Article

Effects of Acetic Acid Bacteria Supplementation on Muscle Damage After Moderate-Intensity Exercise

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Abstract

1 Objective: Acetic acid bacteria were traditionally used to produce fermented food. Furthermore, acetic acid bacteria contain unique membrane lipids that would be expected to attenuate inflammation. This study examined the effects of oral intake of acetic acid bacteria isolated from fermented milk on muscle damage after moderate-intensity exercise. Methods: In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial, 40 untrained subjects (16 men and 24 women; age, 46.4 ± 4.3 yr; height, 162.8 ± 10.8 cm; weight, 60.2 ± 9.4 kg; body mass index, 22.6 ± 2.9 kg/m 2 ) took 111 mg of dried acetic acid bacteria per day (supplemented group) or 111 mg of cornstarch per day (placebo group) for 1 week and walked for 60 min on the last day of administration. Results: Leukocyte, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, IL-6 and creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) concentration and perceived pain in parts of the body were measured pre and post exercise. All values, except for IL-6, were significantly increased post-exercise compared with pre-exercise in both groups. However, neutrophil counts and ankle pain were significantly lower in the supplemented group. In addition, the increase of CK activity in the supplemented group was significantly attenuated at 24 h after exercise (supplemented group, 114 ± 54 U/l; placebo group, 126 ± 68 U/l). The supplemented group also demonstrated a trend toward a lower level of CK activity after exercise (p = 0.06). Other values did not differ between groups. Conclusion: These results suggested that acetic acid bacteria supplementation was useful to attenuate muscle damage after moderate-intensity exercise. Abstract

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To discuss the acute phase of inflammatory response with a focus on the neutrophilic response and its role in inflammation. We discuss the relative balance between the need for inflammation to stimulate repair and the need to limit inflammation because of the additional damage it causes. We conducted a MEDLINE search from 1966 to 2005 for literature related to acute inflammation, muscle injury, and repair using combinations of the key words inflammation, neutrophil, macrophage, and cytokines. Additional literature was acquired through cross-referencing of bibliographies of articles obtained through the MEDLINE searches. We reviewed more than 200 relevant articles. Although neutrophils are an important cell population in acute inflammation, few athletic trainers are familiar with the neutrophil's actions or its dichotomous role as both perpetrator of tissue damage and initiator of repair. Neutrophils dominate the early stages of inflammation and set the stage for repair of tissue damage by macrophages. These actions are orchestrated by numerous cytokines and the expression of their receptors, which represent a potential means for inhibiting selective aspects of inflammation. Neutrophils infiltrate injured tissues but can also be present after noninjurious exercise. These cells have both specific and nonspecific defensive immune system functions that can cause tissue damage in isolation or as sequelae to other tissue injury. It might seem that limiting the action of neutrophils would be clinically beneficial, but these cells are also responsible for initiating the reparative process that is later managed by macrophages. Although achieving a therapeutic balance between limiting inflammation and stimulating repair is important, the duplicitous roles of neutrophils and macrophages in both the inflammation and healing processes create a physiologic paradox for clinicians whose goals are to limit inflammation and to stimulate healing after acute soft tissue injury.
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Mast cells are central regulators of allergic inflammation through production of various chemical mediators and cytokines. Bacterial infection occasionally worsens allergic inflammation. Although the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear, we have previously reported that LPS stimulates mast cells to produce not only pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but also Th2-type cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13, and a regulatory cytokine, IL-10. In the present study, we have studied the effect of ceramide on LPS-mediated cytokine production from mast cells, as ceramide modulates various cellular functions in many cell types. Administration of cell-permeable C8 ceramide reduced production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 from LPS-stimulated mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) apparently through transcriptional inhibition, but did not affect IL-6 or TNF-alpha production. Consistently, LPS-stimulated production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 from BMMCs is significantly enhanced in the presence of fumonisin B1, a de novo ceramide synthesis inhibitor. Interestingly, the same C8 ceramide treatment showed opposite effects on cytokine production from LPS-stimulated macrophages, reducing IL-6 and TNF-alpha while not affecting IL-10 production. C8 ceramide pretreatment significantly reduced LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation in BMMCs, but not in macrophages. Furthermore, pretreatment of BMMCs by wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI3 kinase, inhibited LPS-stimulated expression of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, but not that of TNF-alpha or IL-6. Thus, ceramide appeared to down-regulate LPS-stimulated production of IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13 from mast cells by inhibiting PI3 kinase-Akt pathway in a cell type-specific manner.
Article
Cytokines, such as granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-8 attract neutrophils into inflammatory sites. During emigration from the blood neutrophils interact with extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin provides beta2-integrin co-stimulation, allowing GM-CSF and IL-8 to activate nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, an effect that does not occur in suspension. We tested the hypothesis that exposure of mice to fever-like temperatures abrogates neutrophil recruitment and NF-kappaB activation in a mouse model of skin inflammation. Mice that were exposed to 40 degrees C for 1 hour showed strongly reduced GM-CSF- and IL-8-induced neutrophilic skin inflammation. In vitro heat exposure did not interfere with neutrophil adhesion or spreading on fibronectin but strongly inhibited migration toward both cytokines. Using specific inhibitors, we found that PI3-K/Akt was pivotal for neutrophil migration and that heat down-regulated this pathway. Furthermore, neutrophils on fibronectin showed abrogated NF-kappaB activation in response to GM-CSF and IL-8 after heat. In vivo heat exposure of mice followed by ex vivo stimulation of isolated bone marrow neutrophils confirmed these results. Finally, less NF-kappaB activation was seen in the inflammatory lesions of mice exposed to fever-like temperatures as demonstrated by in situ hybridization for IkappaBalpha mRNA. These new findings suggest that heat may have anti-inflammatory effects in neutrophil-dependent inflammation.
Article
Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl co-enzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors or statins are well tolerated by most patients, but can produce a variety of skeletal muscle problems including myalgia, creatine kinase (CK) elevations and clinically important rhabdomyolysis. We have previously demonstrated that the CK response to downhill walking is greater in statin compared to placebo treated subjects. This study examined the CK response to downhill walking in subjects treated with low and high dose of atorvastatin. 79 subjects with LDL cholesterol>100mg/dL were randomly assigned to atorvastatin 10mg (N=42) or 80 mg (N=37) for 5 weeks. Subjects performed a downhill walking exercise during the fifth week of treatment. Leg muscle soreness, plasma CK and CK-MB levels were measured daily for 4 days following the exercise. CK, CK-MB and muscle soreness increased above pre-exercise levels in all subjects after the exercise. There were no differences in the CK, CK-MB or soreness response between the high and low dose treatment groups at any time point. The downhill walking model of muscle injury does not distinguish between high and low dose atorvastatin therapy either because this test is insensitive to differences among statin doses or because there is no difference in muscle injury between these two drug doses with this statin. Clinicians should be aware, however, that exercise can increase CK levels with even low dose statin therapy.
Article
To investigate the effects of allicin supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and antioxidative capacity, a double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was conducted in well-trained athletes. Subjects were randomly assigned to an allicin supplementation group (AS group) and a control group, and received either allicin or placebo for 14 days before and 2 days after a downhill treadmill run. Plasma creatine kinase (CK), muscle-specific creatine kinase (CK-MM), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), IL-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidative capacity (TAC), and perceived muscle soreness were measured pre and post exercise. AS group had significantly lower plasma levels of CK, CK-MM and IL-6, and reduced perceived muscle soreness after exercise, when compared with the control group. AS group also demonstrated a trend toward reducing plasma concentration of LDH after exercise (P = 0.08), although not statistically significant. Allicin supplementation induced a higher value of TAC at rest, and this higher value was maintained 48 h after exercise, however, there was no difference in SOD values after exercise between the two groups. The results suggested that allicin might be a potential agent to reduce EIMD. Further studies concerning anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of allicin on EIMD are needed.
Article
Walking for exercise is a popular leisure-time activity pursuit among US adults; however, little information is available about total daily walking. A nationally representative random sample of 10,461 US adults (4,438 men and 6,023 women) was surveyed via telephone between 2002 and 2003. Weekly frequency and daily duration of walking for all purposes in bouts of at least 10 min were measured. Regular walking was defined as walking > or =5 d/wk, > or =30 min/d. Overall, 49% of adults (51% of men and 47% of women) were regular walkers, and approximately 17% reported no walking. Regular walking was significantly higher in employed adults and decreased with increasing age in women and body mass index in both sexes. Total walking was significantly higher among adults with lower levels of educational attainment and did not vary significantly by race/ethnicity. These results affirm the popularity of walking in the United States.
Changes in flavor components and microbial flora during Fukuyama rice vinegar manufacture
  • E Entani
  • H Masai
Entani E, Masai H: Changes in flavor components and microbial flora during Fukuyama rice vinegar manufacture. Hakkokogaku (in Japanese) 63:211-220, 1985