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Historiographs, Librarianship and the History of Science
Abstract
The study of the history of science has recently taken on new importance as an academic discipline. It's easy to see why. With the pace and complexity of scientific developments accelerating, the need for improved guidelines for scientific research becomes more ob- vious each day. As critical as today's dilemmas of pesticides, pollution, and nuclear weapons are, applications of current scientific research could pro- duce far more serious problems in the future. For example, the work of mo- lecular biologists could produce a hap- pier, healthier world population or, as suggested by some, it could produce
... Os conceitos e as características da teoria dos índices de citações e suas aplicações em redes bibliográficas foram elaborados por meio da teoria sobre a Organização da Informação, do cientista e linguista americano Eugene Garfield, nas décadas de 1960 e 1970. Garfield vislumbrou a utilidade dos índices de citações como nova abordagem para classificar a literatura científica (Garfield, 1973(Garfield, , 1979. Com essa visão, ele expôs os diversos aspectos da análise de citações em sua obra "Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities" (Garfield, 1979), demonstrando que as redes bibliográficas são ferramentas apropriadas para realizar pesquisas bibliográfica em um campo de estudo científico, além de servirem de modelo para estudar a estrutura da ciência. ...
... Os índices de citações estabelecem uma conexão entre eventos individuais importantes, ocorridos em certo campo de estudo, em diferentes épocas. Assim, a análise das relações entre as referências e as citações apresenta uma característica cronológica intrínseca ao índice, que revela os acontecimentos relativos a uma ideia dentro de uma perspectiva histórica caracterizados por uma rede bibliográfica (Garfield, 1973). Estudos sobre as relações entre citações por meio de redes bibliográficas revelam visões diferentes sobre a ciência, apresentando de forma gráfica um desenho histórico de determinado desenvolvimento científico (Garfield, 1973). ...
... Assim, a análise das relações entre as referências e as citações apresenta uma característica cronológica intrínseca ao índice, que revela os acontecimentos relativos a uma ideia dentro de uma perspectiva histórica caracterizados por uma rede bibliográfica (Garfield, 1973). Estudos sobre as relações entre citações por meio de redes bibliográficas revelam visões diferentes sobre a ciência, apresentando de forma gráfica um desenho histórico de determinado desenvolvimento científico (Garfield, 1973). Assim, a rede bibliográfica é um modelo conciso, figurativo e de fácil análise. ...
RESUMO Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um estudo em metodologia que determinou um método específico de análise histórica bibliográfica, descrito como cartografia estrutural para revisão de literatura. O método de cartografia estrutural é rigoroso, interdisciplinar e revela a estrutura de uma bibliografia em estudo por meio dos conceitos metodológicos encontrados em pesquisa histórica, pesquisa bibliográfica, teoria dos grafos, análise de índices e redes de citações e cartografia. Pretende-se que o leitor tenha uma ampla compreensão sobre o que é e como se aplica o método de cartografia estrutural. Por fim, serão apresentadas 12 maneiras de se abordar a estrutura de uma literatura utilizando o atlas bibliográfico elaborado por meio da cartografia estrutural para revisão de literatura.
... Citation relations do not always represent the scientist's use of results previously achieved. Nevertheless, through citations scientists link their work to the existing literature generating a network structure that can be used to re-write the history of scientific developments (Garfield, 1973). ...
... Citations can be considered as unidirectional links that relate later documents to earlier ones (Garfield, 1973;.The historical dependency of scientific developments operates through citations and references so that citation patterns are associated with interpretation of previous results, successful papers (Small, 1978), and the intention of scientists to position their results differently from previous ones (Fujigaki, 1998a).This citation culture (Wouters, 1999a) can be used to understand scientific developments in terms of patterns of references emerging from and reproduced in scientific literature. ...
... Work in this area is numerous but peripheral to the system described in this paper; examples include [3, 4, 5, 7, 19]. Timelines, like the Newton's Shoulders visualization in CiteWiz, have been widely used for applications like personal histories [28] , time-space diagrams for distributed sys- tems [33, 1], and scientific publication analysis such as for research fronts [26] and historiographs [16]. Our approach provides an interactive and linked view that integrates well with the other visualizations in the CiteWiz system. ...
... All three of the visualizations that make up the framework emphasize citation structure and information flow. However, the tool lacks some of the more standard visualizations, such as coauthorship node-link diagrams, keyword burst analysis, and historiographs [16], that other tools like CiteSpace [6] pro- vide. ...
We present CiteWiz, an extensible framework for visualization of scientific citation networks. The system is based on a taxonomy of citation database usage for researchers, and provides a timeline visualization for overviews and an influence visualization for detailed views. The timeline displays the general chronology and importance of authors and articles in a citation database, whereas the influence visualization is implemented using the Growing Polygons technique, suitably modified to the context of browsing citation data. Using the latter technique, hierarchies of articles with potentially very long citation chains can be graphically represented. The visualization is augmented with mechanisms for parent–child visualization and suitable interaction techniques for interacting with the view hierarchy and the individual articles in the dataset. We also provide an interactive concept map for keywords and co-authorship using a basic force-directed graph layout scheme. A formal user study indicates that CiteWiz is significantly more efficient than traditional database interfaces for high-level analysis tasks relating to influence and overviews, and equally efficient for low-level tasks such as finding a paper and correlating bibliographical data.
... fronts analysis (Morris, Yen, Wu, & Asnake, 2003) and historiographs (Garfield, 1973). Although this article focuses on summary graphs of authors, articles, and conferences throughout their history, it presents a few time-related aspects as well. ...
... Similarly, CiteSpace (Chen, 2006; recently updated to its second version) provide support for the full work process for studying a scientific community, including operations such as filtering, time slicing, pruning, merging, and visual inspection. Finally, another approach to studying scientific publications focuses on the aspects of time; examples include research fronts analysis (Morris, Yen, Wu, & Asnake, 2003) and historiographs (Garfield, 1973). Although this article focuses on summary graphs of authors, articles, and conferences throughout their history, it presents a few time-related aspects as well. ...
We present a visual exploration of the eld of human-computer interaction through the author and article metadata of four of its major conferences: the ACM conferences on Computer-Human Interaction (CHI), User Inter- face Software and Technology (UIST) and Advanced Visual Interfaces (AVI) and the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis). This ar- ticle describes many global and local patterns we discovered in this dataset, together with the exploration process that produced them. Some expected patterns emerged, such as that | like most social networks | co-authorship and citation networks exhibit a power-law degree distribution, with a few widely-collaborating authors and highly-cited articles. Also, the prestigious and long-established CHI conference has the highest impact (citations by the others). Unexpected insights included that the years when a given confer- ence was most selective are not correlated with those that produced its most highly-referenced articles, and that inuential authors have distinct patterns
... The study analyzes the direct citations using Historiograph, as shown in Figure 16. Historiograph refers to a graphic display of citation data that shows key scientific events, chronology, inter-relationships and relative importance (Garfield, 1973). The results of the direct citation network indicate that Heisig (2016) Figure 16. ...
Purpose
This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis on knowledge management from journals in the Scopus database between 1988 and 2021. The paper covered the past three decades of publications and carried out performance analysis and science mapping analysis of articles.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses bibliometrics, performance analysis and science mapping analysis of 1,016 articles extracted from the Scopus database. The study examined the scientific productivity of articles, productive authors, citable documents, most relevant institutions, cited countries, co-occurrence of keywords, thematic mapping, co-citations and collaboration of authors and countries. The study used Biblioshiny as a tool to carry out the performance analysis and science mapping analysis.
Findings
The results show that the number of publications has significantly increased in the past decade, 88.4% of authors contribute at least a single article, 8.3% of authors published two articles, 2% of the authors published three documents and 0.6% of the authors contribute four papers. The USA, China and Australia were the most productive countries in terms of the total number of citations and foreign collaborations. Journal of Knowledge Management , Knowledge Management Research and Practice , VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management and International Journal of Technology Management are the top outlets in the knowledge management literature.
Originality/value
Over the past decade, the research on knowledge management construct has exploded because of the growing interest of researchers and practitioners in the field. Despite being a well-developed field, few studies have applied bibliometric analysis in the knowledge management literature. The study is more comprehensive in terms of the actors and methods involved in analyzing the scientific production of articles in the area of knowledge management.
... A series of landmark publications during the 1960s through 1990s explored the use of quantitative and basic visualization techniques on science and technical communication artifacts, to reveal the evolution of scientific knowledge domains. The concepts of bibliographic coupling (Kessler, 1963), direct citation network graphs or historiographs (Garfield, 1973), co-citation mapping (Griffith, Small, Stonehill. & Dey, 1974;, and co-word analysis (Callon, Courtial, Turner & Bauin, 1983) fueled the emergence of science mapping. ...
The cross-disciplinary future of knowledge domainsmapping requires the fusion of multiple data sources,methodologies, and theories, shifting from descriptiveto predictive models. This paper explores some of theNational Research Council Canada challenges inusing knowledge domain mapping to better forecastthe future and advances a call for action.L’avenir interdisciplinaire de la cartographie desdomaines de connaissances nécessite la fusion demultiples sources de données, méthodes et théories,et le passage de modèles descriptifs à des modèlesprédictifs. Cette présentation explore certains desdéfis que rencontre le Conseil national de recherchesdu Canada dans l’utilisation de la cartographie desdomaines de connaissances pour mieux prévoirl’avenir, et propose un appel à l’action.
... This has led to the use of the term "scientometrics" (Braun, 1994 ;Macias-Chapula, 1999;Roussea, 2000). Garfield (1973) defined "scientometrics" as a field of inquiry for quantitative analysis of science and scientific fields of research, in differentiation to "bibliometrics" which covers the gamut of publications. The term "scientometrics" became more prominent with the advent of the journal Scientometrics (Afshar, Abdulmajid, Hakimi, & Majidfard, 2012). ...
Quantitative Information Research holds great promise for analysis in a variety of academic disciplines. In order to facilitate understanding of this research field, the changes in differing terminologies and their definitions are presented. This study extends earlier research by gathering data from Proquest Dialog, a leading collection of electronic databases with authoritative content. A longitudinal study of twenty four years of the amount and frequency of use of various Quantitative Information Research terminologies is made. Findings include the identification of previously unknown trends and patterns of terminology usage.
... On network studies see for exampleDauser (2008);Mauelshagen (2003); Mücke and Schnalke (2009);Pearl (1984);Rusnock (1999);Steinke and Stuber (2004). 20 On historical applications of social network analysis methods, see for exampleGarfield (1973),Garfield et al. (2002), Wetherell (1998),Gould (2003),Reitmeyer and Marx (2010), Lemercier (2011;. ...
... On network studies see for exampleDauser (2008);Mauelshagen (2003); Mücke and Schnalke (2009);Pearl (1984);Rusnock (1999);Steinke and Stuber (2004). 20 On historical applications of social network analysis methods, see for exampleGarfield (1973),Garfield et al. (2002), Wetherell (1998),Gould (2003),Reitmeyer and Marx (2010), Lemercier (2011;. ...
... In fact, non-source items were far more prevalent in early science maps than they are today. The earliest common implementations of direct citation maps, Garfield's historiographies (Garfield, 1973) did not distinguish between source and non-source items. This was also true for early document co-citation (Small, 1973) and author co-citation (White & Griffith, 1981) maps. ...
Cited non-source documents such as articles from regional journals, conference papers, books and book chapters, working papers and reports have begun to attract more attention in the literature. Most of this attention has been directed at understanding the effects of including non-source items in research evaluation. In contrast, little work has been done to examine the effects of including non-source items on science maps and on the structure of science as reflected by those maps. In this study we compare two direct citation maps of a 16-year set of Scopus documents – one that includes only source documents, and one that includes non-source documents along with the source documents. In addition to more than doubling the contents of the map, from 19 M to 43 M documents, the inclusion of non-source items strongly augments the social sciences relative to the natural sciences and medicine and makes their position in the map more central. Books are also found to play a significant role in the map, and are much more highly cited on average than articles.
... On network studies see for exampleDauser (2008);Mauelshagen (2003);Mücke and Schnalke (2009);Pearl (1984);Rusnock (1999);Steinke and Stuber (2004). 20 On historical applications of social network analysis methods, see for exampleGarfield (1973),Garfield et al. (2002),Wetherell (1998),Gould (2003),Reitmeyer and Marx (2010),Lemercier (2011;. ...
After a very brief overview of the key features and limits of an evolutionary epistemology the use of a network approach to map the evolution of ideas is displayed: connections among scientists are described as representations of the replication of ideas, the diachronic perspective on these connections helps to characterise knowledge evolution as a networking process. Following these theoretical considerations based on the existing literature, I use the example of the physiologist Jacques Loeb’s views on citation around 1900 to describe how scientists’ desire for recognition drives the selection and transfer of scientific ideas. By connecting this empirical example to the previous considerations, I finally take up the idea that
recognition and self-constitution are important driving forces in networking processes in science and argue that they foster the evolution of knowledge.
... Citations can be considered as unidirectional links that relate later documents to earlier ones (Garfield, 1973;. The historical dependency of scientific developments operates through citations and references so that citation patterns are associated with interpretation of previous results, successful papers (Small, 1978), and the intention of scientists to position their results differently from previous ones (Fujigaki 1998a). ...
With the program HistCite™ it is possible to generate and visualize the most relevant papers in a set of documents retrieved from the Science Citation Index. Historical reconstructions of scientific developments can be represented chronologically as developments in networks of citation relations extracted from scientific literature. This study aims to go beyond the historical reconstruction of scientific knowledge, enriching the output of HistCite™ with algorithms from social-network analysis and information theory. Using main-path analysis, it is possible to highlight the structural backbone in the development of a scientific field. The expected information value of the message can be used to indicate whether change in the distribution (of citations) has occurred to such an extent that a path-dependency is generated. This provides us with a measure of evolutionary change between subsequent documents. The forgetting and rewriting of historically prior events at the research front can thus be indicated. These three methods - HistCite, main path and path dependent transitions - are applied to a set of documents related to fullerenes and the fullerene-like structures known as nanotubes.
... Finally, another approach to studying scientific publications focuses on the aspects 20 Years of Four HCI Conferences: A Visual Exploration 8 of time; examples include research fronts analysis (Morris, Yen, Wu, & Asnake, 2003) and historiographs (Garfield, 1973). Although this article focuses on summary graphs of authors, articles and conferences throughout their history, it presents a few time-related aspects as well. ...
... Citation relations do not always represent the scientist's use of results previously achieved. Nevertheless, through citations scientists link their work to the existing literature generating a network structure that can be used to re-write the history of scientific developments (Garfield, 1973). ...
This article explores the emergence of knowledge from scientific discoveries and their effects on the structure of scientific communication. Network analysis is applied to understand this emergence institutionally as changes in the journals; semantically, as changes in the codification of meaning in terms of words; and cognitively as the new knowledge becomes the emergent foundation of further developments. The discovery of fullerenes in 1985 is analyzed as the scientific discovery that triggered a process which led to research in nanotubes.
... Citations can be considered as unidirectional links that relate later documents to earlier ones (Garfield, 1973;). The historical dependency of scientific developments operates through citations and references so that citation patterns are associated with interpretation of previous results, successful papers (Small, 1978), and the intention of scientists to position their results differently from previous ones (Fujigaki 1998a). ...
With the program HistCite(TM) it is possible to generate and visualize the most relevant papers in a set of documents retrieved from the Science Citation Index. Historical reconstructions of scientific developments can be represented chronologically as developments in networks of citation relations extracted from scientific literature. This study aims to go beyond the historical reconstruction of scientific knowledge, enriching the output of HistCite(TM) with algorithms from social network analysis and information theory.
This paper sets forth an epistemological analysis of bibliographic literature networks as a useful aid in both teaching and research. It presents a structural-functional treatment of library reference materials, and seeks to integrate classroom instruction and library research. It is based on the idea that any body of knowledge has both a substantive and a bibliographic structure which stand in logical, predictable relation to one another. It treats library reference works as intermediary sources, which provide access to the body of primary and secondary sources. Techniques of “bibliographic mapping” are also introduced as both pedagogic and research tools. Experience suggests such an approach serves a useful cognitive function in teaching the principles of literature searches and extends the scope of structural analysis specifically to the structure of knowledge itself.
Resumo: Este estudo considera a presença da análise de citação como objeto de estudo e metodologia nas pesquisas relativas aos Estudos Métricos, devido à necessidade em estabelecer e aprimorar indicadores para análise e avaliação da produção periódica científica. Reconhece que, apesar de suas limitações, os estudos de citação podem ser aplicados para medir o grau de maturidade da atividade científica. Para tanto, busca ampliar as possibilidades de resolução dos problemas enfrentados com o uso desses indicadores. Objetiva analisar as relações de autocitação entre periódicos que publicam pesquisas relacionadas aos estudos métricos da informação na base Scopus, num corpus específico de 132 artigos, delimitados até 2014, com a intenção de abarcar o interdomínio de Estudos Métricos da Informação entre Ciência da Informação e Medicina. Recorre ao software Excel como plataforma para a exportação do corpus de artigos e suas respetivas referências, padronizando os títulos citantes e citados nas referências de cada artigo do corpus. Utiliza o Software VantagePoint para gerar a matriz com o número de autocitação de cada periódico. Constrói modelo de análise relacionando a quantidade de autocitações dos periódicos que publicam pesquisas sobre estudos métricos da informação, com os valores de Fator de Impacto e índice H dados pelo SJR da Scopus a esses periódicos, além de identificar os países de que procedem, sua frequência e ocorrência no corpus e a quantidade de autocitações por documento em cada revista. Constata que, dentre as 40 revistas analisadas, 13 se autocitam e que, dentre as últimas, as que apresentam maior Fator de Impacto e Índice H são procedentes dos EUA e Reino Unido. Destaca que, do total do corpus, 12 são revistas brasileiras e oito delas se autocitam. Destas
Library school courses on the subject literatures of broad knowledge areas have been a common curriculum feature since the late 1940s. Earlier courses focused on the literature and the reference sources of subject fields, and on special library problems and procedures associated with subject literatures. Contemporary courses have added new material and new perspectives. Those that have introduced the most changes would appear to have three major foci: (1) the process of scientific/scholarly communication; (2) the nature and structure of the substantive literature of subject fields; and (3) the nature and structure of the reference/bibliographical literature of subject fields. Even more important than a knowledge of these three components, however, is an understanding of the relationships that exist between them and how all three are part of one integral process.
The problem of information overload in society, the feeling of being overwhelmed by large numbers and many types of publications, is one that has direct relevance for the role of the librarian both now and in the future. Librarians at present are clearly adept at assisting users in identifying and locating large numbers of publications. They will have to become more adept in the future in developing ways to assist users in narrowing or focussing their information searches to the most essential or key documents in a field of study. A number of the attempts that have been made in the library and information professions to help users to cope with information overload are examined as well as speculation about some future ways of dealing with the problem.
Although the coinage of the term Bibliometrics is fairly recent, its usage and practice can be traced back to the 1890's. Bibliometrics has been used vastly as a quantitative method for evaluating the literature in different disciplines, particularly in the last two decades. This article is intended to review bibliometrics and one of its major methods citation analysis in two different parts: the first part of this article aims to present a background of the bibliometrics and citation analysis. The applications of citation analysis are also studied in this part. In the second part of this article: document and author co-citation analysis as well as joumal-by-journal and country-by-counhy citation analysis are studied. Mapping science as an application of co-citation analysis is also studied, finally the limitations, problems and reliability and validity of citation analysis as a research method will be considered.
Bibliometrics, Citation and Co-citation a review of Literature.
Although the coinage of the term Bibliometrics is fairly recent, its usage and practice can be traced back to the 1890's. Bibliometrics has been used vastly as a quantitative method for evaluating the literature in different disciplines, particularly in the last two decades. This article is intended to review bibliometrics and one of its major methods citation analysis in two different parts: the first part of this article aims to present a background of the bibliometrics and citation analysis. The applications of citation analysis are also studied in this part. In the second part of this article: document and author co-citation analysis as well as joumal-by-journal and country-by-counhy citation analysis are studied. Mapping science as an application of co-citation analysis is also studied, finally the limitations, problems and reliability and validity of citation analysis as a research method will be considered.
In a historiograph, an evolutionary tree is constructed with a key (or parent) paper at the top followed by subs e- quent temporal layers of citing papers. Co -citation graphs set a mark in the visualization of scientific specialties and research fronts3-5. Accompanied by co-author graphs6, cita- tion graphs7 and co-word graphs8 all these graphs have been used to visualize and analyze the growth of specia l- ties, the structure inside scientific communities and the flow of information in science. Recently, a new branch in information science emerged which devotes itself to the visualization of knowledge domains9. In this area tools have been developed to automatically create graphs, to explore different visualization approaches and to navigate through massive quantities of scientific information 10-12. Citation landscapes built in analogy to fitness lan dscapes13 make the occupation and evaluation of different scientific special ities visible and allow both for navigation through research fronts and identification of possible innovative areas 14. The visualization of emergent structures is not the only useful way to analyse collections of interconnecte d scien- tific documents, however. It is also possible to explore ne t- work structures by means of social network theory and measures developed in statistical physics. Complex network theory, a branch of statistical physics, mainly conce n- trates on analysing degree distributions (e.g. the numbers of citations documents in a collection receive), clustering coefficients and abstract theoretical mathematical models to explain the empirical findings. Social network anal ysis, in contrast, concentrates more on the i nterpretation of the social natures of the units and of the links between them 15. In this paper we will address both issues. The analysis of citation and co -author networks from the point of view of statistical p hysics reveals some basic structural regularities. It helps to generalize the known skewed distributions of citations and collaborations (few articles are highly cited, most have few citations; few au- thors collaborate extensively, most have few collaborato rs), raises specific expectations how the science system's publ i- cation patterns may behave and points to the existence of underlying cognitive and social structures. It suggests a dynamic interplay of behavioural rules obeyed by a huge system of interactin g people, which results in the o bserved macro-level regularities. Different modelling a pproaches have been used to create heuristic expl anations for the observed macro-level properties19-21. One behavioural rule is the principle of preferential attachment 16 which re- formulates the 'success breeds success' principle intr o- duced by Price 30 years ago to explain characte ristics in the 'network of papers' 22. What most of the models are
An indicator of conformity - the tendency for a scientific paper to reinforce existing belief systems - is introduced. This indicator is based on a computational theory of innovation, where an author's belief systems are compared to socio-cognitive norms. Evidence of the validity of the indicator is provided using a sample of 4180 high impact papers in two experiments. The first experiment is based on a 10 year model of the scientific literature. The robustness of the first experiment is tested using an alternative method for calculating the indicator and two 16-year models of the scientific literature.
A conference entitled ‘Hypertext II’, attended by 200 people (with many on a waiting list), took place at the University of York on 29 and 30 June 1989. Hypertext I, held at the University of Aberdeen in March 1988, yielded ten published papers. This time there were parallel sessions with 18 papers, three symposia with several papers in each, and an exhibition with numerous demonstrations. Ray McAleese, Director of the Teaching Centre at Aberdeen, organised these conferences.
Hierarchical structures are an important property of all complex systems and play an important role in the decision and policy sciences. The methodology described in this paper provides a systematic and efficient approach to the synthesis of hierarchies, regardless of their size or intricacy. Two applications are briefly discussed, and other applications are suggested.
This paper introduces a new approach to detecting scientists’ field mobility by focusing on an author’s self-citation network,
and the co-authorships and keywords in self-citing articles. Contrary to much previous literature on self-citations, we will
show that author’s self-citation patterns reveal important information on the development and emergence of new research topics
over time. More specifically, we will discuss self-citations as a means to detect scientists’ field mobility. We introduce
a network based definition of field mobility, using the Optimal Percolation Method (Lambiotte & Ausloos, 2005; 2006). The results of the study can be extended to selfcitation networks of groups of authors and, generally also
for other types of networks.
The aim of this article is to investigate giant collaboration in astronomy articles indexed in ScienceDriect database during 2000-2004. The collaboration coefficient (CC) will be calculated and international collaboration will be studied. The collaboration coefficient will be compared with the number of authors per papers to determine the development of collaboration in this article. Some of findings of this study are: 419 astronomy articles with 2761 co-author name occurrences were in ScienceDirect during 2000-2004 indicating a collaboration mean of 6.6 authors per paper. All 419 articles were published in 37 countries. Bradford’s law was confirmed and 10 giant collaborating articles having 59-130 co-authors (average collaborators of 94.4 per article) were identified. 10% of the articles have been produced with large teams including 12 to 130 authors. The collaboration coefficient was equal to 0.494 in this study, which means the number of multi authored papers could be considerable. The analysis showed that the CC for astronomy papers has grown from 0.385 in 2000 to 0.534 in 2004. Considering international collaborative occurrences it was shown that USA with 139 (24%) collaborative occurrences ranked first among the 37 countries. France, UK, Italy and Japan ranked second to fifth in this study according to the percentages. While, considering Collaboration Coefficient, China, Russia, India and Spain performed much better.
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