aphrodisiac [18] are well documented. ...
Background: Alcohol addiction is a social problem leading to both loss of health and economic prosperity among addicted individuals. Common properties of anti‑addictive compounds include anti‑anxiety, anticonvulsants, anti‑depressant, and nootropic actions primarily through modulation of gamma‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonergic systems. Objective: Here, we screen ashwagandha and shilajit known ethnopharmacologically as nervine tonic and adaptogenic herbs for possible anti‑addictive potential. Materials and Methods: Effect of ashwagandha churna and shilajit was measured on ethanol withdrawal anxiety using elevated plus maze. Role of ashwagandha and shilajit on chronic ethanol consumption (21 days) was measured using two bottle choice protocol of voluntary drinking. We also measured the effect of the above herbs on corticohippocampal GABA, dopamine, and serotonin levels. Results: Both ashwagandha and shilajit were found to reduce alcohol withdrawal anxiety in a dose‑dependent manner. These herbs alone or in combination also decreased ethanol intake and increased water intake significantly after 21 days of chronic administration. Chronic administration of ashwagandha was found to significantly increase GABA and serotonin levels whereas shilajit altered cortico‑hippocampal dopamine in mice. Conclusion: These central nervous system active herbs alone or in combination reduced both alcohol dependence and withdrawal thus showing promising anti‑addictive potential.
... ted to the enhanced production of ATP,(Agarwal et al, 2007) and an enhancer of the quality of life.(Mittal et al, 2009) Other traditional uses include digestive and liver disorders, epilepsy, chronic bronchitis, anemia, kidney stones, hemorrhoids, and a synergestic enhacer of other drugs. Fulvic acid acts as its main biologically active ingredient.(Ghosal et al, 1990) Its safety has been established in animal and human studies.(Stohs et al, 2013)2.3.2 Clinical implicationsLimited animal and clinical studies provide evidence for the positive modulation of congnition, protector against high altitude stresses and as a rejuvenator. However, its role as a viable nutraceutical depends on future well contr ...
This section of the four part article looks at saffron, shatavari, shilajit, triphala, turmeric, tamarind and terminalia arjuna. A review of all citations on PubMed regarding these naturoceuticals was done. We found entries as follows: saffron: 737 entries dating back to 1946; shatavari: 13 entries dating back to 1969; shilajit: 32 entries dating back to 1965; tamarind: 364 entries dating back to 1945 ; terminalis arjuna: 141 entries dating back to 1982; triphala: 84 entries dating back to 1963 and turmeric: 2554 entries dating back to 1945. Other pertinent scientific articles and studies with evidence based data were also reviewed.
... The active constituent of Shilajit consists of dibenzo-alphapyrones and related metabolites, small peptides (constituting non-protein amino acids), some lipids and carrier molecules (fulvic acids) 1, 2 . Standard Shilajit contains at least 5-7% dibenzo-alpha-pyrones [1][2][3] . Shilajit finds extensive use in Ayurveda, for diverse clinical conditions. ...
Shilajit is one of the most widely used drug in the treatment of many ailments in day to day practice. In general all metals, minerals and animal product, if not purified and processed properly, show some untoward or adverse effects on humans. Because of commercialization and rapid growth of pharmaceutical industry, lot of adulteration is seen in the raw materials of Ayurveda. Hence, after proper identification of them, Shodhana is to be carried out based on classical references. In Rasashastra different methods of Shodhana are mentioned for Shilajit. In the present study following two methods of Shodhana were done (Ref R.R.S) and comparative effect was observed on blood glucose level of hyperglycemic subjects. 1-Method A- Yavakshara Kanji - Gomutra--Bhavana method 2-Method B- Yavakshara -Kanji- Guggulu-- Swedana method.
The present experiment was conducted to study the impact of herbal treatment on post thaw semen quality and lipid peroxidation level in subfertile buffalo bulls. Three Murrah subfertile buffalo bulls maintained at bull station, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Ludhiana, India (Latitude/Longitude, 30.55°N, 75.54° E) with the history of poor semen quality (pre-freeze individual motility < 60%, post-thaw individual motility < 40%, Viability : < 70% and Abnormality: > 20%) were orally supplemented with herbal mixture (Panax ginseng roots, Shilajit, Withania somnifera roots, Tribulus terrestris fruits, Turnera diffusa leaves, Ptychopetalum olacoides bark of each 400 mg/100 kg body weight and 300 mg/100 kg body weight of Pausinystalia yohimbe bark) daily for 60 days of treatment phase. Two semen ejaculates per week per bull were collected during pre-treatment, treatment and post-treatment phases of 60 days each and extended with Tris egg yolk extender. The freezing of extended semen was carried out in a biofreezer (i.e. 4 °C to -15 °C @-30 °C/min, -15 °C to -140 °C @-50 °C/min). Further, the post thaw semen was assessed in terms of individual motility, viability, total sperm abnormalities, mitochondrial membrane activity (TMRM fluorescent dye), intact acrosome and plasma membrane integrity. Further, the lipid peroxidation level was assessed in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA). During the treatment and post-treatment phase, individual motility, viability, total sperm abnormalities, mitochondrial membrane activity and intact acrosome and plasma membrane integrity were significantly (P<0.05) higher. Moreover, lipid peroxidation was significantly (P<0.05) lower during treatment phase and it remained similar (P>0.05) during the post-treatment phase in contrast to pre-treatment phase.
The effect of kaolin enriched diet on growth, hematology, and immune response in the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus against Aeromonas hydrophila is reported. Both the infected and uninfected groups fed with kaolin enriched diet gained better weight, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The survival rate was 98.3% in control (C) and uninfected (UI) fed with 2 g kg-1kaolin diet, whereas it was 95.0% in uninfected (UI) fed with 1 g kg-1or infected (I) fed with 1 g kg-1kaolin diets. In both groups the red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, percentage of lymphocytes and eosinophils, level of albumin and globulin increased in uninfected (UI) fed with 1, 2, and 3 g kg-1diets. The serum Ig level significantly increased in both groups when fed with 3 g kg-1diet, whereas the phagocytic activity did not increase significantly. Further the respiratory burst activity in both groups significantly increased with any supplemented diet. The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased significantly in the infected group fed with 2 g kg-1diet and the uninfected group fed with 1 g kg-1diet. The complement activity was significantly enhanced in both groups when fed with 1 and 2 g kg-1diets; the lysozyme activity increased with 2 g kg-1diet; besides the group was 5% mortality whereas 10% mortality was observed when fed with 1 or 3 g kg-1diets. The present results suggest that C. idellus fed with kaolin enriched diet promotes growth, hematology, innate and adaptive immune response against Aeromonas hydrophila infection.
Background
Shilajit (mumie), a natural multi-component herbomineral ethnomedicinal food, is used as a traditional medicine for enhancing the quality of life and for management of health ailments in many countries of the world. Use of Shilajit as an adaptogen, aphrodisiac, rejuvenator and anti-aging substance is mentioned in many ancient texts. This review aims to provide comprehensive insights into its biochemical aspects, microbial role in biosynthesis, bioactivities and to establish correlation between traditional uses and scientifically validated research findings.
Methods
Scientific literature and ethnopharmacological information were compiled from the published peer-reviewed articles, unpublished materials, thesis, books, patent databases, clinical trial registries and from the websites of research councils of traditional medicine. The scientific databases, thesis repositories and books databases were searched with keywords Shilajit, mumie, mumijo, salajeet, asphaltum, fulvic acid, dibenzo-alpha-pyrones etc.
Results
Scientifically validated research and ancient texts suggest multifaceted benefits of Shilajit. It is endowed with anti-stress, memory and energy enhancing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, spermatogenic, neuroprotective, antiulcer and wound healing activities. These pharmacological effects are mainly attributed to the presence of humic acid, fulvic acid, dibenzo-α-pyrones, dibenzo- α-pyrones chromoproteins and trace elements.
Conclusion
This review summarizes the traditional importance of Shilajit for the treatment and prevention of several acute and chronic diseases and health ailments. Despite numerous health claims, there are still major gaps in our understanding of its mechanism of action, variability in efficacy and toxicity profile. Therefore, a coordinated interdisciplinary approach is needed to establish the underlying mechanisms of action, comprehensive toxicological profile, pharmacokinetics parameters and effects on different organ systems. Regulatory and governmental impetus to basic and clinical research, safety testing and formulations quality control is warranted.
Shilajit is a widely used natural herbo-mineral in Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine. It is a sticky brown to blackish physiologically active organic matter exuded from steep rocks in many mountain ranges of the world, especially the Himalayas of the Indian subcontinent. Shilajit is composed of humus and organic plant material, and its active constituents include dibenzo-alpha-pyrones, dibenzo-alpha-pyrone-chromoproteins, and fulvic acids. It exhibits antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, adaptogenic, and antidyslipidemic activities. It has cholinergic and parasympathomimetic effects. Studies conducted in animal models tend to support its use as a “revitalizer,” enhancing physical performance and relief from fatigue with enhanced ATP production. Further systematic research is needed to elucidate the exact mechanism of action of shilajit as a rejuvenator. Studies involving animals and humans indicate that the use of shilajit may be safe and free from adverse effects. Additional well-controlled studies on standardized products are needed in humans and animals.
In some tropical rain forests organic matter, derived from epiphytic plants, accumulates as heavy mats on tall tree tops (Crown), trunks and branches. Upon microbial and abiotic (chemical, geological) interactions, the canopy organic matter (COM) is transformed into Crown humus. Detailed chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses of seven COM samples (COM-1 to -7), collected from five different tree tops, and one soil sample collected from the corresponding forest floor (FF-I), from Monte Verde Reserve Forest, in Costa Rica, have been carried out in respect of their low M(w) organic compounds and the contained humus. The nature and chemical characteristics of these arboreal humic substances are compared with those of their terrestrial and aquatic counterparts. Some striking similarities, particularly in the core structures of fulvic acids (FAs), occurring in three different natural habitats (arboreal, terrestrial and aquatic), are observed. Like those of terrestrial and aquatic -FAs, the molecular architecture of the Crown-FAs constitute metallo-organic complexes of mono-, di- and oligomeric oxygenated dibenzo-α-pyrones (1-4, 9a, b, 11, Chart 1). However, the ecological and geochemical conditions of the arboreal miniecosystem being different, are reflected in the simpler structures of a large variety of its secondary metabolites (Tables I and II) entrapped in the inner core and outer-surface of the Crown humus. The role of these compounds in the microbial (chemoheterotroph) metabolic sequence enroute to Crown humus is appraised.
To investigate the antimicrobial activity (antibacterial & antifungal) of U.V. treated shilajit (US) and normal shilajit (NS) and to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value.Methods:The antibacterial activity of NS & US was evaluated at different concentrations by agar well diffusion method against selected gram positive and gram negative organisms, MIC was determined by prescribed method and antifungal activity was also checked by the well diffusion method. Phyto chemical analysis was done by Kokate et al., 2009; Evans et al., 2002; Khandelwal et al., 1995 method.Results:NSdid not show any antimicrobial activity. However, after U.V. treatment shilajit showed the potentially good antimicrobial activity against all available bacterial strains and antifungal activity only against Penicillium chrysogenum. MICwas 2mg/ml for Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, 5mg/ml for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniaand 3mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus.Phyto chemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrates, triterpenes, flavonoids and cardiac glycosydes.Discussion:The results in the present study suggest that the shilajit change its antimicrobial properties by U.V. treatment, which showed good antibacterial activities. This studycould be useful to formulate the new antimicrobial bioactive compounds from U.V. Treated shilajit.
The objective of the current research work was to investigate the potential of fulvic acid, extracted from shilajit, as a bioavailability enhancer. Ketoconazole was selected as a model drug because of its insolubility in water except at low pH, leading to poor bioavailability. Complexes of fulvic acid with ketoconazole were prepared in a molar ratio of 1:0.5 and 1:1 by solvent evaporation, spray drying and physical mixing methods. The prepared complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Phase solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate study of ketoconazole with fulvic acid were carried out in phosphate buffer of pH 5 and 6 to study the interaction between ketoconazole with fulvic acid. Phase solubility study indicates that solubility of ketoconazole was significantly increased at fulvic acid concentration greater than 0.3 % w/v due to micellization of fulvic acid. DSC and XRD studies showed differences between ketoconazole and ketoconazole-fulvic acid complexes prepared by various methods. Solvent evaporated and spray dried complexes showed significant improvement in dissolution rate as compared to ketoconazole or ketoconazole-fulvic acid physical mixture. Further, spray-dried complexes showed better dissolution rate than solvent evaporated complexes. The results indicate that the fulvic acid extracted from shilajit could be used to increase the dissolution rate and hence the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs.
In the present study, shilajit samples from various sources were characterized based on their physico-chemical properties, UV, FTIR and 1H NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern and DSC thermograms. All the samples showed a distinct similarity with respect to their physico-chemical as well as spectral and thermal characteristics. Being natural in origin, some variation can be expected and was seen in these samples too. The studies confirmed the complex multi-component and humic nature of shilajit.
Shilajit is an asphalt-like substance found embedded in rocky sediments in the Himalayas in western Nepal at altitudes between 2500-5000 m. It is popularly used in Nepal as a tonic. Chemical analysis of shilajit revealed that two-thirds by weight of this medicinal material was extractable by warm 50% alcohol. Repeated crystallization of the hydroalcoholic extract has led to the isolation of crystals, which were subsequently identified as calcium benzoate. The antiseptic properties of benzoates may account for the antiseptic effects of shilajit in places where hygiene remains at a low level.
This discovery of the regulation of the immune response by hormone-like proteins (lymphokines) offers opportunities for the search for novel and specific immunomodulators through new screening procedures; it has also assisted the analysis of the mechanism of action of established immunomodulators. This is illustrated by reference to a range of immunomodulators of plant or fungal origin, chosen for the recent progress in the understanding of their mechanism of action, or their potential clinical importance. These are the vaccine adjuvant saponin, the non-specific immunostimulators lentinan and krestin (fungal polysaccharides) and bestatin (a fungal peptide) and the immunosuppressive fungal peptide cyclosporin A.
Mangiferin, a naturally occurring glucosylxanthone, was assessed for its immunomodulatory potential. The phytochemical induced extensive in vitro proliferation of murine splenocytes and thymocytes at the doses of 5-40 micrograms ml-1. Suppression of the proliferative response of the cells was observed with higher doses of mangiferin. Mangiferin also activated the splenocytes of tumor hosts at early and late stages of tumor growth. The Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and Con A unresponsive splenocytes of advanced tumor bearer proliferated extensively in response to mangiferin. Mangiferin when used with Con A produced additive stimulatory effect and induced heightened DNA synthesis of normal and advanced tumor bearers' splenocytes.
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