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Klimawandel und Gesundheit – Herausforderungen an Public Health
Abstract
Das von der WHO für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 zum Leitthema erklärte Verhältnis von Klimawandel und Gesundheit hat unzweifelhaft mit dieser Fokussierung eine gleichermaßen wissenschaftliche wie auch gesellschafts- und gesundheitspolitische Aufwertung erfahren.
McMichael et al. haben für die WHO 2003 einmal an Hand teilweise schon gesicherter Erkenntnisse zusammengestellt, welche Auswirkungen der Klimawandel auf die menschliche Gesundheit haben wird:…
Soziale und psychische Folgen des Klimawandels sowie ihre Wahrnehmung und Bewertung durch den Menschen – Während es eine Vielzahl vor allem biologischer und meteorologischer Analysen zum Einfluss des Klimawandels auf die menschliche Gesundheit gibt, ist vergleichsweise wenig darüber bekannt, welche psychischen und sozialen Risiken dieser Prozess mit sich bringt und welche Wahrnehmung der damit vermuteten Risiken psychischer und sozialer Art sichtbar wird. Internationale Forschungsergebnisse belegen gleichermaßen eine hohe private wie öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit für dieses Thema. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Wahrnehmung durch den Klimawandel möglicherweise bedingter psychischer und sozialer Risiken, indem er zunächst die einschlägige Forschungslage skizziert, um daraus theoretische und praktische Konsequenzen für eine Public Health-orientierte Forschung und Praxis abzuleiten. Social and psychic consequences of climate change and their perception and appraisal -Whereas a lot of biological and meteorological analysis on the impact of climate change on human health has been published, less is known about the social and psychic consequences of these changes and the way people perceive the associated risks. International research results indicate a high awareness of the risk potential of climate change either for individuals and the public. This article deals with the perception of social and psychic risks of climate change by describing research results in this field and proposing some theoretical and practical consequences to be regarded in future research and public health policy.
Soziale und psychische Folgen des Klimawandels sowie ihre Wahrnehmung und Bewertung durch den Menschen – Während es eine Vielzahl vor allem biologischer und meteorologischer Analysen zum Ein-fluss des Klimawandels auf die menschliche Gesundheit gibt, ist vergleichsweise wenig darüber bekannt, welche psychischen und sozialen Risiken dieser Prozess mit sich bringt und welche Wahrnehmung der da-mit vermuteten Risiken psychischer und sozialer Art sichtbar wird. Internationale Forschungsergebnisse belegen gleichermaßen eine hohe private wie öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit für dieses Thema. Dieser Bei-trag beschäftigt sich mit der Wahrnehmung durch den Klimawandel möglicherweise bedingter psychischer und sozialer Risiken, indem er zunächst die einschlägige Forschungslage skizziert, um daraus theore-tische und praktische Konsequenzen für eine Public Health-orientierte Forschung und Praxis abzuleiten. Social and psychic consequences of climate change and their perception and appraisal -Whereas a lot of biological and meteorological analysis on the impact of climate change on human health has been published, less is known about the social and psychic consequences of these changes and the way people perceive the associated risks. International research results indicate a high awareness of the risk poten-tial of climate change either for individuals and the public. This article deals with the perception of so-cial and psychic risks of climate change by describing research results in this field and proposing some theoretical and practical consequences to be regarded in future research and public health policy. 3.14 SozialeKlimawandels
Subjective judgments, whether by experts or lay people, are a major component in any risk assessment. If such judgments are faulty, efforts at public and environmental protection are likely to be misdirected. The present paper begins with an analysis of biases exhibited by lay people and experts when they make judgments about risk. Next, the similarities and differences between lay and expert evaluations are examined in the context of a specific set of activities and technologies. Finally, some special issues are discussed, including the difficulty of reconciling divergent opinions about risk, the possible irrelevance of voluntariness as a determinant of acceptable risk, the importance of catastrophic potential in determing perceptions and triggering social conflict, and the need to facilitate public participation in the management of hazards.
We observed the daily trend in mortality rates during the 2003 heat wave in 13 of France's largest cities. Mortality data were collected from July 25 to September 15 each year from 1999 through 2003. The conjunction of a maximum temperature of 35 degrees C and a minimum temperature of 20 degrees C was exceptional in 7 cities. An excess mortality rate was observed in the 13 towns, with disparities from +4% (Lille) to +142% (Paris).
There is scientific consensus that the global climate is changing, with rising surface temperatures, melting ice and snow, rising sea levels, and increasing climate variability. These changes are expected to have substantial impacts on human health. There are known, effective public health responses for many of these impacts, but the scope, timeline, and complexity of climate change are unprecedented. We propose a public health approach to climate change, based on the essential public health services, that extends to both clinical and population health services and emphasizes the coordination of government agencies (federal, state, and local), academia, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations.
The objective of this paper is to outline a conceptual model of vulnerability to climate change as the first step in appraising and understanding the social and economic processes which facilitate and constrain adaptation. Vulnerability as defined here pertains to individuals and social groups. It is the state of individuals, of groups, of communities defined in terms of their ability to cope with and adapt to any external stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being. This proposed approach puts the social and economic well-being of society at the centre of the analysis, thereby reversing the central focus of approaches to climate impact assessment based on impacts on and the adaptability of natural resources or ecosystems and which only subsequently address consequences for human well-being. The vulnerability or security of any group is determined by the availability of resources and, crucially, by the entitlement of individuals and groups to call on these resources. This perspective extends the concept of entitlements developed within neo-classical and institutional economics. Within this conceptual framework, vulnerability can be seen as a socially-constructed phenomenon influenced by institutional and economic dynamics. The study develops proxy indicators of vulnerability related to the structure of economic relations and the entitlements which govern them, and shows how these can be applied to a District in coastal lowland Vietnam. This paper outlines the lessons of such an approach to social vulnerability for the assessment of climate change at the global scale. We argue that the socio-economic and biophysical processes that determine vulnerability are manifest at the local, national, regional and global level but that the state of vulnerability itself is associated with a specific population. Aggregation from one level to another is therefore not appropriate and global-scale analysis is meaningful only in so far as it deals with the vulnerability of the global community itself.
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