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Testing electrostatic properties of polyurethane coated textiles used for protective clothing
Abstract
The objective of the study was to test the electrostatic properties of textiles used for protective clothing worn in flammable and potentially explosive environment. The protective clothing is intended for multi-use and, apart from wear and stretching during use, it is also exposed to impacts of various cleaning agents. The testing was carried out in accordance with EN 1149-1; 1995 specifying requirements for electrostatic properties and testing methods for protective clothing to be worn in specific situations. The objective was to test whether there was a likelihood of fire due to the electric discharge. EN 1149-1 requires measuring surface resistance at 25±2 per cent relative humidity and temperature of 23±1°C. Measurements were taken on knitting of varying materials coated with polyurethane. The knittings used were made of polyamide, polyester and cotton. All materials were coated with the same polyurethane coating. All samples were tested for surface resistance before and after five dry-cleanings and machine washings. In addition to the required European standard, surface resistance was also measured at the following relative humidity: 35, 45, 55 and 65 per cent. The results were processed by the correlation analysis and shown graphically.
... Conductive yarn can be integrated by weaving [4], knitting using a chain stitch [5], embroidering [6]. Electrostatic properties such as surface resistivity screening, half decay time are determined referring to EN 1149 standard [6][7][8]. It is known that at sufficiently high frequencies it is possible to evaluate only the electric component of an electromagnetic field, there should be some mathematical correlation between total shielding effectiveness and fabric surface resistivity or conductivity. ...
... Other research into electromagnetic shielding investigates the content and placing of a conductive component [9,11,13], geometric structure of a fabric [10,12,14]), humidity of textile [7,12], dependence between electric conductivity and EMSE (electromagnetic shielding effectiveness). Fabric porosity has a very big effect on the shielding factor. ...
... Washing affects surface resistivity. After washing, surface resistivity decreases [7]. Electromagnetic properties can be determined using a non-standardized method and a digital E7-8 device for capacitance measurement [3]. ...
The aim of this work is to investigate physical and mechanical performance of fabrics with a conductive fibre after washing conditions. Three commercially available fabrics with a conductive fibre and one fabric without a conductive fibre were chosen as a research object. The physical properties of the fabrics were evaluated by the loss of the mechanical performance, changes in structure and magnetic permeability. Fabric elasticity and thickness decrease after washing, except for the fabric without a conductive fibre. Magnetic field permeability of all fabrics decreases after washing. The properties of the fabric with a conductive fibre woven in one direction change the most, its magnetic field permeability is the greatest. In all cases magnetic field permeability at the seam is lower than in separate pieces of the fabric. The highest frequency of the fabric with a thread woven in both directions is at the seam but in all cases the frequencies of separate pieces of fabrics are lower. Tests showed that the best dielectric properties are of the fabric with conductive yarn woven in the weft direction and the highest capacitance change of which is ΔC=74,79%.
... In the textile industry nanofibers can be applied as a surface that protects garments from chemical penetration and biological agents and can be applied in aerosol form on masks and protective clothing (Ramakrishna et al., 2005). Furthermore, they can be used to develop clothing for use in flammable and potentially explosive environments (Hains et al., 2003). Nanofibers, such as those developed by Sheikha et al. (2011) made from polyurethane containing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) made by electrospinning process have potential application in the development of nonflammable clothing. ...
... In the textile industry nanofibers can be applied as a surface that protects garments from chemical penetration and biological agents and can be applied in aerosol form on masks and protective clothing (Ramakrishna et al., 2005). Furthermore, they can be used to develop clothing for use in flammable and potentially explosive environments (Hains et al., 2003). Nanofibers, such as those developed by Sheikha et al. (2011) made from polyurethane containing copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) made by electrospinning process have potential application in the development of nonflammable clothing. ...
The application of nanotechnology can improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials by reducing their particle size and increasing their contact surface area and reactivity. One of the most active areas of nanoscience research and development is food packaging. The use of nanostructured materials, such as nanofibers in food packaging can potentiate their functional characteristics. The development of polymeric nanofibers that are capable of improving the barrier and antimicrobial properties of materials is promising. These nanostructures may also be employed in nanosensor development for the detection and monitoring of food conditions during transport and storage. The aim of the chapter is to discuss the application and acquisition of polymeric nanofibers for food packaging development through the electrospining technique.
... In contrast, the soft segments usually consist of polyethers, polybutadienes or polyesters, which are responsible for the formation of elastomeric domains that provide flexibility and elastic recovery to the polymer. The chemical, mechanical and biocompatibility properties of PUs prompted the study of these polymers for biomedical applications since the 1960's [9][10], resulting in current commercial products that include cardiovascular devices, breast implant linings, catheters and others [11], while other polyurethanes could potentially be used as biosensors, protective clothing and tissue engineering applications [11][12][13][14]. ...
This work suggested the efficient use of MWCNTs to impart high mechanical properties to nanofibers and while maintaining the toxicity of the materials.•The mechanical properties of the nanofibers can be improved by introducing 2% of MWCNTs, above this point the mechanical property is reduced in nanofibers fabricated from Tecoflex® EG 80A.•The presence of MWCNTs in the nanofibers reflecting the successful electrospining event can be ascertained by FT-IR, Raman, and TEM.•The nanofibers obtained while introducing MWCNTs represent no toxic behavior to cultured fibroblast.
... A nano-fibrous shape strongly modifies the characteristics of any polymer, to make it utilizable for proper area of use. Therefore, polymer nanofibers of PU have also been utilized in various fields: biosensors, protective cloths, and epithelial enhancing material [14][15][16]. Thus, given the advantageous features of electrospinning, there are some reports that use this versatile technique to form nanofibers consisting of HAp. ...
In the present study, we had introduced polyurethane (PU) nanofibers that contain hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles (NPs) as a result of an electrospinning process. A simple method that does not depend on additional foreign chemicals had been employed to synthesize HAp NPs through the calcination of bovine bones. Typically, a colloidal gel consisting of HAp/PU had been electrospun to form nanofibers. In this communication, physiochemical aspects of prepared nanofibers were characterized by FE-SEM, TEM and TEM-EDS, which confirmed that nanofibers were well-oriented and good dispersion of HAp NPs, over the prepared nanofibers. Parameters, affecting the utilization of the prepared nanofibers in various nano-biotechnological fields have been studied; for instance, the bioactivity of the produced nanofiber mats was investigated while incubating in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results from incubation of nanofibers, indicated that incorporation of HAp strongly activates the precipitation of the apatite-like particles, because of the HAp NPs act as seed, that accelerate crystallization of the biological HAp from the utilized SBF.
... Moreover, it can be used as efficient biomaterial. Recently, it has been explored that PU nanofibers have tremendous applications in various fields; biosensors [22], protective cloths [23], and enhancing epithelial growth [24]. There are various articles regarding electrospinning of modified PU to be used as antimicrobial fibers [25][26]. ...
In the present study, we aimed to represent a novel approach to fabricate polyurethane nanofibers containing copper nanoparticles (NPs) by simple electrospinning process. A simple method, not depending on additional foreign chemicals, has been employed to utilize prepared copper NPs in polyurethane nanofibers. Typically, a colloidal gel consisting of copper NPs and polyurethane has been electrospun. SEM-EDX and TEM results confirmed well oriented nanofibers and good dispersion of pure copper NPs. Copper NPs have diameter in the range of 5–10nm. The thermal stability of the synthesized nanofibers was examined for identifying the proper settlement of copper NPs among the nanofibers, according to the concentrations used in original solutions. Furthermore, XRD results well demonstrated crystalline feature of copper NPs. Model microorganisms Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtillus had been used to check the antimicrobial efficacy of these nanofiber mats. Subsequently, antimicrobial tests have indicated that the prepared nanofibers do posses good bactericidal effect. Accordingly, it is noted that the obtained nanofiber mats can be used as future filter membranes with good antimicrobial activities.
... The aim to choose PU is, it has a good spinnability on roller electrospinning system and Polyurethane (PU) is thermoplastic polymer having excellent mechanical properties and water insolubility. PU is a pure polymer and has many application area such as filtration, medical application, biosensors, protective clothes, antimicrobacterial fibers, etc. [3][4][5][6][7]. ...
One of the most important parameter is Taylor cone structure on the roller electrospinning method such as number of Taylor cone and life of jet. During electrospinning process, these parameters are affected directly spinning performance or efficiency. In this work we prepared Polyurethane / Dimethylformamide (DMF) polymer solutions and their tetraethylenamonyumbromur (TEAB) salt solutions. Then, we spun solutions via roller electrospinning. During the process we recorded roller surface and determined Taylor cone number and life of jet (in second). As a result we understood that life of Taylor cones are depended on number of Taylor cone. Whilst Taylor cone numbers were high, the life of jet had been low.
Polyurethanes synthesized using both unmodified and epoxidized, ring opened castor oil as a polyol were prepared and their thermal properties tested using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Chemical changes upon degradation were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The kinetics of degradation were elucidated using the Flynn-Wall and Flynn procedures. Epoxidized castor oil produces a rigid polyurethane exhibiting glassy behavior at ambient temperatures. All methods to determine activation energy of degradation indicate that, in a nitrogen environment, polyurethanes from unmodified castor oil are more thermally stable than those from modified castor oil. The appearance of peaks corresponding to amines, amides, and esters in FITR analysis of degraded samples suggests that the initial degradation step of the polyurethanes studied is the breaking of the urcthanc bond.
In this study, a novel polyurethane (PU) nanofibrous mat doped with Ag-CoF NPs has been synthesized by electrospinning technique in which the in situ reduction of Ag+ into Ag NPs was achieved by utilizing the reduction ability of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), which played dual roles as a solvent and reducing agent. Typically, solgel consisting of CoF/PU and AgNO3 was stirred for 3 h and electrospun. The crystalline structure and uniform distribution of Ag-CoF NPs in/on PU NFs were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. Two organic dyes, MB and RhB, were used to investigate the photocatalytic activity of the nanofibrous mat under visible light irradiation.
Electrical resistance of jute canvas, hessian and cross-laid needle-punched nonwoven fabrics has been measured in a laboratory made set-up. Effect of gauge length, voltage, moisture, fibre orientation, temperature, area density has been studied and analysed. It is observed that electrical resistance increases with the increase in gauge length and decreases with the increase in input voltage, moisture, temperature and area density. Jute hessian, canvas and nonwoven fabrics show the resistance value in descending order. Length-wise electrical resistance is higher than width-wise resistance of jute needle-punched nonwoven fabric, whereas in case of canvas and hessian the effect is reversed. 1 Introduction The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady electrical current. The resistance of an object determines the amount of current passing through the object for a given potential difference across the object in accordance with Ohm's law (I=V/R), where R is the resistance in ohm; V, the potential difference across the object in volts; and I, the current in ampere. For a long time, different textile materials are used as insulator. From the ancient age, the conductive wire is wrapped with cotton or silk yarns for insulation. The use of textile material has been reduced with the extensive use of synthetic polymers. It has reduced the cost of insulation also. But still there is enough scope of using textile material as insulator where heat is generated during current flow through wire in high voltage because heat can melt the polymeric insulator. It can be used in case of high voltage phenomenon where high current passes through conductor. Specially designed textile material can also be used as gloves, jackets (apron) for electrical work or as floor covering in the room where high voltage electrical appliances are kept.
In this study we have introduced for the first time a new class of bionanocomposite scaffold composed of virgin olive oil/poly(urethane) blend system decorated with silver nanoparticles via single mode electrospinning approach. Olive oil is a natural material that contains vitamin E, antioxidants and phenol that affect cytokine production by skin cells when applied topically and help in recovery process when skin damage occurs. Herein, we standardized optimal concentration (5%) of olive oil to get spinable solution for fabrication of oil blended nanofiberous membranes. The fabricated bionanocomposite membranes were characterized through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction pattern to study effect of olive oil on morphological and molecular behavior. The antimicrobial effects, viability and proliferation of as-spun bionanocomposite was studied using Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts as model strain and cell line respectively. The SEM-EDX and XRD results confirmed well oriented nanofibers and good dispersion of oil. The outcome of results also indicated that incorporation of olive oil in polymer media affected both the morphology and size of PU nanofiber membranes. The bionanocomposite was able to inhibit the growth of E. coli and revealed non-cytotoxic behavior towards the fibroblast cell culture. Thus the olive oil blended scaffold embedded with silver nanoparticles could be used as a prospective antimicrobial agent which can potentially reduce wound contamination and simultaneously help in wound healing process. Finally, our results clearly indicate the potential of designing bionanocomposite as medicated bandages for skin diseases, burns and damaged skin treatment.
The electrical resistance of jute needle-punched non-woven fabric has been studied. Statistical model using central composite rotatable experimental design is developed for electrical resistance depending on the three important parameters of needled non-woven fabric, i.e. punch density, depth of needle penetration and mass per unit area. From this model and its contour diagrams, the effects of different parameters can be understood on electrical resistance of those fabrics. Prediction of electrical resistance can be made knowing the values of independent parameters. The correlation coefficients between observed and predicted values are found to be significant in all the cases. As depth of needle penetration increases for a particular punch density, electrical resistance increases and after reaching to maximum, it decreases having optimum at about 140 punches/cm and 12 mm depth of needle penetration. With the increase of area density, resistance decreases. As punch density increases for a particular area density, resistance increases for high needle penetration.
In this study, a new class of polyurethane (PU) nanofibers containing silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized by electrospinning.
A simple method that did not depending on additional foreign chemicals was used to self synthesize the silver NPs in/on PU
nanofibers. The synthesis of silver NPs was carried out by exploiting the reduction ability of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF),
which is used mainly to decompose silver nitrate to silver NPs. Typically, a sol-gel consisting of AgNO3/PU was electrospun and aged for one week. Silver NPs were created in/on PU nanofibers. SEM confirmed the well oriented nanofibers
and good dispersion of pure silver NPs. TEM indicated that the Ag NPs were 5 to 20 nm in diameter. XRD demonstrated the good
crystalline features of silver metal. The mechanical properties of the nanofiber mats showed improvement with increasing silver
NPs content. The fixedness of the silver NPs obtained on PU nanofibers was examined by harsh successive washing of the as-prepared
mats using a large amount of water. The results confirmed the good stability of the synthesized nanofiber mats. Two model
organisms,E. coli andS. typhimurium, were used to check the antimicrobial influence of these nanofiber mats. Subsequently, antimicrobial tests indicated that
the prepared nanofibers have a high bactericidal effect. Accordingly, these results highlight the potential use of these nanofiber
mats as antimicrobial agents.
Generally, polymer solution or sol–gel is used to produce electrospun nanofibers via the electrospinning technique. In the utilized sol–gel, the metallic precursor should be soluble in a proper solvent since it has to hydrolyze and polycondensate in the final solution; this strategy straitens the applications of the electrospinning process and limits the category of the electrospinnable materials. In this study, we are discussing electrospinning of a colloidal solution process as an alternative strategy. We have utilized many solid nanopowders and different polymers as well. All the examined colloids have been successfully electrospun. According to the SEM and FE SEM analyses for the obtained nanofiber mats, the polymeric nanofibers could imprison the small nanoparticles; however, the big size ones were observed attaching the nanofiber mats. Successfully, the proposed strategy could be exploited to prepare polymeric nanofibers incorporating metal nanoparticles which might have interesting properties compared with the pristine. For instance, PCL/Ti nanofiber mats exhibited good bioactivity compared with pristine PCL. The proposed strategy can be considered as an innovated methodology to prepare a new class of the electrospun nanofiber mats which cannot be obtained by the conventional electrospinning technique.
Adsorption ability and antibacterial activity could be created in a single electrospun nanofiber mat. Activated carbon/silver-doped polyurethane electrospun nanofiber mats have been introduced as a novel multifunction nanostructural material. Production of the introduced mat could be achieved by electrospinning of a colloidal solution from polyurethane containing activated carbon nanoparticles and silver nitrate. The high electric field and the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide, which is used as a solvent, led to reduced silver precursor in the silver nanoparticles. The introduced mat revealed good adsorption ability toward methylene blue dye. The presence of silver nanoparticles resulted in good antibacterial activity for the introduced mat since a piece of the mat could completely eliminate Escherichia coli bacteria. Overall, according to the utilized physiochemical characterizations, the introduced mat can be used as a mask or filter media.
In this study, we are introducing a new class of Polyurethane (PU) nanofibers containing silver nanoparticles (NPs) by electrospinning. A simple method not depending on the addition of foreign chemicals has been used to self-synthesize of silver NPs in/on PU nanofibers. Typically, a sol−gel consisting of AgNO3/PU/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been electrospun and aged for a week, so silver NPs have been created in/on PU nanofibers. Syntheses of silver NPs were carried out by exploiting the reduction ability of the DMF solvent which is the main constituent to obtain PU electrospun nanofibers in decomposition of silver nitrate precursor into silver NPs. Physiochemical characterizations confirmed well oriented nanofibers and good dispersing of pure silver NPs. Various parameters affecting utilizing of the prepared nanofibers on various nano-biotechnological fields have been studied. For instance, the obtained nanofiber mats were checked for mechanical properties which showed the improvement of the tensile strength upon increase in silver NPs content. Moreover, the nanofibers were subjected to 10 times successive washing experiments with using solid to liquid ratio of 3 : 5000 for 25 h, UV spectroscopy analysis reveals no losses of silver NPs from the PU nanofibers. 3T3-L1 fibroblasts were cultured in presence of the designed nanofibers. The morphological features of the cells attached on nanofibers were examined by BIO-SEM, which showed well attachment of cells to fibrous mats. The cytotoxicity results indicated absence of toxic effect on the 3T3-L1 cells after cell culturing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Statički elektricitet u tekstilu - nastajanje, mjerenje i uklanjanje
- R Čunko
Anwendungsorientierte Prufung des elektrostatischen Verhaltens von Textilien, August 2000
- G. Schmeer - Lioe
Einfluss der elektrostatischen Aufladung beim Lagenlege- und Zuschnittprozess in der Konfektion, Textiltechnik
- I Schwager
- Nestler R.
Pruefung von Textilien; elektrostatisches Verhalten; Bestimmung des dielektrischen Widerstandes an Streifen aus textilen Flaechengebilden Protective clothing-electrostatic properties, Part 1: surface resistivity test methods and requirements
- C Unko
C ˇ unko, R. (1988), " Statič elektricitet u tekstilu -nastajanje, mjerenje i uklanjanje ", Tekstil, Vol. 37 No. 12, p. 703. DIN 54345 Teil 1 (1985), Pruefung von Textilien; elektrostatisches Verhalten; Bestimmung elektrischer Widerstandgroessen. DIN 54345 Teil 5 (1985), Pruefung von Textilien; elektrostatisches Verhalten; Bestimmung des dielektrischen Widerstandes an Streifen aus textilen Flaechengebilden. EN 1149-1 (1995), Protective clothing-electrostatic properties, Part 1: surface resistivity test methods and requirements. Schmeer -Lioe, G., (2000), Anwendungsorientierte Prufung des elektrostatischen Verhaltens von Textilien, August 2000, Vol. 43, p. 182. Schwager, I. and Nestler R. (1984), Einfluss der elektrostatischen Aufladung beim Lagenlege-und Zuschnittprozess in der Konfektion, Textiltechnik Vol. 34 No. 10, p. 540.