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'Love is in the air': Effects of songs with romantic lyrics on compliance with a courtship request
Abstract
Previous research has shown that exposure to various media is correlated to variations in human behaviour. Exposure to aggressive song lyrics increases aggressive action whereas exposure to songs with prosocial lyrics is associated with prosocial behaviour. An experiment was carried out where 18-20-year-old single female participants were exposed to romantic lyrics or to neutral ones while waiting for the experiment to start. Five minutes later, the participant interacted with a young male confederate in a marketing survey. During a break, the male confederate asked the participant for her phone number. It was found that women previously exposed to romantic lyrics complied with the request: more readily than women exposed to the neutral ones. The theoretical implication of our results for the General Learning Model is discussed.
... Catecholamines, or adrenaline and noradrenaline, is secreted from the adrenal glands when there is fear, restlessness and anxiety, which causes hypertension and heart rate (20). Surprisingly, the music reduces the release of this anxiolytic substance, and as a result, its function in the body decreases blood pressure and heart rate and therefore, it causes muscle relaxation and ultimately functional satisfaction (21). ...
Background
Women with perfect health are strong foundations of a healthy and prosperous family life and suppressing the natural needs of women will have adverse effects on the intimacy and vitality of family members especially in the field of sexual function. This study aimed to determine the effect of guided imagery and music (GIM) on the level of sexual function in women with sexual dysfunction.
Methods
This study was performed as a clinical trial on 72 women of reproductive age with sexual dysfunction (two 36-individual groups) referred to comprehensive health centers in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was conducted in a convenience way and by step-by-step stages of guided imagery and music. No special intervention was performed in the control group. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics questionnaire and standard questionnaire of female sexual function index. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software using descriptive and analytical statistics with 95% confidence level.
Result
There was no statistically significant difference in sexual function and demographic characteristics before the intervention between the two groups (Pvalue > 0.05). The results demonstrated that the overall score of sexual function in the intervention subjects was better than the control group. (Pvalue < 0.05) Improvement of sexual function dimensions (desire, arousal, orgasm) were also significant in the intervention group compared to the control group (Pvalue < 0.05).
Conclusion
Guided imagery and music (GIM) can be effective in improving women sexual function. This technique is recommended for reproductive age women with sexual dysfunction or women who want to enhance sexual function.
... Catecholamines, or adrenaline and noradrenaline, is secreted from the adrenal glands when there is fear, restlessness and anxiety, which causes hypertension and heart rate (20). Surprisingly, the music reduces the release of this anxiolytic substance, and as a result, its function in the body decreases blood pressure and heart rate and therefore, it causes muscle relaxation and ultimately functional satisfaction (21). ...
Introduction: Women with perfect health are strong foundations of a healthy and prosperous family life and suppressing the natural needs of women will have adverse effects on the intimacy and vitality of family members especially in the field of sexual function. This study aimed to determine the effect of guided imagery and music (GIM) on the level of sexual function in women with sexual dysfunction.
Method: This study was performed as a clinical trial on 72 women of reproductive age with sexual dysfunction (two 36-individual groups) referred to comprehensive health centers in Isfahan, Iran. Sampling was conducted in a convenience way and by step-by-step stages of guided imagery and music. No special intervention was performed in the control group. Data collection tools were demographic characteristics questionnaire and standard questionnaire of female sexual function index. Data analysis was performed by SPSS software using descriptive and analytical statistics with 95% confidence level.
Results: There was no statistically significant difference in sexual function and demographic characteristics before the intervention between the two groups (Pvalue >0.05). The results demonstrated that the overall score of sexual function in the intervention subjects was better than the control group. (Pvalue <0.05) Improvement of sexual function dimensions (desire, arousal, orgasm) were also significant in the intervention group compared to the control group (Pvalue <0.05).
Conclusion: Guided imagery and music (GIM) can be effective in improving women sexual function. This technique is recommended for reproductive age women with sexual dysfunction or women who want to enhance sexual function.
... Future research should also compare exposure to songs (i.e., musical and verbal content combined) against purely musical content to understand interactions between verbal and musical content. Relevant verbal content might be explicitly tolerancepromoting messages, or more typical (but also humanizing) messages such as the love song we used (Guéguen et al., 2010). Such research would need to pay close attention to verbal communication factors that uniquely influence prejudice (e.g., accent-associated language attitudes; Dragojevic et al., 2017). ...
This study examined whether stereotypes of warmth and competence can be changed through exposure to outgroup musical behavior. We hypothesized that exposure to an outgroup musician would result in more perceived outgroup warmth, reduced intergroup anxiety, and more pro-diversity attitudes relative to nonmusical outgroup exposure, and that these effects would be mediated by target warmth, synchronization, empathy, and trust. The hypotheses were tested in the context of anti-Asian prejudice early in the COVID19 pandemic. We found substantial support for our mediator predictions: experimental exposure to an Asian musician yielded more positive warmth and synchronization perceptions, for instance, than exposure to an Asian nonmusician. Those perceptions were subsequently associated with more positive perceptions of Asians as a group.
... Primary considerations regarding musical inclusion into romantic relationships have noted that music provides aspects of initiating, stability, and enhancing of connections. For instance, one study validated how music positively impacts courtship behaviours (Guéguen, Jacob, & Lamy, 2010). Another study supported the notion that music supports stability within marriages (Laurenceau, Barrett, & Rovine, 2005). ...
It is believed that conflict exists on a spectrum, which holds interest for many relationship researchers. However, it is not well understood how music is utilised within couples when they engage in conflict, considering music has been known to assist in reducing physiological, emotional, and social regulation. The proposed study explored how music was utilised in times of conflict for couples through a grounded theory approach. The main themes that emerged were: variability of choice, knowledge of partner's habits, communication, similarity of style, relational distance, repair attempt, music utilisation as relational engagement, emotional regulation, and hopeful togetherness. These themes are presented in a theoretical model of how couples utilise music to regulate social, emotional, and biological domains of their relationship.
... For instance, it has been claimed that prosocial lyrics can lead to prosocial behaviour [30,31,32], although that finding cannot always be replicated [33]. The effect of lyrics on behaviour is not unique to prosocial lyrics, as studies have found that aggressive lyrics can lead to more aggression, romantic lyrics can lead to increased compliance in a courtship request [34] and misogyny can be decreased using pro-equality lyrics [35]. However, all of these studies use experimental settings with predetermined music with lyrics as stimuli, which is far different from the experience of listening to music in real life. ...
Previous research has supported that personality traits can act to a precursor to media preferences. Due to the ongoing association between morality and media preferences in public and political discourse (e.g., blaming immoral behaviours on media preferences), this research sought to expand the knowledge about factors that contribute to media preferences by investigating if moral reasoning styles explain some of the variance that was not already explained by personality traits. A specific form of media preferences were chosen – lyrical preferences in metal music – as claims between metal lyrical themes and behaviour have been ongoing since the 1980s, despite a lack of empirical evidence to support these claims. A lyrical preferences scale was developed, and utilizing this scale, it was found that different types of metal fans exhibit different moral reasoning styles dependent on their metal sub-genre identification. Further, it was found that moral reasoning styles explain a portion of the variance in lyrical preferences that weren’t already explained by personality traits. In particular, lyrical preferences were often thematically consistent with moral reasoning content and personality traits, such as that individuals that preferred lyrics about celebrating metal culture and unity had higher levels of the group loyalty moral reasoning domain alongside being higher in extraversion. The implications of moral reasoning styles and personality traits as being precursors to media preferences are discussed.
This Chapter “Models of rational love” presents realistic and pragmatic models of love, which are opposites of romantic models. They have been common in real life of people throughout centuries. The modern scholarship has elaborated several specific rational models, which consider love in light of such characteristics as investment, social, and economic exchange. The communal and equitable models of love are juxtaposed here—they are rational, yet different from others in the group. This chapter also describes such psychologically disengaged love, which can be labeled as role-play, gamified, and ludus models of love. They came under the umbrella term of performing models because they are the exhibiting and demonstrative ways of love, rather than really experiencing ones. Their joy is the joy of an actor and gambler.KeywordsRational loveRealistic lovePragmatic loveIdeal loveChoice in loveIdealistic perception in loveRealistic perception in loveLove as actionLove through doingLove as exchangeMobility in loveLove as investmentEmotional investment in loveCommunal loveEquitable loveEquity in loveEquality in loveLove as a playLove as a gameLove as performanceFlirting in lovePlayful loveMating gameSexual gameRelationship gameLudus loveLove as manipulationLove as conquering
Video games can have many effects on players, some of which could be intentional effects (e.g., games designed to train health compliance behaviors), and most of which are unintentional (e.g., violent games, stereotypes, gaming disorder). Some of these areas of research have been seen as controversial, but many of the controversies can be at least partially resolved by considering the learning mechanisms underlying the effects. We describe the General Learning Model in greater detail than has been provided elsewhere, including short-term and long-term mechanisms, processes of learning and forgetting, and moderators of learning. Video games use many of the best practices to train for both mastery and for transfer of learning. The implications for re-interpreting the literature on violent video games and gaming disorder, as well as for applied social psychology broadly defined, are discussed.
Listening to music can arouse a variety of affective responses. The study of this phenomenon has flourished during the last two decades, particularly thanks to the contribution of the BRECVEMA theory and the Multifactorial Process Model. Nevertheless, these theoretical frameworks have neglected the symbolic dimension of music, and the effect of situational factors. The first aim of this article is to overcome these shortcomings by proposing a model based on contemporary constructionist theories of emotion. This novel approach proposes that listening to music activates automatic perceptual mechanisms that produce fluctuations of affect, and that the activation of associative and appraisal mechanisms transform the fluctuations of affect into a variety of emotional and nonemotional responses. The main proposal is that adopting this constructionist model constitutes a fruitful approach, as it provides a holistic heuristic framework that produces new hypotheses for future investigation of affective experiences with music.
Bu çalışma, lise öğrencilerinin müzikten etkilenimleri ile prososyal davranışlar arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bazı değişkenlerin bu davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklem grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim- öğretim yılında Ağrı İl Merkezi’nde Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı 19 lisede öğrenim gören 1401 öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Çalışma grubuna dahil olan öğrencilere önce araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen genel bilgi formu sonra sırasıyla Prososyal Eğilimler Ölçeği ve Müzikten Etkilenim Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan; iki ya da daha fazla değişken arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve neden-sonuç ile ilgili ipuçları elde etmek amacıyla korelasyonel (ilişkisel) tarama yoluyla yapılan betimsel bir çalışmadır. Lise öğrencilerinin demografik bilgileri % ve frekans “f” alma teknikleri ile analiz edilmiştir. Ölçeklerden alınan puanların değişkenlere göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediğini incelemek amacıyla; tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve t testi yapılmıştır. ANOVA’nın anlamlı çıkması sonucunda ise örneklem büyüklüklerinin birbirinden farklı olması sebebiyle Post-Hoc testlerinden LSD testi uygulanmıştır.
Araştırmanın bulgularına göre Müzikten Etkilenim Ölçeği ile ya da Prososyal Eğilimler Ölçeği’nin alt boyutlarının en az bir tanesi ile arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olan değişkenler şu şekildedir; cinsiyet, anne-baba eğitim durumu, baba çalışma durumu, aile ve öğretmen yardım ettiğini düşünme durumu, sınıf düzeyi, lise türü ve müzik türü. Müzikten etkilenim ile prososyal davranışlar arasında yapılan basit doğrusal regresyon sonucuna göre de prososyal davranışların alt boyutlarından duygusal, acil, gizli ve itaatkâr prososyal davranışlar ile müzikten etkilenim arasında ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to examine the relationship between the influences of high school students on music and prosocial behaviors, and the effect of some variables on these behaviors. The sample group of the study consisted of 1401 students studying in 19 high schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education in Ağrı Province in 2018-2019 academic year. The general information form developed by the researcher, the Prosocial Tendency Measure, and the Music Influence Measure were respectively applied to the students in the study group. Research, one of the quantitative research methods, is a descriptive study conducted by examining the relationship between two or more variables and correlational (relational) screening for the purpose of obtaining clues about cause and effect. Demographic data of high school students were analyzed with percent “%” and frequency “f” techniques. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and T test were conducted to examine whether the scores from the scales show a meaningful difference to the variables. As a result of having a significant difference of ANOVA, the LSD test was applied from Post-Hoc tests due to the different sample sizes.
According to the findings of the study, the variables related to the Music Influence Measure or at least one of the sub-dimensions of the Prosocial Tendency Measure are as follows: gender, parents education status, father working status, family and teacher helping thought status, class level, high school, and music type. According to the results of simple linear regression between music influences and prosocial behaviors, there is a relationship between emotional, dire, anonymous and compliant prosocial behaviors which are sub-dimensions of prosocial behaviors and musical influences.
Several studies indicate that mood can influence the likelihood of an individual demonstrating instances of helping behavior, and one previous laboratory study has indicated that music can be used to bring about manipulations of mood to such an end. To investigate this in a naturalistic setting, 646 users of a university gym were played either uplifting or annoying music while theyworked out. Upon completion of theirworkout, they were asked to either sign a petition in support of a fictitious sporting charity (i.e., a low-cost task) or to distribute leaflets on their behalf (i.e., a high-cost task). Responses to the petition-signing measure indicated a ceiling effect with almost all participants offering to help. However, consistent with previous research on mood and helping behavior, uplifting music led to participants offering to help more on the high-cost, leaflet-distributing task than did annoying music.
Numerous experimental studies have shown that background music affects consumer behaviour in a retail environment. Some of these have tested the degree of congruence between the music played in the store and the type of goods sold. An experiment was carried out in a flower shop, where love songs and romantic music (congruence condition), pop music (music usually played in the flower-shop) and no music (control condition) were played. The results show that the mean amount of money spent was significantly higher in the love songs and romantic music condition compared with the other two, whereas the pop music condition did not lead to an increase in the amount of money spent compared with the control, no music, condition.
Research on human aggression has progressed to a point at which a unifying framework is needed. Major domain-limited theories of aggression include cognitive neoassociation, social learning, social interaction, script, and excitation transfer theories. Using the general aggression model (GAM), this review posits cognition, affect, and arousal to mediate the effects of situational and personological variables on aggression. The review also organizes recent theories of the development and persistence of aggressive personality. Personality is conceptualized as a set of stable knowledge structures that individuals use to interpret events in their social world and to guide their behavior. In addition to organizing what is already known about human aggression, this review, using the GAM framework, also serves the heuristic function of suggesting what research is needed to fill in theoretical gaps and can be used to create and test interventions for reducing aggression.
This study tested the effect of semantically-induced thoughts of love on chivalrous helping. A field setting of four hundred
and one participants was divided into two groups. One group was interviewed and asked to retrieve the memory of a love episode,
and the second group, the control group, was asked to retrieve a piece of music that they love. The two groups encountered
another confederate, who inadvertently lost a stack of compact discs when they neared each other. The results demonstrated
that participants were more helpful when they were male, when the person in need of help was female, and when they were induced
to retrieve the memory of a love episode.
Music is universal. As a successor to the book The Social Psychology of Music, this book aims to provide social psychological answers to the numerous questions concerning music. Given the prominence music plays in our lives, it is still however imperilled by modern culture. Forewarning an imminent danger to music, it was warned in the previous book that the digital revolution would pave the way for legal and illegal online music stores and computer applications that would completely change the way people accessed music. With its ubiquity, music has been downgraded as insignificant or 'cheap'. This book deems that the best way to safeguard music is to comprehend the rightful place it occupies in our everyday modern life, and those more complex factors that rationalize our most profound experiences of music. The chapters in this book argue that the social and applied psychology approach to music can tackle issues such as: why some pieces elicit strong emotional reactions; what makes a good musician, or why some composers are forgotten easily; whether music can boost retailers' profits; whether there is a link between musical subculture and suicide; and whether music can be used to help sick patients. Using social and applied psychology to understand some questions about music helps to safeguard it by allowing people to make effective arguments concerning 'music as a manifestation of the human spirit'; against modern-day pressures such as neo-conservative protesters, accountants, and the digital revolution by demonstrating its social and financial value.
Previous research has shown that exposure to violent media increased aggression-related affect and thoughts, physiological arousal, and aggressive behavior as well as decreased prosocial tendencies. The present research examined the hypothesis that exposure to prosocial media promotes prosocial outcomes. Three studies revealed that listening to songs with prosocial (relative to neutral) lyrics increased the accessibility of prosocial thoughts, led to more interpersonal empathy, and fostered helping behavior. These results provide first evidence for the predictive validity of the General Learning Model [Buckley, K. E., & Anderson, C. A. (2006). A theoretical model of the effects and consequences of playing video games. In P. Vorderer, & J. Bryant, (Eds.), Playing video games: Motives responses and consequences (pp. 363–378). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] for the effects of media with prosocial content on prosocial thought, feeling, and behavior.
Previous studies have found that various nonverbal behaviors performed by women are associated with men approaching. A female confederate was instructed either to smile or to not smile at a man when entering a bar. It was found that those men who were smiled at approached the woman and considered her more favorably. This effect is explained in accordance with studies that found smiling enhanced attractiveness and that a smile is interpreted to be a signal of a woman's interest towards a man.