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The Link Between Green Purchasing Decisions and Measures of Environmental Consciousness

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Abstract

A review of the literature suggests that traditional segmentation variables (socio-demographics) and personality indicators are of limited use for characterizing the green consumer. Explores the extent to which variables, specific to environmental consciousness, are better able to explain consumers’ pro-environmental purchasing behaviour. Two conceptualizations of the purchasing domain are addressed, namely general green purchasing behaviour and specific purchasing habits relating to five green product categories. Two data sets are used in the analysis, namely marketing students and members of the United Kingdom general public. Suggests that measures of environmental consciousness are closely linked to environmentally-responsible purchasing behaviour, although the strength of the relationships varies according to sample type, the conceptualization of the purchasing domain and the particular product category at issue.

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... Environmental consciousness refers to an individual's level of concern and awareness about environmental issues, as well as their willingness to take action to address these problems (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). Numerous studies have investigated the role of environmental consciousness in shaping pro-environmental behaviors, including green purchase intention. ...
... The moderating variables in the proposed model are environmental consciousness and perceived consumer effectiveness. Environmental consciousness refers to an individual's level of concern and awareness about environmental issues, as well as their willingness to take action to address these problems (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). Numerous studies have investigated the role of environmental consciousness in shaping proenvironmental behaviors, including green purchase intention (Kim & Choi, 2005;Schwepker & Cornwell, 1991). ...
... Perceived behavioral control refers to an individual's perception of their ability to perform a specific behavior (Ajzen, 1991). Environmental consciousness refers to an individual's level of concern and awareness about environmental issues, as well as their willingness to take action to address these problems (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996), while perceived consumer effectiveness refers to an individual's belief that their actions can make a difference in solving environmental problems (Berger & Corbin, 1992). ...
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This study investigates the factors influencing green purchase intention and the moderating effects of environmental consciousness and perceived consumer effectiveness on these relationships. A conceptual model is developed and tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The PLS-SEM results reveal that environmental knowledge, perceived value, and perceived behavioral control have significant positive effects on green purchase intention, while subjective norms do not. Environmental consciousness and perceived consumer effectiveness are found to significantly moderate the relationships between environmental knowledge, perceived value, and green purchase intention. The fsQCA results identify five sufficient configurations leading to high levels of green purchase intention, all of which include perceived behavioral control and environmental consciousness. These findings contribute to the literature on green consumer behavior by providing a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing green purchase intention and the moderating effects of environmental consciousness and perceived consumer effectiveness. The use of both PLS-SEM and fsQCA offers a nuanced understanding of the complex relationships among the variables. The results have important practical implications for marketers and policymakers aiming to promote environmentally friendly consumer behavior, suggesting that efforts should be directed towards increasing individuals' environmental knowledge, perceived value, perceived behavioral control, environmental consciousness, and perceived consumer effectiveness.
... Environmental consciousness reflects one's opinions about how one's own actions or those of others affect the environment (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). This construct conveys a person's inclination toward sustainable actions more effectively than demographics or personality traits (Schlegelmilch et al. 1996). ...
... Environmental consciousness reflects one's opinions about how one's own actions or those of others affect the environment (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). This construct conveys a person's inclination toward sustainable actions more effectively than demographics or personality traits (Schlegelmilch et al. 1996). It has been found to influence sustainability-related behavior, such as tourists' intentions to consume eco-friendly products (Ahmad et al., 2020) and sustainable consumption (Kerber et al., 2023). ...
... Consumers' environmental consciousness influences on their purchasing and the outcome of the study suggested that attitudes were the most consistent predictor of proenvironmental purchasing behavior (Schlegelmilch et al.,1996).Similarly, Ziadat (2009) has exposed that the level of education and age of university students played a significant role in the degree of environmental awareness. Boztepe (2012) suggested that marketers should prioritize raising consumer awareness about green products and their beneficial effects on the environment. ...
... Similarly, the value attitude behavioral model (Homer & Kahle, 1988), theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1969), and theory of planned behavior model (Ajzen, 1991) have reinforced that attitudes to the green product have influenced consumer buying behavior, and in addition, source of green awareness (subjective norms and value generator factors) have associated with green buying behaviors. An empirical review of the literature has incorporated that the Awareness factor deals in a different way with human behavior, and more studies support the significant relationship between consumer awareness and buying behavior (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996, Boztep, 2012Hussain et al., 2014;Fouziya & Gracious , 2018;Chettri et al. 2020). Likewise, green product awareness is a critical factor significantly affecting green purchasing decisions (Siddique & Hossain, 2018). ...
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The purpose of this study is to present the systematic review of the literature on green marketing. Green marketing is a burning issue in the global environmental protection context and it is necessary mater to discuss our consumption behavior, business patterns, and national policy to support environmentalism. As consumer and society become more concerned about natural environment, modify their buying behavior in an attempt to address their well-being. This study has synthesized the specified literature related to consumer awareness and their buying behavior in environmental marketing. The review of literature is based on limited theoretical and empirical studies. Based on the literature, the study concluded that there is a significant relationship between the green awareness of consumers and their buying behavior. In addition, green information and promotion activities help to increase the level of green awareness that leads to a change the green buying behaviour in marketing practices. Green consumers play a vital role in the protection of the environment.
... To mitigate any negative environmental impact, the upper management will likely implement a robust environmental management system and adopt sustainable practices within the company's operations. Research indicates that the ethical beliefs of top-level executives greatly influence a company's adoption of environmentally friendly technology and practices, as well as shaping the company's overall commitment to sustainability [49]. Environmentally conscious managers play a significant role in supporting the company's decision to implement operational sustainability and environmental management system adoption [50]. ...
... Businesses interact with customers to understand their demands and create and sell products that meet those needs [52]. Similarly, environmentally conscious businesses will actively communicate with eco-conscious consumers in order to gain insights and address their concerns [49]. Moreover, suppliers provide eco-friendly materials to support the green organizational objectives. ...
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The purpose of this study is to check the intellectual capital's role in shaping green process innovation. This article contends the company's capacity to create, possess, incorporate, and implement environmentally friendly intellectual assets in its activities will result in a higher degree of performance in terms of innovative green processes. This performance serves as an indicator of the company's enduring dedication to an environmentally conscious strategy. The industries chosen for this study comprised textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, and steel based in Mexico. The random sampling technique was used to gather data. Upon analyzing the gathered data, we used only 253 questionnaires for analysis, representing a response rate of 42.7%. Findings indicate green strategic intent significantly influences three components of intellectual capital: human, relational, and organizational capital. Three components of intellectual capital significantly influence green process innovation. A green strategy can be successfully implemented by the implementation of intangible resources. Mere tangible resources are insufficient to gain superior green innovation performance; the interaction of these two resources (tangible and intangible) is complementary. Companies are adopting environmental strategies to mitigate the environment's harmful impact and meet stakeholders' demands. The study's practical implications aim to improve companies' environmental performance, specifically their green performance, through the implementation of green innovation.
... Another study's findings indicated a positive link between consumers' subjective knowledge about products and their decision-making abilities [34]. Moreover, previous research reported that the environmental knowledge of customers influenced their purchase decision-making [35]. Accordingly, the following claim can be hypothesized: ...
... Another study's findings indicated a positive link between consumers' subjective knowledge about products and their decision-making abilities [34]. Moreover, previous research reported that the environmental knowledge of customers influenced their purchase decision-making [35]. Accordingly, the following claim can be hypothesized: Hypothesis 2. Tourism students' sustainability knowledge is positively related to their sustainable decision-making power. ...
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The complex and critical global issues of the 21st century resulting from the unsustainable growth of tourism and hospitality, like air, land, and water pollution, have exacerbated concerns over whether educational institutions equip future managers and employees with adequate skills to meet the new demands of the current era. These ever-growing global sustainability issues stemming from the sophisticated interactions between people and the planet have no simple answers. They require well-skilled critical thinkers disposed of analyticity and systematicity to consider them and make positive contributions through their sustainable decisions. Despite this recognition, there are limited studies of the tourism and hospitality industry focusing on this crucial topic, and it is unclear how sustainability knowledge may result in more sustainable decision-making abilities. Accordingly, the current study proposed a model that links tourism and hospitality students’ sustainability knowledge to their sustainable tourism decision-making, testing the mediating role of critical thinking. Applying a quantitative research design, the researchers used a self-administered online survey to collect data from 146 full-time tourism students in Northern Cyprus. The PROCESS plug-in for the statistical package for social sciences was used to test the hypotheses of this study. The result of this study revealed that sustainability knowledge and critical thinking play significant roles in students’ sense of sustainable tourism competency and their sustainable tourism decision-making power. This study discusses how critical thinking serves as a mediating factor between knowledge of environmental sustainability, perceived competency in sustainable tourism, and sustainable decision-making ability. This study offers a more nuanced view of critical thinking’s function in terms of converting knowledge into sustainable tourism practices.
... This research introduced the role of GIC and focused on the institutional theory of how external institutions affect company adoption of green management [Hoffman, 1997]. It was also done to try to change how many companies thought about environmental ideas like green management, environmental protection, environmental policy, and the environment in general Ahmed et al., 1998;Schlegelmilch et al., 1996]. The achievement of green management is typically considered a superior corporate culture and a pivotal resource to generate excellence because it is rare, valuable, inimitable, and replaceable [Barney, 1986]. ...
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Economic and technological development is a factor that has greatly changed environmental conditions, resulting in increased population, exploitation of nature, and improper management of industrialization. Waste output and resource consumption are significantly attributed to the industrial sector worldwide. These sectors have also been shown to be the most significant contributors to environmental pollution and carbon emissions. This research aims to determine how economic damage affects business performance by analyzing the impact of Green Intellectual Capital (GIC) and Environmental Management Accounting (EMA). The use of an explanatory causality approach achieved the stated objective. The selection of managers from the manufacturing sector as research samples, survey data gathering, and primary data sourcing were some of the steps in this methodology. The sampling strategy used was simple random sampling, and each participant served as the unit of analysis. Data was examined using Structural Equation Modeling [SEM], using a cross-sectional temporal horizon. GIC and EMA favorably impact economic sustainability, regardless of the numbers gathered. Economic sustainability, GIC, and EMA have also been shown to improve business performance. The findings demonstrated that the connection between economic and business performance sustainability was effectively mediated. The EMA and GIC, The variable also signified that the costs associated with environmental protection were relatively high, even though companies could still generate profits. This typically made the performance of manufacturing companies efficient but ineffective. For protection against environmental pollution, industrial enterprises in Indonesia often adhere to the Global Risk Index's (GRI) recommendations and voluntarily apply environmental and social responsibility. Received: 7 November 2024 / Accepted: 5 January 2025 / Published: 11 January 2025
... The green awareness of customers is considered an important driving force for sustainable development. Schlegelmilch et al. [2] conducted empirical studies and showed that because of the additional utility gained from purchasing green products, consumers are willing to pay more money. In the catering industry, research focusing on restaurant green efforts has been conducted by scholars. ...
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In recent years, the development of online food service has facilitated consumers’ catering needs, but it also has adverse environmental impacts. To mitigate pollution and attract environmentally conscious customers, restaurants have embarked on making green efforts, such as donating to environmental charities, using organic ingredients, and adopting green packaging. This study investigates the pricing strategies of restaurants that currently engage in green efforts. We develop demand models for online food services, considering customer green awareness and competition among restaurants. Both competitive pricing problems with symmetric and asymmetric information are discussed. The Nash equilibrium and Bayesian Nash equilibrium are derived in these scenarios. Optimal pricing strategies are presented, and the impacts of parameters on the optimal strategies are discussed. Our findings reveal that when the baseline utility derived from a green restaurant is lower than that from a regular restaurant, and customers are not highly concerned about environmental protection, the online food service from the green restaurant may have no market share. If the baseline utility derived from green restaurant services is higher than that from regular restaurant services, the optimal price tends to increase as the green utility increases. However, if the baseline utility derived from the green service falls within a certain range, the optimal price may first increase and then decrease as the green utility rises.
... A company's operations pertaining to various environmentally conscious goods can be improved and integrated through formal OGC rooted in ecoenvironmental principles (Banerjee et al., 2003). Thus, OGC assists companies in turning their eco-friendly strategies into sustainability (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). Moreover, a study by Jabeen (2024a) confirmed that OGC has a significant impact on firm performance. ...
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The competitive landscape is undergoing a rapid transformation because of the increasing public concern regarding the natural environment, which is compelling firms to implement green innovation strategies. Although there has been not much study on green innovation, the concept has been acknowledged by numerous manufacturing firms. By the logic of natural resource-based view theory (NRBV), the objective of this paper is to empirically construct and test a theoretical model that examines the impact of organizational green culture (OGC) on green innovation (GI), competitive advantage (CA) and green performance (GP). It also investigates the influence of GI on CA and GP. This model elucidates how green innovation mediates these associations. The researchers gathered data from 319 manufacturing enterprises in Punjab, Pakistan. The data were analyzed using smartPLS 3.2.9 (variance-based software). This paper employs a questionnaire to collect primary data from managers. The study's results indicate that OGC substantially predicted GI, CA, and GP. In addition, GI has a substantial effect on GP and CA. The results also indicate that GI partially mediates the relationship between OGC-CA and OGC-GP. Some limitations are providing directions for future investigations.
... Environmental concern is defined as a multidimensional construct that includes attitudes, with their cognitive and emotional elements, personality traits, value orientations, and behavioural intentions. (Schlegelmilch et al. 1996). When assessing individuals' levels of environmental anxiety, it is important to examine both their behavioural intentions, and the degree of awareness and understanding of the consequences of their actions and on nature (Freire et al. 2021). ...
Article
The article links community resilience – the resilience of the political community, with the process of public policy-making. In the argumentation, the study investigates the formation of community resilience and the importance of individual attitudes, compared to the individualism-collectivism scale. The sample research is conducted among 669 respondents in Bulgaria, aged 15 to 77 years old (M=29.3; SD=13.39). The applied methodology is based on the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) to measure people’s environmental attitudes, and the Ecological Consumer Behaviour Scale to measure eco-anxiety and pro-environmental behavioural intentions. Empirical study measures self-efficacy, Big Five personality traits, and values orientations. The results confirm that there were gender differences on the NEP scale, including that women show higher environmental attitudes. The research findings provide explanations how human values were positively related to one’s awareness of the environmental crisis. Finally, neuroticism correlated positively with realising the limit to growth. Therefore, it is important, that the design and the implementation of public policies and educational programs, consider various psychological aspects of individual human behaviour. This approach may have key implications for engaging in future sustainable behaviour and increasing the degree of resilience.
... Thus, under the positive impact of greenwashing, higher green skepticism can negatively reduce consumers' purchase behavior. Besides, when realizing the differences between green and conventional products, customers must think twice before purchasing (Bhattacharya 2011;Schlegelmilch, Bohlen, and Diamantopoulos 1996;Wong, Turner, and Stoneman 1996). Therefore, they will find businesses they trust and refuse skeptical companies (L. ...
Article
Nowadays, due to the increasing green trends, numerous businesses in the automobile industry adopt greenwashing as a primary strategy to appear environmentally conscious, despite their production processes like manufacturing lithium-ion batteries, which are causing significant environmental pollution. By combining three theories as signaling, legitimacy, and psychological contract, the study focuses on solving the previous research gaps when examining the influence of greenwashing (GW), green brand image (GBI), green skepticism (GS), green confusion (GC), perceived betrayal (PB), eco-literacy (EL) on the purchase intention (PI) towards electric motorbikes among Vietnamese consumers. The study employed a convenient random sampling method with a sample size of 535 consumers in Vietnam. A quantitative research method and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach were used to analyze the data using SmartPLS software. The findings reveal that GW significantly influences the PI, and GBI, GS, GC, and PB partial mediate the correlation. Additionally, the study discovered the significant moderating role of GW in the correlation between GW to PI, GW to GS, and GW to PB. Based on the findings, the managers can apply marketing strategies to encourage consumers’ purchase intention and avoid greenwashing activities. Then, the theoretical implications and directions for future research have been proposed.
... The growing environmental awareness among stakeholders makes these firms susceptible to examination for environmentally harmful practices, resulting in reduced revenues and financial performance. On one hand, environmentally conscious consumers may opt not to purchase products or services associated with environmentally damaging practices (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). On the other hand, investors and lenders are giving increasing attention to companies' carbon emissions, potentially demanding a premium on the company's carbon footprint (Benz et al., 2021). ...
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This study examines the effect of carbon emissions on overinvestment and investigates whether this relationship is moderated by green bond issuance. Based on a sample of 90 non‐financial American firms (45 green bond issuers and 45 matched firms) observed from 2014 to 2022, the results indicate that carbon emissions, particularly those from Scopes 1 and 2, increase overinvestment. These findings suggest that carbon emissions are associated with agency conflicts, attributable to various factors such as divergent investment horizons between managers and shareholders. Furthermore, our results show that the issuance of green bonds attenuates this impact. This finding implies that green bonds emerge as a strategic tool not only to address external challenges, such as environmental issues—particularly the increase in carbon emissions—but also to manage internal challenges, such as the problem of overinvestment. Our study contributes to the growing literature on sustainable finance and corporate governance by highlighting the dual role of green bonds in both environmental management and investment efficiency.
... Environmental issues have drawn much attention from researchers and other stakeholders over the past decades (Wang et al., 2020). Schlegelmilch et al. (1996) describe environmental consciousness as a driving force stemming from an individual's knowledge of the adverse environmental effects of people's irresponsible behavior (which includes businesses, goods, or brands). Mishal et al. (2017) see the concept as psychological factors determining consumers' propensity toward pro-environmental behaviors. ...
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Consumer worries about their health and the environment are drawing attention to the usage of genetically modified food on a global scale. The study aims to provide fresh insight into how consumers view GM foods and how they plan to respond to them. Data were collected from Chinese consumers, who are at the advanced stage of GM food, and Ghanaians, who are at the early stage of GM food. The data were analyzed using Smart PLS, R-Studio, and SPSS. Based on a valid response from nine hundred and seventy-six (976) respondents across the two countries, the results demonstrate the dynamics of GM acceptance among consumers and provide valuable insights for policymakers and businesses in the GM foods industry. Our research adds up to the relatively fewer studies which have addressed GM food consumption likelihood from consumers across different stage of GM food readiness.
... Penelitian ini, akan membahas produk ramah lingkungan. Produsen dan pemasar belum berhasil menjual produk hijau atau produk ramah lingkungan, meskipun tingkat pertumbuhan yang besar diantara konsumen (Schlegelmilch, Bohlen, & Diamantopoulos, 1996) karena preferensi konsumen yang berfluktuasi terhadap produk ramah lingkungan (Paul, Modi, & Patel, 2016). Menurut Lin & Huang (2012), pemaham tentang sikap dan motivasi konsumen akan membantu produsen, pemasar, dan pembuat kebijakan dalam hal ini pemerintah memahami kebiasaan dan perilaku konsumen (Lin & Huang, 2012). ...
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Environmental problems have generated a trend to preserve the environment and have brought changes in consumer attitudes and behavior by buying environmentally friendly products. This study seeks to test interest in purchasing environmentally friendly products. This research was conducted in 2020, with the variables of environmental consciousness, environmental knowledge, environmental attitude, and purchase intention towards green products. This research uses a descriptive research design approach with empirical data collected through an online survey the sample in this study is the Z generation in Jabodetabek. The empirical data is then processed using the Structural Equation Modeling approach to test a number of proposed hypotheses. The results of this study are as follows: 1) Environmental Consciousness has a significant positive effect on Purchase Intention towards Green Products, 2) Environmental Consciousness does not have a significant effect on Environmental Attitude, 3) Environmental Knowledge is proven to have a significant positive effect on Environmental Attitude, 4) ) Environmental Knowledge has no significant effect on Purchase Intention towards Green Product, 5) Environmental Attitude is proven to have a significant positive effect on Purchase Intention towards Green Product.
... Environmental attention relates to a person's psychological elements to alternate the behavior to help and shield the surroundings (Zelezny and Schultz, 2000). Environmental aware buyers are these customers who are worried about the surroundings and exhibit some seasoned environmental behavior such as recycling, strength saving, and fending off plastic baggage (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). Environmental focus which is a multidimensional assemble and represents an intellectual stage of a character, is affected with the aid of quite a number of antecedents such as psychographics, demographics, media, and political views. ...
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Purpose: This study aimed to identify the influential aspects of consumers' purchase behavior of green products perspectives in Bangladesh. Research methodology: The study was quantitative in nature. The main methodology chosen for this study was the questionnaire survey method (online survey). Primary data were gained through a structured questionnaire survey from 324 Bangladeshi respondents using a seven-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Data were analyzed by statistical package for social science (SPSS) 25.0. Results: The study results found all the variables are significant with Consumers' green purchase behavior in Bangladesh. As the interpretation of descriptive and regression analyses, Environmental consciousness is the most influential factor in Consumers' green purchase behavior in Bangladesh. Other independent variables like Environmental Responsibility, Environmental Knowledge, Product Quality, Environmental Protection, Social Appeal, Green Advertisement also have positive & significant influences respectively. Limitation: The research was conducted & focused on Bangladesh only, so the study result may not be applicable in any other geographical location. The study was also limited by the sample size of 324 which is not representative of all customers in Bangladesh. There may have other variables except for the variables that are measured in this research. Contribution: The result and analyses of the study will be supportive for the researchers, government, marketing specialist, and business people to gain an insight into Consumers' green buying behavior in Bangladesh and direct them to find out other significant factors related to Consumers' green purchase behavior so that they can formulate their strategies & policies regarding environmental and consumption issues. Keywords: Green product, Green purchase, Consumer behavior, Sustainable product, Environmentally friendly, Green marketing
... as a result, customers actively seek out Services that have a lesser impact on the eco-friendly of their purchases. Also, the impression of environmental benefits gained from environmentally responsible purchasing and consuming behaviours may be connected with the perceived environmental outcomes (Schlegelmilch et al. 1996;Lin and Huang, 2012;). This is a result of the fact that it is often believed that environmentally responsible retail and consumption habits can benefit the environment. ...
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Expanding urbanization and evolving patterns of consumption both represent significant threats to the maintenance of ecological equilibrium. Because people's wasteful consumption patterns are the primary cause of rising carbon emissions, these patterns must be modified. In the meanwhile, customers are becoming more knowledgeable about the challenges that our world is facing. In this investigation, we built and validated a theoretical framework to identify what drives consumers to engage in environmentally responsible banking practices. Evaluating the results of surveys that were sent out to consumers was one of the methods. This research examines how TPB (the theory of planned Behavior) operates and its environmental effects. A cross-sectional survey was administered to 400 Indian bank clients to gather information. Using Structural equation modeling, Partial least squares evaluation of the research model was performed (P.L.S.). The data demonstrate that how TPB organizes its operations significantly impacts its customers. There was a high correlation between user feedback on usability and environmental Consciousness. It was also shown that concern about the environment significantly impacts how individuals behave. These findings have implications for management and theory and set the stage for future study.
... Based on prior research, all scale items were modified to fit the study's context. Health and environmental consciousness in the value dimensions were, respectively, assessed using 4 items, adopted from Hansen, Sørensen, and Eriksen (2018), Namkung and Jang (2017), Tarkiainen and Sundqvist (2005), Schlegelmilch, Bohlen, and Diamantopoulos (1996), and Yadav and Pathak (2016) [60][61][62][63][64]. Attitudes toward PBAs were measured with 3 items adopted from Fishbein and Ajzen (1977) and Chen (2007) [65,66]. ...
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This study investigated the impact of consumer values and attitudes to consuming plant-based alternatives (PBAs), using the value–attitude–behavior framework. The research model and hypotheses were tested using a two-step approach to structural equation modeling on 392 responses collected from PBA consumers through a research company in Korea in November 2023. The results indicated that environmental consciousness and health consciousness significantly affected attitudes toward PBAs. Also, positive attitudes toward PBAs were critical for the formation of repurchase intentions for PBAs and PBA restaurant visit behavior. Our study contributes to both academics and PBA practitioners by showing how consumer values are associated with attitudes, PBAs repurchase intentions, and PBAs restaurant visits.
... According to Kim (2017), "attitudes have a favourable but marginally significant impact on consumers' propensity to make green purchases". Environmental attitudes are the most reliable predictor of purchase behaviour due to their strong explanatory power (Schlegelmilch et al. 1996). According to studies on attitudes and intentions (Mostafa 2007; Taylor and Todd 1995;Paul et al. 2016), attitudes have a significant and favourable impact on intentions. ...
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This cross-sectional study investigates the relationship between consumer behavior, environmental ethics, and green consumption in the context of environmental concerns. Using survey data and drawing from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research examines how factors like attitude towards green products, subjective norms, environmental ethics, and moral obligations influence consumers’ willingness to use green products and their subsequent green consumption behavior. The study confirms that having a positive attitude towards green products significantly predicts the willingness to use them, aligning with previous research findings. Additionally, it reveals that social norms directly impact consumers’ willingness to adopt green products, highlighting the role of societal influences in eco-conscious choices. Furthermore, the research establishes that moral obligation not only drives the willingness to use green products but also motivates actual green consumption, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in consumer decision-making. Environmental ethics also emerge as a significant factor influencing the willingness to use green products. Importantly, willingness to use green products acts as a key mediator, connecting attitudes, norms, ethics, and moral obligations to green consumption behavior. These findings have practical implications for businesses and policymakers looking to promote green consumption and align their strategies with Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12) - Responsible Consumption and Production. Understanding the drivers of green consumption can help stakeholders develop effective interventions to encourage responsible and sustainable consumer behavior.
... The items of the variables were adapted from the relevant studies. Environmental concern (EC) was measured through four items, and was adapted from Mishal et al., (2017); Sharma and Bansal (2013), and Schlegelmilch et al., (1996). Green perceived benefits (GPB) were measured by five items and green perceived quality (GPQ) was also measured through five items. ...
... Aman et al (2009) defined as an individuals' emotional responses that express their worries, kindness, and hatred toward environmental degradation. Whereas, Schlegelmilch et al (1996) define environmental concern as an assessment of attitude toward the behaviour of others that has an impact on the environment. In this research environmental concern refers to consumer's worries, kindness and hatred toward environmental degradation. ...
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This study focuses specifically on the intention to pay for sewerage services in Malaysia and examines the mediating role of corporate image. The study draws on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) to examine three key constructs: attitude, subjective norm, and corporate image, influencing the intention to pay. A quantitative approach was employed and data was collected via an online survey. A total of 492 valid responses were obtained from sewerage billed household consumers. There was a positive significant relationship between attitude and intention to pay and a positive significant relationship between subjective norm and intention to pay. There was also a positive significant relationship between corporate image and intention to pay. Corporate image mediates the relationship between attitude and intention to pay. Corporate image was also found to mediate the relationship between subjective norms and intention to pay. The study is important as it has provided pertinent insights into dealing with non-payment of sewerage services especially in Malaysia. The study offers inputs to improve payment collection for sewerage services and strategies that need to be implemented to reduce non-payment for sewerage services. Further research should be conducted in other industries that are struggling with non-payment issues.
... Paul et al., 2016)v Predicting green product consumption using theory of planned behavior and reasoned action 2049 (Y. Chen & Chang, 2012) Enhance green purchase intentions: The roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust 1789 (Joshi & Rahman, 2015) Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions 1715 (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996) The Attitude towards the environment and green products: consumers' perspective 1574 (Yadav & Pathak, 2016) Young consumers' intention towards buying green products in a developing nation: Extending the theory of planned behavior Sumber: Output Publish or Perish, 2024 Tabel 2 menampilkan literatur teratas yang paling banyak disitir terkait dengan topik konsumsi berkelanjutan dan perilaku konsumen hijau. Artikel oleh Vermeir dan Verbeke (2006) menempati posisi teratas dengan 3,550 sitasi, mengeksplorasi kesenjangan antara sikap dan niat perilaku konsumen terhadap konsumsi makanan berkelanjutan. ...
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan literatur terkait pengaruh label produk berkelanjutan terhadap keputusan pembelian konsumen. Melalui analisis bibliometrik, kami mengidentifikasi klaster tema utama yang mencakup pemasaran hijau, produk berkelanjutan, perilaku pembelian hijau, dan citra merek. Tren penelitian dari tahun 2016 hingga 2020 menunjukkan pergeseran fokus dari pemahaman dasar keberlanjutan menuju penerapan praktis dalam strategi pemasaran hijau. Analisis ini juga mengungkapkan area dengan peluang penelitian yang signifikan, seperti peran media sosial, risiko hijau, kepercayaan hijau, dan niat pembelian produk hijau, yang masih kurang dieksplorasi. Jaringan kolaborasi penulis menunjukkan adanya beberapa klaster kolaborasi yang kuat, mencerminkan dinamika dan keragaman dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan wawasan komprehensif tentang lanskap penelitian, tren yang berkembang, dan peluang untuk kontribusi baru dalam literatur terkait label produk berkelanjutan dan keputusan pembelian konsumen.
... As a component of a belief system, as defined by Zelezny and Schultz (2000), environmental consciousness refers to certain psychological variables associated with individuals' tendency to participate in pro-environmental behaviours. Another school of thought considers it a combination of cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioural components (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). ...
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Assessing consumer attitudes towards organic skincare products is crucial in today’s competitive market. As people become more conscious of synthetic substances, animal suffering, and environmental impacts, the appeal of organic skincare is greater than ever. This paper investigates how consumer attitudes regarding organic skin care products translate into purchase intentions and subsequent shopping behaviour. This research emphasises the impact of health, environment, and appearance consciousness on customer attitudes towards organic skin care products. This study investigated the influence of experience and subjective standards in regulating the relationship between purchase intention and purchase conduct. The data were collected by random sampling. There were 498 valid replies to the survey. The Hayes process approach, psychometric characteristics, and hypothesis testing addressed the study’s research concerns. SPSS 25 and AMOS 22 were used to analyse the data. According to the study, health, environmental, and appearance consciousness are precursors to attitudes towards organic skin care products. When an attitude is created, it is converted into a buying intention, which leads to actual behaviour. Past experience has a substantial moderating impact on purchasing intention and behaviour. On the other hand, subjective norms fail to moderate the same relationship. The limitations and future scope of the study are discussed further in the paper’s body.
... Individuals with a strong environmental self-identity, while lacking environmental knowledge, may have difficulties in recognizing and evaluating the environmental consequences of their decisions. This can potentially impede Gen Z's ability to practice their beliefs (Schlegelmilch et al., 1996). Therefore, to understand how environmental knowledge is essential in stimulating the interplay between environmental self-identity, attitude towards organic food, and purchase intentions for organic food among Generation Z, the following hypothesis is tested: ...
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The increasing prevalence of social media platforms and digital technology has generated interest in the link between consumer-to-consumer communication and sustainable behavior. This research aims to assess the effect of sustainability information shared through social media on the adoption of eco-friendly practices, while considering gender. By exploring the relationship between environmental concern, perceived sense of responsibility, and sustainability information on social media, this study seeks to clarify the complexities of this connection. A survey was distributed through social networks to 300 consumers to evaluate the proposed theoretical framework. The analysis of the collected data revealed a positive relationship between sustainability-related information seeking and social media for sustainability-related information, and dependency on social media for sustainability-related information and environmental concern. The Study underscores social media’s pivotal role in influencing sustainable consumer behavior, offering strategic insights for businesses and policymakers. The study’s findings also suggest a direct association between environmental concern and its effect on sustainable behavior purchase intention, consumers’ perceived sense of environmental responsibility, consumers’ perceived sense of environmental responsibility, and consumers’ sustainable behavior purchase intention. Finally, the research confirms that consumers’ perceived sense of environmental responsibility is a significant predictor of their sustainable behavior purchase intention with the moderation of gender.
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The authors outline an updated paradigm for scale development that incorporates confirmatory factor analysis for the assessment of unidimensionality. Under this paradigm, item-total correlations and exploratory factor analysis are used to provide preliminary scales. The unidimensionality of each scale then is assessed simultaneously with confirmatory factor analysis. After unidimensional measurement has been acceptably achieved, the reliability of each scale is assessed. Additional evidence for construct validity beyond the establishment of unidimensionality then can be provided by embedding the unidimensional sets of indicators within a nomological network defined by the complete structural model.
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In order to effectively use marketing communications techniques for public and nonprofit sector problems, one must consider the extreme differences between these and private sector problems. Major differences may include the presence of very high or very low involvement, issues offering few perceivable benefits to individuals, and high monetary prices. A framework for considering very high and very low involvement cases is considered and options for marketers are presented.
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A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
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Standardizing the marketing mix across different countries is limited by numerous factors. Focusing specifically on the scope for product standardization in the car industry, this paper empirically investigates the extent to which consumer preferences may act as barriers to standardization. Consumers from Korea, Spain and France—three countries at different stages of development and with distinct socio-cultural characteristics—are compared in terms of the importance they attach to various product attributes with particular emphasis on country-of-origin information and “green “ features. The results reveal a large number of significant differences between the three subsamples and illustrate the substantial barriers to standardization that can exist even for such relatively culture-free products as cars.
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The landslide victory of Michigan's "bottle bill" by popular vote contradicts previous findings regarding the small size of the ecologically concerned consumer segment. A survey of voter preference conducted just prior to the 1976 general election addresses this contradiction and some broader aspects of consumer environmental behavior. Implications for ecological marketers are discussed.
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Despite the wealth of information which exists concerning environmental behavior, it is not known which variable or variables appear to be most influential in motivating individuals to take responsible environmental action. A meta-analysis of environmental behavior research was undertaken in an attempt to determine this. An exhaustive search of the empirically based environmental behavior research conducted over the past decade yielded a substantial number of studies representative of a broad academic base. The characteristics and findings of these studies served as the data for the meta-analysis. As a result of the meta-analysis, the following variables were found to be associated with responsible environmental behavior: knowledge of issues, knowledge of action strategies, locus of control, attitudes, verbal commitment, and an individual's sense of responsibility. A model of predictors of environmental behavior is proposed.
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The amount of support given environmental protection relative to that given ten other problem areas did not decline between 1973 (immediately prior to the "energy crisis") and 1978. Analysis of the sources of public support for environmental protection revealed that only age had a substantial independent effect (β = -.168) on environmental priority scores.
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An undergraduate sample was asked to choose the best energy-related option for Canada to pursue in the short run (the next five years) and the long run (beyond the year 2000). Preferences for specific options, for “soft” versus “hard” energy paths and shifts in preferences from the short to the long run were strongly associated with environmental attitudes. “Ecocentrists” (the pro-environment group) favored the soft path (solar, conservation), while “technocentrists” (the less environmentally inclined) favored the hard path; especially nuclear. Recommendations are made concerning public information about conservation and the need for policy makers to canvas public attitudes.
Article
The previous literature on the socioeconomic correlates of environmental concern places great stress on the middle class being more supportive of environmental agendas than the working or lower socioeconomic class. We argue that certain methodological problems in this research and the theoretical implications of the proenvironmental middle-class generalization warrant an empirical reconsideration. We then find that social class indicators explain relatively little variance in environmental attitudes accounted for by "class." However, education is not related to environmental beliefs in an unambiguous linear fashion. Education is subordinate to age as a predictor of environmental attitudes, and much of the gross effect of education is the spurious result of the generally high educational backgrounds of young adults. We conclude by discussing the implications of our research for sociology of environmental problems theory.
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This article examines the issue of consumer participation in energy conservation programs. A macromarketing systems framework is used to examine the complex problem of consumer response to these programs. Research propositions are derived based on the framework suggested by Costanzo and others (1986). The results indicate that energy conservation is related to several social structure elements. The findings can be used to develop more effective marketplace interventions of this type in the future.
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Matched samples of French (N = 56) and American (N = 112) adults were administered surveys assessing environmental behavior (recycling), knowledge, and attitudes, as well as more general attitudes and personality traits. While minimal differences were observed in recycling, the relationships of this behavior with other variables indicated differing conceptions between cultures. The Americans environmental attitudes were more pro-ecological, were more internally consistent, and were more likely to be related to environmental behavior and knowledge and other attitudinal and personality variables. It was suggested that knowledge may act as a mediating variable between attitudes and behavior.
Article
Fishbein's (1967) extension of Dulany's (1967) theory of propositional control was tested in the context of the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) game. The theory holds that a person's behavior (B) is a function of his behavioral intention (BI) which is determined by his attitude toward the act (A-act) and by his beliefs about the expectations of the other player, i.e., social normative beliefs (NBs). Two PD games differing in Cooperation Index (CI) were each played in a cooperative, a competitive, and an individualistic motivational orientation. CI and motivational orientations affected questionnaire measures of the theoretical constructs and game behavior as expected. Their influence on B was mediated by BI through A-act and NBs. BI correlated highly with B and was in turn accurately predicted from A-act and NBs in a multiple-regression equation. The relative importance of A-act and NBs in predicting BI and B varied as expected with the motivational orientation: in the cooperative condition norms were relatively more important; under competition more relative weight was placed on A-act.
Article
The authors outline an updated paradigm for scale development that incorporates confirmatory factor analysis for the assessment of unidimensionality. Under this paradigm, item-total correlations and exploratory factor analysis are used to provide preliminary scales. The unidimensionality of each scale then is assessed simultaneously with confirmatory factor analysis. After unidimensional measurement has been acceptably achieved, the reliability of each scale is assessed. Additional evidence for construct validity beyond the establishment of unidimensionality then can be provided by embedding the unidimensional sets of indicators within a nomological network defined by the complete structural model.
Article
A critical element in the evolution of a fundamental body of knowledge in marketing, as well as for improved marketing practice, is the development of better measures of the variables with which marketers work. In this article an approach is outlined by which this goal can be achieved and portions of the approach are illustrated in terms of a job satisfaction measure.
Article
All respondent samples reported during a 10-year span of the JMR were examined individually. On the basis of nine specific criteria, such as sex, age, and occupation, respondent samples were found to be poorly and incompletely specified. Thus major difficulties are suggested in attempts to replicate, and thereby to verify, much of the marketing research reported in the literature.
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What are the socioeconomic and personality characteristics of consumers who are ecologically concerned? This article presents a measure of ecological concern and examines the relationship between this measure and consumer characteristics. The implications of the findings for marketers and public policy makers are discussed.
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This paper provides detailed evidence on the relationships among age, education, and environmental values. The relative strengths of association of age and education in predicting environmental attitudes are evaluated. Present and future generational politics of environmentalism are discussed. (Author/EB)
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Utilizing a sample of 482 high school seniors, this research further investigates the relationship between four different kinds of attitudes and two types of knowledge (ecological and trade-off) relevant to environmental issues. Research and analyses procedures are detailed. Results indicate that knowledge appears to lead to moderation of attitudes. (BT)
Article
Business writers such as Charter in 1992 predict that addressing the environmental consciousness of consumers will be one of the most important issues industry will face in the 1990s, and was seen by Ottmann in 1992 as the marketing trend of the decade. In 1993 Coddington judged much of green consumer potential to be latent as the environmental concern expressed in surveys was not clearly visible in current consumer behaviour. How best to respond to this new challenge and exploit the potential market is still causing confusion amongst marketers. However, it is a practical business concern as consumers may become more explicit in their demand and use their purchase power as an economic vote to effect social and environmental change. It is argued that marketing conclusions can only be drawn from a thorough understanding of the phenomenon. In this paper, the value‐attitude‐system model of Vinson et al. in 1977 is applied and extended to provide an insight into the complex phenomena affecting environmentally‐conscious purchase behaviour by integrating the underlying influences from the individual belief system.
Article
The dimensionality of attitudes toward environmental quality was investigated in three separate studies of 660 undergraduates and adult citizens, 207 middle-class housewives, and 51 members of environmental groups. A three-dimensional scale was developed, representing concerns for environmental degradation, environmental action, and overpopulation. Members of environmental action organizations were found to have significantly higher scores for each of the three dimensions than middle-class citizens. Global attitudinal concern for environmental degradation and for environmental action were typically found to be better predictors of general levels of behavioral involvement in action than of single activities.
Article
This paper examines the impact of these trends on the role of the marketing department in the J990's. Essentially, when the buying habits of consumers are being strangely influenced by green and other environmental issues, the paper argues that the marketing concept and subsequent strategies need to be rethought. The paper then imaginatively develops the concept of societal marketing within this framework, arguing for the need for a long term marketing perspective rather than the short term window dressing approach taken by many marketing departments.