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Abstract
Planning requires accurate representation of a planning situation to formulate appropriate intervention that protects and promotes a common good. But most representations of social space are significantly limited by the distinct purposes of discipline, expertise, and policy domain, while planning is expected to be participatory and inclusive of all kinds of interrelationship. The article presents a method, based on an interpretation of Lefebvre's conceptual triad, for building a more comprehensive understanding of planning situations that involves recognizing sociospatial differences and investigating their interrelationship. Examples from the author's teaching, research, and community service in planning demonstrate ways in which the physical, conceptual, and social aspects of planning situations are at work and accessible.
... It is also known as the physical space"that can be seen, felt, smelled, heard, manipulated" by individuals (Carp, 2008, p.132). Carp (2008) argues that, depending on the people's subjective characteristics such as age, cultural orientations, and the capacity of sensing organs, the same physical space can be perceived differently. Therefore, "gaining insight into people's use of space and patterns of movement is thus essential to understand their views and knowledge of and attitudes towards a certain place but also into more general worldviews and perceptions" (Walet, 2014, p. 21). ...
... Finally, the third realm, the lived space also known as experienced space is a more complex and fluid component of the triad (Carp, 2008). It consists of both physical and mental spaces and represents situational feelings. ...
... For example, the perceived space concerned the physical characteristics of a space that can be observed empirically (Carp, 2008). In particular, the design of the classroom and the existence of specific technology and furniture in the active learning classroom were the dominant discourse surrounding the perceived space. ...
A growing diversity of classroom designs, broadly labeled as active learning classrooms, is a rising development across higher education institutions. Along with the construction of these new spaces, stakeholders have developed new vocabularies and concepts for articulating and identifying the impact of new classroom designs for teaching and learning. As new language evolves and ways of thinking about classroom space evolve along with new designs, there has yet to emerge an explicit conceptual framework of the nature of the learning spaces that holistically addresses the cultural, contextual, communicative, and interactional experiences of the faculty. The aim of the present study was to investigate spatial understandings of faculty members in the context of a professional development program in an attempt to identify the social construction of space in active learning classrooms. We conducted a content analysis of 25 reflective portfolios written between 2018 and 2020. Grounding on the Henri Lefebvre’s Spatial Triad (1991), we found that faculty members used three types of space as describing their spatial experiences in classrooms: (1) perceived space, (2) conceived space, and (3) experienced space. The results were discussed in terms of a cultivated space approach to support faculty in developing pedagogical agility across various learning environments.
... None of these levels is autonomous or has priority over the others. (Baydar et al., 2018, p. 8) The following Carp (2008) depicts Lefebvre's conceptual triad and related frameworks represented as categories of analysis and presents a useful summary of the spatial triad as an analytical lens. A detailed explanation of each of the different dimensions or layers of space follows in the next subchapter. ...
... This trend underscores the growing popularity and adoption of the spatial triad as a valuable analytical framework within contemporary scholarship. (Carp, 2008) In their 2018 paper, "Digitizing Lefebvre's Spatial Triad," Baydar et al. explored the application of Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad framework to analyze two housing projects in Izmir, Turkey, via digital media. They highlighted the spatial triad's versatility in classifying spatial data and understanding interactions among stakeholders like administrative organizations, planners, and users. ...
... The dimensions making up what he coins "the spatial triad" consist of the perceived space, the conceived space, and the lived space. (Carp, 2008;Rogers, 2002) The perceived space refers to the space we can perceive with our senses and empirically observe. In this dimension spatial practice takes place. ...
This thesis analyzes the Grätzloasen project in Vienna, employing Henri Lefebvre's spatial triad as a framework. The project, which transforms parking spaces into publicly accessible patios, is examined through the dimensions of perceived space, conceived space, and lived space. The qualitative empirical method was based on interviews with organizational members as well as Grätzloasen operators, observations, and policy frameworks using thematic analysis and Lefebvre's theoretical framework. The results show the usefulness of the triad in analyzing the Grätzloasen as it functions as a lens in uncovering the intricacies of physical space and the practices within it, the tension between revolutionary ideas and bureaucratic constraints, and the pride and connectedness people feel. The analysis also uncovered the theme of double-appropriation of the Grätzloasen space and the conflicts arising from the "misuse" of the oases. To increase the well-being of operators and users of Grätzloasen and address challenges, providing a comprehensive handbook and establishing a support group for inter-Grätzloasen connections could significantly improve their experiences. Further research should focus on longitudinal studies and an experimental approach to focus on the long-term impacts and perceptions of this participatory urban design concept.
... Lefebvre's Trialectic of Space (1991) presents an understanding of physical, mental and social aspects of human experience within a produced social space. Lefebvre's triad has been previously applied to understand how people produce space in cultural geography (leisure/tourism, Bunce, 2008; urban policy planning, Carp, 2008; social production of harmful practice, Parkin and Coomber, 2011), and virtual space (Kosari and Amoori, 2018). Lefebvre (1991) saw space not as a passive container but rather as an active arena that interacts with and produces thought and behaviour; i.e., the produced social space. ...
... Representations of space relate to how space is conceived, represented and constructed (Lefebvre, 1991). It reflects how our mental constructions of a given space are reflected in thought, ideation, planning, and categorisation (Carp, 2008). Representations of space refer to the manner in which we impose meaning and purpose of a given space via abstract and symbolic representations (Lefebvre, 1991). ...
... This 'lived space' can evoke a sense of meaning and a strong sense of "in-the-moment awareness of being alive or fully present" (Carp, 2008, p. 135). Representational space is not experienced via purely physical properties, but rather an amalgamation of visual, verbal, and/or kinaesthetic symbolism, which we observe in pictures, writing, music, gestures, metaphors, signs or rapt attention (Carp, 2008), that evoke memories and emotions, impose social norms, and can create a strong sense of social belonging (Buser, 2012). The phenomenological experience within representational space is one that is fleeting in nature yet enhances consciousness in the lived moment and/or a retrospective representation. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated shifts in how higher education provision is offered. In one UK institution block teaching was introduced. This way of teaching and learning has brought new challenges and opportunities for staff and students. To date, little research or theoretical discussion has investigated how this hybrid approach or differences between tutors and student can arise in the use of online teaching spaces (OTS) within a block-teaching format. The present paper focuses on the institution-wide implementation of an online block-teaching model at Manchester Metropolitan University in the United Kingdom. With a specific emphasis on observations and reflections on the experiences of undergraduate students’ and staff by one of the authors from the Department of Psychology who employed an online block teaching approach (6 weeks) from the beginning of block 1 during the academic year 2020/21. We provide a novel methodological advancement of Lefebvre’s (1991) Trialectic of Space to discuss how students and tutors jointly produce and experience learning and teaching within an online block teaching approach. Pre-existing behavioural, cognitive and emotional experiences of using online spaces, contribute to the curriculum, student-tutor and student-student dialogue. We also highlight the importance of community within an online block teaching approach. Applications of the Lefebvrian model (1991) to present pedagogical approaches along with avenues of future research are considered.
... a slave of the passions" (Hume et al., 2000, p. 3) and shifts the focus to the "lived" experience of virtual space (VS). Indeed, the conception of space in its social sense has not received enough scholarly attention in the psychological literature as it has in the social, cultural, and human geography literature (see Bunce, 2008;Carp, 2008;Parkin & Coomber, 2011). To address this, this qualitative article broadens conceptual knowledge and theoretical understanding of the SNS phenomena within the sociocultural sphere of VS and human experience. ...
... Doing so allows us to acknowledge the impact of these three facets upon SNS users per se and to develop in a qualitative manner theoretical expositions of authors such as Edirisinghe et al. (2011) and their concept of Third Space within SNSs and Lefebvre's trialectic. Importantly, Lefebvre's triad has been previously used to understand how people produce space in cultural geography (urban policy planning, Carp, 2008;leisure/tourism, Bunce, 2008; social production of harmful practice, Parkin & Coomber, 2011) and VS (Kosari & Amoori, 2018). Lefebvre (1991) saw space not as a passive container but rather as an active arena that interacts with and produces thought and behavior; that is, the produced social space. ...
... Representations of space relate to how space is conceived, represented, and constructed (Lefebvre, 1991). It reflects how our mental constructions of a given space are reflected in thought, ideation, planning, and categorization (Carp, 2008). Representations of space refer to the manner in which we impose meaning and purpose of a given space via abstract and symbolic representations (Lefebvre, 1991). ...
Since the conception and exponential growth of social networking sites (SNSs), technology has advanced sufficiently to allow access to them at any moment for any reason. This has given users a “virtual space” (VS) in which to communicate and “live” within (e.g., Facebook), a space which disparate research has shown to have an impact on users’ behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. The present study aimed to examine the potential for SNSs to influence the physical, mental, and social well-being of undergraduate students. To explore this in a unified fashion, we conducted in-depth interviews with 25 participants across three qualitative studies. All interview transcripts were analyzed using a recursive deductive thematic analysis. Lefebvre’s trialectic of space was examined for its applicability to students’ experiences of VS vis-à-vis SNSs. Lefebvre’s spatial triad provides a novel and coherent framework to untangle and explain the multifaceted and often complicated nature of SNS use. Analysis found correspondence between Lefebvrian triadic space and SNSs to explain the pervasive, dominant, and sometimes pathological role that SNSs can have upon everyday functioning. Implications are that a Lefebvrian approach can inform future research as a means to untangle and explain the multifaceted and often complicated nature of SNS use.
... Later, these immaterial spaces were converted into spatial terms: Spatial Practice, Representation of Space, and Representational Space. Each element of this Triad represents an aspect of the social production of public space (Carp, 2008). Figure (3) shows the Lefebvre's model of the production of public space. ...
... Public space is produced via the interaction between different elements ( Figure 3). Spatial practice is defined as the daily routines of a group of people living in a common area, including different routes and daily destinations (Carp, 2008). People in this area use and perceive space through their senses (Owhin, 2015). ...
... People in this area use and perceive space through their senses (Owhin, 2015). Representation of Space is the conceptualized space of planners, scientists, urban specielists, and it attempts to understand the material space (Carp, 2008). This space is usually imposed on individuals and does not represent the people's desires. ...
Public spaces differ from city to another, and in the city itself, in terms of nature, designs, as well as behavior patterns and social integration of visitors. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of the activities, interactions, and behavior patterns in both the New Abdali and Al-Balad districts (the old city center or downtown). To collect data, a field study was conducted on a sample of visitors of these public spaces with the aim of identifying the visitors' behavior patterns in their leisure time, types of their activities, their favorite public spaces, the purpose of their visits, and the extent of their social interaction. The study showed that there were diverse activities in the public spaces in the study area. However, the occurrence of these activities varied depending on the visitors' economic and social characteristics and place of residence. Besides, these public spaces were dissimilar in terms of availability of amenities and services, social communication, and gender interaction. The study showed that there was a form of social segregation, which means that the New Abdali visitors' characteristics and behavior patterns were totally different from those of the old city center with little or no interaction between both groups.
... The materiality of space refers to be experienced and be produced. The social nature of space refers to the production process through human activities [13] (Carp, 2008). Lefebvre believed that any kind of space can be conceptually divided into perceived space, conceived space, and lived space. ...
... The materiality of space refers to be experienced and be produced. The social nature of space refers to the production process through human activities [13] (Carp, 2008). Lefebvre believed that any kind of space can be conceptually divided into perceived space, conceived space, and lived space. ...
... For Lefebvre, representations of space refer to dominant discourses, operating in a given environment, or across society as a whole. These representations are best understood as the mental activity we use to understand and form opinions on "physical space" (Carp 2008). These are abstract conceived notions of space that are most often controlled by those in powertechnocrats, bureaucrats and planners etc., who subsume knowledge and ideology in their practice (Merrifield 1993), mediating these through their systems of capital (Simonsen 2005). ...
... Thus we can see the inter-related nature of Lefebvre's dimensions, and while the flexibility of the model allows scholars to examine the densities of practice and space (Simonsen 2005) it also proves to be its biggest hindrance in implementation (Hernes 2004). Hence, there remains a lack of clarity and consistency regarding how to approach and use the model (see Carp 2008). ...
Consumer research has offered a multitude of understandings of space. While these insights have contributed both to absolute and relativistic appreciations, the discourse has tended more often towards absolute representations. Through an examination of Irish road bowling, built from a four-year ethnography, we position Henri Lefebvre’s triadic model of social space as a heuristic device that may be used to further relativistic representations of space. In doing so we expose how Irish road bowlers produce space on public roads. We find that such space and the actions of road bowlers within it are deeply influenced by both historic and contemporary socio-cultural discourses. In this way, we highlight how Lefebvre can be used to get at the context of context and offer an alternative understanding of normative and existential communitas.
... This materializes in divergent spatial practices determined by socioeconomic conditions and day-today socio-spatial patterns of movement. In Poblado, streets reach every single gated community despite its steep topography (private car is the predominant mode of transport), while in marginal settlements, very steep housing is reached by self-built steps or improvised ramps, also showing the emergence of vernacular representations of space that work as practical solutions to a socio-spatial issue (Carp, 2008). In marginal settlements the street width is inversely proportional to the degree of steepness: the steeper the gradient, the narrower the streets. ...
The rapid growth of marginal settlements in the Global South, largely fueled by the resettlement of millions of internally displaced people (IDPs), underscores the urgent need for tailored housing solutions for these vulnerable populations. However, prevailing approaches have often relied on a one-size-fits-all model, overlooking the diverse socio-spatial realities of IDP communities. Drawing on a case study in Medellin, Colombia, where a significant portion of the population consists of forced migrants, this interdisciplinary study merges concepts from human geography and urban theory with computational methods in remote sensing and exploratory spatial data analysis. By integrating socio-spatial theory with quantitative analysis, we challenge the conventional housing paradigm and propose a novel framework for addressing the housing needs of IDPs. Employing a three-phase methodology rooted in Lefebvre’s theoretical framework on the production of space, including participatory mapping, urban morphology characterization, and similarity analysis, we identify distinct patterns within urban IDP settlements and advocate for culturally sensitive housing policies. Our analysis, focusing on Colombia, the country with the largest IDP population globally, reveals the limitations of standardized approaches and highlights the importance of recognizing and accommodating socio-cultural diversity in urban planning. By contesting standardized socio-spatial practices, our research aims not only to promote equality but also to foster recognition and inclusivity within marginalized communities.
... Ruang representasi membangkitkan perasaan mendalam dan bermakna (Carp, 2008). Pengalaman akan ruang ini melibatkan zona pribadi seperti rumah, festival, relasi yang sangat personal, dan subjektif dengan masa lalu, masa kini, dan masa depan. ...
Konflik atas ruang maritim merupakan satu isu kritis dalam pembangunan
saat ini. Tipe dan frekuensi konflik sangat mungkin meningkat di masa depan
bersamaan dengan ekspansi aktivitas ekonomi dari daratan ke zona maritim. Salah
satu tipe konflik atas ruang maritim dipicu oleh kompetisi atas wilayah pesisir.
Paper ini berupaya menjawab pertanyaan bagaimana demokratisasi formulasi
tata kelola ruang pesisir dapat mengurangi konflik di masa depan? Jawaban atas
pertanyaan ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan gagasan Lefebvre tentang
produksi ruang dan konsep soft space. Argumen yang dibangun adalah bahwa
konflik atas ruang pesisir terjadi karena representasi ruang yang diproduksi oleh
tata ruang, sering berbenturan dengan spatial practice ruang aktual lokal yang
menyejarah dan lived space, yakni ruang dihayati oleh komunitas-komunitas
dimana pemetaan dan zonasi dilakukan. Praktik spasial lokal sudah ada jauh
sebelum ada conceived space yang dibentuk oleh tata ruang yang diproduksi
negara. Agar ruang tak menjadi raung (baca: konflik), proses produksi ruang demi
kepentingan ekonomi harus dinegosiasikan secara demokratis. Penggunaan
pendekatan soft space berbasis lived space memungkinkan produksi ruang
pesisir yang tidak dihegemoni. Dengan cara ini, konflik atas ruang pesisir di masa
depan bisa diredam.
Kata Kunci: Ruang Pesisir, Representasi Ruang, Praktik Spasial, Soft
Space
... Flow is generated from ridge portion and is towards the southwest corner which is the outlet of the watershed, total runoff created in the watershed is drained through that outlet. It was observed in the watershed that water was flowing from all the eight directions [25,26,27]. ...
A study on identification and mapping of soil, water and vegetation of Hattikuni watershed in Yadagiri district was carried out using Google Earth and QGIS open-source software. The study area was located in North-Eastern dry Sone of Karnataka at 16˚ 51' 45" to 16˚ 59' 14" N latitude and 77˚ 9' 3" to 77˚ 20' 14" E longitude and elevation ranges from 436m to 622m above amsl. The study area falls under the Survey of India toposheet of E43X1 and E43X5 with an area of 138sq.km. Various Thematic maps were developed using Google Earth and QGIS such as DEM, slope, drainage, waterbodies, flow direction, aspect, hillshade, contour, vegetation and soil maps. From the study we found that there were in total of eleven waterbodies as per SOI toposheets (1960-61) and when compared with Google Earth, only eight waterbodies were found having that too with lesser water spread area as compared with toposheet. The soils in the area were classified into seven classes out of which the fine, mixed and lithic ustropepts occupies the maximum area followed by the rock/scrub land. By mapping of vegetation, we found that the total area coverage was 3456.95 ha which accounts to 24.99% of the total area. This study made a conclusion that Google Earth, QGIS and Toposheet can be used in combination for the mapping, identification and change detection of primary resources.
... In light of this context, it is evident that all forms of spatial representation planning are purposeful (Carp, 2008). Furthermore, both the Tolly Club and the lowland spaces can be seen as dominated spaces, which undergo transformation and mediation through 'technology' and 'practice' (Lefebvre, 1991, p. 164). ...
The examination of power, space, and identity formation within
diasporic literature has garnered significant attention due to the
escalating global mobility of migrants across the world. This article
studies the complex integration of spatial hierarchy, civil violence,
and gendered responses to power representations in Jhumpa
Lahiri’s novel, The Lowland (2013). We utilise Henri Lefebvre’s theories to dissect the spatial dynamics of the novel across three
dimensions: representations of space and conceived space, spatial
practice and perceived space, and representational space and lived
space. Lefebvre’s framework is instrumental in understanding how
physical and conceptual spaces can simultaneously serve as tools
for domination and sites for transformative resistance. The novel
weaves distinct spatial realms, such as the exclusive Tolly Club and
the diminishing lowland, to symbolise postcolonialism and state
control. The findings highlight how conceived space is portrayed as
a postcolonial realm marked by violence and gendered spatial
injustice, reflecting male dominance and societal norms that suppress female subjectivity. However, the study also reveals that this conformity is not static but showcases the agency of female characters like Gauri and Bijoli in resisting and renegotiating spatial
constraints.
... It is to argue the point that Lefebvre makes concerning the possibility of arriving at the stage of capitalist social space once a piece of geography is materially constituted. 4. Lefebvre's heuristic 'spatial triad' (Carp, 2008;Rutanen, 2014;Schmid, 2008;Watkins, 2005) includes the representation of space (conceived space), spaces of representation (lived space) and spatial practices (perceived space). Representation of space refers to the conceptualised space. ...
The materiality of space refers to the material constituents determining the space. The spatial imagination of the borderland, characterised by critical spatiality, is materially constituted. The fact of being materially constituted means to be infrastructurally configured. The infrastructures here include hydro projects, highways, railroads, bridges, tunnels, airports, digital connectivity and other defence-related installations. These projects combine a two-pronged approach: security and development. The security challenges that the border space embodies compel the state to adopt an approach of competitive infrastructure building. The nature of this competition is determined by the competing other’s approach towards the border space. Arunachal Pradesh is a very critical border state that shares its crucial border space of 1,080 km with China, 160 km with Bhutan and 440 km with Myanmar. China’s increasing geopolitical clout in the region intensifies its spatial and material prominence. India under its Act East Policy (AEP) formulation in 2014 has taken up a very determined approach to accelerating infrastructure growth in the northeast and more particularly in Arunachal Pradesh for its border spatiality. Therefore, the border space loses its inferential, conjectural and abstract character and becomes materially determined. This imperative for materiality embodies, on the one hand, development, modernity, capitalist social space and mainstreaming of the neglected and, on the other hand, protectionism and upgradation of security architecture along critical geography known as the border space. Therefore, this study examines the development of materiality, meaning infrastructure, in a complex border space like Arunachal Pradesh. It decodes the economic logic of the systematic development of border space by the Indian nation-state from the point of view of the growth of the region and security urgency. It uses Henri Lefebvre’s theoretical formulations of spatiality to understand the convoluted category of border space and the introduction of material forces to achieve security and developmental objectives.
... Previous research on conflicts over space and disputed urban projects have used Lefebvre's spatial theory (Allen & Pryke, 1994;Carp, 2008;Leary, 2009Leary, , 2013McCann, 1999). Few studies used the gap between conceived and lived space to evaluate public engagement and spatial practices (Ng et al., 2010;Tang et al., 2012). ...
In the last two decades, urban redevelopment practices in informal settlements in Turkey often neglected inhabitants' spatial practices. The contradictions between conceived and lived space constitutes reactions to these spatial interventions. Against this background, this paper examines the association between place attachment and residents' attitudes toward the redevelopment project in an informally developed neighborhood. Using path and decision tree analysis of survey data, the paper explores the relationship between their attitudes towards and their attachment to the neighborhood. Our findings reveal that individuals' social and physical bonds with their neighborhood shape their attitude toward urban redevelopment. As such, this study confirms the idea that daily interactions between residents reinforce their place attachment in informal settlements where place identity compensates for the (low) quality of life. Still, our findings also demonstrate that residents' identification with the place is a more influential factor, compared to the risk of leaving the neighborhood, on the level of concern against spatial interventions.
... Police routinely conducted raids of bathhouses and other queer venues through the 1960s under the guise of different laws [57,62]. Homogenized institutional understandings and representations of greenspace in policy, or among managers and practitioners and/or the general public are rooted in normative understandings [63]. These understandings may be quite disparate from the actual lived experiences of various user populations. ...
There is growing recognition that greenspace provides invaluable benefits to health and wellbeing, and is essential infrastructure for promoting both social and environmental sustainability in urban settings. This paper contributes towards efforts to build ‘just’ and equitable urban sustainability, and more specifically greenspace management, by drawing attention to hostility and exclusion experienced by two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, genderqueer, pansexual, transsexual, intersex and gender-variant (2SLGBTQ+) park occupants. There is evidence that access to greenspace is inequitable—despite ongoing media accounts of targeted violence and discriminatory police patrolling of 2SLGBTQ+ communities in urban parks, this population has not received adequate research attention. This paper examines systemic barriers that impede urban greenspace access among 2SLGBTQ+ communities, including how the threat of violence in greenspace limits opportunities for accessing benefits associated with naturalized settings. These themes are explored within the context of the City of Toronto, Canada. Our mixed-method approach draws upon key informant interviews, key document content analysis, and ground-truthing. Our findings reveal how queer corporeality, kinship and love subvert deeply entrenched heteronormative social values and understandings of sexuality, partnership, gender, and use of public space, challenging institutional understandings of morality and daily life. The paper concludes by reflecting on the state of 2SLGBTQ+ communities’ relationships to greenspace, and potential ways forward in building greater inclusivity into the social fabric of park design and management.
... Lefebvre' s concept of the spatial triad has provided great utility for heritage and tourism research (Buzinde and Manuel-Navarrete 2013;Cavallo and Di Matteo 2021;Farmaki, Christou, and Saveriades 2020;Leary 2009;Palmer 2010) in terms of the unpacking of the dominant, everyday discourses and practices that influence urban spaces (Carp 2008;Gottdiener 1993;Mtolo 2021). There are three aspects to Lefebvre's spatial triad: representations of space, spatial practices and spaces of representations, with all three aspects operating in tandem, like a three-dimensional version of a Marxian dialectical approach. ...
This study draws on Henri Lefebvre’s ( The production of space , 1992, translated by D. Nicholson-Smith) concept of the spatial triad to examine the micropolitics of the production of urban and social space in a cafe in a historic tourist town in the southern Chinese city of Zhuhai. Such a spatial and social examination of the historic town of Tangjiawan’s Wangchuan Cafe is conducted in the context of a growing consumer society and experience economy in China. Specifically, we found that the cafe proprietor has performed a role that is commonly associated with official planners and technocrats in creating a ‘coffee art living space’ in a process that Lefebvre describes as a ‘representation of space,’ and that ‘spatial practices’ serve to shape the space away from the heritage significance of the town and towards entrepreneurially aligned ideals. Such resultant consumerist spaces are coconstructed with and negotiated by visitors and consumers. In conducting such an examination, we highlight and critique the ways in which dominant discourses operate in a microsite, such as that of a cafe, that has become a key cultural tourism attraction of the refurbished historic town, the means by which such discourses and visions result in real-world transformations and the ways in which visitors and tourists interpret and negotiate such a microsite.
... In NWW, the author suggested that space virtuality represented a code made by various professionals and managers, who clearly formulated a dominant framework for their organization [26]. J. Carp thought that representations of space, with respect to perception, conveyed an incipient idea through thinking, imaging, analyzing, and so on, through either individual or collective activity [27]. ...
Urban spaces are constantly changing. H. Lefebvre’s trialectic spaces are an analytical tool used to explain changes in urban spaces. However, in trialectic spaces, which space plays a leading role? What is the driving force of interactions in such spaces? At present, there is a lack of research on this issue. This paper, in response to the views of N. J. Babere, takes the Xisi historical and cultural block in Beijing as a case study to answer these questions and uses questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and follow-up surveys to analyze the interaction process of trialectic spaces within green spaces. Then, it analyzes the driving force of this interaction. The purpose of this study is to determine which space plays a leading role in interactions among trialectic spaces and what the driving force behind such interactions is. This paper draws the following conclusions: (1) Representational spaces play a decisive role in interactions among trialectic spaces.. This is consistent with Babere’s findings. (2) In historical and cultural blocks, culture is the driving force promoting the interaction of trialectic spaces. (3) The direction of interaction among trialectic spaces can be either clockwise or counterclockwise.
... It relates to the materiality of space, but also to the ways in which inhabitants make a symbolic use of it, making it a "lived space". According to Carp (2008), representational spaces include both collective and private experiences and places, as well as the subjective and intersubjective experiences of living and using these spaces. However, the author describes it as a dominated and passively experienced space, as it is shaped by forces, networks, and struggles that "the imagination seeks to change and appropriate" (Lefebvre, 1991, p. 39). ...
The development of a symbolic urban economy reinforces the importance of historic city centres as spaces of aesthetic and cultural consumption. Urban culturalization strategies adapt them to uses and perceptions that target specific classes of consumers, generating gentrification effects. Elaborating on a research on the Jardins Efémeros Festival in Viseu (Portugal), this article explores how its programmatic agenda and connection with local politics reconfigures the city centre by generating new balances and dissonances between the ideal of city proposed by the cultural intervention, the reframing of space for aesthetic and experiential consumption, and the local community's expectations and interests.
... Thus, space here is perceived as being informed by a complex interweaving of physical, virtual, social, cognitive, and emotional (Melhuish 2011). This perception of space as being mediated by multiple interactions with various elements and varied lived experience (Carp 2008;Massey 1999) further challenges the established perception of space as a passive container. Therefore, the present study engages with space as, "not the setting (real or logical) in which things are arranged but the means whereby the position of things becomes possible" and thereby focuses on space as "universal power enabling them to be connected" (Merleau-Ponty 1962, p. 284). ...
The study focuses on how the notion of learning space is perceived and experienced by learners in the Emergency Remote Learning (ERL) scenario. In doing so, the lived experiences of remote learners who were abruptly shifted to a completely online learning space due to the pandemic COVID-19 in the Indian higher education system are documented. Online interviews were conducted with eight undergraduate and four postgraduate students of English and Cultural Studies, enrolled at a Southern Indian university, and their responses were explicated using the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach. The interviews revealed that the phenomenon of ERL is shaped by dissonance informed by the absence of a familiar learning space. Often the patterns of this dissonance were marked by (1) the perception of learning and learning space, (2) the lack of intimacy in learning and learning space, (3) the negotiations made for learning and the space of learning in ERL, and (4) the challenges to cope with the responsibilities of the ERL scenario. Further, the script approach was applied to analyse the data and the analysis revealed an expansion of the existing internal scripts that were based on previous learning experiences of the learners. The study thus establishes the centrality of space in the process of learning and points out how the lack of a familiar learning space is linked to the absence of internal scripts that considerably impact learning. The study concludes by discussing the possibilities of application of script approach to effectively incorporate the aspect of learning space in new pedagogies and learning models as Blended Learning (BL) and Online Learning (OL) become the new normal worldwide.
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... As a result, the two teachers and their instructional teams decided to go to on a walking field trip with the children. They sought to "ground truth" (Carp, 2008) the space. 2 "This area of the city," Ms. Flowers offered to me and my research team during an initial planning meeting, "is known for the artwork and the industrial buildings. The murals show the diversity of the neighborhood." ...
Refracted through an inquiry-based unit in elementary English language arts, this article traces how two first grade teachers and their students used their school community's local contexts to read personal differences upon, within, and against. Braiding together theoretical perspectives from critical geography and critical literacy studies, the author details the promises and pitfalls of using intersectionality as a framework and pedagogical lens for naming injustice with young children. Illustrating how educators can take up issues of power, opportunity, and difference as resources for developing more just ways of being in the world with one another, the article suggests that making and the visual arts have the potential to rouse and reframe conceptions of community.
... As part of the process, stakeholders are asked to reflect on a series of questions related to sustainable peace, such as: What would sustainable peace mean here and what are the main elements that you believe would be vital for peace to be sustained? This process is called ground-truthing (Carp, 2008;Pickles, 1995). Ground-truthing is an approach to data collection and analysis that attempts to validate aggregated information such as the outputs of a computer model, census and survey data, or population-level statistical information through more precise and often localized scales (Chambers, 2017;English, 2020). ...
Despite good faith attempts by countless citizens, civil society, governments, and the international community, living in a sustainably peaceful community continues to be an elusive dream in much of our world. Among the challenges to sustaining peace is the fact that few scholars have studied enduringly peaceful societies, or have examined only narrow aspects of them, leaving our understanding of the necessary conditions, processes and policies fragmented, and deficient. This article provides a work-in-progress overview of a multidisciplinary, multimethod initiative, which aims to provide a holistic, evidence-based understanding of how peace can be sustained in societies. The Sustaining Peace Project, launched in 2014, uses complexity science as an integrative platform for synthesizing knowledge across disciplines, sectors and communities. This article introduces the multiple components of the project and shares preliminary findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
... • representations of space/conceived space as articulated by planners, scientists, or designers; • social practices/perceived space where people enact daily routines; and • representational/lived space where historical pasts and future imaginings coalesce, and where personal and collective stories are woven (see also Carp, 2008;Pierce and Martin, 2015). ...
Post‐disaster resettlement narratives encapsulate a complex mobile‐spatial processes embedded in a post disaster context. Existing literature on disaster relocation and resettlement gives primacy to the logistical, practical, structural, and physical dimensions of residential transitioning. Building on this knowledge, this study used a spatial narrative inquiry to provide a link to mobile‐spatial realities interspersed in diverse temporal trajectories by tracking embodied rhythms of people and objects evoked through the re‐telling of post‐disaster resettlement stories of 12 young Filipina women informal settlers. Key findings are organized in three spatial narratives, namely: house near the sea, there at the bunkhouse, and here in Ridgeview. These narratives are anchored on overarching dimensions which underpins Filipino informal settlers experiences of (not) moving in and out of space‐related resettlement experiences. Findings are explained in light of theoretical, empirical and practical implications to disaster resettlement specific to informal settlers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... It relates to the materiality of space, but also to the ways in which inhabitants make a symbolic use of it, making it a "lived space". According to Carp (2008), representational spaces include both collective and private experiences and places, as well as the subjective and intersubjective experiences of living and using these spaces. However, the author describes it as a dominated and passively experienced space, as it is shaped by forces, networks, and struggles that "the imagination seeks to change and appropriate" (Lefebvre, 1991, p. 39). ...
Neste livro, apresenta-se uma caracterização cronológica da evolução de um dos mais importantes festivais de teatro do país, dando conta da forma como se afirmou no panorama local, nacional e internacional como uma prática de descentralização cultural e formação e qualificação do públicos numa cidade periférica.
... Differential experiences of the city are by-products of the systems of uneven geographical development that undergird our cities and neighborhoods. As Carp (2008) explains, "Places … represent divergent but true lived experiences that involve different core values that may or may not be recognized by those residents who do not share them" (p. 136). ...
Recent controversies around public art demonstrate that cultural representation in urban public space is enormously consequential. Given that urban planners and policymakers are often involved in the design, siting, approval, and maintenance of such works, this article argues for more effective ways to evaluate potential public art projects and adjudicate conflicts that arise regarding existing works. The authors propose a novel visual rubric as a guide to decision making, one that questions the appropriateness of the time, place, and voice of a given work. Using examples from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a pioneering city in the field of public art, the authors explore how such a rubric might elevate planning and policymaking for the public realm and foster the just city.
What role does ‘space’ play in shaping entrepreneurial choices? Much of the western-centric evidence offers abstract models of spatial dynamics, reflecting socio-cultural assumptions about entrepreneurship and the need to fix ‘women’s deficits’, within formal representations of space. We problematize these views by focusing on the everyday realities of women involved in (informal) entrepreneurial activities in a developing country context, exploring their contradictions with the abstract representations of the informal economy and the development policy goals of reforming women’s work through formalization. Based on Lefebvre’s conceptualization of space to explore these contradictions, we draw on empirical data from entrepreneurs in the informal economy in Nepal, where the International Labour Organisation reports that almost 85% of the economically active population to be in informal employment. We offer an entrepreneurial narrative that focuses on women’s work on the maintenance of local attachments and connections, underpinned by reciprocity, moral obligation and indebtedness often appropriated or disrupted by development strategies. By placing emphasis on informal spatial dynamics, we provide empirical support for the limitations of a policy approach that renders women’s work invisible through its homogenizing economic focus, to contribute towards a richer theorization of entrepreneurial contexts.
Landscape approaches utilizing line-of-sight profiles and viewsheds to compute intervisibility are far from new techniques in archaeological research. Various well-known works have described the methods and theory used to map visibility on plantationscapes. However, due to a lack of technological capabilities, most have been forced to utilize incomplete datasets, applying analysis to ‘barren’ landscapes lacking buildings, vegetation, or any temporal and/or cyclical fluctuations, particularly concerning local ecologies. However, as computers and geographic information systems (GIS) technologies expand, more advanced visualizations and analyses have become feasible. One area of GIS technology experiencing rapid advancement is the expansion of geographically accurate 3D data, which allows the development of interactive perspective models. This research uses a ‘fertile’ landscape model to test how a 3D perspective that factors in buildings and sugarcane can alter our understanding of colonial control methodologies and consider whether the Panoptic Plantation model is the most effective to discuss imperial logic and domination on Caribbean sugar estates.
Scholars have extensively studied the spiritual and cultural interpretations of the afterlife. This paper builds on these works by exploring how the afterlife can be discussed as a ‘place’ meriting geographical discussion. To do so, I consider how the afterlife is spatialized drawing on the ‘trialetic’ interactions described in Henri Lefebvre's work. This is done in the context of Singaporean Chinese beliefs that place emphasis on ritualistic remembrance. Firstly, the emotive‐affective aspects of remembrance imbued into material practices produce spaces of representation that prolong the deceased's ‘presence’. At the same time, the Singapore state exercises significant regulation of these practices. While common understandings of the afterlife relate to spirits and culture, the analysis charts how in Singapore's case, the spatialization of the afterlife becomes a contested politicized process. Conceptualizations of the afterlife are not statically enshrined in cultural beliefs but evolve with changing times. This paper thus elaborates Lefebvre's spatial triad to examine networks of prescription, alteration, and negotiation, whereby the afterlife is a dynamically produced space charged with power relations among various actors.
Urban spaces are formed by shaping of social relations, lifestyles, daily life practices, and political discourse in physical space. Squares, one of the most important urban spaces, are focal points of the city that serve gathering and socialization needs of people, as well as where social movements take place. The socially produced space finds expression in urban squares. In this study, it is investigated how the change of Cumhuriyet Square, which is one of the important squares of Izmir, has changed spatial practices and representation of space during historical process. Production of space takes place through processes such as political decisions, historical events, reactions to these events, and changing daily practices because of them. Because of this situation, production of space is analyzed by making use of Lefebvre's triple dialectic. Relationship between social and cultural events and production of space is tried to be established through example of Cumhuriyet Square.
In this paper, it is aimed at demonstrating how space, as a part of the social reality and as a tool for reproduction, may contribute to the forces of social change and to the explanation of social reality. The theoretical background of the study is basically composed out of Lefebvre's spatial triad conceptualization together with general philosophy of space. Within this frame, Gezi Park Event are handled with reference to the theme of spatial praxis and with reference to its historical development depicted via various master plans exhibiting its vicinity, satellite imaging and pictures. It has been seen that recent incidents experienced in Gezi Park can be better understood taking into consideration its past reproduction processes which mostly depend on the struggle between the actors' interventions and counter-interventions. Such a view point necessitates focusing on the alleged immanent tension between the space representations and representations of space. Paying due interest to the rich oeuvre of Gezi Park protests, this paper will hopefully provide a socio-spatial perspective for a more comprehensive understanding of the issue.
Özet: Bu çalışmada sosyal gerçekliğin bir parçası ve (yeniden) üretim dayanaklarından olan mekân unsurunun, gerçekliği açıklama ve değişim dinamiklerini besleme olanaklarının gösterilmesi amaç-lanmaktadır. Çalışmanın yaslandığı temel perspektif Lefebvre'nin üçlü mekân kavramsallaştırması ve bu çerçeve etrafında örülen mekân felsefesi bağlamıdır. Bu çerçevede Gezi Parkı Olayı; park ve yakın çevresini gösterir imar planları, uydu görüntüleri ve fotoğraflar yoluyla tarihsel süreçteki değişim ortaya konularak, mekân praksisi teması ile ele alınmaktadır. Parkta yaşanan sürecin farklı faillerin mekân üretim etkinliği üzerine kurulu, müdahale ve karşıtını üretme biçiminde gelişen tarihsel ve mekânsal bir sü-rekliliği barındırdığı görülmüştür. Bu durum çalışma bakımından, içkin bir gerilime sahip olduğu kabul edilen mekân temsilleri ve temsil mekânlarına odaklanmayı anlamlı kılmaktadır. 2013 yılında yaşanan protestolardan bu yana konuya yönelik çok yönlü ve çok boyutlu çalışmalar yapılmış olup, bu çalışma ile konunun sosyo-mekânsal içeriminin derinleştirileceği düşünülmektedir.
Objectives:
This article examines a novel theoretical framework, which we term Home Triad, for research and practice involving people living with dementia (PLWD).
Background:
Most of the existing home-related research on PLWD focuses on interior modifications, home care interventions and models, place attachment, and/or institutional homelike environments. However, limited studies have examined the meaning of home from PLWD's perspective, and even fewer have simultaneously considered the individual experience of PLWD, the external power (e.g., the role of design), and their interaction dynamics in the meaning-making process.
Methods:
We developed home triad based on Lefebvre's spatial triad. Inspired by Chaudhury's home story structure, we conducted a life story analysis of a person living with dementia, "Kai," under four contexts-childhood home, neighborhood and city, daily routine, and attachment-within home triad.
Results:
Home triad abstracts "home" with a dialectically interconnected relationship of the conceived, perceived, and lived home. Through PLWD's everyday life, the essence of home is primarily shaped by the interaction between their lived and perceived homes. However, a person's experiences of and participation in home living activities are also planned and/or regulated by different groups of people (caregivers, designers, and policymakers), who play important roles in the conceived home. Critically examining how PLWD's lived and perceived home is constrained or enabled through the conceived home deserves greater future research efforts.
Conclusion:
A systematic examination of the essence of home for PLWD using home triad can facilitate subsequent research and practice that promote PLWD's health, well-being, and quality of life.
This chapter uses the concept of space, which is defined as sites where social roles and power dynamics are shaped, to discuss gendered practices in higher education. It gives an overview of different conceptualisations of space, showing how this concept has been used to understand how physical and social environments shape the historical development and understandings of identity. It provides some suggestions for what can be done at an institutional level to make spaces more inclusive, such as establishing support networks. Finally, it argues that doing so is important both for the individuals concerned and for the development of academic disciplines and institutions.
This paper shows how residential high-rise developments in London deteriorate the living conditions for existing residents and set a legal precedent for distributing harm unevenly across the population. The paper unpacks the contentious decision-making process in one of several local planning applications in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets that ended in a spur of high-profile public planning inquiries between 2017 and 2019. The Enterprise House inquiry shows how, among other things, a loss of daylight, sunlight and outlook, and an increased sense of enclosure, affect already marginalised residents in neighbouring buildings disproportionately, elevating light to a legal category for assessing harm and addressing social injustice in the vertical city. The paper adopts a forensic approach to interrogate four instances during the public inquiry, in which numerical evidence of material harm resulting from a loss in daylight, sunlight and outlook was made to appear and disappear. The translation of scientific evidence into legal evidence is performed through the act of claiming ‘truthful’ representations of ‘real life experiences’ of light in digital visualisations. By revealing how material harm resulting from vertical development is normalised and thus naturalised in the planning inquiry, the paper demonstrates how ‘light’ violence is exercised in vertical development.
As urban planners increasingly use technological advances to generate and analyze new data, we must take care to overcome biases embedded in them. We survey American planning programs and find that very few spatial analysis syllabi explicitly raise this issue or include readings or exercises to train students about the limitations and opportunities for critically handling new data streams. We conclude with suggestions for curricular strategies to help fill this pedagogical gap by incorporating (1) groundtruthing and fieldwork exercises; (2) exercises of comparative urban contexts and spatial patterns; and (3) digital participation and public discourse.
This article explored actor-networks and space–time production that affected the complexity of the social-ecological resilience of coastal communities through mangrove conservation efforts using a combination of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Production of Space Theory perspectives. The case study area in Jenu coastal focused on Jenu Village because of the existence of Mangrove Center Tuban (MCT) conservation area. The study applied the regressive-progressive method qualitatively through descriptive, analytic-regressive, and historical-genetic stages. Data collected technique involved observation, semi-structured and in-depth interviews, and documentation, which were subsequently analyzed using Milles and Hubberman's interactive model analysis technique. Based on the analysis results, the adaptive cycle phases of social-ecological resilience of the community in the Jenu coastal area at a range of 1958–2020 began from the creative destruction phase and ended with the conservation phase (but none repeated phases had shown). Additionally, the phases were influenced by the agency of human actors (including the founder and managers of MCT, Jenu coastal communities, Tuban District government, etc.) and non-human actors (including coastal erosion, mangroves, trucukisasi system, sea fir, etc.). Those whole actors formed the network at each translation moment in determining the process of space transformation through space–time production, resulting in three different spatial production modes (exploitative, conservation, and economic). Theoretically, each phase of the adaptive cycle, actor-network translation moment, and spatial production mode could be interrelated as an interdisciplinary perspective to explore the process of social-ecological resilience of coastal communities when facing natural hazards.
Like in other cities in the global South, rapid urbanization in Malawi continues to pose challenges for local authorities as manifested in un-ending struggles and contestation for urban space such as squatting and invasions of urban space. The research asks the question: how do the evolving and changing conceptions and perceptions of urban space shape or are shaped by planning and its associated spatial practices and representations of space? Specifically, the article addresses this question in two ways: first, by examining the evolving conceptions and perceptions of space in Malawi; second, by analysing the link between the changing conceptions and perceptions with urban planning and its associated representations and spatial practices. Using archival and secondary data, the article documents the underexplored history of urban planning policy in Malawi in three historical moments namely: the pre-colonial, colonial, and postcolonial eras; before delving into the shifting conceptions of planning from the colonial to post-colonial Malawi using Lilongwe city as a case study.
In 2020, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) announced that every two seconds someone in the world is displaced from their home. This has exacerbated new forms of “forced urbanisation” in the periphery of the cities of the Global South that are often not officially recognised due to their lack of “formality”. In Medellín, Colombia, the systematic formation of marginal settlements resulting from forcible displacement and resettlement has generated an argumentative dichotomy of the advantages of being either “visible” or “invisible”. Drawing on empirical and theoretical research in Colombia, this chapter reflects on the etymological “use value” of “(in)visibility” as a concept in the context of marginality and conflict, presenting its relevance to informal urbanisation discourses worldwide. It provides new insights about the spatial operation of multidimensional experiences–imaginaries–practices wherein both dominating and dominated classes converge under systematic politics of violence that produce invisibility (i.e. homogenisation). Thus, it invites reflection and debate over questions such as: What makes urbanisation invisible?
Digital Participatory Planning outlines developments in the field of digital planning and designs and trials a range of technologies, from the use of apps and digital gaming through to social media, to examine how accessible and effective these new methods are. It critically discusses urban planning, democracy, and computing technology literature, and sets out case studies on design and deployment. It assesses whether digital technology offers an opportunity for the public to engage with urban change, to enhance public understanding and the quality of citizen participation, and to improve the proactive possibilities of urban planning more generally. The authors present an exciting alternative story of citizen engagement in urban planning through the reimagination of participation that will be of interest to students, researchers, and professionals engaged with a digital future for people and planning.
İskoç Edebiyatı'nın en önemli yazarlarından biri olarak kabul edilen Alasdair Gray, eserlerinde İskoç tarihi, kültürü, kimliği ve edebi geleneğinin sorunlarını politik bir bakış açısıyla ele alır. Gray'in yazınında politik duruşunu yansıtan en dikkat çekici unsurlardan biri, eserlerinde genellikle İskoç mekânların, özellikle Glasgow'un, kullanılmasıdır. Ancak The Fall of Kelvin Walker (1985) isimli romanında Gray, kurgu mekânı olarak Londra'yı tercih eder. İskoç başkahramanın Londra algısı ve kimlik arayışının bir parçası olarak kendine Londra'da bir ev kurma süreci anlatının önemli bir parçasını oluşturur. Alasdair Gray'in İngiliz-İskoç ilişkilerine yönelik takındığı politik tutumu, bu romanda kentsel ve kişisel mekân temsilleri aracılığıyla yansıttığı düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma The Fall of Kelvin Walker'daki kentsel mekân olarak Londra'nın kullanımını ve kişisel mekân olarak ev olgusunun temsilini Henri Lefebvre'nin mekânsal üçlü önermesi ışığında incelemeyi amaçlar. Çalışmada, kentsel mekân olarak Londra ve kişisel mekân olarak ev, mekânsal üçlü önermesinin unsurları olan mekân temsilleri, temsil mekânları ve mekânsal pratikler kapsamında incelenecektir.
The significant advances made in interpreting satellite imagery to monitor urban expansion and informal settlements has made important contributions to urban studies and planning. This paper focuses on the under-examined dimensions of how improvements to classifications of urban areas are not only a technical challenge but lie at the society/technology nexus. We examine why three different research groups produced different urban land use classifications of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from remote sensing images. We trace how a confluence of factors including how the technology intersects with field conditions, researcher assumptions and discretionary choices, and institutional norms and agendas shaped the differences in their results. The different spatial facts they produced raises the issue of adapting algorithms for not only technical accuracy but appropriate social use. In the case of detecting informal settlements, our study finds that groundtruthing through fieldwork or collaborative partnerships is needed to not systematically overlook vulnerable populations and misinform urban planning decisions.
Development of Cities are often judged by the economic condition, commercial activities and building forms. The emirates cities of UAE are known for high standard of lifestyle, safety, security and beauty. The city has expanded from a small trade center to a large commercial hub. The extreme weather of UAE gave rise to clusters of housing settlements with very less window openings that restricted direct sunlight and hot air within the habitable areas. Instead, light and air was allowed to pass through the small courtyards, corridors, sikkas, wind towers and vertical slits within the roofs of the buildings that could reduce the harshness of the climate and provide diffused light and cool air to the buildings. With the advent of technology and digitization, people’s movement got restricted and the outdoor spaces and public realm started losing their importance. UAE Government is trying to conserve the courtyards, sikkas, walkways in old city and create new parks, playgrounds, event centers in the new area. The Government is forming guidelines to reserve a percentage of open space with community and connect these spaces with the pedestrian and bikeways within and outside the developments. The recent drive to integrate all communities with the help of public realm by using land scape features and allocating various active spaces is a move towards a unique healthy urban development. The research will prove how the weightage of Public realm is more than land value land value in sustainable urban design. This chapter will describe the typologies and hierarchy of open spaces and public realm of the UAE that have regained the importance under the governance of his highness and developed innovative ways to recreate and integrate with new activities supporting the urban fabric.
Smart living is one of six components of a smart city. Other five are smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, and smart government. All smart living activities have also these six components integrated with smart city system. Cities have their own characteristics based on the size whether it is a metropolis, megacity, meta city or small or very big continental settlement. This is based on its unique cultural system and ecological system. All aspects of living in a city can be traced to one major aspect which considerably influences daily life. It can be religion, for example, Islam in Saudi Arabia, Buddhism in Tibet, Judaism in Israel or Christianity in Vatican or it can be a dominant aspect of life which the cultural system has thrived to develop in the past such as for example health as indicated by high performance of related time series statistics and so on. Then the concept of smart is presented illustrating with the smart home which differs greatly with the smart aspect of the city. The design of smart living for smart cities can be centred around this dominant aspect which I call domain and some of the essential features of such domain is briefly presented in this chapter. The chapter then focuses on design for smart living in for smart cities based on a domain approach, IOT and ICT system design for smart living, and design of E-Democracy and E-Governance system for a smart living for smart cities. This will provide for a total design for smart living in a smart city. This is briefly presented in this chapter.
Smart living is one of six components of a smart city. Other five are smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart environment, and smart government. All smart living activities have also these six components integrated with smart city system. Cities have their own characteristics based on the size whether it is a metropolis, megacity, meta city or small or very big continental settlement. This is based on its unique cultural system and ecological system. All aspects of living in a city can be traced to one major aspect which considerably influences daily life. It can be religion, for example, Islam in Saudi Arabia, Buddhism in Tibet, Judaism in Israel or Christianity in Vatican or it can be a dominant aspect of life which the cultural system has thrived to develop in the past such as for example health as indicated by high performance of related time series statistics and so on. Then the concept of smart is presented illustrating with the smart home which differs greatly with the smart aspect of the city. The design of smart living for smart cities can be centred around this dominant aspect which I call domain and some of the essential features of such domain is briefly presented in this chapter. The chapter then focuses on design for smart living in for smart cities based on a domain approach, IOT and ICT system design for smart living, and design of E-Democracy and E-Governance system for a smart living for smart cities. This will provide for a total design for smart living in a smart city. This is briefly presented in this chapter.
This work examines the discursive bases to Hong Konger identities by using a repertoire of anti-mainland and pro-democracy graffiti that impose alternative, counter-geographies onto space. Given the spatial specificities of pro-Hong Kong graffiti, the communication of nativist messages is potent in demarcating the boundaries of Hong Kong nativism and mainland ‘Otherness’ by virtue of how mainland China and its peoples are cognitively experienced and perceived by geographical imaginations of place. As a spatial practice, graffiti writing, it is argued, contests hegemonic representations of space and disrupts representational space through the imposition of ‘counterspaces’ that subsume a set of power relations which reinforce the boundaries of Hong Kong nativism using geographical imaginations of mainland China blended with truths.
In Singapore, owners of private housing estates reaping windfalls through collective sales have been subject to the news media's sensational coverage of the topic. While collective sales will give rise to new developments that regenerate the country's landscape to reflect the image and identity of an entrepreneurial city, efforts to resist this wealth generating urbanism are subject to erasure. Instances of minority owners disinterested in profit‐making using the courts to save their homes from the collective sale juggernaut are certainly emblematic of the inherent tension between one's home as housing and home as investment repository. Drawing upon ethnographical experiences from a housing estate built for public officials in Singapore, this article's use of the Lefebvrian theory of spatial production sheds light on how minority owners unmotivated by monetary windfalls (re)produce spaces of their homes that are overtly inimical to the impulses of majority owners to monetize their homes at high premiums.
Since the third Intifada (2014–2015) onward, refugee Nakba-generation women reframed concerns over Shu’fat refugee camp space in response to newer settler-colonial and spatial Judaisation practices in Al-Quds/Jerusalem; created a different relationality of space/time; gave accounts that are closer to the present, made the present a driving force for their action; transformed the courtyard (hosh) experience into a community bonding function; and created a new layer of resistance. The Nakba narratives were conveyed as part of the present, their belonging to Jerusalem became the ‘truth of space’, and their visual memory overcame the ‘true now space’. Ultimately, their memory was a potential for creative collaboration between present consciousness and experiences of the past creating a ‘relational solidarity in the living present’.
Participatory planning today faces a dual challenge—the growing diversity and differences at the community level and the limitations of institutionalized participation. By comparing two cases of community planning in Seattle, Washington, and Matsudo, Japan, this article examines the role of informal processes in overcoming institutional and social barriers and negotiating differences of identities, values, and interests. The article argues that, through animated interactions, building of trust, experiential learning, and spontaneity, informal activities and processes can serve as important vehicles for creating meanings, social relationships, and collective actions and enable planners to navigate the cultural and political terrain of community differences.
This book addresses the role of GIS in its social context. Contributors assess ideas and practices that have emerged amongst users of GIS, demonstrating how they reflect the material and political interests of certain groups. The contributors also discuss the impact of new GIS technologies on the discipline of geography and evaluate the role of GIS within the wider context of the free market. The chapters include detailed case studies of the societal and disciplinary roles being played by the various technologies of surveillance currently deployed. The ethical implications of the dissemination of electronic imagery and spatial representation are also discussed. The decentralising effect of mass electronic communication in terms of social and political control is highlighted. Specific chapters cover: GIS and geographic research; computer innovation and adoption in geography; the strategic discourse of geodemographic information systems in a modern marketing context; the redressing of South Africa's historical political ecology through participatory GIS, and a concluding chapter which envisages the development of an economy dominated by electronic representation and the virtual image. -after Editor
Colonial processes of territorial acquisition and state formation have constituted a continuous assault on the political and cultural autonomy of the indigenous peoples of the New World. In recent decades, indigenous claims for land justice and resource sovereignty have posed considerable legal and political challenges for postsettler states. Planning offers an indispensable conceptual and operational lens through which to examine state responses to indigenous claims. The authors use case studies to explore the utility, contribution, and key features of planning undertaken as a means of resolving resource conflicts, enhancing indigenous capacity to regain and manage custodial lands, and developing community autonomy.
This article compares the participatory methods and attitudes of four very different planners for whom public participation is central to practice. The comparison is based on Lefebvre’s theory of the production of space and so emphasizes the decisiveness of material outcomes in gauging the depth and effectiveness of participatory processes. The featured planners are public art experts, which lends the study an air of freedom of expression while remaining well within the planning realms of central area enhancement, community development, and professional commitment to realizing the public interest.
Abstract. In this paper we attempt to demonstrate the use and limitations of Henri Lefebvre's The Production of Space as an approach to questions of social space. The City of London provides the service space, as it were, through which Henri Lefebvre's ideas are examined and illustrated. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first section we set out the main ideas of Lefebvre on questions of social space, in particular the notions of representations of space, representational spaces and spatial practices, and how they have been taken up in the work of Harvey, Shields, and Soja. In the second section we use the example of the abstract space of finance to show how a particular dominant coding of space has been achieved through the routine spatial practices and global networks of those who work in the City's financial markets. In particular, the modes of power and the different sets of relationships through which a domi nant financial space is secured are highlighted. In the third section we draw attention to the people who disappear within the financial spaces of the City, those who clean, cater within, and secure the abstract space of finance on a subcontract basis. Focusing upon the spatial practices of this contract work force, we show the manner in which they use the dominant space and their ability to subvert or contradict the dominant coding of finance. In short, the two work forces occupy the same place, yet live their everyday lives within different spaces.
In today's economy, the production and consumption of images rivals the production and consumption of products, challenging basic notions of economic practices, transforming what constitutes an economic system and shifting the appropriate sites of analysis: "Images are now as much a material force in and between societies as are economic and political forces". Constructing and using images related to information technology, silicon, and digital fabrics, has been one way of (re)presenting a city in the late twentieth century. Examples from the early 1990s are Osaka as a "city of intelligence," Barcelona as a "city of telematics," Amsterdam as a "city of information," and Manchester as a "wired city." More recent examples include Stockholm, of course, as an "IT City" or a "Mobile Valley," Boston as the "Cyber District," Colorado Springs as "the Silicon Mountains," and the beach area between Santa Barbara and San Diego as the "Digital Coast." How such images are created, how they are circulated, and whether they have any correspondence to the lived city, are beyond the scope of this paper-as is the question of whether the images of Stockholm as the Internet City or as the Mobile Valley are "true." The concern of this paper is to show the functions that these images perform-in a spatial sense. In other words, what does an image of Stockholm as an IT City do? What happens when Stockholm is mentioned as the "Internet Capital of Europe" on the cover of Newsweek? What are the results of Stockholm's being identified as the "most dynamic and attractive European region (in which) to work and live" by the German business magazine Wirtschaftswoche? These questions are answered by first offering a theo retical account, in spatial terms, of what images do and then studying the IT-related images of Stockholm presented in articles, reports, photographs, and Internet searches.
This article examines the production of space through musical performance at the Chicago Cultural Center. Concerts at the Cultural Center produce space on the scale of the building, the city of Chicago, and the world. The process of the social production of space is examined through musical performance in terms of the relation between music and place, performance practices, and aural space. An analysis of the production of space in musical performances on multiple spatial scales provides a means of moving past the common distinctions made between material space, representations of space, and social space to a more integrated understanding of social space.
This paper offers a dialectical interpretation of place. It argues that much of the confusion in the literature on place stems from its failure to engage with the ontological nature of place. This has led to much research implicitly accepting a restrictive Cartesian view of socio-spatial reality. Entrikin's (1991) 'betweenness of place' thesis is a notable recent illustration. In this paper I suggest that the problematic nature of place and its relationship to space can be resolved through a dialectical mode of argumentation. The spatialized dialectic of Henri Lefebvre offers a fruitful framework for reconciling the interaction between place and space insofar as it strives to overcome dualistic conceptions of capitalist spatiality. Lefevbre's dialectical approach will be counterposed to Entrikin's argument. The paper concludes by outlining the implications of the respective perspectives for robust place theorization and place politics.
This paper introduces the work of the philosopher Henri Lefebvre into the field of organisational analysis. In particular it is intended to suggest that Lefebvre’s considerations of space have the potential to provide a rich and insightful exploration of organisational space, which is not afforded by many of the current approaches taken in this field. His development of a spatial triad suggests an approach to organisational analysis that facilitates the contemplation of social, physical and mental spaces to provide an integrated view of organisational space, an approach that is in contrast to many current discussions of organisational space in which the focus is often on only a singular aspect of space. It reveals some of the possibilities inherent in Lefebvre’s theories, through providing an analysis of a specific organisational event from a Lefebvrian perspective and exploring some of the implications of this type of approach for organisational analysis.
This article addresses the current debate within geography and other circles studying urban and regional development of the relationship between culture and economy. It revolves around two arguments. First, that the relationship should be seen not only as a question of epochal change, of de-differentiation and culturalisation of the economy; it should be considered as an analytical rather than a historical question. Second, it is argued that a theoretical articulation may be gainfully employed starting from the level of social ontology-particularly an ontology of practice. These arguments are developed starting from a critical discussion of two dominant bodies of thought about the relationship, following which, a demonstration of the inseparability of practice and meaning is used to conduct a theoretical re-articulation of culture and economy. Finally, the spatiality of the culture economy relation is considered, displacing the emphasis from connectivity in bounded regions towards joint involvement in the production of space on different scales.
Since the early 1990s, Henri Lefebvre's theory of the social production of space has become widely used by Anglophone academics to understand contemporary urban processes in the Western world. This article argues that care must be taken in transporting Lefbevre's theoretical framework from one context to another. When applied in places like U.S. cities, it must be contextualized in relation to significant sociospatial processes, especially race. It is also argued that when the racialized geographies of U.S. cities are taken into account, Lefebvre's work—with its focus on the role representation plays in the production of space—aids our understanding of contemporary urban processes. The article develops this argument through an engagement with the racialized public spaces in and around downtown Lexington, Kentucky. The killing of an African-American teenager by a White police officer and the ensuing violence and commentary, especially two editorial cartoons, provide the opportunity to contextualize Lefebvre's theory. Furthermore, the case allows us to understand the role racialized representations of space play into the construction of urban geographies. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role of the body in Lefebvre's understanding of space and suggests that his twin notions of “the right to the city” and “the right to difference” hold out hope for the grassroots development of antiracist urban public spaces.
This essay critically evaluates the recent phenomenon of ‘evidence-based management’ in public services that is especially prominent in health care. We suggest that the current approach, broadly informed by evidence-based health care, is misguided given the deeply contested nature of ‘evidence’ within the discipline of management studies. We argue that its growing popularity in spite of the theoretical problems it faces can be understood primarily as a function of the interests served by the universalization of certain forms of managerialist ‘evidence’ rather than any contribution to organizational effectiveness. Indeed, in a reading informed by the work of French geographer Henri Lefebvre, we suggest that in the long term the project is likely to inhibit rather than encourage a fuller understanding of the nature of public services. We conclude with a call for forms of organizational research that the current preoccupations of the evidence-based project marginalize if not write out altogether.
Ground Truth, a set of papers, edited by John Pickles, about the social implications of GIS, has contributed to the revival of an old debate between qualitative and quantitative approaches in human geography. This paper is intended to be a contribution to the debate: reactions and reflections triggered by the book rather than a review or evaluation of it. After acceptance of some of the criticisms of GIS and quantitative geography, attempts are made to defend them against other criticisms, and the paper concludes with some hopes for how the debate will continue.
Research on ethnic residential patterns is overwhelmingly empiricist in focus. The discursive context surrounding the socio-spatial phenomenon needs to be acknowledged since it can have concrete impacts on the practice of urban social planning as well as the spatial behaviour of individuals and groups. Using Henri Lefebvre's insights into the production of social space, this article looks at how a dominant representation of space is constructed, with its implications for 'lived' spaces and the spatial practices which circumscribe them. The case of Singapore is examined, where the government has appropriated the discourse surrounding 'ethnic regrouping' in an attempt to legitimize the unpopular policy of ethnic quotas in public housing. Alleging that 'ethnic regrouping' had been taking place during the 1980s, this was portrayed as undesirable and contrary to the ideal of integration. The imposition of ethnic quotas was thus justified as necessary and appropriate. Systematic analysis using the index of dissimilarity, however, problematizes this representation of space. The rhetoric surrounding ethnic regrouping is revealed to be a means of social discipline whereby the government imposes a particular representation of space and seeks to manipulate the social landscape via technocratic means.
Under one roof: Issues and innovations in shared housing
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The code of the city: Standards and the hid-den language of place making Brief chronology of the administrative failure to protect Zuni Salt Lake
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Ben-Joseph, Eran. 2005. The code of the city: Standards and the hid-den language of place making. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bloom, Paul. 2004. Brief chronology of the administrative failure to protect Zuni Salt Lake. http://www.sacredland.org/endangered _sites_pages/supporting/zuni_salt_lake_testimony.html (accessed September 27, 2004).
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The cultural meanings of urban space Making the invisible visible: A multicul-tural planning history Cosmopolis II: Mongrel cities of the 21st century The salt woman. Zuni Spirits
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Program profile: Dudley Street Neighborhood Initiative. In On the ground with comprehensive community initiatives, edited by The Enterprise Foundation Utility drops plans for coal mine. The Santa Fe New Mexican The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently
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Design for ecological democracy
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Hester, Randolph T. 2006. Design for ecological democracy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
The Latino use of urban space in East Los Angeles
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Rojas, James. 1999. The Latino use of urban space in East Los Angeles. In Urban Latino cultures: La vida Latina en L.A., edited by Gustavo Leclerc, Raul Villa, and Michael J. Dear, 131-38.
The salt woman and the coal mine
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City sights/sites of memories and dreams. In Spatial practices: Critical explorations in social/spatial theory
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Performing the 'People's Palace
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Peterson, Marina. 2002. Performing the 'People's Palace'. Space and Culture 5 (3): 253-64.
Lefebvre, love and struggle
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Shields, Rob. 1999. Lefebvre, love and struggle. New York: Routledge.
The production of space (Donald Nicholson-Smith, Trans.)
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Lefebvre, Henri. 1991. The production of space (Donald Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Oxford, UK: Blackwell (original publication 1974).
Planners and politics: Helping communities make decisions
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Waldon, Roger S. 2006. Planners and politics: Helping communities make decisions. Chicago: Planners Press.
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Zuni side up. Grist Magazine
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Will pumping from the fractured Dakota Sandstone aquifer at the Fence Lake mine lower water levels at the sacred Zuni Salt Lake or are pumping effects limited to the mine site? A tale of conflicting analytical models
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Drakos, P., Lazarus, J., and Riesterer, J. 2002. Will pumping from the fractured Dakota Sandstone aquifer at the Fence Lake mine lower water levels at the sacred Zuni Salt Lake or are pumping effects limited to the mine site? A tale of conflicting analytical models. National Ground Water Association, Fractured Rock Aquifers 2002 Conference Proceedings, 126-30.
Postmodern geographies Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places Outside lies magic: Regaining history and aware-ness in everyday places The spirit of Zuni Salt Lake
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Soja, Edward W. 1989. Postmodern geographies. New York: Verso. ———. 1996. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Stilgoe, John R. 1998. Outside lies magic: Regaining history and aware-ness in everyday places. New York: Walker. Stone, Nat. 2004. The spirit of Zuni Salt Lake. Preservation 56 (3): 40-45.
Manufacturing metaphors: Public car-tography, the market, and democracy. In Ground truth: The social implications of geographic information systems
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City sights/sites of memories and dreams
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In Ground truth: The social implications of geographic information systems
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