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Fundamentals of Physics, Part 5 (Chapters 38-44)
Abstract
Chapter 38. Photons and Matter Waves. Chapter 39. More About Matter Waves. Chapter 40. All About Atoms. Chapter 41. Conduction of Electricity in Solids. Chapter 42. Nuclear Physics. Chapter 43. Energy from the Nucleus. Chapter 44. Quarks, Leptons, and the Big Bang. Appendix A: The International System of Units (SI). Appendix B: Some Fundamental Constants of Physics. Appendix C: Some Astronomical Data. Appendix D: Conversion Factors. Appendix E: Mathematical Formulas. Appendix F: Properties of the Elements. Appendix G: Periodic Tables of the Elements. Answers to Checkpoints and Odd-Numbered Questions, Exercises, and Problems. Index.
... The reason we limit ourselves to these actions is that the focus of this paper is on the impact of various parameters on the Type Features Time Domain Mean, Standard Deviation, Max, Min, Magnitude [40], Mean Absolute Deviation, Energy [41] Frequency-Domain Entropy, Mean Frequency, Skewness [42], Kurto [42], Max Frequency classification accuracy of sensor data and not on the actual classification outcomes. ...
... is shown in many fundamental books of physics and clearly described by Halliday et al. (2010): A) if a sphere creates some distant effect or force, it should move to zero when you go inside the sphere and travel toward its centre (as we see in a sphere with electrostatic charge), but about the gravity force, although the calculations shows it, it is not true in nature (Figure 1). When something is inside the macro-mass, if the mass be assumed as a cause of gravity, g-force decreases. ...
In this paper, by reviewing old as well as modern controversial findings, it was shown that gravity is a single unique phenomenon that after appearance attracts mass and particles around itself. This makes a misunderstanding of mass-gravity relation as cause and effect. Here, a discussion was put ahead, which concludes that mass; and actually energy condensation, cannot create gravity and it would be shown that there is no need to correlate mass with gravity. Instead it is shown that existence of something that can be called a gravity generator is the real cause of gravity and in stable celestial objects the mass around that gravity generator is only a manifestation of the severity of space-time shrinkage created by that generator.
To fertilize eggs, sperm must pass through narrow, complex channels filled with viscoelastic fluids in the female reproductive tract. While it is known that the topography of the surfaces plays a role in guiding sperm movement, sperm have been thought of as swimmers, i.e., their motility comes solely from sperm interaction with the surrounding fluid, and therefore, the surfaces have no direct role in the motility mechanism itself. Here, we examined the role of solid surfaces in the movement of sperm in a highly viscoelastic medium. By visualizing the flagellum interaction with surfaces in a microfluidic device, we found that the flagellum stays close to the surface while the kinetic friction between the flagellum and the surface is in the direction of sperm movement, providing thrust. Additionally, the flow field generated by sperm suggests slippage between the viscoelastic fluid and the solid surface, deviating from the no-slip boundary typically used in standard fluid dynamics models. These observations point to hybrid motility mechanisms in sperm involving direct flagellum-surface interaction in addition to flagellum pushing the fluid. This finding signifies an evolutionary strategy of mammalian sperm crucial for their efficient migration through narrow, mucus-filled passages of the female reproductive tract.
Fluid flow in a venturi tube (VT) is a dynamic fluid phenomenon that plays an important role in human life. Flow safety control is necessary by installing several manometers of open (MoO) containing static fluid. The study's purpose was to know the change impacts of the number of installed MoOs against flow speed characters within VTs from conditions of 1 to 2 MoOs. The research uses experimental methods. The main research equipment includes 1 blower-rheostat system, 1 VT with 8 different diameters, and 2 MoOs containing pure water. Data analysis was done using SPSS. Within measurement intervals of 4 Ω ≤ R ≤ 281 Ω and 4.58 cm ≤ d ≤ 9.45 cm, the study showed the comparison of the mean of wind speed, wind speed gradient to R (d fixed), convergent wind speed gradient to d (R fixed), and divergent wind speed gradient to d (R fixed) between 1-MoO and 2-MoO type, respectively, were1. 21E+01 ms-1 vs 1.55E+01 ms-1, -2.73E-02 ms-1Ω-1 vs -4.11E-02 ms-1Ω-1, -3.13E+02 s-1 vs -4.25E+02 s-1, and -4.31E+02 s-1 vs -4.84E+02 s-1. While its impact differences are insignificant, insignificant, significant, and insignificant, respectively.
Components are created by people to provide a specific function in a technological system; however, all technology is actually part of the natural world thus the behavior of components is determined by natural phenomena. Components utilize natural phenomena in carrying out functions within technological systems. Although technology is made by humans, its behavior is governed by the same laws of nature that apply to the natural world.
The gravitational field of a massive, filamentary ring is considered. We provide an analytic expression for the gravitational potential and demonstrate that the exact gravitational potential and its gradient—the gravitational force-field—is not central. Hence, it is a good candidate to discuss the difference between the concepts of center of mass and center of gravity. We focus on other consequences of reduced symmetry, e.g., only the z-component of the angular momentum is conserved. However, the remnant high symmetry of this system also ensures that there are special classes of motions which are restricted to invariant subspaces; thus, depending on the initial condition, the dynamics of a point particle is integrable. We also show that periodic orbits in the equatorial plane external to the ring are possible, but only if the angular momentum is above a threshold value. In this case, the orbits are stable.
Demagnetization fault of Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) degrades motor's performance. As the strength of permanent magnet (PM) decreases, inductance of the PMSM changes since flux density affects electrical steel's nonlinear characteristics. It makes difficult to estimate exact flux linkages of the PMSM to diagnose demagnetization fault. In this paper, we suggested analytic inductance prediction considering magnetic saturation effect and varying flux linkages of PMSM, which shows better results in estimation of flux linkages. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) results demonstrate that the proposed method works well.
The purpose of this article is to present the properties of cylindrical lenses and provide some examples of their use in easy school physics experiments. Such experiments could be successfully conducted in the context of science education, in fun experiments that teach physics and in science fair projects, or used to entertain an audience by staging tricks, effects or illusions of seemingly impossible or supernatural feats.
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