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The Information Age I: The Rise of the Network Society
... Відомий вчений М. Кастельс розглядає інформаційну економіку як епоху глобалізації, в якій основним джерелом продуктивності праці є обробка та використання інформації. Тобто нові інформаційні технології виконують функцію матеріальної основи глобальної економіки [71]. ...
... Вона охоплює індустрію створення і використання нових ІТ-продуктів, телекомунікаційні послуги, електронний бізнес, електронну комерцію, електронні ринки, електронний маркетинг. М. Кастельс виділяє п'ять принципів цифрової економіки [71]: ...
... Каскадна модель розвитку електронного бізнесу [44] послуги, електронний бізнес, електронну комерцію, електронні ринки, електронний маркетинг. М. Кастельс виділяє п'ять принципів цифрової економіки [71]: -продуктивність переважно залежить від використання досягнень науки і техніки, а також від якості інформації і менеджменту; -у розвинених капіталістичних країнах відбувається перенесення уваги виробників і споживачів від матеріального виробництва у бік інформаційної діяльності; ...
В навчальному посібнику запропоновано концептуальні, методо�логічні та методичні положення менеджменту в цифровій економіці.
Розкрито зміст поняття цифрової економіки та концепції менеджмен�ту в цифровій економіці.
Обґрунтовано використання наскрізних технологій в менеджмен�ті в умовах цифрової економіки. Особлива увага приділена технології
блокчейну, хмарним обчисленням та великим даним (Big Data), як
основи для прийняття рішень в цифровій економіці. Визначені тех�нології використання штучного інтелекту в різних сферах бізнесу,
е-комерції, менеджменту, маркетингу в фінансовій сфері та освіті.
Розглянуто основи менеджменту інформаційної безпеки в цифровій
економіці. Подано схеми, таблиці, вправи для самостійної роботи.
Для викладачів та студентів економічних спеціальностей, науковців.
... The share of total developing country exports in world exports increased from 19 percent in 1973 to 28 percent in 1980 (partly due to high oil prices) and remained stable at 22 to 23 percent thereafter, that share was 40 percent in 1961. From 1985 to 1995 the Asia share increased from 10 percent to 15 percent whereas the African dropped from about 4 percent to about 2 percent (WTO;1996 ). The Middle Eastern countries also lost about half their market share, while Latin America largely held its ground. ...
... Similarly the share in primary goods declined from 7.2, to 5.5 and 3.7 percent respectively in the same period. The marginalization of Africa as summarized from Castells (1996) has been a result of the following factors: primary commodities are useless and low priced; markets are too narrow; investments are too risky; labor is not skilled enough; communication and telecommunication infrastructure is inadequate; politics is too unpredictable; and government bureaucracies are inefficiently corrupt. ...
... Algeria, who exported 76 different products in 1994 as compared to 49 products in 1980, is the only exception within countries included in the table. Source: (ECA, 1998) Thus Africa is advised to counteract this new international context development by multilateral diplomacy according to Castells (1996) through the OAU and UNIDO; regional economic integration through organizations such as southern Africa Development Community (SADC), the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS); and undertaking political and economic liberalization at both state and popular levels. ...
Economic development of developing countries is hampered by agriculture. Agricultural development itself is hampered by what has happened in the world trade. Therefore, this paper intends to examine the role that world trade played in increasing poverty in developing countries. The institution of supranational organizations such as ITO, GATT, UNCTAD, and WTO and their respective principles rules and objectives were to bring about fair world trade.
The self-interests of the industrialized nations in trade policy however, hindered the success in reform measures. Whereas many developing countries in recent years have opened their markets, including in the agricultural sector, under the pressure of the WTO negotiations and structural adjustment programs, the North still keeps its markets closed and distorts the market even more by huge subsidies to promote its own agricultural sectors.
Arguments related to globalization, free trade, liberalization, tariff reductions, tariffication of non-tariff barriers, special safeguard, market access, subsidies reduction to domestic producers, export subsidies reductions and pressures from WTO, World Bank and IMF are all in the final analysis to keep developing countries trade opens.
The loopholes in trade rules and tricks used to block the agricultural exports of developing countries have slowed the rate of changes toward fair trade, allowed the continuity of the disadvantages and increased the economic gap between rich and poor countries. All these ideas and practice develop a new curiosity and an urgent fresh examination of trade policies and organizations. Developed countries than simply making rhetoric about development of developing countries, it is the time for them to take some real steps to words it. Developing countries also need to collective self-reliance and unity of thought and action as the option to the economies that are being marginalized in an ever-changing world.
... The additive and extension processes we developed accord with sociological scholarship on the effects of information and communication technologies in the experience of physical places. A key proposition from relevant scholarship is that being physically present is unnecessary for a physical place to influence individuals (Campos-Castillo & Hitlin, 2013;Castells, 1996;Gergen, 1991;Giddens, 1991;Meyrowitz, 1985). Technological affordances, including the richness of the cues transmitted and whether this occurs synchronously, can steer one's awareness and thus the sense of being present, but so too can social processes, such as sharing similarities with communication partners (Campos-Castillo & Hitlin, 2013). ...
... When social media raises awareness of residential risks, this can yield amplification, while raising awareness of residential resources can yield diminution. Extension builds on the additive effect by characterising the duration of awareness, the speed at which one can become aware and how awareness can multiply among a population. Like other information and communication technologies-from postcards to televisions-social media creates openings for reorganising the ways people experience time-space dimensions (Castells, 1996;Gergen, 1991;Giddens, 1991;Meyrowitz, 1985). Key differences in affordances, such as the form and reproducibility of the content transmitted, generate variants in how the technologies alter time-space dimensions (Giddens, 1991). ...
Despite alarms raised that adolescents’ social media use can aggravate the harmful impact of residential risks (e.g. local violence) to their mental health, the mechanisms are poorly understood. To better understand potential mechanisms, we interviewed Latino adolescents living in a hypersegregated U.S. city, for whom social media may aggravate existing inequalities in residential risks to their mental health. Through an abductive analysis, we identified two processes suggesting how social media can amplify the deleterious impact of residential risks to their mental health. We refer to the first as additive , whereby social media heightens awareness of residential risks. The second is extension , whereby social media lengthens one’s risk awareness, speeds up potential for risk awareness and multiplies who may become aware. We found evidence suggestive of parallel processes yielding diminution, whereby social media can minimise the deleterious effects of residential risks via adding and extending exposure to mental health resources, like collective efficacy. Further, the potential for extension (to both risks and resources) appears limited because social media practices (e.g. reposting, seeking viral attention) can foster indifference. Findings suggest the need to consider how adolescents activate resources via social media to avoid overstating its negative impact on mental health.
... The elements of CW that were identified in NATO-doctrine indicate a different conceptualization of time. CW encapsulates an understanding of time best described by Manuel Castells´ ´timeless time´ (Castells 1996). Here time is understood to have no socially meaningful sequence. ...
... An understanding of a multiplicity of simultaneously existing spaces structured by networks shows through in the analysis of NATO-doctrine. Again a concept by Manuel Castells, the ´space of flows´ (Castells 1996), seems to best describe the novel understanding of space identified in NATO-doctrine. In ´spaces of flow´ differently coded networks form interconnected nodes which communicate through the a cultural-communication complex Castells names ´real virtuality´. ...
Technologically driven military thought, such as Three Warfares, 5 th Generation Warfare and Cognitive Warfare, represent context-dependent conceptualizations of warfare that deviate from rationalistic, ´Clauswitzian´ conceptualizations of warfare, which informed how current international organization(s) moderate the impact of international conflict and war. They have the potential to fundamentally change how influence or organized violence are internationally understood. The heightened attention for such concepts is driven by e.g. the use of Artificial Intelligence by military organizations within the information environment. Calls for a cognitive domain of military operations highlight those technology-driven shifts in military thought. If and how international organization(s) might adapt to this re-making of military thought will be explored in this paper, as it is argued that policies will have to take new forms of warfare into account that shift the focus from achieving kinetic effects to regulating behavior (as e.g. in NATO´s Behavior-centric Approach). In how far these changes already inform NATO-doctrine is analyzed in this paper. This will provide for an analytical foundation to develop a taxonomy of how technology driven military thought conceptualizes time, space, territory, and mobilities. From such a systematization insights into how changing military thought might fit into existing structures (e.g. into cooperative security arrangements) and which military theory and technology-driven adaptations of international organization(s) seem likely, can be derived.
... In recent years, an increasing number of workers has moved away from the traditional '9 to 5' office job towards more hybrid ways of working that combine digitally-mediated and 'direct', physical co-presence across a variety of workspaces (e.g., office, home, public transport) (Halford, 2005;Izak, Shortt, & Case, 2022;Sewell & Taskin, 2015). Digital technologiessuch as laptops or mobile phonesplay a key role in enabling synchronous and asynchronous collaboration in increasingly 'loose social collectives' (Castells, 2000in Endrissat & Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, 2021. In that sense, the global use of teleworking during the COVID-19 pandemicfollowed by the widespread introduction of hybrid workingrepresents a turning point in terms of how individuals relate to their professional and working communities (Ajzen & Taskin, 2021;Eurofound, 2023). ...
... Since, as a living body, I am co-present with others and vulnerable 'by definition', I am also subject to normative frames that determine the extent to which my vulnerability is recognised. This means that, using Butler, we can no longer think about work collectives in hybrid working only as flexible networks of independent workers (Castells, 2000;Endrissat & Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, 2020). In opposition to an individualistic view, Butler enables to 're-politicize' those collectives by granting them with an inherently performative and political force. ...
While hybrid working offers many benefits, its individualizing inclination creates 'new vulnerabilities' by making social ties and work collectives more precarious. A growing number of studies have referred to co-presence to examine how hybrid work arrangements reshape sociality and togetherness at work. However, most consider co-presence as fundamentally distinct from vulnerability, creating a common divide between the two phenomena. This conceptual paper posits a normative argument that recasting how co-presence relates to vulnerability should help to address the 'new vulnerabilities' at stake in hybrid working. After briefly exploring how the literature examines the interplay of co-presence and vulnerability, I draw on existential phenomenology-in particular the ontological arguments of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Judith Butler-to develop the notion of 'vulnerable co-presence' before introducing three points of attention, namely how it is (1) 'intercorporeal', (2) 'temporo-spatial', and (3) 'ethico-political'. I then outline the two main implications of this framework. First, it lays the groundwork for re-politicizing the hybrid workforce. Second, it offers practitioners a perceptual basis for imagining and learning new skills to 'hold the collective together' in hybrid organizational contexts. Finally, I present this paper's methodological contributions and suggest some avenues for future research.
... Furthermore, the demand for expert knowledge has increased as the social, political, and commercial environment has changed. As a result of the ICT revolution, the concepts of "inevitable transformation" and "spaces of flow" gained prominence, as pointed out by Castells (1996). Although advances in ICT have been dubbed "the end of geography" [41] and "the death of proximity" [8] by certain researchers, economic activities utilizing KIBS have emerged or accumulated in specific areas. ...
... One of the most important dynamics in the production and transfer of knowledge by KIBS for other sectors is the R&D department and its expenditures [36,10,37,47]. Table 5 shows that 24.88% of the overall KIBS firms do not allocate shares for R&D over the annual turnover, while 21.46% of the firms allocate a share of between 1-5%, and 17.8% of the firms allocate a share of between 6-10%. ...
Formulation of the problem. The study examines knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS) firms' capability to access, process, and transform information into innovation. KIBS are defined as facilitators, carriers of knowledge, and sources of innovation for other sectors. KIBS play an important role in the production, use, and transfer of knowledge to the manufacturing sector. KIBS activities do not demonstrate a uniform structure within themselves, so a dual classification as professional services (P-KIBS) and technological services (T-KIBS) based on functioning and input has been developed. KIBS activities are concentrated in large cities. Major cities or capitals have well-developed infrastructure, public administration centers, advanced social activities, and numerous research institutes and universities. All of them attract a highly skilled population. Regarding metropolitan city economic growth, KIBS stand out because of their high added value, high income, high innovation returns, and high financial capacity, and they contribute to development. The purpose. The present study aims to reveal the innovative capacities and dynamics of P-KIBS and T-KIBS firms operating in the metropolitan area of Ankara, Turkey's capital city. To reach this aim, Turkey's capital city Ankara is analyzed by using the results of a questionnaire applied to 410 small and medium-sized (SMEs) KIBS firms, 146 of which are P-KIBS firms and other 264 are T-KIBS firms. Methods. In the course of the research and preparation of the article, the authors used several scientific methods, both philosophical and general scientific, as well as specific scientific methods. In particular, the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and hypothetical-deductive method, mathematical-statistical and spatial analysis, methods of grouping and classification, questionnaires and surveys, etc., were used. The results. There are notable differences between the P-KIBS and T-KIBS firms, considering their spatial distribution patterns and the dynamics of their innovation processes. The spatial distribution patterns of the KIBS firms were revealed. While T-KIBS activities demonstrate a spatial clustering tendency independent of the CBD, the P-KIBS firms prefer to locate within the CBD or its vicinity. KIBS sectors generally prefer to be situated by high-income residents, new settlements, secure and prestigious areas close to large public institutions such as ministries and general directorates. It was revealed that the T-KIBS firms are most densely located in the CBD and newly developing business districts of Balgat and Söğütözü, and in the Technology Development Zones of Ankara. P-KIBS firms, on the other hand, are more widely spread in the Çankaya and Yenimahalle districts. It was found that advances in information and communication technologies have a varied impact on the location selection preferences of P-KIBS and T-KIBS enterprises. According to the research results, the factors influencing the clustering of P-KIBS companies and T-KIBS firms were identified and determined. There is a significant relationship between the innovative P-KIBS and T-KIBS firms and their collaboration with other institutions. As a result of the the study, it has been determined that there is a significant relationship between collaboration, R&D, intrafirm and extrafirm social relationships on the innovation of KIBS firms and also contrasting innovation dynamics related to different classes of KIBS in metropolitan areas.
... The distinguishing characteristic of Siemens' theory is the prominent role of networks in creating connections between disparate learning sources and events (Siemens, 2005). Siemens' central insight regarding the role of networks is consistent with the sociological work of Castells (1996Castells ( , 2001 in outlining the "rise of the network society" and in the work of Benkler (2006) on the "social production of intellectual capital". In some respects it also represents a re-articulation of connectionist theory grounded in mathematics that was first developed by Thorndike (1932) and later in the field of artificial intelligence (Pinker and Mehler, 1988). ...
This conceptual paper problematizes a distinction between meaning-making and sense-making as activities that support learning. In framing this distinction, various theoretical perspectives on sense-making are introduced from a range of disciplines that have direct implication for the ongoing development of the digital environment designed specifically to support learning. The digital environment is replete with choices that enable communication, information-seeking, knowledge sharing, computation, and learning – all made possible by a diversity of technologies. Semantics have a significant computational role in this environment and making sense of it, amidst constantly emerging capabilities, represents opportunities for innovation as well as challenges for digital learning. While meaning-making has a pivotal role in knowledge construction in this environment it is argued that sense-making often precedes it, thereby indicating a specific role for sense-making technologies.
... El concepto de sociedad en red es un nuevo paradigma social ha generado una transformación esta modalidad de educación donde docentes y estudiantes cada vez mejoran su desempeño y sus experiencias de aprendizaje según sus propios intereses con la disponibilidad de recursos de acceso abierto (Castells, 2004(Castells, , 2009a(Castells, , 2009b(Castells, , 2010. Los autores mencionados son un referente importante para entender la importancia que tiene la sociedad en red en el tema del acceso y la equidad en la era digital. ...
Este artículo da a conocer una teoría axiológica de la Educación Abierta y a Distancia como didáctica transdisciplinaria en la formación universitaria, enfocándose en el Programa Académico Santa Bárbara de Barinas, Universidad Nacional Experimental de los Llanos "Ezequiel Zamora" (Unellez). Con un enfoque cualitativo y un paradigma interpretativo post-positivista, se utilizó el método fenomenológico para explorar la experiencia subjetiva de cuatro docentes participantes. La investigación, en modalidad b-learning integró Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación. Las entrevistas en profundidad fueron la técnica de recolección de datos, y el análisis se llevó a cabo con el software atlas.ti 23 mediante codificación y teorización. Las conclusiones obtenidas indican que los docentes desempeñan roles diversos y poseen experiencias significativas de gran valor en el contexto de la Educación Abierta y a Distancia.
... At that time, discussions about computational thinking-the defining characteristic of the period-remained largely confined to academic and educational circles. In the network era, the expansion of personality becomes a subject of discussion for the general public, and most importantly, is intensified due to the intensive development of Internet technologies and the formation of a network society based on these in "The Information Age" trilogy (Castells, 1996a(Castells, , 1997(Castells, , 1998. ...
This article explores the evolution of constructionism as an educational framework, tracing its relevance and transformation across three pivotal eras: the advent of personal computing, the networked society, and the current era of generative AI. Rooted in Seymour Papert constructionist philosophy, this study examines how constructionist principles align with the expanding role of digital technology in personal and collective learning. We discuss the transformation of educational environments from hierarchical instructionism to constructionist models that emphasize learner autonomy and interactive, creative engagement. Central to this analysis is the concept of an expanded personality, wherein digital tools and AI integration fundamentally reshape individual self-perception and social interactions. By integrating constructionism into the paradigm of smart education, we propose it as a foundational approach to personalized and democratized learning. Our findings underscore constructionism enduring relevance in navigating the complexities of technology-driven education, providing insights for educators and policymakers seeking to harness digital innovations to foster adaptive, student-centered learning experiences.
... Since the 1990s, a number of researchers have analyzed the driving forces underlying contemporary urban development. Among others, Manuel Castells proposed network theory in his trilogy of the information age (Castells, 1996;Castells, 1997;Castells, 1998) to explain the interconnectedness of cities and regions in global networks and to show how megapolises and metropolitan regions emerge as nodes in larger networks and how they are influenced by flows of information, goods and people. Economists, on the other hand, have attributed it to scale and agglomeration economies, i.e. ...
... 2 The approach was developed by the Observatory of Sustainable and Healthy Territories (OTSS) and is grounded in the framework of critical and humanistic geography (Santos, 1986;Castells, 2000;Tuan, 2013), combined with the theory of social production (Matus, 2005), the theory of communicative action (Habermas, 1987a;Habermas, 1987b), and the pedagogy of autonomy (Freire, 1996). ...
Introduction
In a world where one in four individuals lacks assured access to water, this article investigates how the experiences of Traditional Peoples and Communities (TPCs) can serve as a guiding light in the search for solutions to water disparities, exacerbated by global warming. The study focuses on the microterritory known as Carapitanga in Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the presence of indigenous, quilombola and caiçara communities highlights the significance of territorially-based and nature-focused solutions.
Methods
The research utilises the Ecology of Knowledge and Action Research as methodological pillars to investigate the Water Culture of TPCs and its impact on the Hydrosocial Cycle.
Results
The study reveals that the Water Culture of TPCs stimulates actions that propel balance in the Hydrosocial Cycle. This knowledge casts new light on the governance of water and sanitation.
Discussion
The findings offer alternatives anchored in the concept of Buen Vivir and the recognition of water as a fundamental source of life for cities worldwide. This not only contributes to the understanding of water resource management but also presents potential solutions for global water access disparities.
... At that time, discussions about computational thinking-the defining characteristic of the period-remained largely confined to academic and educational circles. In the network era, the expansion of personality becomes a subject of discussion for the general public, and most importantly, is intensified due to the intensive development of Internet technologies and the formation of a network society based on these in "The Information Age" trilogy (Castells, 1996a(Castells, , 1997(Castells, , 1998. ...
This article explores the evolution of constructionism as an educational framework, tracing its relevance and transformation across three pivotal eras: the advent of personal computing, the networked society, and the current era of generative AI. Rooted in Seymour Papert’s constructionist philosophy, this study examines how constructionist principles align with the expanding role of digital technology in personal and collective learning. We discuss the transformation of educational environments from hierarchical instructionism to constructionist models that emphasize learner autonomy and interactive, creative engagement. Central to this analysis is the concept of an “expanded personality”, wherein digital tools and AI integration fundamentally reshape individual self-perception and social interactions. By integrating constructionism into the paradigm of smart education, we propose it as a foundational approach to personalized and democratized learning. Our findings underscore constructionism’s enduring relevance in navigating the complexities of technology-driven education, providing insights for educators and policymakers seeking to harness digital innovations to foster adaptive, student-centered
learning experiences.
... Trotz aller Mobilitätssteigerungen sehen wir keine ungehinderten Ströme, wie von Manuel Castells (1996) behauptet wurde. Im Gegenteil, in der Welt der Mobilität gibt es ständige Reibungen und Turbulenzen. ...
Zusammenfassung
Das Konzept der Mobilität in den Sozialwissenschaften hat ein enormes Potenzial, wenn es gelingt, die räumliche, zeitliche und soziale Dimension des Phänomens in einem breiten und großzügigen Ansatz zu integrieren. Das sozialwissenschaftliche Mobilitätskonzept bietet einen ganzheitlichen Ansatz für die Analyse zeitgenössischer Gesellschaften. Es fungiert als Analyserahmen, der es ermöglicht, die Verflechtung verschiedener Mobilitätsformen zu untersuchen. Ein solcher Rahmen muss Bewegungen zwischen den verschiedenen Bereichen der Sozialwissenschaften sowie zwischen ihren unterschiedlichen Terrains und Themen erfassen können. So kann es gelingen, die großen Herausforderungen zu verstehen, mit denen moderne Gesellschaften konfrontiert sind, einschließlich des Klimawandels, der Globalisierung des Handels und des Anstiegs der Ungleichheiten.
... But it is not only about this. That of technological impact is a widely studied and debated issue, and the scenarios arising from this development have been variously described (Castells, 1996(Castells, , 2001a, while bursting in to complicate the picture, transcending even more established distinctions, is artificial intelligence (Magnolo and Taurino, 2018;Magnolo and Pellerino, 2020). To return to the consequences of the development of new media that interest us most closely, there would be innovative ways of organizing knowledge and society, through the production of knowledge no longer the result of academic research alone, but also resulting from the interaction in cyberspace of ideas, information and new mental schemes (Levy, 1997). ...
The following considerations adopt a critical conservation approach to understanding scientific heritage, particularly its intangible aspects. This heritage includes the intellectual and research legacy, encompassing various forms of communication, with a focus on digital technologies. Conservation methods now play a crucial role in transmitting this intangible heritage, shifting from traditional substance-based care to communication systems and enhancement facilitated by digital humanities. These advancements enable novel experiences and foster new academic and social practices. Interestingly, sociology features prominently in this context. It appears twice: first as a discipline that produces intangible heritage worthy of preservation and communication, and second as a theory for communicating this heritage. Our exploration begins by recognizing the university's role as a cultural agent engaged in producing and transmitting knowledge. We then delve into the concept of scientific heritage, particularly how the Humanities and Social Sciences preserve their heritage compared to the so-called hard sciences. While we acknowledge the importance of the real impact of these disciplines, our focus is on the formal recognition of their scientific production as cultural heritage. Ultimately, we focus on specific heritage worth preserving and reflect on ways to enhance it in the future.
... Um die komplexen Beziehungskonstellationen zu erfassen, in denen POI stehen, ist es hilfreich, die politisch-mediale Öffentlichkeit mithilfe relationaler Theorieperspektiven zu modellieren (für einen Überblick über die relationale Soziologie siehe Diaz-Bone, 2017). Relationale Theorieperspektiven berücksichtigen den Netzwerkcharakter öffentlicher Kommunikation (Castells, 2011) und sind in der Lage, dynamische Beziehungskonstellationen zu analysieren (Neuberger, 2022 (Deleuze und Guattari, 2011), in denen Medienlogiken -nach Chadwick definiert als Technologien, Genres, Normen, Verhaltens-und Organisationsweisen -der älteren und neueren Medien miteinander gekoppelt sind (Chadwick, 2013, S. 63 (Lewis, 2016). Die Besonderheit der POI im Vergleich zu unpolitischen Influencer:innen ist nun, dass sie regelmäßig zu (soft-)politischen Themen kommunizieren und dabei Darstellungspraktiken verwenden, die sich an denen des Journalismus orientieren. ...
... Um die komplexen Beziehungskonstellationen zu erfassen, in denen POI stehen, ist es hilfreich, die politisch-mediale Öffentlichkeit mithilfe relationaler Theorieperspektiven zu modellieren (für einen Überblick über die relationale Soziologie siehe Diaz-Bone, 2017). Relationale Theorieperspektiven berücksichtigen den Netzwerkcharakter öffentlicher Kommunikation (Castells, 2011) und sind in der Lage, dynamische Beziehungskonstellationen zu analysieren (Neuberger, 2022 Politik, Presse und Rundfunk kontrolliert werden kann, sondern über neue Medien haben auch neue Akteure leichteren Feldzugang. An die Stelle der in hohem Maße eingespielten Interaktionsroutinen einer verhältnismäßig kleinen Gruppe an Eliten-Akteuren treten also komplexe Assemblagen (Deleuze und Guattari, 2011), in denen Medienlogiken -nach Chadwick definiert als Technologien, Genres, Normen, Verhaltens-und Organisationsweisen -der älteren und neueren Medien miteinander gekoppelt sind (Chadwick, 2013, S. 63 Entsprechend der hier eingenommenen relationalen Theorieperspektive kann die Konzentration auf die Beziehung zwischen POI und Publikum nur ein Anfang sein. ...
This volume offers a variety of research perspectives on political journalism and its coverage. The contributions show different methodological approaches to the analysis. The patterns of political journalism are mainly outlined in the context of hybrid and digital media. One focus is on journalists in social media. Some contributions shed light on mediation constellations and provide information on changes in the relationship to politics and the audience. The volume is aimed at researchers, teachers and students of journalism and political communication. With contributions by Katarina Bader | Kristina Beckmann, M.A.| Roger Blum | Chung-Hong Chan | Hanne Detel | Maximilian Eder | Rainer Freudenthaler | Anna Gaul, M.A. | Michael Graßl | Jörg Haßler | Jakob Henke | Stefanie Holtrup, M.A. | Carolin Jansen | Andreas Jungherr | Niklas Kastor | Korbinian Klinghardt, M.A. | Maike Körner, M.A. | Katharina Ludwig, M.A. | Renée Lugschitz | Peter Maurer | Philipp Müller | Paula Nitschke | Christian Nuernbergk | Nicole Podschuweit | Katharina Pohl | Marlis Prinzing | Günther Rager | Lars Rinsdorf | Thomas Roessing | Elisabeth Schmidbauer, M.A. | Hannah Schmidt, M.A. | Markus Schug, M.A. | Nina Fabiola Schumacher, M.A. | Jonas Schützeneder | Helena Stehle | Michael Steinbrecher | Bernadette Uth | Hartmut Wessler | Claudia Wilhelm | Dominique Wirz | Anna-Katharina Wurst, M.A. | Florin Zai, M.A.
... "Bilgi toplumu" (information society), "kapitalizm ötesi" (post capitalism) ve "sanayi ötesi" (post-industrial) toplum olarak tanımlanan bu yeni sistem, sosyalist ve kapitalist üretim biçiminin yerine bilgi ekonomi modelinin hâkim olduğu bir üretim sisteminin varlığına işaret etmektedir (Murdock, 1999: 451). Bilgi toplumunda yeni teknolojiler toplumu önemli ölçüde biçimlendirmiş, maddi argümanları farklılaştırmış ve toplumun işlevsel hızını artmıştır (Castells, 1996). Bell sanayi ötesi toplumu, bilginin ikna edici gücünün bir sonucu olduğunu ifade etmektedir (Ross, 1974:332). ...
Günümüzde baş döndüren hızla ilerleyen teknolojilerin uygulamalarına uyum sağlamak sadece yetişkin ve yaşlıları değil, gençleri bile şaşkınlığa uğratmaktadır. Bu dönüşüm ve gelişim, içinde bulunduğumuz yüzyılın teknik ve teknolojik imkânlarının sunduğu yeni araçlarla yaşamanı bambaşka bir hale dönüştürmektedir. Özellikle sosyal hayatımızı göreceli olarak zenginleştiren ve fiziksel bir mekâna ihtiyaç duyulmadan meydana gelen etkileşimlere bir yenisi daha eklendi: Metaverse. Tüm zamanların vazgeçilmez etkileşim biçimi olan sosyalleşmenin fiziki mekândan bağımsız gerçeklemeye başladığı 21. yüzyılın, bu bağlamda yeni gelişmelere gebe olduğunu bilinmekteydi. Fakat sanal dünya ile aralanan kapı, üç boyutlu gerçekliği artırılmış kurgusal çevrimiçi ortamların ortaya çıkmasıyla yeni bir boyut kazanmıştır. Bu araştırma, yaşamı kolaylaştırma amacıyla gelişen bu öncü teknolojilerin, sosyal hayatta yansımalarını ve kaygı düzeylerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla farklı demografik özelliklere sahip 15 kişi ile görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler kategori kod ve temalara ayrılarak çözümlenmiştir. Çözümle sonucunda teknolojik gelişme, bilişim ağının kullanım yaygınlığı, uzaktan erişim, ağların gelişimi, kurgusal evren, sanal ekonomi, sanal kaygı başlıkları altında 7 tema oluşturulmuştur. Yapılan görüşmelerde bilinmezliğin neden olduğu kaygı, sosyolojik düzeyde tartışılmış ve çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
... cities today (Holland [14]). Smart clearly implies some kind of positive use of technological innovation, similar to the wired, digital (Ishido [15]) telecommunications (Graham and Marvin [16]) informational (Castells [17]) or intelligent city (Komnios [18]). The term has also been used in relation to the debate about the knowledge and culturally creative industries such as art, media, culture and discussion of the knowledge economy (Carrillo [19], Wolfe & Holbrook [20], Florida [21], Egar [22], Holland [14]). ...
Today we update our city architecture every 30-50 years, but what happens if we introduced planning strategies that allow environments to adapt every week? "Smart" has become a label of the progressive, creative and innovative cities, but who does not want to be smart and apply clever insight into city planning and growth? Michael Batty [1] describes the smart city planning as "rather than letting the market dictate the way cities grow and sprawl, smart growth is a movement that implies we can achieve greater efficiencies through coordinating the forces that lead the laissez fair growth". This type of growth is based on data captured by products and is accessible to authorities through new types of data management services. However the question is how we develop design strategies for public spaces that utilize data as a driver for design and qualify a human and beautiful growth strategies for cities? This paper unfolds results from a two-day design experiment: Media Architectural Growth (MAG) conducted during the Media Architectural Biennale 2014. The experiment revisits the format of SEEK; a utopian study of robots building architecture in an entropic environment based on the life of a gerbil colony (Goodman [2]). In order to study how occupancy data and people´s votes can affect emergent evolutionary design strategies, the MAG experiment borrows the concept of the entropic model laboratory from the Seek installation. During the one-day experiment 7 gerbils was released in a 3x1 meter custom-made terrarium. The gerbil's occupancy patterns was tracked and used as design drivers (virtual pheromone tracks) in a virtual agent-based design system (representation). The design system was inspired by slim mould aggregation, motivated by the ability for the system to organise into optimal infrastructures. The MAG design system used the edge of the model and previous building blocks as obstacles for the agent simulation, and during the simulation the agents was slowly settling in optimised movement
... Still, it reflects the understanding of warfare as a sequence of actions that allows for detailed planning, and to distinguish conflict and war from other areas of international politics (Heuser 2010;Clausewitz 1993). Opposed to this structured and sequential understanding of war and conflict modern warfare encapsulates an understanding of time best described by Manuel Castells´ ´timeless time´ (Castells 1996). Here time is understood to have no socially meaningful sequence. ...
This paper explores the influence of military thought on international institutions through the lens of World Polity Theory. It argues that military theory, strategy, and tactics significantly shape international organizations and drive changes within them. By framing new domains such as outer space and cognitive warfare in military terms, international institutions like the United Nations adapt their strategies and structures. The study leverages World Polity Theory to analyze these dynamics, highlighting the role of cultural scripts in homogenizing military strategies globally. The paper provides an overview of evolving military thought, including network-centric approaches and technological innovations like AI and Big Data. It also examines the interplay between military thought and international conflict, the social construction of military technologies, and the concept of military isomorphisms. The research offers new insights into how military thought influences the evolution of international institutions and the construction of military operational domains.
... Den förra av dessa har tidigare beskrivits med en rad olika begrepp: det talas om kunskapsekonomi (Moulier-Boutang 2012), ny ekonomi (Sennett 2000;Slaughter & Rhoades 2004), informationsekonomi (Castells 2009) och biopolitisk produktion (Hardt & Negri 2003). Gemensamt för samtliga är att de beskriver hur det kapitalistiska produktionssättet sedan nyliberalismens implementering och informationsteknikens utbredning blivit alltmer inriktad på att producera tjänster och icke-fysiska varor. ...
Med utgångspunkt i samtida debatter kring akademisk kapitalism och lärosätens anpassning till det omgivande samhället analyserar denna artikel svenska lärosätens visions- och strategidokument. Med hjälp av Bacchis What’s the problem represented to be-approach analyseras hur och i vilken utsträckning marknads- och samhällsanpassning av lärosätenas verksamheter förespråkas i visions- och strategidokumenten, samt vilka samhälleliga och institutionella problem sådan anpassning är tänkt att motverka. I samtliga dokument återfinns ett externaliseringsimperativ där lärosätena drar upp linjer för en anpassning till externa aktörers krav och intressen. Främst gäller detta ett förordande av ett nyttoideal där en instrumentalisering av den producerade kunskapen förespråkas, vari kunskapen görs till redskap för utanförstående aktörers mål och syften – bland annat kunskap som kommersialiseras eller används för privata aktörers vinning. Denna anpassningsprocess artikuleras som svarandes mot dels tidigare universitetsideals problematiska aspekter, som förstås som präglade av introspektion och exkludering, dels övergripande ”samhällsutmaningar” som förstås i enlighet med en hållbarhetsdiskurs. I artikeln diskuteras dessa problembilder kritiskt genom att kontextualiseras i förhållande till den immateriella produktionens tilltagande dominans inom den samtida kapitalismen samt kunskapens tilltagande postmodernisering.
... It places a strong emphasis on inclusivity, equality, neutralization of power, and open dialogue (Healey, 1996(Healey, , 1998Innes, 2018;Innes & Booher, 2015). In the face of a more networked society, where power and information are widely distributed (Castells, 1996), collaborative planning theory advocates the creation of a trusted dialogue and collaboration of multiple actors in a consensus-building process (Innes, 2018;Innes & Booher, 1999b;Spinuzzi, 2005). ...
Cities, home now to most people, offer services, cultural activities, innovative thinking; also deprivation, alienating divisions of labour and declining public services because of neoliberal austerity as city infrastructures increasingly meet industry not social needs, especially so in developing countries trapped into importing foreign technology including social values. The concept of smart cities is critiqued as a neoliberal policy (faster but atomising) as are liberal approaches to city living such as Lefebvre, Fraser and Sennett that focus on transport and traffic flows, not value-flows. City waste policies are also critiqued including rubbish belongs to poor and the notion that capitalism will design for sustainability. An array of ecosystems for life are criticised: (a) creative industries; (b) mass sports; (c) growth and innovation (African jobless); (d) security; (e) residential care; (f) emergency services and then city democracy and how big investment decisions are taken. Finally, does the city make us free? Analysis of spatiality, planning and libraries suggests it could, but it does not.
The information economy, which uses knowledge and digital technologies as primary resources, has transformed traditional economic models and practices. Despite its growing significance, there are varying and often conflicting interpretations of the essence and unique features of the information economy. This article aims to explore the theoretical foundations on which the information economy is studied to define its main characteristics. Through an in-depth analysis, a classification of the core characteristics of the modern information economy was established, highlighting its reliance on digital information, knowledge-intensive activities, and network effects. Additionally, based on market data, the study identifies key development trends within the information economy, emphasizing the impacts of increasing digitalization and globalization. These findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolving nature of the information economy and its influence on broader economic practices. JEL classification numbers: B52: L86; D80. Keywords: Digital economy, Information, Information society, Digitization.
The essay develops a description of the corporate and business criteria crystallized in the thesis of «corporate governance» embraced by the Anglo-Saxon academy from the deregulation of the Welfare State. Soon the new management will have effects in the Latin American University having a new paradigm linked to the rational choice. The latter, which gradually affected the European States in the second half of the 1970, returns “governance models” that integrate new organizational forms between public worlds, private spheres and mixed figures of tertiary education. Under this context, governance breaks out, whose transition to corporate governance responds to innovations in management, administration and optimization of production within the post-Fordist regime. This process stimulated the participation of non-state actors in the emerging «glonacal university» (global, national and local). The material decline of the regime of «modern knowledge», will be the condition for intensifying a tertiary offer centered on the rise of academic capitalism, once the university of the tax exchequers and the managerial episteme, has become hegemonic in Latin América.
Este libro recopila una serie de investigaciones realizadas en la Universidad Autónoma Indígena de México (UAIM), las cuales exploran diversos aspectos de la educación intercultural en el contexto regional. El objetivo principal es presentar una visión multidisciplinaria de estas investigaciones, fomentando el diálogo entre diferentes perspectivas y disciplinas para abordar la complejidad de las realidades sociales y educativas.
Era Industri 4.0 telah membawa perubahan besar dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan, termasuk dalam pengembangan sumber daya manusia (SDM). Kota Surakarta sebagai salah satu kota besar di Indonesia juga tidak luput dari dampak perkembangan revolusi industri ini. Pengembangan SDM yang adaptif terhadap perubahan teknologi, otomatisasi, dan digitalisasi menjadi salah satu tantangan utama bagi pemerintah dan masyarakat Surakarta dalam menghadapi era ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi pengembangan SDM di Kota Surakarta dalam menghadapi tantangan dan peluang yang ditawarkan oleh Industri 4.0 melalui metode studi pustaka. Dalam era Industri 4.0, digitalisasi dan otomatisasi menjadi tulang punggung perkembangan industri, di mana keterampilan yang relevan dengan teknologi seperti kecerdasan buatan (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), big data, dan automasi menjadi sangat penting. Kota Surakarta, dengan segala potensi dan keterbatasannya, perlu mempersiapkan SDM yang kompeten dan mampu beradaptasi dengan perkembangan tersebut. Berdasarkan kajian literatur, pengembangan SDM dalam era ini menuntut peningkatan keterampilan teknis serta soft skills yang mencakup kemampuan berpikir kritis, inovasi, dan kolaborasi. Di Kota Surakarta, upaya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas SDM telah dilakukan melalui berbagai program pemerintah yang berfokus pada peningkatan keterampilan berbasis teknologi dan inovasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tantangan utama dalam pengembangan SDM di Surakarta adalah keterbatasan akses terhadap teknologi mutakhir, minimnya program pelatihan yang berorientasi pada Industri 4.0, dan masih rendahnya literasi digital di kalangan masyarakat umum. Pemerintah Kota Surakarta telah mencoba mengatasi hal ini melalui berbagai kebijakan, seperti pengembangan pusat-pusat pelatihan teknologi, program pendidikan vokasi, dan kerja sama dengan sektor swasta dalam penyediaan pelatihan yang lebih terfokus pada pengembangan keterampilan teknologi. Namun, upaya tersebut masih memerlukan peningkatan dari sisi inklusivitas dan kesinambungan agar dapat menjangkau seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menyoroti pentingnya peran pendidikan formal dalam menyiapkan generasi muda yang siap bersaing di era Industri 4.0. Kurikulum di lembaga pendidikan, baik formal maupun nonformal, perlu diperbarui dan disesuaikan dengan tuntutan pasar kerja di masa depan. Pendidikan yang mengintegrasikan teknologi digital, pemrograman, analisis data, dan inovasi menjadi kunci dalam mencetak SDM yang mampu bersaing di tingkat global. Di samping itu, kolaborasi antara sektor pendidikan, pemerintah, dan industri menjadi sangat penting untuk memastikan bahwa keterampilan yang diajarkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pasar kerja yang terus berkembang. Lebih lanjut, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi bahwa pengembangan SDM di Surakarta tidak hanya memerlukan investasi dalam bidang teknologi, tetapi juga dalam aspek budaya kerja. Budaya kerja yang inovatif, kolaboratif, dan berfokus pada peningkatan produktivitas perlu ditanamkan sejak dini. Peran pemerintah sebagai fasilitator dalam menciptakan ekosistem yang mendukung pengembangan SDM yang berbasis teknologi menjadi krusial. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Kota Surakarta memiliki potensi besar untuk mengembangkan SDM yang kompetitif di era Industri 4.0, tetapi masih diperlukan upaya kolaboratif antara pemerintah, sektor pendidikan, dan industri untuk mengatasi berbagai tantangan yang ada. Peningkatan literasi digital, pembaruan kurikulum, dan pengembangan program pelatihan berbasis teknologi menjadi langkah-langkah penting yang harus diambil untuk memastikan kesiapan SDM Surakarta dalam menghadapi era Industri 4.0. Dengan strategi yang tepat dan komprehensif, Kota Surakarta dapat menjadi salah satu pusat pengembangan SDM unggul yang mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional di era digital ini.
The article summarizes various concepts of public management and other management approaches, which made it possible to propose an integrated approach to the transformation of multi-level governance and to determine tools for increasing its effectiveness based on the convergence of concepts of public management in the conditions of global challenges and hybrid threats. The need to modernize approaches to multi-level management towards its rationalization while maintaining democratic control over the political processes of formation and implementation of public policy is substantiated. The foundations of the concept of integrated multi-level governance are laid, which involves the convergence of various management concepts, directions and managerial approaches, in particular: concepts of global governance, good governance, new public management, public administration, corporate governance, political networks and network governance, crisis management, project and resource-efficient social management, flexible and adaptive management, sustainable management and quality management, etc. It is proposed to consider the concept of networks as an essential feature of integrated multi-level management, where it seems important to establish a coordination mechanism, which is a sign of effective multi-level management in conditions of polysubjectivity and polycentricity, which requires strengthening the integrity of the understanding of problems and consensus in decision-making, taking into account different visions and understanding of the relevant problems by all participants.
The study examines the issue of actualization of facts of historical memory as a form of media memory in modern media discourse, and clarifi es its place and role in propaganda, in this case understood as the dissemination of knowledge and the formation of a scientifi c worldview. Media memory is studied through its manifestations in the discourse (de facto offi cial media discourse) about the Special Military Operation on the example of the program “Vremya” (Channel 1 of television) for the fi rst 10 months of the SMO. The development of a model of media memory actualization in the context of news is both the goal of the research and determines its novelty. The methodology applied is complex – both primary and secondary information analysis methods are used. For this purpose, a content analysis of the “Vremya” program broadcasts is conducted, a focus group is organized, and an array of sociological data from open sources of VTsIOM is selected. As a result, the data was obtained, which allowed us to establish that the ways of addressing the facts of the Great Patriotic War memory in the studied narrative are identical to the known approaches to the organization of media propaganda, that the creation of historical memory is infl uenced by both objectively acting factors of the media society and subjective ones – the efforts of political actors to establish in the public consciousness a model of media memory that corresponds to the current political situation: the locus of history, to which the audience’s attention is directed, and a set of asserted goals are chosen. Thus, the events of the Special Military Operation are perceived through the prism of the heroic past, they acquire sacredness, and attempts to belittle them look like undermining the value system of society. The intension is reinforced by the optimism of the general mood of the programs, which tell about Russia’s successful overcoming of diffi culties in the economic and fi nancial spheres that arose under the infl uence of Western sanctions.
Tom MacDonald's success in the music industry can provide valuable insights for leaders and founders, particularly in the context of high-reliability organization (HRO) theory-MacDonald's approach to music challenges conventional wisdom and societal norms, promoting open communication and adaptability. HROs should prioritize open channels, invest in training, and support continuous learning. Clear communication is crucial for employees to understand the organization's roles, responsibilities, and goals, facilitating collaboration and problem-solving. It also helps manage change and prevents crises. Investing in communication skills and practices is essential for driving organizational success and resilience in today's fast-paced business environment.
Han transcurrido ya varias décadas desde que se iniciara el debate en torno a la llamada postmodernidad. Sobre el mismo han llovido nuevas consideraciones y términos que parecen haberlo sepultado. La emergencia de la Sociedad de la Información y de la llamada globalización arrojan nueva luz sobre aquel fenómeno y lo sitúa históricamente como una inicial y anticipadora reflexión acerca de la cultura y de los procesos que más tarde han culminado en la Sociedad de la Información globalizada. Lo que aquí defendemos, desde la perspectiva del tiempo transcurrido, es que la postmodernidad no era otra cosa que ese anuncio de lo que hoy llamamos capitalismo cultural o informacional, en el que las industrias culturales avanzan de la mano de las nuevas tecnologías en un proceso de expansión de una nueva cultura universal y dominante, apoyada en la red. Palabras clave.-cultura, globalización, industrias culturales, postmodernidad, sociedad de la información, nuevas tecnologías de la información, sociedad red Cultura en tiempos de globalización Como es sabido el término cultura etimológicamente procede en la mayor parte de los idiomas occidentales del colere latino, que hace referencia al cultivo y preferentemente al cultivo de la tierra. Esa expresión se aplicó después por analogía a lo que se llamó el espíritu, dando lugar al adjetivo culto, para designar aquella persona que había cultivado su espíritu. Esa es en parte la razón de que el término en su sentido actual vaya asociado a aquellas actividades humanas que entendemos relacionadas con el cultivo de las letras y las artes, o con la actividad intelectual en general, pues se supone que son ellas las que permiten cultivar el espíritu. Ese también es el sentido que se consolida en el siglo XVIII y del que procede la tendencia a asociar la cultura con ciertas manifestaciones que parecen más elevadas, tradicionalmente desarrolladas por las élites, frente a otras de carácter más popular y extenso.
As the use of technological objects to mediate intimate partner abuse rises, further considerations into the scope of research and knowledge construction possibilities are required. This chapter aims to position research into the field of technologically mediated abuse within a pluralistic theoretical paradigm centralised on system thinking as a building block to other ways of seeing and doing research. The chapter is developed through several key ideas: fundamental theoretical paradigms are outlined and considered in line with the topic before application to a pertinent and challenging area of intimate abuse research: language and definition possibilities, prior to drawing the chapter to a close focusing on a particular typology of system thinking. Overall, the chapter will provide the justification for a system-thinking approach to ground further research within the field of technology-mediated intimate partner abuse.
This chapter is concerned with the usage of the knowledge concept in the present-day diagnoses of knowledge society. These deal with the thesis of an altered socio-economic and cultural significance of especially scientific, economic, and professional knowledge and clarify the consequences arising from it at the socio-structural level. In the debates led by Daniel Bell, Nico Stehr, and others, the sociology of knowledge approaches play, apparently, no prominent role, despite Stehr’s long-term interest in SK and especially in Karl Mannheim. In so far as here, beyond aggregating statistical data, empirical specifications are made, one deals first and foremost with the usage of scientific knowledge in various domains of practice without referring to concepts and methodological tools from sociology of knowledge. Thus, paradoxically, the ‘sociology of knowledge society’ is not part of the sociology of knowledge. However, it could improve its empirical base considerably by referring to the latter. Conversely, the knowledge society thesis provides sociology of knowledge with an entry point to deal with the macrostructural phenomena of social change, which it has so far neglected.
This chapter explores the multiple facets and implications of relational space. Relying in part on my own intellectual journey as an exploratory device, it charts the origins of relative and relational space and the discoveries and innovations that led to their rise, including non-Euclidean geometry and relativity theory, and the rise of socially constructed relational space. It then examines time-space compression, the machine that folds spaces like origami. Third, it considers the relational spaces of post-structuralism, notably in the forms of the space of flows and actor-network theory. The fourth part turns to topology, the reigning metaphor for understanding relational space, and related metaphors such as origami and wormholes. The conclusion holds that relational space opens up new geographical imaginations for geography’s self-discovery.
In this chapter Grinin et al. describe the main technological changes within the historical process, show the general process of changes and to explain how and why technological epochs succeeded each other. The chapter introduces two interconnected theories: the ones of Production (or technological) Revolutions and of Production Principles. The authors single out four production principles: 1. Hunter-Gatherer; 2. Craft-Agrarian; 3. Trade-Industrial; 4. Scientific-Cybernetic. The change in production principles is connected with production revolutions. Among all major technological breakthroughs in history the most important are the three production revolutions: 1) the Agrarian Revolution (10–3 millennia BCE); 2) the Industrial Revolution (the 16th–19th centuries) and 3) the Cybernetic Revolution (1950 – up to 2070). The first phase of the Cybernetic Revolution took place between the 1950s and mid-1990s with a vigorous development of information technologies. The final phase of the Cybernetic Revolution may begin approximately between the 2030s and 2040s and will finish in 2060–2070. It will usher the beginning of the epoch of ‘self-regulating systems’, which can be working without human control. The authors also offer some forecasts about the periods after the end of the Cybernetic Revolution up to the end of the 21st century.
Freeman’s (1982) early, deep study of innovation concluded innovate or die. He was referring to firms competing in markets. Public agencies too need innovation faced with competition from private providers and for budgetary resources from big spending areas such as welfare and defence. Quite rightly, people such as Jansson (2013) call for politicians to justify public services and the taxes needed to properly fund them, calling attention also to the employment opportunities for young people, if offered training, in areas such as health, education, and care services. Citizens, auditors, and national Governments expect efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency here includes continuous improvement designed to maximise outcome from inputs. Effectiveness means adopting the best service models, enabling technologies and the best ways-of-working. In short, efficiency and effectiveness go together and are bundled here under the rubric of innovation.
The ‘e’ in the title refers to electronic as in e-commerce and e-Government. Reflecting on our own development, only 25 years ago avant-garde public officials were citing Castells’ (1997) idea that we might be entering a network society and Frances Cairncross (1997) predicted the death of distance.
This Element introduces New Age religion. The New Age Movement is a loosely cohesive conglomerate of different spiritual currents with no common founder, leader, institution, dogma, or scripture. Because of its diversity, it may appear amorphous and incoherent at first sight. This Element emphasizes both the unity and diversity of the New Age. It approaches the phenomenon from three main perspectives: 1) the historical development of New Age religion, 2) ideas and practices associated with the New Age, and 3) the social organization of the New Age movement. It thus provides a wide-angle view that sketches out some of the main patterns that emerge from a mosaic of individual currents and actors associated with the New Age. It also highlights some of the differences within the movement by exploring some ideas and practices in depth.
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