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Atuação profissional, recursos militantes e lógicas de engajamento no jornalismo ambiental no Rio Grande do Sul
Este artigo, baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica (Stumpf, 2015) e documental (Moreira, 2015), discute como o ativismo está presente no jornalismo ambiental desde seus primórdios, no último quarto do século XX. A oposição diante das injustiças ambientais fez dessa perspectiva jornalística uma prática engajada e, por isso, muitas vezes menosprezada pelo campo por romper com a suposta objetividade ou neutralidade. Dentre os resultados, apontamos uma maior abertura para a defesa da natureza, seja em razão da intensificação da crise climática, seja pelas transformações que ocorrem no âmbito jornalístico, como a valorização das subjetividades.
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The purpose ofthis article is to analyse the establishment of a tield for environmental-ism in Urazil in difTerent social spaces, such as: the government agencies, the univer-sity, the civil society and the business circles. The authors examine the way in which an environmental viewpoint comes to establish itself in these social spaces, redetining existing actors, interest groups and conflicts; and also that the environmental issue opens up new possibilities for the articulation of consensus and alliances hetween these social actors.
Proposals for process analysis of individual commitment
Militantism is here conceived as an individual and dynamic social activity, which implies taking into account the temporal dimension. Several proposals are made, based on an ongoing research concerning the struggle against AIDS : 1) to use tools devised in the symbolic interactionist framework, particularly the concept of career ; 2) to link a thorough analysis of the reasons for action put forward by individuals to the objectivation of their sucessive positions they hold in turn ; 3) to introduce a longitudinal dimension in the quantitative analysis so as to reconstruct typical paths that can be linked to life-history data ; 4) to supplement the analysis of commitment with an analysis of disengagement and also of control groups of uncommitted individuals. The article does not seek to propose a model but rather to suggest leads as well as consistent and heuristic modes of operation.
Militant careers and moral vocation : militants of the [french] Ligue des droits de l’homme in the 1980s
How are we to consider militant commitment without reducing it to a simple rational calculation or a mechanical reflection of acquired dispositions ? The notion of « militant career », borrowed from interactionist sociology, offers a sequential model of analysis of commitment which seeks to take into account the meanings and the choices of the agents in the light of dispositions acquired during prior phases of their militantism. To understand involvement in an association such as the Ligue des droits de l’homme and the moral demands associated with this form of public action, it is necessary to look at the prior militant itineraries of those who belong to it. Through a biographical reconstruction of the specificities of past involvements (particularly in political parties), the representations of political action derived from them and the interferences of public and private life, it is possible to account for these militants’attraction to an association that enables them to pursue collective action without the constraints specific to party organizations.
Media discourse and public opinion are treated as two parallel systems of constructing meaning. This paper explores their relationship by analyzing the discourse on nuclear power in four general audience media: television news coverage, newsmagazine accounts, editorial cartoons, and syndicated opinion columns. The analysis traces the careers of different interpretive packages on nuclear power from 1945 to the present. This media discourse, it is argued, is an essential context for understanding the formation of public opinion on nuclear power. More specifically, it helps to account for such survey results as the decline in support for nuclear power before Three Mile Island, a rebound after a burst of media publicity has died out, the gap between general support for nuclear power and support for a plant in one's own community, and the changed relationship of age to support for nuclear power from 1950 to the present.
RésuméL‘observation montre que l‘activité militante génère des rétributions qui la stimule en retour. La prise en compte de ces rétributions est un élément important de la compréhension des investissements et désinvestissements militants. Cette hypothèse apparaît pourtant iconoclaste et hérétiques à beaucoup d‘acteurs et aussi de chercheurs. C‘est que les univers militants sont officiellement désintéressés et censurent l‘existence d‘intérêts propres distincts de l‘attachement à la cause de l‘action collective. Mais les résistances sont aussi un effet des difficultés des sciences sociales à rendre compte des états de “conscience“ (ou d‘aperception) des intérêts socialement censurés. De ce point de vue, l‘hypothèse de rétributions “inconscientes“ et aussi inadéquate que la conception cynique d‘une recherche délibérée. L‘analogie de la scotomisation permet de comprendre comment des rétributions du militantisme peuvent être à la fois aperçues et refusées. Mais les rétributions, comme les coûts, de l‘action collective n‘existent pas en eux-mêmes. Ils se constituent comme tels tout au long de l‘itinéraire militant. L‘importance qui leur est attribuée varie selon les étapes et les moments de la carrière militante. L‘existence de rétributions dépend également de l‘adéquation entre les satisfactions offertes par les “styles“ de fonctionnement d‘une organisation et les attentes de ceux que l‘organisation est en mesure d‘attirer. L‘investissement dans la cause est notamment une condition des rétributions du militantisme. Mais les gratifications associées à cet investissement sont en compétition avec celles que l‘on peut retirer d‘autres activités. L‘attractivité de la cause est une condition pour que les satisfactions de l‘engagement gardent suffisamment de prix pour stimuler le militantisme.
Novos atores e práticas políticas ambientalistas na era da globalização
- I S Warren
WARREN, I. S. "Novos atores e práticas políticas ambientalistas na era da
globalização". Revista Estado e Sociedade, vol. XI, nº 1, p. 139-148,
jan/jun, 1996.
Argumentos de autoridade
- F Neiburg
NEIBURG, F. "Argumentos de autoridade". In: Os Intelectuais e a Invenção do
Peronismo. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1997, p.43-84.
O nascimento da política verde no Brasil: Fatores exógenos e endógenos " . Ciências Sociais Hoje Logiques d'engagement et logiques de rétribution au sein de l'ecologisme français
- W J F O Oliveira
- Ufrgs Pádua
OLIVEIRA, W. J. F. O. Paixão pela natureza – Atuação profissional e participação na defesa de causas ambientais no Rio Grande do Sul entre 1970 e início dos anos 2000. 2005, Tese (Doutorado em Antropologia Social), UFRGS. PÁDUA, J. A. " O nascimento da política verde no Brasil: Fatores exógenos e endógenos ". Ciências Sociais Hoje. Rio Fundo/Anpocs, p. 190-216, 1992. RAMOS, L. F. Meio ambiente e meios de comunicação. São Paulo: Annablume, 1995. SAINTENY, G. " Logiques d'engagement et logiques de rétribution au sein de l'ecologisme français ". Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie, vol. CVI, p.175-200,1999. UNGARETTI, W. N. Empresariado e meio ambiente: uma análise de conteúdo da Gazeta Mercantil. São Paulo: Annablume, 1998. VIOLA, E. J. A " Expansão do ambientalismo multissetorial e a globalização da ordem mundial, 1985-1992 ". Anais do XVI Encontro Anual da ANPOCS, Caxambu, ANPOCS, 1 CD-ROM.