Article

A trade not for gentlemen

October 1988
Nature 335(6190):498-499

DOI:10.1038/335498a0

Authors:

Richard Hodges

The American University of Rome

ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.

(Northern Europe in the 7-9th centuries: Friesian commerce or French-Friesian commerce?).

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Jan 1986

S. Lebecq

Discusses the questions of whether there were important commercial activities between France and Friesland and whether the height of it was about 800 AD at the time when Friesland came under the Carolingian yoke. Examines what the role of the Friesians themselves was in the origins and developments of their trade expansion. -C.Wilson

Dark-age cities discovered

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Oct 1987
NATURE

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Oligopolistic Competition, Firm Heterogeneity, and the Impact of International Trade

December 2010 · Eastern Economic Journal

Haiwen Zhou

This paper studies the impact of international trade in a general equilibrium model in which heterogeneous firms engage in oligopolistic competition. An increase of the size of the market leads to a decrease of the equilibrium price and an increase of per capita consumption. The opening of international trade leads to an increased degree of competition, a lower price level, and the exit of least ... [Show full abstract] efficient firms. Although average profit increases, not all the surviving firms benefit from the opening of international trade.

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June 1984 · International Organization

John Ravenhill

Third World economies largely dependent on commodity exports other than oil have been the principal victims of the world recession. Attempts at restructuring international commodities regimes through the creation of the Common Fund have met with little success. Accordingly, the possibility of helping commodity exporters through the provision of compensatory finance has attracted increasing ... [Show full abstract] attention. One possible model for a new international compensatory facility is the EEC's STABEX scheme, established as part of the Lome Convention. However, rather than operating automatically and without interfering with market mechanisms, as its proponents suggest, the administration of STABEX has depended on discretionary judgments on the part of the EEC Commission, and the scheme has introduced distortions into trade between the EEC and its partners in the Lome Convention. Transfers under the STABEX scheme have had only a minor impact on the economies of recipient countries, especially on the sectors affected by fluctuations in export earnings. STABEX is an unsatisfactory model for a new compensatory facility: additional finance to compensate LDCs for losses in export earnings might most feasibly be made available through further liberalization of the IMF's Compensatory Financing Facility.

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Critical appraisals of the current and potential benefits from developing country engagement in the WTO focus mainly on the Doha Round of negotiations. This paper examines a different aspect of developing country participation in the WTO: use of the WTO dispute settlement system to enforce foreign market access rights already negotiated in earlier rounds of multilateral negotiations. We examine ... [Show full abstract] data on developing country use from 1995 through 2008 of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) to enforce foreign market access. The data reveal three notable trends: developing countries' sustained rate of self-enforcement actions despite declining use of the DSU by developed countries, developing countries' increased use of the DSU to self-enforce their access to the markets of developing as well as developed countries, and the prevalence of disputes targeting highly observable causes of lost foreign market access, such as antidumping, countervailing duties, and safeguards. The paper also examines how introduction of the Advisory Centre on WTO Law (ACWL) into the WTO system in 2001 has affected developing countries' use of the DSU to self-enforce their foreign market access rights. A first pass at the data indicates that developing country use of the ACWL mirrors their use of the DSU more broadly; the ACWL has had little effect in terms of introducing new countries to DSU self-enforcement. A closer look at the data reveals evidence on at least three channels through which the ACWL may be enhancing developing countries' ability to self-enforce foreign market access: increased initiation of sole-complainant cases, more extensive pursuit of the DSU legal process for any given case, and initiation of disputes over smaller values of lost trade.

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On December 31, 2003 a coalition representing Southeast U.S.A. shrimp harvesters and processors filed a petition with the U.S. International Trade Administration and the U.S. International Trade Commission seeking relief in the form of antidumping duties from what the coalition perceived as unfair trade practices by six countriesâ€”China, Vietnam, India, Thailand, Ecuador, and Brazil. After an ... [Show full abstract] exhaustive investigation, an affirmative finding of dumping and injury was found, and duties were imposed on subject merchandise from these six countries. This study examines the factors that led to the petition being filed, the investigation process, and the outcome associated with the imposition of antidumping duties. Overall, the study concludes that while the duties resulted in a limited amount of trade deflection, particularly among those countries assessed with higher duties, much of the protective effect that might have been forthcoming from restricting imports from the six named countries was eroded by trade diversion to countries not included in the petition.

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Foreign Exchange Market Reaction to the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement

December 1994 · Journal of Financial Research

In this paper we investigate the effect of news about the advent of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on the exchange rate between the Canadian dollar and the U.S. dollar. We find evidence that information flows related to the likelihood of the FTA influenced the volatility of the daily spot rate. In particular, information that increased the likelihood of the FTA subsequently diminished ... [Show full abstract] exchange rate volatility. In contrast, information that decreased the likelihood of the FTA subsequently increased exchange rate volatility.

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September 1994 · International Organization

Mark Tilton

Too much emphasis has been placed on formal state policies and on ties between individual firms to explain Japanese economic behavior and impediments to imports in Japanese markets. We need to look instead at informal governance by trade associations. In so doing, the concept of relational contracting should be applied not just to dyadic relationships between individual firms but also to ... [Show full abstract] relationships between entire industries. Whole industries engage in relational contracting to ensure the stability of both prices and supplies. These industry agreements stabilize Japanese markets but at the same time keep imports out of them. This informal governance complements state policies to support uncompetitive industries. These agreements are more likely to occur and succeed between selling and buying industries that each are relatively concentrated, when upstream products are standardized, when upstream goods constitute a smaller share of downstream production costs, when these sectors have not experienced previous conflicts that undermine cooperation, and when the Ministry of International Trade and Industry wants a domestic supply of its products.

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Given that in Brazil there is a significant asymmetry in production and trade among states, this study had as objective to measure the border effect to the intranational and international trade, using it as an indicator of the degree of integration. Such effect measures the bias to the internal trade of a country or state, in comparison to the external trade. A gravity model, including different ... [Show full abstract] dummy variables was used as methodology for this study. Results showed that intra-state trade in Brazil was 32 and 96 times larger than interstate and international trade, respectively. Interstate trade, was shown to be around 34 times larger than international trade. The border effect calculated to each state trading to other states, and to the rest of the world, showed smaller values and larger commercial integration among the states of the southeast and south regions of Brazil.

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Article

La balance commerciale déficitaire des biens d'équipement mécaniques

January 1970 · Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics

Paul Laffont

[eng] Foreign trade in engineering capital goods by Paul LAFFONT . Six countries (the United States, Federal Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, France and Japan) account for 80 % of total exports of engineering capital goods from the O.E.C.D. countries. . In absolute value, the position of France among these six countries is fairly low; in 1969 French exports of engineering capital goods ($ ... [Show full abstract] 1,894 million) were less than those of the United States (

7,188 million), Federal Germany (

6,302 million) and the United Kingdom (

3,402 million) and even, ever since 1966, those of Italy (

2,014 million).' But French exports of engineering capital goods are increasing fast; they increased 3.5 times between 1959 and 1969, though less than Italian exports, which multiplied sixfold over the same period, and, finally, France's share in world trade in engineering capital goods. is increasing. . Federal Germany occupies a dominant position in the trade in enginneering capital goods among the six countries. France, on the contrary, is in deficit with the five other countries, and the sum of these deficits is more than 5 billion francs, while the aggregate deficit on external trade in engineering capital goods of France with the whole of the world is a little more than one billion francs. [spa] El comercio exterior de bienes de equipo mecánicos por Paul LAFFONT . Seis paises (Estados Unidos, Alemania R.F., el Reino Unido, Francia, Japon) realizan el 80% del total de exportaciones en bienes de equipo mecánicos procedentes de paises de la O.C.D.E. . En valor absoluto, la posición de Francia entre estos seis paises resulta bastante floja : en 1969, las exportaciones francesas en bienes de equipo mecánicos (1 894 millones de dólares) son inferiores a las de los Estados Unidos (7 188 millones de dólares), de la República Federal Alemana (6302) del Reino Unido (3 402), e incluso y desde 1966 inferiores a las de Italia (2 014). Pero las exportaciones francesas de bienes de equipo mecánicos aumentan rápidamente : se han multiplicado por 3,5 entre 1959 y 1969 pero menos sin embargo que las exportaciones italianas, las que han sextuplicado durante el mismo perfodo y, por ultimo, el renglôn de Francia en los intercambios mundiales de bienes de equipo mecánicos se va incrementando. . En los intercambios de bienes de equipo mecánicos entre los seis paises, Alemania R.F. ocupa un puesto imperante. Francia por lo contrario registra un déficit con los demás cinco paises y el importe de estos alcances pasa de los 5 mil millones de francos cuando el déficit global de los intercambios exteriores en bienes de equipo mecánicos de Francia con el conjunto del Mundo es algo superior a mil millones de francos. [fre] Six pays (les États-Unis, l'Allemagne fédérale, le Royaume-Uni, l'Italie, la France, le Japon) réalisent 80 % des exportations totales de biens d'équipements mécaniques en provenance de pays de l'O.CD.E.. En valeur absolue, la position de la France parmi ces six pays est assez faible : en 1969 les exportations françaises de biens d'équipement mécaniques (1 894 millions de dollars) sont inférieures à celles des États-Unis (7 188 millions de dollars), de l'Allemagne fédérale (6302) du Royaume- Uni (3 402), et même-ceci depuis 1966 — à celles de l'Italie (2 014). Mais les exportations françaises de biens d'équipements mécaniques augmentent rapidement : elles ont été multipliées par 3,5 entre 1959 et 1969 — moins cependant que les exportations italiennes, qui ont sextuplé pendant la même période et, finalement la part de la France dans les échanges mondiaux de biens d'équipement mécaniques s'accroît. . Dans les échanges de biens d'équipement mécaniques entre les six pays, l'Allemagne fédérale occupe une position dominante. La France au contraire, est en déficit avec les cinq autres pays, et la somme de ces déficits dépasse 5 milliards de F, alors que le déficit global des échanges extérieurs de biens d'équipement mécaniques de la France avec l'ensemble du monde est légèrement supérieur au milliard de F.

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Product differentiation, firm heterogeneity and international trade: Exploring the Alchian-Allen eff...

June 2009 · Research in Economics

Luciana Echazu

In a model of international trade with horizontally differentiated goods, increasing returns and monopolistically competitive markets, this paper proposes that the degree of differentiation in a product mix-defined as the ratio of the number of varieties to the total value of imports-can be regarded as another aspect of quality. Furthermore, this paper draws a parallel to the Alchian-Allen effect ... [Show full abstract] and shows that, when firms are heterogeneous in either fixed or variable costs, the degree of differentiation is increasing in per unit transportation costs.

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AnÃ¡lise do segmento exportador da avicultura brasileira no perÃodo de 1996 a 2004

January 2006

This paper has the main goal of analyzing and evaluating the structure and dynamics of the market from the exporting section of Brazilian chicken raising, from 1996 to 2004. Concentration rates were calculated in order to measure the market share which are dominated by the main companies. The dynamics of the sector position (turnover) was also checked. The reached results point that the sector ... [Show full abstract] concentration is higt, and great investments are necessary to the performance in the international market; the placement of the companies was changed mainly due to the ones which had lost positions compared to the first year. However, the concentration has decreased, and there is evidence that the market power hasnâ€™t been used by the companies in a sense of reducing the consumersâ€™ well being.

Last Updated: 22 Oct 2024

A trade not for gentlemen

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