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Abstract
One of the hot topics surrounding the theory of the universe is what the dark matter is. The presence of dark matter is mainly inferred as an invisible source of gravity from the stellar movement inside the galaxy or the galactic movement inside the galactic cluster. It has never been directly observed. Behind the opinion advocating the presence of dark matter is full-fledged trust in the conventional theory of gravity. But is the conventional theory perfect? This paper clearly defines the origin of inertia by exploring different theories. The paper also theoretically proves that an object accelerating relative to another object exerts an influence so as to bring that object up to its own speed. This supports the notion that E. Mach's assertion is correct. By ascertaining the true nature of inertia the paper argues that the movement of heavenly bodies can be explained incontrovertibly without relying on the mysterious dark matter.
Numerous paradoxes have been noted with regard to Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR) [A. Einstein, Ann. Phys. 322 , 891 (1905)]. This is because the logical consistency of the two guiding principles he adopts has not been fully verified. Here, the author discusses Einstein’s “light clock” thought experiment based on the two guiding principles of STR. Following those principles would lead to a logical breakdown in the STR.
In this paper, the author describes his own ideas regarding the relationships between matter and fields, and between space and gravitational fields. The author also proposes a new definition of inertial system, as well as a relativistic and rigorous definition of inertial motion. The
author discusses gravity and inertia, and shows that the “gravity” and “inertia,” regarded as different concepts in today's physics, are actually the same thing. This proves Einstein's equivalence principle. Finally, the author discusses the possibility that the biggest
problems in modern cosmology will be solved by correctly understanding inertia (gravity).
Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) is an empirically motivated modification of Newtonian gravity or inertia suggested by Milgrom as an alternative to cosmic dark matter. The basic idea is that at accelerations below a0 ~ 10^{-8} cm/s^2 ~ cH0/6 the effective gravitational attraction approaches sqrt{gN*a0} where gN is the usual Newtonian acceleration. This simple algorithm yields flat rotation curves for spiral galaxies and a mass-rotation velocity relation of the form M ~ V^4 that forms the basis for the observed luminosity-rotation velocity relation-- the Tully-Fisher law. We review the phenomenological success of MOND on scales ranging from dwarf spheroidal galaxies to superclusters, and demonstrate that the evidence for dark matter can be equally well interpreted as evidence for MOND. We discuss the possible physical basis for an acceleration-based modification of Newtonian dynamics as well as the extension of MOND to cosmology and structure formation. Comment: To be published in volume 40 of Annual Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics. 36 pages plus 12 figures and 1 table
Major-axis spectra and rotation-curve data are presented for 23 Sb
galaxies, most of them field galaxies of high inclination. Relations
between the integral properties of mass, luminosity, radius, and
rotational velocity are derived and are compared with similarly derived
relations for an analogous set of 20 Sc galaxies. It is shown that: (1)
the rotational velocities remain high at large nuclear distances for all
23 Sb galaxies; (2) rotational properties are a function of luminosity
within the Sb class; (3) many Sb rotation curves share the
characteristic form seen in the Sc galaxies; (4) isophotal radius and
blue luminosity are tightly correlated; (5) the conventional
Tully-Fisher relations hold for the Sb's but the regression line for the
Sb's is displaced about 0.1 dex from that for Sc's; (6) the mass of an
Sb is higher by 0.2 dex than that of an Sc of equivalent luminosity; and
(7) the mass/blue luminosity relation is independent of luminosity
within a single Hubble class.
THE mass of the Universe is widely believed to be dominated by dark matter1. Dark matter is, by its very nature, extremely difficult to investigate, and the presence of dark matter is usually inferred indirectly through its gravitational influence on ordinary visible matter. Observations of X-ray-emitting gas associated with clusters of galaxies can help to constrain the large-scale distribution of dark matter; if the gas is in hydrostatic equilibrium with the gravitational potential of the cluster, it will trace the distribution of all matter present (dark and visible)2. Here we present X-ray observations of gas in the Fornax cluster of galaxies, which show that dark matter is distributed on at least two distinct length scales: the scale of the dominant central galaxy and that of the cluster as a whole. This suggests the presence of either a single form of dark matter exhibiting hierarchical clustering (analogous to the hierarchical distribution of visible matter), or two forms of dark matter which interact—and hence cluster—through different unknown mechanisms.