No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
... The LogiQA dataset is based on logical comprehension questions from the National Civil Servants Examination of China, designed to assess candidates' logical thinking and problem-solving abilities. It contains 867 paragraph-question pairs that have been categorized into five deductive reasoning types, as defined by Hurley [144]. These reasoning types are as follows: ...
... • Sufficient Conditional Reasoning: This reasoning is based on conditional statements of the form "If P, then Q," where P serves as the premise and Q as the outcome [144]. ...
... • Necessary Conditional Reasoning: This type involves statements such as "P only if Q" or "Q whenever P," indicating that Q is a necessary condition for P [144]. ...
As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to advance, it demonstrates capabilities comparable to human intelligence, having significant potential to revolutionize education and workforce development. To assess the state-of-art AI capacity, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of OpenAI o1-preview's ability to perform higher-order cognitive tasks across 14 distinct dimensions, including critical thinking, systems thinking, computational thinking, design thinking metacognition, data literacy, creative thinking, abstract reasoning, quantitative reasoning, logical reasoning, analogical reasoning, and scientific reasoning. In each dimension, we adopt existing instruments with high reliability and validity, such as the Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test and the Biological Systems Thinking Test to systematically assess o1-preview's higher-order thinking in comparison to human performance. We found overall outperformance of o1-preview for most of the categories. Specifically, (a) o1-preview achieved significantly outperform (150%) as compared to humans for systematic thinking, computational thinking, data literacy, creative thinking, scientific reasoning, and abstract reasoning. (b) For logical reasoning, critical thinking, and quantitative reasoning, o1-preview slightly under-performed by 25% than human such as for logical reasoning. (c) For analogical reasoning, we found that both human and o1-preview achieve perfect scores for each given task. Nevertheless, we identify o1-preview's limited capacity in thinking such as abstract reasoning, where humans (i.e., psychology students) perform better than o1-preview, indicating that human oversight remains crucial for tasks requiring high-level abstraction. The findings have broad implications for education, advocating a shift in educational paradigms to emphasize the development of complementary human skills, such as creativity, abstract reasoning, and critical thinking. This study highlights the transformative role of AI in education and calls for a recalibration of educational goals, teaching methodologies, curricula, and assessments to better align with the AI-driven world.
... For instance, Riemer (2010) builds upon Aristotle's categorization by further dividing the nominal category into cognitive, which aims to convey knowledge about the proper usage of a word, and extensional, which seeks to narrow down the meaning of a word. Similarly, Hurley (2015) adopts Carnap's well-known intensional and extensional categorization as the basis for grouping definitions. A summary of various classification types of definitions can be found in Table 1. ...
... While some schol-ars consider defining through the aforementioned methods as a distinct approach, others perceive definition types and methods in a distinct manner. Hurley (2015) can be considered an example of those who offer similar definition types and methods, as he states the definition types are methods as well. In contrast, after delivering definition types discussed above, Munson and Black (2010) distinguish between the two by providing definition techniques such as synonym, genus and spices, ostention, example, and complete enumeration. ...
... Definition Type Explanation (Hurley 2015) Extensional (Denotative) Assigns meaning to a term 1 -Demonstrative (Ostensive) ...
Definitions serve a range of purposes, including providing meaning to a term, describing the characteristics of an object being defined, eliminating any ambiguity about the meaning of a term, demonstrating the etymology of a word, and so on. However, scholars hold differing opinions on everything from the necessity of definitions to the very existence of definitions. This disagreement is evident in various definition theories, types, and methods. This article aims to provide a tentative definition of blockchain using the Aristotelian method of definition, after thoroughly examining existing definitions in the literature. Many publications were collected from multiple databases to achieve this, and non-peer-reviewed literature was excluded. Subsequently, definitions were extracted from the literature using a semi-automated method, creating a mini corpus of definitions, which was then analyzed. During the analysis, it was observed that authors employ eleven class terms and several distinguishing characteristics to define blockchain. However, ten of the class terms were deemed unsuitable based on the analysis, and the definition was ultimately made on the concept of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Nevertheless, the proposed definition is presented as tentative due to the absence of a precise definition for DLT and the ongoing evolution of blockchain. In the field of information systems, defining concepts logically is a rare occurrence caused by professionals' unfamiliarity with communication and logic principles. This study aims to provide a tentative definition of blockchain that will enable interested parties to have a consistent understanding of the term and lay the groundwork for future definitions in this domain.
... This principle is often encapsulated in the phrase "what fires together, wires together," highlighting the reinforcement of neural pathways through repetition and practice. [8] Modified from [9] and [10] 'Information' moves from neuron to neuron in the form of electro-chemical signals -ions (but also includes other forms of electricity). These ions have to jump from the neuron's tree to another neuron's tree across the synapse. ...
... Nevertheless, this fundamental concept is still associated with differing interpretations. Hurley [10] provides an overview of the state of the art, pointing out that most logicians today agree that 'definitions' are intended exclusively to explicate the meanings of words. However, in many applications, 'definitions' are also related to, or presented through, figures, animations, and nonverbal sounds. ...
... Hurley [10] further acknowledges the difficulties of providing a definition for 'definition'. Instead, he adopts a pragmatic approach, surveying the various kinds of 'definition' that are used and the functions they serve. ...
... This principle is often encapsulated in the phrase "what fires together, wires together," highlighting the reinforcement of neural pathways through repetition and practice. [8] Modified from [9] and [10] 'Information' moves from neuron to neuron in the form of electro-chemical signals -ions (but also includes other forms of electricity). These ions have to jump from the neuron's tree to another neuron's tree across the synapse. ...
... Nevertheless, this fundamental concept is still associated with differing interpretations. Hurley [10] provides an overview of the state of the art, pointing out that most logicians today agree that 'definitions' are intended exclusively to explicate the meanings of words. However, in many applications, 'definitions' are also related to, or presented through, figures, animations, and nonverbal sounds. ...
... Hurley [10] further acknowledges the difficulties of providing a definition for 'definition'. Instead, he adopts a pragmatic approach, surveying the various kinds of 'definition' that are used and the functions they serve. ...
The dichotomy about understanding knowledge maintained by neuroscientists and philosophers is discussed.
- Philosophy (derived from the Greek "lovers of knowledge") is redefined.
- Aspects of knowledge are discussed both from the viewpoints of neurology and philosophy.
- Numerous examples from both disciplines are presented to support newly introduced definitions.
... Meaning that all the definitions related with AI and ML are breaking one or more of the rules used for defining words in science and engineering. Specifically, the two rules that are not followed are the "avoidance of circularity" rule (the definiendum, in general, is defined in terms of itself) and the "avoidance of figurative, obscure, vague, or ambiguous language" (when metaphors, or hidden meanings, or lack of precision, multiple interpretations are used) (Hurley & Watson, 2018). Furthermore, due to the lack of precise definition and presence of abstraction mentioned above, it has been demonstrated by Wilkins (Wilkins, 1928), there is significant influence on syllogistic reasoning of a researcher (i.e. ...
... Just for completeness and supporting the previous statements, based on the literature in logic (Hurley & Watson, 2018), there are five types of definitions. These are: stipulative definitions, lexical definitions, precising definitions, theoretical definitions, persuasive definitions. ...
... Proving causality is a very difficult task. In logic (Hurley & Watson, 2018) "cause" is treated as a state that requires one of the three conditions. These are the 1) sufficient condition, 2) the necessary condition, 3) and the sufficient and necessary condition. ...
... Once concepts, particularly those core ones, in each field are identified and explicated, the next step for social scientists is to build theories, namely, to identify, through reasoning, generalizable relationships between or among the concepts (Dubin, 1978;Mokgohloa, Kanakana-Katumba, Maladzhi, & Xaba, 2021). Human reasoning follows two logical approaches: deduction and induction (Copi, Cohen, & McMahon, 2010;Hurley and Watson, 2018;King, Keohane, & Verba, 2021). Although some philosophers have proposed another approach, abduction, also called retroduction (Brandt & Timmermans, 2021;Clark, Foster, Sloan, & Bryman, 2021;Kistruck & Shantz, 2022;Peirce, 1898Peirce, /1992Philipsen, 2017;Saetre & Van de Ven, 2021;Shrestha, He, Puranam, & Krogh, 2020;Veen, 2021; a small group of scholars even differentiate abduction from retroduction, e.g., Mukumbang, Kabongo, & Eastwood, 2021), logicians have not widely recognized it as valid. ...
... Although some philosophers have proposed another approach, abduction, also called retroduction (Brandt & Timmermans, 2021;Clark, Foster, Sloan, & Bryman, 2021;Kistruck & Shantz, 2022;Peirce, 1898Peirce, /1992Philipsen, 2017;Saetre & Van de Ven, 2021;Shrestha, He, Puranam, & Krogh, 2020;Veen, 2021; a small group of scholars even differentiate abduction from retroduction, e.g., Mukumbang, Kabongo, & Eastwood, 2021), logicians have not widely recognized it as valid. In fact, with the probable relationship between its premises and conclusions, it may also be considered a type of induction (Copi, Cohen, & McMahon, 2010;Hurley & Watson, 2018). ...
... Today, although the Oxford English Dictionary still defines deduction as "in logic, inference by reasoning from generals to particulars; opposed to induction," logicians have included more types of methods of inference by defining a deductive argument as one whose premises support the conclusions in the way that it is impossible (as opposed to improbable in induction) for the premises to be true and the conclusions to be false (Copi, Cohen, & McMahon, 2010;Hurley & Watson, 2018). For instance, a popular textbook lists five types of typical deductive arguments: arguments based on mathematics (e.g., 1+1=2), arguments from definitions (e.g., it is a book; so it can be read), categorical (Aristotelian) syllogism (e.g., all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal), hypothetical syllogism (e.g., if it rains, the floor will be wet; it rains; therefore, the floor must be wet), and disjunctive syllogism (e.g., the flower is either red or blue; the flower is not blue; therefore, the flower must be red; Hurley & Watson, 2018). ...
A substantial number of social science studies have shown a lack of conceptual clarity, inadequate understanding of the nature of the empirical research approaches, and undue preference for deduction, which have caused much confusion, created paradigmatic incommensurability, and impeded scientific advancement. This study, through conceptual review and analysis of canonical discussions of concepts and the reasoning approaches of deduction and induction and their applications in social science theorization by philosophers and social scientists, is purported to unveil the logical nature of empirical research and examine the legitimacy of the preference of deduction among social scientists. The findings note that conceptual clarity as the foundation of social science research, exchange, and replication can be achieved through interdisciplinary stress of conceptual analyses to establish universal measurements and that the primacy of deduction in social sciences needs to concede to or be balanced with induction for new knowledge, more discoveries, and scientific advancement. The study recommends that institutions and researchers of social sciences invest more in conceptual analysis and inductive research through collaboration and separate efforts.
... We now briefly go through the steps that logicians take for an ordinary categorical syllogism (Copi et al., 2019;Hurley and Watson, 2018). ...
... As shown in Table 4, nearly all datasets with humangenerated text lack certain kinds of annotations, thus causing troubles in analyzing them (in Section 3.3). We fill in this missing gap by collecting relevant examples and corresponding exercise questions from standard introduction to logic textbooks (Copi et al., 2019;Kelley, 2013;Baronett, 2018;Hurley and Watson, 2018). ...
... At the first step of constructing our LFUD, we collected some propositions which were subsequently used for generating the sentences presenting various logical fallacies. According to Hurley (2000), a proposition is one sentence that is either true or false. We considered several sources of proposition collection, including some authoritative books of logic and philosophy (Hurley, 2000;Hausman, 2012), open websites such as Wikipedia and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. ...
... According to Hurley (2000), a proposition is one sentence that is either true or false. We considered several sources of proposition collection, including some authoritative books of logic and philosophy (Hurley, 2000;Hausman, 2012), open websites such as Wikipedia and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. In addition, LLMs can be utilized to generate some propositions for enriching proposition diversity. ...
... We now briefly go through the steps that logicians take for an ordinary categorical syllogism (Copi et al., 2019;Hurley and Watson, 2018). ...
... As shown in Table 4, nearly all datasets with humangenerated text lack certain kinds of annotations, thus causing troubles to analyze them (in Section 3.3). We fill in this missing gap by collecting relevant examples and corresponding exercise questions from standard introduction to logic textbooks (Copi et al., 2019;Kelley, 2013;Baronett, 2018;Hurley and Watson, 2018). ...
There have been a huge number of benchmarks proposed to evaluate how large language models (LLMs) behave for logic inference tasks. However, it remains an open question how to properly evaluate this ability. In this paper, we provide a systematic overview of prior works on the logical reasoning ability of LLMs for analyzing categorical syllogisms. We first investigate all the possible variations for the categorical syllogisms from a purely logical perspective and then examine the underlying configurations (i.e., mood and figure) tested by the existing datasets. Our results indicate that compared to template-based synthetic datasets, crowdsourcing approaches normally sacrifice the coverage of configurations (i.e., mood and figure) of categorical syllogisms for more language variations, thus bringing challenges to fully testing LLMs under different situations. We then proceed to summarize the findings and observations for the performances of LLMs to infer the validity of syllogisms from the current literature. The error rate breakdown analyses suggest that the interpretation of the quantifiers seems to be the current bottleneck that limits the performances of the LLMs and is thus worth more attention. Finally, we discuss several points that might be worth considering when researchers plan on the future release of categorical syllogism datasets. We hope our work will not only provide a timely review of the current literature regarding categorical syllogisms, but also motivate more interdisciplinary research between communities, specifically computational linguists and logicians.
... The usage of disjunction in this work is strictly in line with the rules of philosophical logic. Ipso facto by disjunction, I am referring to the logical operation that connects two statements (propositions), resulting in the truth value of at least, one of the statements being true, or both (Hurley, 2015). It is often represented with wedge symbol '∨' which translates 'or'. ...
... Kurallar arasında çıkarım, teorem ispatı, modus ponens, modus tollens, çelişki tespiti ve genelleme gibi çeşitli mantıksal argümanlar bulunur. Bu kurallar, önermeler arasındaki mantıksal ilişkileri analiz etmeye ve sonuca varmaya yardımcı olur (Bergmann, Moor;& Nelson, 2014Hurley, 2011. ...
... Contohnya, "Kita harus memilih antara menaikkan gaji guru atau membeli peralatan baru. Tidak ada pilihan lain" (Hurley, 2011). ...
Buku ini terdiri dari tiga bab dengan yang pertama
membahas arah baru manajemen pada era digital. Materi
tersebut memberikan pengetahuan mengenai terobosan baru
manajemen di era digital. Kedua, peningkatan mutu
manajemen dan sumber daya manusia. Dengan memuat materi
tersebut pelaksana manajemen dapat mengetahui bagaimana
peningkatan mutu manajemen dan sumber daya manusia.
Ketiga, Tantangan dan strategi manajemen, yang memberikan
pengetahuan mengenai berbagai tantangan dan berbagai
strategi manajemen. Kehadiran buku ini sangatlah tepat dalam dunia
Manajemen saat ini.
... Contohnya, "Kita harus memilih antara menaikkan gaji guru atau membeli peralatan baru. Tidak ada pilihan lain" (Hurley, 2011). ...
Kehadiran buku dengan judul “Orientasi Baru dalam Manajemen dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia” dapat memberi wawasan mengenai arah baru manajemen pada era digital, peningkatan mutu manajemen dan sumber daya manusia, serta tantangan dan strategi manajemen.
Buku ini terdiri dari tiga bab dengan yang pertama membahas arah baru manajemen pada era digital. Materi tersebut memberikan pengetahuan mengenai terobosan baru manajemen di era digital. Kedua, peningkatan mutu manajemen dan sumber daya manusia. Dengan memuat materi tersebut pelaksana manajemen dapat mengetahui bagaimana peningkatan mutu manajemen dan sumber daya manusia. Ketiga, Tantangan dan strategi manajemen, yang memberikan pengetahuan mengenai berbagai tantangan dan berbagai strategi manajemen.
Editor:
Dr. Adi Wijayanto, S.Or., S.Kom., M.Pd., AIFO. | Prof. Dr. Apridar, S.E., M.Si. | Dr. Ika Novitaria Marani, S.Pd, SE, M.Si | Muhammad Ardli Mubarok, M.Pd | Dyah Pravitasari, S.E., M.S.A
Penulis:
| Rr Sri Kartikowati | Yani Dahliani | Sunardi | Retni Rita | | Hesti Sabrina | Shorihatul Inayah | Muhammad Rizqi Zati |
| Wisnu Rayhan Adhitya | Damiasih | Deden Rahmanudin | Badruzzaman | Bradley Setiyadi | Hendra Saputra | Sukataman | Enni Hartati | Yohana Maria Dolorosa Mahin | Rosalia Heldy Nono | Sri Yulia Sari | Husni Awali | Dina Sarah Syahreza | Umi Salamah | Erwin Komara M. | Nana Kristiawan | Linardo Pratama | Ambar Maolana | Leonardus Winokus Dino Setiawan| Bonefasius Berdi | Kirenius Conny Chapry Watang | Imamul Khaira | Purwati |
... Abductive reasoning involves forming a conclusion from the best available explanation, it is often used when there is incomplete information (Hurley, 2014;Copi & Carl , 2009;Johnson-Laird, 1999;Douven, 2011). ...
This research is aim is to the identify the relationship between harassment, employee turnover and the sustainability in the tourism & hospitality industry in East Asia.
... Due to the limited layout connectivity of IBM QPUs, CALA-n has a set of efficiently designed n-bit gates, where 2 ≤ n ≤ 5 qubits. These n-bit gates are: AND, NAND, OR, NOR, implication, inhibition [17,18], controlled-√X, controlled-√X † , SWAP, and Fredkin. However, when the number of physical neighboring qubits of IBM QPUs is increased, the n in CALA-n increases as well. ...
We introduce a new quantum layout-aware approach to realize cost-effective n-bit gates using the Bloch sphere, for qubits. These n-bit gates are entirely constructed from the Clifford+T gates, in the approach of selecting sequences of rotations visualized on the Bloch sphere. This Bloch sphere approach ensures to match the quantum layout for synthesizing (transpiling) these n-bit gates into an IBM quantum computer. Various standard n-bit gates (Toffoli, Fredkin, etc.) and their operational equivalent of our proposed n-bit gates are examined and evaluated, in the context of the final quantum costs, as the final counts of generated IBM native gates. In this paper, we demonstrate that all our n-bit gates always have lower quantum costs than those of standard n-bit gates after transpilation. Hence, our Bloch sphere approach can be used to build a quantum library of various cost-effective n-bit gates for different layouts of IBM quantum computers.
... Definitions help to make talks, strategic initiatives, and implementations in business easier to understand. The current effort aims to give an organized survey of the literature on Industry 4.0 and develop a consistent, general, and trustworthy definition of the term using bibliometric analysis (Hurley, 2008). ...
The German government introduced the concept of "Industry 4.0" in 2011 as part of its high-tech policy, aiming to address emerging challenges and sustain the competitiveness of the German manufacturing industry. This paper explores the assessment of a firm's preparedness for Industry 4.0 through readiness modeling. Recognizing the complexity of Industry 4.0 technology adoption, the study proposes a two-phase research approach involving identifying impediments and evaluating readiness based on each company's maturity level. Leadership emerges as a critical factor in determining a company's strategy for implementing Industry 4.0, emphasizing the need for industrial managers to prioritize assessing preparedness levels and overcoming obstacles to change. The study underscores the importance of institutional policies and stakeholder support, calling for further investigation to articulate Industry 4.0 hurdles and identify strategies for mitigation. Success in the next stage of digitization hinges on adopting effective technology and business strategies. Germany and other developed nations enjoy a significant advantage through using smart devices as platforms for innovative services and business concepts. To stay competitive globally, businesses and nations must leverage this advantage.
... En este caso, estas estadísticas sirven para comparar las frecuencias esperadas y frecuencias observadas, así como calcular un tamaño de efecto. De estos análisis pueden surgir resultados que pueden ser utilizados para crear argumentos (para argumentación en estadística, véase a: Hurley y Watson, 2018;LeMire, 2010). Estos argumentos basados en resultados estadísticos podrían apoyar teorías del aprendizaje, como Teoría Cognoscitiva Social, Teoría del Constructivismo y Teoría del Procesamiento de la Información, entre otras. ...
This book teaches how to use the statistical software named JASP to run chi squared analysis.
... (b) Inductive argument (Strong): In an Inductive argument, the conclusion probably follows from the premises. If the probability is high, it is called a strong inductive and the if the likelihood is low, it is called a weak inductive argument (Hurley 2012). Many instances show that hackers are punished. ...
In India, many engineering and technological institutes have incorporated ethics into their curriculum. Ethics or professional ethics is added as an elective course separated from the mandatory subjects in these institutes. There needs to be more than the existing codes of ethical conduct for the instructors and the learners at the higher education level to prepare them for ethical decision-making. Learners lack a foundation in the subject, as ‘ethics’ is not taught as a core subject in schools in India. Moral education offered at the school level in India focuses only on human values and cultural expectations, not the discipline of ‘ethics.’ The examples in the textbooks hardly invoke critical thinking skills among learners. This lack of ethics education at the lower level makes it hard for teachers to impart ethics at the higher level. In addition, there are sociocultural challenges in imbibing the concept of ‘ethics’ in the minds of students. Reflecting on one’s decision-making process is necessary to improve one’s ethical sensitivity. Integrating critical thinking in terms of analyzing issues from multiple perspectives and logical reasoning in terms of constructing inductive or deductive arguments while inferring ethical judgment as part of the teaching pedagogy can address these challenges. Instructional methods, which make the learners participate in the teaching-learning activities focusing on multiple perspectives, enable them to look at an issue from various perspectives. Improving meta-moral cognitive skills help the students to reflect on their strengths and weaknesses in their ethical decision-making.
... Scientists may generalize their results to a larger population when their sample is too small, not sufficiently representative, or when they have not considered whether the sample and target population are in relevant respects similar so as to warrant the generalization. This inferential error, in which scientists go beyond or jump ahead of the evidential support, has been called a 'hasty generalization' (Hurley 1997). ...
Scientists may sometimes generalize from their samples to broader populations when they have not yet sufficiently supported this generalization. Do such hasty generalizations also occur in experimental philosophy? To check, we analyzed 171 experimental philosophy studies published between 2017 and 2023. We found that most studies tested only Western populations but generalized beyond them without justification. There was also no evidence that studies with broader conclusions had larger, more diverse samples, but they nonetheless had higher citation impact. Our analyses reveal important methodological limitations of many experimental philosophy studies and suggest that philosophical training may not protect against hasty generalizations.
... An irrelevant argument has premises that are not related to the core issue on which the conclusion focuses (Hurley, 2011). It may rather distract from the core issue, e.g., through personal attacks or by shifting the issue, instead of arguing relevantly (Damer, 2009). ...
The importance of argumentation skills for academic disciplines is well evident. Two core aspects of argumentation skills are a) the recognition of argumentation fallacies and b) the recognition of the structure of arguments. These two argumentation skills might be related to domain-specific knowledge. In our study, we aim to evaluate an instrument to assess the recognition of argumentation fallacies and the structure of arguments in the context of different domains. Thus, we implemented a self-developed instrument to measure both argumentation skills in different student groups (business economic students and pre-service teachers) in different domains: a) the study-domain of their own courses, b) the study-domain of the respective other courses and c) a neutral domain (sustainability). We assumed these three domains to represent different dimensions within the ability to recognize argumentation fallacies and within the ability to recognize argument structures. This assumption could not be confirmed, what leads to the assumption that our instrument captures cross-domain argumentation skills. However, our research implies a difference in the recognition of formal compared to informal argumentation fallacies. Furthermore, the results indicate that the instrument measures argumentative skills in both groups of students equally well.
... The negation of a conjunction is equivalent to the disjunction of the negations [28]. ...
This research focuses on trajectory planning problems for autonomous vehicles utilizing numerical optimal control techniques. The study reformulates the constrained optimization problem into a nonlinear programming problem, incorporating explicit collision avoidance constraints. We present three novel, exact formulations to describe collision constraints. The first formulation is derived from a proposition concerning the separation of a point and a convex set. We prove the separating proposition through De Morgan's laws. Then, leveraging the hyperplane separation theorem we propose two efficient reformulations. Compared with the existing dual formulations and the first formulation, they significantly reduce the number of auxiliary variables to be optimized and inequality constraints within the nonlinear programming problem. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed formulations is demonstrated in the context of typical autonomous parking scenarios compared with state of the art. For generality, we design three initial guesses to assess the computational effort required for convergence to solutions when using the different collision formulations. The results illustrate that the scheme employing De Morgan's laws performs equally well with those utilizing dual formulations, while the other two schemes based on hyperplane separation theorem exhibit the added benefit of requiring lower computational resources.
... Analysis, as a dimension of critical thinking, involves the breaking down of components into parts to enable distinctions to be made. Analysis helps one to gain insights and determine whether given categories are related or mutually exclusive (Hurley, 2012;Warburton, 1996Warburton, , 2013. The testing of beliefs involves a confirmation whether a belief is true or false by gathering the necessary evidence. ...
This chapter reflects upon the representation of socio-economic and religio-political polemics in Winky D’s two songs, ‘Parliament’ released 2018 and ‘Ibotso’ in 2023. The selected songs are prisms through which this chapter contends that the artists do not only articulate existential precarity of the common citizens in Zimbabwe’s ‘Ghetto’ space but also offer modes of resistance by speaking truth to power in the context of 2023 electoral politics. The contempt of power is reinforced by the profoundly discernable tropes of commandment, conviviality, social death, violence, a deeply fractured society and a bewildering inter-generational precarity, which continue to define the lives of the ordinary people. Together, these motifs fortify the artist’s voice that scoffs at post-Mugabe political leadership. The study also validates Foucault’s view that power dynamically interlocks both the agents and subjects in very complex ways particularly in the context of rested transition in contemporary Zimbabwe. The study is located within the interdisciplinary contours of Cultural Linguistics (CL) and Achille Mbembe’s political thought in his formulation of the postcolony. Most significantly, this study examines how the songs enable a discursive space in which the socio-economic and religio-political dialectics can be highlighted. The choice of these conceptual frameworks is informed by an awareness that the studied songs are historically contingent. The study concludes that contrary to the view that Zimdancehall music lacks semantic relevance to the Zimbabwean society, the studied songs convey a reluctance to accept artists’ freedom of speech, a characteristic that speaks about a persistent haunting aura of autocratic political culture. They further make an urgent call for an alternative socio-political rationality for the emancipatory trajectory towards a reimagined future. Indeed, the importance of this music genre to socio-political life should not be underrated.KeywordsCommandmentConvivialityCultural linguisticsElectoral politicsMelancholiaPostcolonyZimdancehall music
... Analysis, as a dimension of critical thinking, involves the breaking down of components into parts to enable distinctions to be made. Analysis helps one to gain insights and determine whether given categories are related or mutually exclusive (Hurley, 2012;Warburton, 1996Warburton, , 2013. The testing of beliefs involves a confirmation whether a belief is true or false by gathering the necessary evidence. ...
This chapter discusses the morbidities in Zimbabwe’s transformational politics in the post-Mugabe era by examining the campaign proclamations by Emmerson Mnangagwa on one side and those by Nelson Chamisa on the other. Of particular focus in this chapter is an argument that both Mnangagwa and Chamisa have opted for populist politics that conceal certain morbidities that expose Zimbabwean politics as elitist but neither people centred nor nationalistic at the core. While the post-November 2017 political phase witnessed the most hilarious moments of Zimbabwean politics after 1980, the transformational phase is noted for its rudimentary elements of euphemistic oppression of the public to achieve elitist goals by both Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) and the Movement for Democratic Change-Alliance (MDC-A). Drawing its discursive praxes from the Agenda setting theory and its concept of framing, the chapter also adds another segment to include and discuss accusations and counter-accusations between the two political formations on the root cause of Zimbabwe’s economic woes: sanctions or corruption. Methodologically, data is gathered through selection of key purposive texts in the form of campaign manifestos that insinuate ideological innuendos in the Zimbabwean political context. These manifestos are analysed through textual analysis to unpack their signifying values and establish how their ambiguities blindfolded the electorate. The chapter concludes that failure to find common ground by the two main political nemeses exposes political insincerity as the public continues to suffer while the leadership trade accusations and counter-accusations to score a political agenda. The endless debate on whether corruption or sanctions are the causes of Zimbabwe’s economic woes is also an indication of political polarisation. Such dialectics leave a fundamental and troubling question of whether the pending 2023 harmonised elections will bear fruits of peace, development and democracy.KeywordsAgenda setting theoryFramingMorbidityNationalistPolarisationTransformational politics
... Analysis, as a dimension of critical thinking, involves the breaking down of components into parts to enable distinctions to be made. Analysis helps one to gain insights and determine whether given categories are related or mutually exclusive (Hurley, 2012;Warburton, 1996Warburton, , 2013. The testing of beliefs involves a confirmation whether a belief is true or false by gathering the necessary evidence. ...
This volume entitled, Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe Volume 2: The 2023 Election and Beyond, is the second in a two-part series. The main thrust of the two volumes is to reflect on the multifaceted factors impacting electoral politics in Zimbabwe. The twofold series foregrounds the importance of undertaking research on electoral politics in Zimbabwe. This is propelled by the reality of the fact that in this Southern African state, like in most developing states globally, the socio-economic milieu revolves around the prevailing political environment. For instance, whenever there is peace and tranquillity, there will be socio-economic growth and people’s lives will be flourishing. Conversely, lack of democracy, misgovernance and corruption are synonymous with poverty, stagnation, inflation, strife and unabated humanitarian crises. The two volumes complement each other. Volume one focused on three thematic areas. The first thematic area focused on the electoral environment in Zimbabwean politics. Language, politics and elections in Zimbabwe were the second thematic areas. The third segment deliberated on the nexus of electoral institutions and human rights in Zimbabwean politics. Proceeding from where volume one ended, the contributors to this volume reverberate the nexus of three entwined themes, highlighting how these thematic areas have a huge bearing on electoral politics. The first part brings to the fore the interface between gender and electoral politics in Zimbabwe. The second segment reflects on the role of the media in Zimbabwe’s electoral politics. The third part examines the role of traditional leaders in Zimbabwe’s electoral politics. Some of the chapters in this volume proffer possible ways of resolving the various challenges precipitating the volatile electoral environment, and they advocate for a transformed electoral environment in anticipation of the famed formative 2023 harmonized elections. The analysis and recommendations proffered in this volume will broaden the readers’ understanding of electoral politics in Zimbabwe and by extension African politics from a broad range of related perspectives.Keywords2023 harmonized electionsElectoral politicsGenderMediaZimbabwean politics
Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar o raciocínio indutivo e a sua aplicação para a resolução de questões fáticas em matéria tributária. Para tanto são apresentadas três espécies de indução (generalizadora, causal e analógica), examinados os seus usos (no Direito Tributário e fora dele) e a sua força (inclusive as suas limitações). O artigo conclui que a qualidade do raciocínio probatório é influenciada por duas variáveis. De um lado, pela observância a critérios relativos à formação e avaliação dos elementos probatórios que servem de base à premissa fática da sentença, tais como a grandeza, variedade e representatividade dos elementos de prova. De outro, pelo standard de prova aplicável ao caso: quanto mais rigoroso for o grau de suficiência exigido para que determinada hipótese probatória seja considerada provada, mais forte deve ser o grau de segurança inferencial.
Being relevant to some topic can be informally understood as making a difference or having something to contribute. Given a sequent , we can say, somewhat schematically, that a component of the sequent is relevant to the sequent when it contributes to the validity of the sequent. Different ways of making precise the idea of contributing to the validity and different understandings of the components of a sequent lead to a hierarchy of explications of relevance. I identify four key explications, called gaunt validity, perfect validity, relevant validity, and perfectibility. Each is shown to enjoy an interesting variable sharing property. Furthermore, if we begin with a standard sequent calculus for classical logic and introduce some simple constraints on the rules, the result is a fragment of classical logic that proves exactly the gauntly valid sequents.
Authoritarians restrict academic freedom as if the choice were between dissent and obedience. Such attempts can be momentarily effective in curtailing opposition, but as the deputy chairman of the national Black Panther Party, Fred Hampton, explained prior to his assassination, "You can kill a revolutionary, but you can never kill the revolution." Limiting academic freedom is folly if the choice is not between dissent and obedience but between intellectual critique of illiberal regimes of power and violent revolution. The role of academic freedom in society extends beyond the confines of higher education to the core of democracy and social justice. Reactionary responses against academic freedom are on the rise. Academics need to speak out now, peacefully and with informed reason, while they can, as failure to safeguard academic freedom will likely bring the silence of subjugation, informed resistance, and violent revolution.
O presente trabalho se propõe a responder à crítica formulada sobre o argumento de que o tributo não restringiria direitos fundamentais. Do ponto de vista formal, o artigo estabelece os limites do debate científico, identificando falácias argumentativas da referida crítica para fixar os termos da presente resposta em níveis científicos, sem adentrar em qualificações de ordem pessoal, que nada agregam ao debate dogmático acerca do tema. Do ponto de vista material, o artigo aborda a posição da doutrina alemã sobre a relação entre tributo e direitos fundamentais; a correção da afirmação de que o tributo restringe direitos fundamentais, ainda que essa restrição possa, se exercida de acordo com a Constituição e a lei, ser legítima; a distinção entre normas de natureza fiscal e extrafiscal e as diferenças interpretativas decorrentes dessa distinção; e a correção desses argumentos frente ao conteúdo da Constituição de 1988.
Nowdays, the understanding and knowledge in logic, reasoning, and legal argumentation become moreabsolute necessity not only for civitas academica in philosophy and law but most important for legal practitioners as polices, judges, prosecutors, attorneys, lawyers, and even all members of society whosedealing with legal problems everyday. As apart of generally reasoning, legal reasoning, although have some different characteristics, is attached to valid principles of reasoning such as rules of reasoning, rules of sillogism, rules of inductive probability, and informal fallacies. Thus legal reasoning is not a distinct and separate kind of reasoning from logic as science of how to think rightly, appropriately, and valid (as a branch of philosophy) but rather how to applied rules of reasoning from logic principles to legal problems. This article explores the rules of thinking in induction and sillogism. IRAC (Issue, Rule, Argument, dan Conclusion) model as an application of inductive and sillogistic reasoning in law will to end this article.
It is unknown to what extent medical researchers generalize study findings beyond their samples when their sample size, sample diversity, or knowledge of conditions that support external validity do not warrant it. It is also unknown to what extent medical researchers describe their results with precise quantifications or unquantified generalizations, i.e., generics, that can obscure variations between individuals. We therefore systematically reviewed all prospective studies (n = 533) published in the top four highest ranking medical journals, Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM), Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), and the British Medical Journal (BMJ), from January 2022 to May 2023. We additionally reviewed all NEJM Journal Watch clinical research summaries (n = 143) published during the same time. Of all research articles reporting prospective studies, 52.5% included generalizations beyond specific national study populations, with the numbers of articles with generics varying significantly between journals (JAMA = 12%; Lancet = 77%) (p < 0.001, V = 0.48). There was no evidence that articles containing broader generalizations or generics were correlated with larger or more nationally diverse samples. Moreover, only 10.2% of articles with generalizations beyond specific national populations reported external validity strengthening factors that could potentially support such extrapolations. There was no evidence that original research articles and NEJM Journal Watch summaries intended for practitioners differed in their use of broad generalizations, including generics. Finally, from the journal with the highest citation impact, articles containing broader conclusions were correlated with more citations. Since there was no evidence that studies with generalizations beyond specific national study populations or with generics were associated with larger, more nationally diverse samples, or with reports of population similarity that may permit extensions of conclusions, our findings suggest that the generalizations in many articles were insufficiently supported. Caution against overly broad generalizations in medical research is warranted.
This study investigates the relationship between the linguistic background/s of South African Grade 6 learners and an instrument measuring Core Academic Language Skills (CALS). The learners’ (n = 89) results were divided into two groups based on their most commonly spoken language (either English, L1 or a language other than English, L2). All learners in the study (and indeed the overwhelming majority of South African learners) attend school in an English language immersion setting, where English is the sole language of learning and teaching. The groups were assessed on the CALS-I-ZA, an instrument developed to measure CALS that has been validated in the South African context. This study found that in both the L1 and L2 groups, the CALS-I-ZA showed a strong association with both the provincial Maths Common Examination (r = 0.642) and the provincial Natural Sciences and Technology Examination (r = 0.650). Surprisingly, the home language variable either does not correlate or correlates only very weakly with the other variables, suggesting that L1 or L2 status alone is a weak or increasingly irrelevant predictor of academic success. This research concludes that the strong association between CALS and schooling results remains robust, regardless of L1 or L2 status, and thus, there is compelling evidence to begin deploying the construct as an instructional tool in South African classrooms.
Pedagogy is the method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical subject. The idea of 'how to teach' is seen to be coterminous with 'pedagogical approaches' in this study. Different pedagogical approaches have been proposed in higher education such as the constructivist, collaborative, inquiry-based, integrative and reflective approaches and so on. Logic and metaphysics are humanities disciplines that belong to the parent subject of philosophy. Philosophy is itself concerned definitively with reality, knowledge and values. So the concern with reality which metaphysics represents is a core aspect of philosophy. However, in spite of the centrality of its place in the philosophy curriculum, metaphysics is often seen as a dreaded subject because of its abstract nature. Logic too, as the aspect of philosophy that deals with the forms of human reasoning, is also dreaded by learners because of its perceived symbiotic relationship with mathematics. This study maintained that the practice of a transformational pedagogy in the teaching and learning of logic and metaphysics can make these subjects to be embedded in the practical concerns of everyday life. The transformational model of pedagogy would generate knowledge, not for knowledge's sake, but for problem-solving in the social context where the educational process is carried out. This would answer the question of the relevance of these subjects to the circumstances of the learner.
This survey paper proposes a clearer view of natural language reasoning in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), both conceptually and practically. Conceptually, we provide a distinct definition for natural language reasoning in NLP, based on both philosophy and NLP scenarios, discuss what types of tasks require reasoning, and introduce a taxonomy of reasoning. Practically, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on natural language reasoning in NLP, mainly covering classical logical reasoning, natural language inference, multi-hop question answering, and commonsense reasoning. The paper also identifies and views backward reasoning, a powerful paradigm for multi-step reasoning, and introduces defeasible reasoning as one of the most important future directions in natural language reasoning research. We focus on single-modality unstructured natural language text, excluding neuro-symbolic research and mathematical reasoning.
The competence of sports coaches is a key factor in athletes’ sporting success. Mindful of this, sports coach education and research have placed considerable emphasis on competence in recent years. A lack of shared understanding around the concept complicates the endeavour, raising the following question: How is the term “competence” in relation to coaches defined in coach education and research? I sought to answer this research question via a scoping review. In database and internet searches, I obtained n = 1,912 hits and identified n = 14 sports coaching frameworks. Following title and abstract screening and full-text assessment, I conducted content analysis on n = 47 publications. The results indicate frequent use of the term, with few attempts to define it. Where definitions occur, they usually fall into one of two types: Type A, found in empirical studies written in English, describes the term in relation to their athletes’ sporting success. Type B, found in all types of publications (theoretical, empirical and practical), defines it in terms of the knowledge and skills a coach requires in order to succeed in coaching situations. This paper concludes with a recommendation for a shared multi-faceted definition of “competence” in relation to coaches.
The overarching goal of this book is to differentiate and provide a highly detailed descriptive account of a specific class of arguments. To simplify, let us consider the following example: suppose one aims to persuade that “Julius Caesar was a criminal.” To support that claim various arguments may be formulated, such as:
a) Joseph Stalin murdered his political opponents who openly opposed him, thus he was a criminal. Julius Caesar did the same. Therefore, if Stalin was a criminal, then Caesar was also a criminal.
b) Most historians studying the history of the Roman Empire consider Julius Caesar to be a criminal, so he was one.
c) The majority of people believe Julius Caesar was a criminal, so he was one.
d) Anyone who murders or orders the killing of others is a criminal—regardless of whether it’s in defense of the country or to maintain power. Julius Caesar issued orders resulting in thousands of deaths, so he was a criminal.
Argumentation theory distinguishes and extensively describes different types of arguments, each with its own definition, argumentation scheme, subtypes, and criteria for evaluation. We may, therefore, identify that: example (a) employs the argument from analogy, (b) is an argument from authority (ad auctoritate), and (c) is an argument from popular opinion (ad populum). What about (d)? Is there a theory for such arguments?
Argument in the example (d) establishes the meaning of “criminal” by extending it to those who lead troops into battle or kill in self-defense, and in this way, Caesar can also be included in the extension of a “criminal” (regardless of whether he committed genocide or simply won battles).
Although there are many concepts in argumentation theory and informal logic that explain various aspect of such arguments (e.g., persuasive definitions and persuasive quasi-definitions, attributions, classification arguments, etc.) there is no theory for such arguments—or rather—there was no until now. This book is aimed to provide a concept, classification, and assessment criteria for arguments which fix the meaning to support persuasion—namely, semantic arguments.
Semantic arguments manifest themselves as a common and very powerful means of persuasion in various areas of human activity, including political discourse, advertising, science, law, and philosophy. This can be illustrated through an analysis of some examples: e.g., the redefinition of “planet” proposed in 2008 to exclude Pluto from the scope of this concept, the redefinition of the term “wetland” put forward by G.W. Bush in 1988, modifications of the definition of “human being” in disputes about abortion, or the definition of “vehicle” in cases of accidents involving electric scooters. The book’s goal is to provide a model of semantic argument—differentiating arguments that fix meaning for persuasive purposes, providing definition and scheme, constructing a comprehensive classification, and developing assessment criteria. This broader aim also fills a gap in argumentation theory regarding our understanding of semantic arguments and their actual and potential applications.
A "good" arguer is like an architect with a penchant for civil and civic engineering. Such an arguer can design and present their reasons artfully about a variety of topics, as good architects do with a plenitude of structures and in various environments. Failures in this are rarely hidden for long, as poor constructions reveal themselves, often spectacularly, so collaboration among civical engineers can be seen as a virtue. Our logical virtues should be analogous. When our arguments fail due to being uncivil and demagogic, since we inhabit the arguments we build, we are all crushed beneath our flawed reasoning. This mixed metaphor takes us to a self-referential analysis of argumentation, analogy, and humor. I argue that good argumentation strives to collaboratively convince rather than belligerently persuade. A convincing means toward this end is through humorous analogical arguments, whether the matter at hand is ethical, logical, theological, phenomenological, epistemological, metaphysical, political, or about baseball.
This paper analyzes the concept of general causation and the concept of kamma. It argues that the concept of kamma does not fit with the concept of moral education for three reasons. First, general causation explains causal relations using substances and the idea of temporal connections as a basis. Second, reward and punishment in moral learning also work with the concept of general causation. However, the skillful and unskillful actions (kusala/akusala kamma) parallel reward and punishment in the natural flow of kammic events. Here, a temporal gap between kamma and vipāka (action and result) makes the relations unknowable, notably when correlated with punabbhava (rebecoming or rebirth). Third, Theravāda Buddhist metaphysics of paṭiccasamuppāda (dependent co-arising) holds that all existents flow in co-arising condition. Since reality is not seen as persons and substances, it makes the fruit of kamma seems arbitrary and unknowable.
El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en validar los puntajes de una escala de resiliencia para adultos mexicanos, y adaptarla al contexto de los jóvenes adolescentes del Educación Media Superior del CONALEP 1 y 2 en Ciudad Juárez, Chih., México. Para ello se realizó el Análisis Exploratorio de Factores y el Análisis del Alfa de Cronbach, con lo cual se pudo hacer la inferencia de los puntajes y sacar las propiedades psicométricas para poder medir los constructos de Resiliencia en cuestión: 1) Fortaleza y confianza en sí mismos, (2) Competencia social, (3) Apoyo familiar, (4) Apoyo social y (5) Estructura. Los resultados indican que las preguntas y el lenguaje de la encuesta son comprendidos adecuadamente por los estudiantes que respondieron la encuesta para mostrar ciertas propiedades psicométricas. En el Análisis Exploratorio de Factores, los puntajes de los ítems se correlacionan con el constructo que les corresponde, al igual que en el análisis del Alfa de Cronbach, los puntajes cumplen con los mínimos tradicionales de consistencia interna (≥ .70), estos se colocan entre .80 a .92 es decir, entre buenos y excelentes. La encuesta esta lista para ser utilizada en poblaciones con características y en contextos similares.
Our goal is to analyze the distinction between factual statements and opinions from a philosophical—specifically an epistemological—perspective. Section 1 reviews the most common criteria for drawing the distinction, which while inadequate, as explained in Section 2, still plays an important cultural and political role. In Section 3, we argue that the difference between factual statements and opinions does not involve a single criterion. Instead, the conceptual structure of the terms ‘fact’ and ‘opinion’ is analogous to that of natural kinds—terms with multiple dimensions. We expect that improved theory will lead to improvements in pedagogy, decision-making, and public discourse. But these consequences are not our chief focus.
The polarised political environment in Zimbabwe is often hostile for meaningful gender balance due to mistaken thinking about female politicians. These mistaken assumptions tend to disadvantage aspiring female politicians in political (de)campaigns. In this chapter, I will examine three mistaken views used in political (de)campaigns that tend to disadvantage female candidates. Firstly, the failure to logically convince the electorate results in the use of force that manifests in political violence, and this discourages women to take up posts for political representation especially in opposition politics. A better scenario that may favour the participation of more women is reasoned political debates without resorting to any form of violence. Secondly, the polarised political environment in Zimbabwe has created a false dichotomy that results in participants being categorised as belonging to either the ruling party or opposition politics. This reduces democratic space in terms of freedom of political association and freedom of political expression. This dichotomised thinking tends to disadvantage female participants both as representatives and as voters resulting in gender imbalances in political representation. Lastly, there is a tendency to use hasty moral judgements against female politicians in Zimbabwe. Such hasty moral judgements are not based on facts, but they are often a result of mistaken assumptions about women because they are a result of prejudice and political intolerance rather than rational thinking. The effect of such mistaken assumptions is that a few women find the courage to stand insults in the attempt to be candidates for political representation thereby causing gender imbalances right from grassroots levels. The study recommends critical thinking to be part of citizenship education for informed political participation and to create an enabling environment for female candidates and voters.KeywordsCritical thinkingElectoral politicsGender imbalancesStereotypesViolence
Broadening CIA occupation descriptions to include expertise in formal logic would encourage analytic philosophers to apply. The article details the unique contributions analytic philosophers would make to the Agency’s core mission, keeping our country safe
A controlled diffuser is designed as a new approach for Grover’s algorithms to search for solutions for arbitrary Boolean oracles, since the conventional diffuser is not capable of searching for solutions for arbitrary Boolean and Phase oracles. This controlled diffuser relies on the states of functional (output) qubit as the reflection of Boolean decisions from a Boolean oracle, without relying on the phase kickback. This article discusses the problems that are designed as Boolean and Phase oracles using the structures of POS, SOP, ESOP, digital logic circuits, and CSP-SAT. Our work concludes that the conventional diffuser only finds the solutions for these problems when their collector gates are in the form of a Boolean AND gate (Toffoli) for Boolean oracles or a multiple-controlled Z gate for Phase oracles, while the controlled diffuser successfully finds the solutions for all Boolean oracles regardless of different Boolean gates of their collector gates, in Grover iterations of O times. In this article, we proposed new terms of Collector Gate, Calibration Test, and calculated Quantum Cost for this controlled diffuser.
This paper is a report on the results of the intervention program designed for improving the higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) of Israeli Arab student teachers. The intervention program represents a series of webinars on the foundations of the Aristotelian logic, propositional logic, and some of the contemporary models of informal argumentation. Zoom application was used for the implementation of the webinars. This research project was designed as a pre-/post-test quantitative study with a qualitative component. A mixed-item questionnaire with two open-ended items was used to measure participants’ understanding of logical reasoning and argumentation. The results of the pilot showed good internal reliability of the scale (α<0.81). Tests of argumentation were performed to examine participants’ actual argumentation skills. The pre-intervention results indicated that many of the participants from both control and intervention groups had a vague understanding of logical reasoning and argumentation and weak argumentation competence. The post-intervention data suggested positive changes in the intervention group participants’ understanding of logical thinking and argumentation and an improvement in their actual argumentation skills. This study was planned as the first one in a series of studies aimed at using informal and formal logic to foster students’ HOTS.
This work examined the relevance of philosophy to commercial viability concerns that play out in the academe. Logic is the tool of philosophy and philosophy is a humanities discipline. The humanities disciplines have come under a great deal of pressure and are wrongly regarded as pursuits that are incapable of addressing real life problems. In Nigeria for instance, with academic institutions being increasingly underfunded and a growing insistence on the commercial viability of research, it is clear that any research that cannot be converted into short term market-based applications are not regarded as useful. The humanities disciplines, of which philosophy is a part, appear to be at the receiving end of the growing skepticism about the value of university education. The path this work followed was to first elucidate the metaphor of the marketplace. Secondly the work looked into the nature of logic and acknowledged the service role it plays in philosophy. The final point which is the conclusion and recommendation of this paper was to state ways that logic and philosophy generally can equip the learner with useful skills that are still relevant, even if our educational concerns get narrowed down to market instrumentality. The skills this research focused on were those that can translate into cognitive, emotional and imaginative intelligence for the learner.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.