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Abstract
In a pair of studies, college students and community members told autobiographical narratives about the most serious lie they ever told or the most serious lie that was ever told to them. Most serious lies were told by or to participants' closest relationship partners. Participants reported telling their serious lies to get what they wanted or to do what they felt they were entitled to do, to avoid punishment, to protect themselves from confrontation, to appear to be the type of person they wished they were, to protect others, and to hurt others. The degree to which the liars and targets felt distressed about the lies differed significantly across these 7 different types of lies. Systematic variations in the kinds of serious lies described by different subgroups of participants suggest that serious lies may be indicative of the life tasks that are most significant to those groups.
... In some cases, overly hon-61 est deviations from social norms can ironically be viewed 62 as suspicious or deceptive (Bond et al., 1992) (Kaplar & Gordon, 2004). When people in relationships 72 discover serious deceit by their partners, the reaction can 73 be severe, sometimes resulting in dissolution of the rela-74 tionship (DePaulo et al., 2004;Kaplar & Gordon, 2004). 75 When lies are told to conceal transgressions within close 76 interpersonal relationships, they are often perceived as 77 reprehensible, and consequently often lead to difficulty in 78 restoring trust (Schweitzer, Hershey, & Bradlow, 2006 (Boon & McLeod, 2001). ...
... lies are usually told with a lower frequency in close rela-Kashy, 1998). On the other hand, people are more apt to 66 tell serious lies within the context of close relationships 67 in order to conceal relational misdeeds and transgres-68 sions(DePaulo et al., 2004). People who were asked to 69 recall lies told by their romantic partner often reported 70 a serious lie, such as infidelity, rather than everyday lies ...
In this study, men and women were surveyed about their attitudes toward the use of white lies and other forms of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We predicted that people would be more accepting of telling lies than of having lies told to them. Furthermore, we predicted that women would be more accepting than men of benevolent deception in their romantic relationships. We found that people were more tolerant of telling benevolent lies than they were of being told such lies. However, we found that men, not women, were more accepting of benevolent deception in their relationships.
... Despite the fact that many of our interactions occur with people with whom we share differing degrees of social closeness, little is known about the role that social closeness plays in decisions to break or keep promises. This is essential because fulfilling agreements with colleagues of different levels of social closenesssuch as work colleagues or friends-can have an impact on the consolidation of interpersonal relationships (Henrich and Henrich 2007), and breaking the promises can also destroy relationships and damage one's reputation (DePaulo et al. 2004). ...
Making a promise involves a fairly fast yet complicated assessment of potential outcomes. Outside of the immediate consideration of the benefit of keeping the promise versus the cost of breaking it, one also needs to assess whether to pay a cost for keeping it or obtaining a gain for breaking it. Often this decision is compounded with the interpersonal relations and social closeness of the interaction. However, the impact of social closeness on our decisions in the context of keeping promises has not been explored. As our interactions occur with people with whom we share differing degrees of social closeness, it is fundamental to understand how these different social contexts can impact our decisions. We investigated whether the decision to keep or break a promise can be modulated by the degree of social closeness between the promisor and promisee. The participants in the experiment played a trust game with three partners: a computer, a stranger, or a friend. The game consisted of making a promise to their partners and subsequently deciding between paying a cost to keep it or obtaining a benefit for breaking it. The experiment allowed us to independently evaluate the effect that promises and social closeness have on the decision to cooperate. Using Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling, we found that, in accordance to our prediction, as social closeness increases, the probability of breaking the promise decreases. We also found that participants could not be assigned into honest or dishonest categories, as the decision to keep promises was modulated by latent commitment. Our findings suggest that the benefits of breaking a promise are evaluated depending on the familiarity of the affected person and that high social closeness might add more utility to follow through on a promise.
... dagboek is gebaseerd op de Lying Frequency Questionnaire en reeds uitgevoerd leugen-en emotie-onderzoek (e.g. Arcimowicz et al., 2015;Bradley & Lang, 1994;DePaulo, 2004;DePaulo, Ansfield, Kirkendol, & Boden, 2004;DePaulo, Kashy, Kirkendol, Wyer, & Epstein, 1996;Ekman, 1997;Gneezy, 2005;Gozna, 2001;Jonason et al., 2014;Serota & Levine, 2015;Spidel, 2002;Spidel et al., 2011). Het dagboek bestaat uit 10 items. ...
Deceptie of misleiding is een ruim gedefinieerd construct dat door menig auteur als één van de belangrijkste kenmerken van psychopathie wordt beschouwd (Babiak & Hare, 2006; Cleckley, 1988). Het is echter onduidelijk welke deceptiecomponenten aan psychopathie gerelateerd zijn en hoe individuen met psychopathische trekken deceptie ervaren. Het doel van de huidige studie was om het verband tussen psychopathie, sociale wenselijkheid, impressiemanagement, zelfdeceptie, leugenfrequentie, gevoelens tijdens en na het liegen en leugenmotieven te onderzoeken. Het onderzoek werd door middel van een survey uitgevoerd in de algemene populatie (N = 671). Een onderdeel van deze steekproef (n = 197) nam deel aan een leugendagboekstudie. Psychopathie werd gemeten aan de hand van de Self-Report Psychopathy scale Short Form (Paulhus et al., 2016) en de Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (Patrick, 2010). Sociale wenselijkheid werd gemeten met de Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised: Lie Scale (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1991) en de Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding V6 (Paulhus, 1994). Ten slotte werd leugenachtig gedrag onderzocht aan de hand van de Lying Frequency Questionnaire (Serota et al., 2010) en een Anagramleugentaak (Wiltermuth, 2011). De resultaten tonen aan dat psychopathie negatief geassocieerd is met sociale wenselijkheid en impressiemanagement maar dat het verband met zelfdeceptie inconsistent is. Daarnaast liegen individuen met psychopathische trekken vaker, ze ervaren positievere emoties tijdens en na het liegen en vertonen een positievere attitude ten aanzien van liegen. Verder bleek dat zij meer liegen omwille van de voordelen of om straf te vermijden. Tot slot worden de theoretische en forensische implicaties besproken in de discussie.
... Fewer inconsequential lies occur in close and important relationships compared to fleeting ones or those with acquaintances. However, the former category of relationships exhibits a greater number of lies judged as serious by the liars and the lied-to (DePAULO & BELL, 1996;DePAULO & KASHY, 1998;DePAULO, ANSFIELD, KIRKENDOL & BODEN, 2004). The effect of lying on the perception of the quality, closeness and durability of the relationship linking the liar and the lied-to is distinct, and generally involves a greater negative impact on close relationships. ...
accessible from http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1503318
This article presents findings of qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with a group of "frequent liars" and another of "rare liars" who provided their subjective perspectives on the phenomenon of lying. Participants in this study previously had maintained a diary of their social interactions and lies over the course of one week, which allowed to assign them to one of the two groups: frequent or rare liars. Thematic analysis of the material followed by elements of theory formulation resulted in an extended lying typology that includes not only the target of the lie (the liar vs. other) but also the motivation (protection vs. bringing benefits). We offer an analysis of what prevents from telling the truth, i.e. penalties, relationship losses, distress of the lied-to, and anticipated lack of criticism for telling the truth. We also focus on understanding moderators of consequences of lying (significance of the area of life, the type of lie and capacity to understand the liar) that can be useful in future studies.
This research furthers understanding of the factors that induce individuals to choose deception. Its goals were to expand and test a recent account of the cognition of deception, Activation–Decision–Construction–Action Theory (ADCAT), in a mock job interview inviting impromptu deception. Decisions to lie are hypothesized to depend on the truth and other information activated from long-term memory by the social context. Activated information then guides evaluation of the likely costs of truth telling and benefits of deception; 166 college students participated in the job interview, who learned about the position and then adopted the role of job applicants. Afterward, participants shared their thoughts when responding to five questions from the interview. The most important findings are that the negative expectations of sharing truths and the positive expectations of sharing deceptions each account for unique variance in deciding to lie. Implications for lie reduction and detection are considered.Copyright
Computer-mediated deception threatens the security of online users’ private and personal information. Previous research confirms that humans are bad lie detectors, while demonstrating that certain observable linguistic features can provide crucial cues to detect deception. We designed and conducted an experiment that creates spontaneous deception scenarios in an interactive online game environment. Logistic regression, and certain classification methodologies were applied to analyzing data collected during fall 2014 through spring 2015. Our findings suggest that certain language-action cues (e.g., cognitive load, affective process, latency, and wordiness) reveal patterns of information behavior manifested by deceivers in spontaneous online communication. Moreover, computational approaches to analyzing these language-action cues can provide significant accuracy in detecting computer-mediated deception.
While deception is generally viewed as an undesirable and unethical action, people evaluate some lies as more detrimental than others. This study examined factors influencing deception assessments, including the seriousness of the lie and whom it benefits. The effect of an intergroup versus an interpersonal context for the lie was examined. Utilizing 24 vignettes varying in terms of these conditions, 259 participants evaluated a lie’s appropriateness, deceptiveness, and complexity. Altruistic and white lies were viewed as less deceptive and more acceptable than self-serving and more consequential lies. Lies evaluated as least acceptable were interpersonal, serious, and self-serving compared to altruistic lies and those embedded in an intergroup context. Intergroup and interpersonal deceptions are recognized as distinct forms of lying and are evaluated differently.
In study 1 an introduction to the research on moral self-regulation is provided alongside with an explanation of the two manifestations of moral self-regulation: moral licensing and moral cleansing. At the core of the first study is an experiment which was designed to identify moral licensing and cleansing in the domain of honesty. The experiment merges relevant studies from social psychology and experimental economics. It assesses the question if moral self-regulation exists within the domain of honesty or more precisely, if the truth and lies are told in such a way as to balance each other out. After manipulating participants’ moral balances (either positively or negatively), rates of truth-telling are compared to a neutral baseline scenario. Since neither moral licensing nor moral cleansing is observed, the results provide no support to the initial hypothesis that moral self-regulation exists within the domain of honesty.
Study 2 builds on these results and discusses possible reasons for the absence of moral self-regulation. The research on moral hypocrisy and self-concept maintenance are presented and discussed as possible explanations. In order to shed more light on participants’ behavior, a coding procedure is presented that was used on the dataset from study 1. This approach makes it possible to quantify participants’ handwritten stories that resulted from the moral manipulation in study 1 and gain more insights on how truth-telling and lying affect the moral balance. By analyzing (dis)honesty on a more detailed level, results show that participants tend to act consistent to what they revealed about themselves in their stories.
Study 3 links together aspects of moral self-regulation, moral hypocrisy and impression management. The "looting game" is presented which lets participants loot money from a charity box being subject to altruistic punishment from observers. For their punishment decision observers are provided with a history of participants’ past actions. This design allows to assess how misconduct, punishment and the creation of a favorable impression interact and ultimately impact profits. The results indicate that moral cleansing, and not the desire to trick observers, is the reason for manipulation. Participants who loot money from the charity box do not expect to receive less punishment, rather they simply want to present a more favorable picture of themselves. On the other hand, observers fully account for the possibility of manipulation and tend to disregard a manipulated history. The looting game therefore brings the hypothesis into question that impressions are managed and manipulated to increase profits.
In this study, we investigated therapists’ beliefs about indicators of deception and attitudes toward client deception. We recruited interns and licensed psychologists from various accredited internship sites. They completed a demographics questionnaire, the Detection of Deception Questionnaire, and the Therapist Attitudes Toward Deception measure. The questionnaires measured therapists’ beliefs and attitudes towards client deception. The results indicated that therapists possessed a small number of accurate beliefs about indicators of deception and held a number of negative attitudes toward deceptive clients. Findings also revealed that therapists reported being deceptive with clients. Implications for training and practice are discussed.
With the proliferating use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), deception is increasingly being perpetrated through technology-mediated channels. Deception can result in substantial costs to individuals and organizations. However, the mechanisms by which ICT capabilities influence the detection of deception remain largely unexplored. This paper discusses how specific ICT capabilities can be leveraged to detect deception before, during and after the exchange of deceptive messages. We develop an integrated theoretical model and detail propositions grouped under two broad media capabilities—transmissibility and extensibility—derived from Saussurean structuralist theory that views ideas and artifacts in terms of binary opposition. Further, our theoretical model includes two key contingencies that affect deception detection—the overtness of deception and the skill disparity between the deceiver and the receiver. Finally, we conclude by discussing the implications of our theory for practice and offer suggestions for future research.
An ironic issue has emerged in research on the psychology of relationships. On the one hand, numerous theories and considerable research suggest that satisfying and intimate relationships with family members, friends, and loved ones not only contribute to happiness, well-being, adjustment, and perhaps even physical health (e.g., Bowlby, 1973), but indeed, such relationships may be critical for both individual and species survival (e.g., Hogan, 1982; Hogan, Jones, & Cheek, 1985). Similarly, it has been widely suggested that one’s social support network—defined as the persons with whom one has more or less regular contact and who provide information, comfort, and assistance—mediates the effects of stress (Cohen & Syme, 1985; Sarason & Sarason, 1984).
In 2 diary studies, 77 undergraduates and 70 community members recorded their social interactions and lies for a week. Because lying violates the openness and authenticity that people value in their close relationships, we predicted (and found) that participants would tell fewer lies per social interaction to the people to whom they felt closer and would feel more uncomfortable when they did lie to those people. Because altruistic lies can communicate caring, we also predicted (and found) that relatively more of the lies told to best friends and friends would be altruistic than self-serving, whereas the reverse would be true of lies told to acquaintances and strangers. Also consistent with predictions, lies told to closer partners were more often discovered.
The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication examines the multifunctional ways in which seemingly productive communication can be destructive-and vice versa-and explores the many ways in which dysfunctional interpersonal communication operates across a variety of personal relationship contexts. This second edition of Brian Spitzberg and William Cupach's classic volume presents new chapters and topics, along with updates of several chapters in the earlier edition, all in the context of surveying the scholarly landscape for new and important avenues of investigation. Offering much new content, this volume features internationally renowned scholars addressing such compelling topics as uncertainty and secrecy in relationships; the role of negotiating self in cyberspace; criticism and complaints; teasing and bullying; infidelity and relational transgressions; revenge; and adolescent physical aggression toward parents. The chapters are organized thematically and offer a range of perspectives from both junior scholars and seasoned academics. By posing questions at the micro and macro levels, The Dark Side of Interpersonal Communication draws closer to a perspective in which the darker sides and brighter sides of human experience are better integrated in theory and research. Appropriate for scholars, practitioners, and students in communication, social psychology, sociology, counseling, conflict, personal relationships, and related areas, this book is also useful as a text in graduate courses on interpersonal communication, ethics, and other special topics. © 2007 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Twenty students participated in this study in which white lies were collected and coded for analysis. Overall, findings confirm previous findings that lies are often used to cope with difficulties in unequal power relationships. (PD)