No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
The impact of domestic water on household enterprises: Evidence from Vietnam
Abstract
A number of rural household-based productive activities, such as kitchen gardens, livestock rearing and micro enterprises, are dependent on adequate supplies of domestic water to operate. This paper examines whether improved access to piped water can facilitate these types of activities, particularly for poor households. Using data from rural Vietnam, we find that most household enterprises use non-metered water and have very small profit margins. Thus, the evidence suggests that these enterprises may be better supported by a household-level water supply infrastructure, such as well pumps and rainwater catchment tanks, rather than by piped systems in rural areas. We also found an unanticipated link between operating small-scale food production businesses and raising livestock: for many households, waste products from food-based micro enterprises were used for rearing pigs, and thus enabled business owners to expand their pork production, a significant source of income and prosperity in rural Vietnam.
... Some studies have shown that households with access to water for productive uses are able to diversify homestead production with small-scale cultivation, kitchen gardens, animal-raising or other small-scale commercial services, or manufacturing activities (van Koppen et al., 2009). For example, in rural Vietnam, Noel et al. (2010) found that a domestic water supply system was used for many types of household-based enterprises such as vegetable cultivation, pig-raising, drink stands, small eateries, tea shops, hairdressing shops, and motorbike washing. While productive use activities are generally not the primary source of a family's income or food, they do play an important role in people's livelihoods (Smits et al., 2010;Noel et al., 2010). ...
... For example, in rural Vietnam, Noel et al. (2010) found that a domestic water supply system was used for many types of household-based enterprises such as vegetable cultivation, pig-raising, drink stands, small eateries, tea shops, hairdressing shops, and motorbike washing. While productive use activities are generally not the primary source of a family's income or food, they do play an important role in people's livelihoods (Smits et al., 2010;Noel et al., 2010). According to Renwick et al. (2007), 60-70% of the rural poor are estimated to raise livestock, have access to small cultivable plots (often around their homesteads), and engage in water-dependent small enterprises. ...
... Domestic plus water systems have been found to be 'women friendly', 'empowering', and 'gender equitable' (van Koppen et al., 2009;Aladuwaka and Momsen, 2010). Findings from several case studies show that domestic plus systems allow women to diversify their activities and generate alternative income streams (Noel et al., 2010). In Sri Lanka, a large domestic plus water system enabled women to start vegetable cultivation, brick-making, fruit picking and processing, and mushroom and poultry production (Aladuwaka and Momsen, 2010 earned incomes through gardening and other productive activities based around collector wells (Waughray et al., 1998). ...
Enhancing livelihoods and promoting gender equity are primary goals of rural development programmes in Africa. This article explores the role of productive water use in relation to these goals based on 1860 household surveys and 15 women’s focus groups conducted in four regions of Senegal with small-scale piped water systems. The piped systems can be considered 'domestic plus' systems because they were designed primarily for domestic use, and also to accommodate small-scale productive uses including livestock-raising and community-gardening. This research focuses on the significance of productive water use in the livelihood diversification strategies of rural women. In Senegal, we find that access to water for productive purposes is a critical asset for expanding and diversifying rural livelihoods. The time savings associated with small piped systems and the increased water available allowed women to enhance existing activities and initiate new enterprises. Women’s livelihoods were found to depend on productive use activities, namely livestock-raising and gardening, and it is estimated that one half of women’s incomes is linked to productive water use. While these findings are largely positive, we find that water service and affordability constraints limit the potential benefits of productive water use for women and the poorest groups. Implications for targeting women and the poorest groups within the domestic plus approach are discussed.
... Hence, Noel et al., (2010) concludes that inadequate quantity and quality of water devoted for household hygienic purposes, are likely to make the health of rural dwellers more disadvantaged and deteriorated compared with urban households. ...
... This confirmed White and Bradley (1972) observation that water quantity (accessibility and availability)appears to be highly valued and much more of a concern compared with water quality (safety and portability)among peripheral households. Moreover, this study validates Noel et al.,(2010) argument that the quantity, quality and management deficiencies of rural water are likely to make the health of rural dwellers more disadvantage, deteriorated and more margenalised. The finding further showed that 45 (10%) perceived rural water management as totally unacceptable, 27 (6%) slightly acceptable, 20 (4%) acceptable, 18 (4%) perfectly acceptable and 20 (4%) of the respondents were neutral/unaligned in terms of the management of drinking water at the rural household level. ...
The standard of living of communities which go beyond their basic human needs can be sustainable only if their demands for quality water and consumption standards have regard for socio-demographic variabilities and ecological sustainability. This rural ecological study utilised cross-sectional survey design to evaluate the effects of socio-demographic elements on access to adequate and quality water, with particular focus on historically disadvantaged villages/settlements and water end-users (households) from rural Savannah area of Ghana. A sample size of 450, composed of 392 household heads and 58 staff from water related institutions were randomly selected through the proportionate, systematic and simple random sampling techniques. Structured questionnaires and interviews were modes for data collecting while correlation and descriptive statistics were deployed in analysing the data. Gender and age variations existed with male headed households relatively higher than females. Women were responsible for domestic water collection, yet they lacked voice in decision making on water and sanitation. Dependency on surface water prevailed and consumption patterns peaked significantly in dry seasons. This was remarkably noticeable among the economically active and International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, United Kingdom Licensed under Creative Common Page 357 youthful population. Education levels, income, composition of HHs, distance of walk in daily haulage of water, primary sources of water utilised, water demand, treatment carried out on drinking sources and strategies for solid waste disposal were significantly associated with and generally determined the quality and quantity of water available and accessible by the people. There is the urgent need to ensure balance between rural water supply, population growth, water consumption patterns and provision of sanitary facilities in order to maintain a robust rural economy and ecological equilibrium. Water and sanitation policy initiatives should have regards for the "rurality" of the people and socio-demographic variabilities. Ecological conservation measures should be founded on multi-stakeholder and community management approaches.
... A narrow focus on health has encouraged international agencies to believe that the goal of access has been achieved. But in low-income urban areas and many rural areas, this water access does not provide what is needed to enable paths out of poverty (Noel et al, 2010). Easy access to domestic water is key to releasing the creative energy of women and children, enabling small businesses run out of the household, and providing for the domestic work that is necessary for the dignity and social networking of household members (Koolwal & van de Walle, 2013). ...
... None of these factors are included in the JMP indices. In other words, the success of the JMP focus on access to drinking water has overshadowed, or crowded out, other important measures of access to domestic water and the key role of domestic water in poverty reduction (Crow, Swallow, & Asamba, 2012;Noel et al, 2010). ...
In recent years, ‘equity’ has become a goal of water governance. Yet, the indices and policy guidelines for household water, published by the WHO and UNICEF and adopted globally, focus on either ‘drinking water’ or a limited interpretation of the ‘human right to water’. We examine ideas of equity in household water and argue that the dominant focus on improving the potability of water has muted attention to the wider consideration of domestic water and its impact on livelihoods and poverty. A focus on the many capabilities enabled by domestic water illuminates some of these issues.
... Many household-based productive activities viz. kitchen gardening, livestock raising, and micro enterprises are dependent on adequate supplies of domestic water [17]. While links between various activities further enhance farming income e.g. ...
Rainfall variability often results in low crop and fruit productivity in rain-fed hilly areas. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting (RTWH) Technology can play a promising role in achieving agricultural production potential in these areas. Its adoption makes the supply of water sustainable for vegetables, fruit, and crop farming as well as domestic use. According to key informants, RTWH is being adopted in the study area on technical lines since the early 1990s. However, the availability of literature about economic aspects of the technology in the context of Pakistan is quite limited. This study is an effort to document the economic aspects of the technology including cost structure, potential benefits, net returns, and returns on investment. Thus, the study is based on a purposively selected sample of thirty
farmers from Kotli Sattian and Murree tehsils of Rawalpindi district having operational RTWH systems installed at farms. The data have been analyzed for descriptive statistics and financial evaluation. Moreover, technical discussions with key informants and a detailed review of literature have also been made to substantiate the findings of the study. In the study area, farming families have diversified income sources with a considerably low share of agriculture in family income (19.5%). The mean command area of the RTWH systems at sample farms was 0.33 acres, which is allocated to different vegetables, and mainly to guava & citrus orchards. Benefit-cost ratios of vegetables and fruit farming through RTWH is 1.16, with returns on investment of 15%, and a rate of return to labour of 0.95 in the first year of installation. Thus, technology is economically viable in the study area. Moreover, the financial gains of RTWH can be improved by enhancing storage capacity and increasing the command area.
... Specific suggestions include reducing tax and improving loan access (Hoa and Khoi, 2017), decentralizing policy-making to better support SMEs (Cox and Le, 2014;Le et al., 2016;Paswan and Tran, 2012;Tran and Santarelli, 2017), and increasing trust in the government at the community level (Dut, 2015;Nguyen and Wongsurawat, 2012;Phuong, 2014). Legal and institutional matters 39 (Carbonara et al., 2016;Dang, 2011;Hoa and Khoi, 2017;Nguyen and Le, 2019;Nguyen and Mort, 2016;Nguyen and Nguyen, 2011;Nguyen, 2014;Thu Hien, 2018;Tran et al., 2016;Vu and Le, 2016) 10 Internationalization 17 Nguyen et al., 2013;Thai et al., 2012;Vu and Lim, 2013; 11 Education and Training 10 (Ngo et al., 2018;Raven and Le, 2015;Suzuki et al., 2014;Vuong, La, Vuong, Nguyen, et al., 2018b;Vuong and Napier, 2015) 12 Poverty alleviation and job creation 21 (Cox and Le, 2014;Noel et al., 2010;Nguyen, Verreynne and Steen, 2014b;Paswan and Tran, 2012) 13 ...
This study reviews the research landscape of entrepreneurship studies done by Viet-namese researchers from 2008 to 2018. A sample size of 111 articles from 108 academic outlets (journals, conferences proceedings, and book chapters) indexed in Web-of-Science and Scopus were extracted on the SSHPA database, then read and systematically classified into 15 topics. A systematic review reveals (i) a high frequency of research on various aspects of management, (ii) a lackluster focus on innovation and creativity in entrepreneurial activities, (iii) and worrisome cultural influences on the level of creativity. Overall, there was evidence of a detachment between the academic community and the entrepreneurial community. The research landscape shows there have not been enough studies done on the following aspects of entrepreneurship: technology application, poverty reduction, network development , internationalization, inter-generational transfer, and sex/gender.
... Ngo et al., 2018;Raven and Le, 2015;Suzuki et al., 2014;Vuong et al., 2018b;Vuong and Napier, 2015) 12Poverty Reduction, Job Creation 21(Cox and Le, 2014;Nguyen et al., 2014b;Noel et al., 2010; Paswan and Tran, 2012) 13 Network Development 17(De Jong et al., 2012;Nguyen, 2014; Vu et al., 2013a) 14 ...
Entrepreneurship has contributed to the rise and stability of Vietnamese economy through innovation, job creation, and nurturing entrepreneurial spirit. Using a structured database of Vietnamese researchers’ scientific publications, the study was able to identify 111 research on entrepreneurship from 2008 to 2018. Then, a homemade software was designed to analyze the data, and produce descriptive tables, charts, and network maps. The results show limited scope and quantity over the past ten years. Moreover, research topics were scattered with most interests focused on management, finance, and legal issues. Technology, gender, and internationalization are attracting public attention but remain underresearched. In the future, entrepreneurial venture and startups in Vietnam will benefit from the growing number of scientific publications.
... Past studies have shown the benefits of MUS in terms of enhancing water-based income generation (Crow, Swallow, & Asamba, 2011;Noel, Hoang, Soussan, & Lovett, 2010), especially in the presence of enabling factors, such as markets and electricity (Davis, Hope, & Marks, 2011). In rural Senegal, productive uses of water were linked to livelihood diversification among women (van Houweling, Hall, Diop, & Davis, 2012) and improved technical operation of water systems (Hall, Vance, & van Houweling, 2014). ...
Multiple-use water services (MUS) is an integrated service delivery approach that takes into account households' full range of water needs. Past studies have shown the benefits of MUS in terms of enhancing income and livelihoods diversification. However, little is known about whether MUS is associated with improved health, nutrition, or water service quality. We used a matched control design dietary diversity among rural households receiving MUS through two large-scale water supply programs in Burkina Faso and Tanzania. Data was collected from 2,704 households representing five MUS typologies and a control group. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and water quality testing were also conducted. Comparisons across different MUS household typologies and the control group reveal a consistent positive trend regarding the benefits of MUS one to four years after project implementation. Households receiving MUS have experienced fewer injuries, enhanced food security, and use more reliable and safe water sources. These results contribute to a growing global evidence base regarding the variety of benefits associated with higher levels of water services in rural communities.
... Moreover, the expected return on education is lower for girls than for boys (e.g. Kaabwe 2000), and girls' work in the home is seen as more valuable because it substitutes for women's work more easily than boy's work substitutes for men's work (Victor & Ombati 2012, p. 126 (Noel et al. 2010), and augments income (e.g. Crow et al. 2012). ...
... In the irrigation subsector, calculations were made of the value of domestic water uses, fisheries, livestock watering, and horticulture (see Yoder, 1983;Meinzen-Dick, 1997;Bakker et al., 1999;Renwick, 2001;van der Hoek et al., 2002;Nguyen-Khoa et al., 2005, Molle andRenwick, 2005;Boelee et al., 2007;FAO, 2010). Similarly, productive uses of domestic schemes started and continue to be evaluated (Moriarty et al., 2004;Pérez de Mendiguren Castresana, 2004;Naidoo et al., 2009;Noel et al., 2010;van Houweling et al., 2012). ...
... In the irrigation subsector, calculations were made of the value of domestic water uses, fisheries, livestock watering, and horticulture (see Yoder, 1983;Meinzen-Dick, 1997;Bakker et al., 1999;Renwick, 2001;van der Hoek et al., 2002;Nguyen-Khoa et al., 2005, Molle andRenwick, 2005;Boelee et al., 2007;FAO, 2010). Similarly, productive uses of domestic schemes started and continue to be evaluated (Moriarty et al., 2004;Pérez de Mendiguren Castresana, 2004;Naidoo et al., 2009;Noel et al., 2010;van Houweling et al., 2012). ...
This book explores the links between global reform in public services towards accountability through local and community-driven development (LCDD) and trends towards more accountability in water services in rural and periurban areas in developing countries. The book’s proposition is that the new approach of multiple use water services (MUS) is the pivot between the two. MUS is a public services approach that takes poor people’s multiple water needs as the starting point for planning and providing water services. Since its emergence in the early 2000s, MUS has been tried out in 22 countries. Pilot projects and scaling up have taken place especially in a) the WASH subsector (as ‘domestic-plus’), b) the irrigation sub-sector (as ‘irrigation-plus’), c) the water sector without a pre-defined priority use (as ‘MUS-by-design’), and d) implicitly in the new generation of multi-sectoral local and community driven development (LCDD) programmes wherever communities prioritize improvements in water development and management (as ‘implicit MUS’).
Scaling up Multiple Use Water Services uses the accountability triangle between citizens, policymakers and service providers and related concepts derived from global public services reform to analyse past pilot projects and scaling up of these four MUS modalities, and to recommend future steps. Evidence is mainly derived from MUS Scoping Studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Nepal, and Tanzania; an MUS Roundtable supported by The Rockefeller Foundation, and from insights generated by over 200 case studies collected in the repository of the MUS Group. On this basis, the book develops three messages, one about the ‘why’ and two about the ‘how’ of scaling up MUS.
... This practice has been observed in all kinds of rural water systems, but particularly in piped supplies with household connections and relatively large water quantities (e.g. Van Koppen et al., 2009;Smits et al., 2010aSmits et al., , 2010bNoel et al., 2010;Van Houweling et al., 2012). If users cannot get such services communally, they may either opt out entirely or augment these through self-supply approaches (see, for example, Butterworth et al., ...
Behind headline successes in providing first-time access to water lie a number of pressing challenges to the dominant approach to rural water supply in developing countries, namely community management following a demand-responsive approach. These challenges manifest themselves in poor performance of service providers, high rates of hardware failure, and very low levels of service.
The papers in this special issue argue that tackling these challenges requires a shift in emphasis in rural water supply in developing countries: away from a de-facto focus on the provision of hardware for first-time access towards the proper use of installed hardware as the basis for universal access to rural water services. The outline of the main actions required to achieve this shift are becoming clearer. Chief amongst these are the professionalisation of community management and/or provision of direct support to community service providers; adoption of a wider range of service delivery models than community management alone; and addressing the sustainable financing of all costs with a particular focus on financing capital maintenance (asset management) and direct support costs. This introductory paper provides an overview of these issues and a guide to the other articles, which demonstrate these points.
... The participatory (ground-up) nature of MUS means that the services respond to the full range of water needs, including productive activities such as agriculture, gardening, horticulture, livestock-raising, car-washing, arts, ice-making, brick-making, pottery, butchery, and other small-scale commercial activities (van Koppen et al. 2009;Smits et al. 2010). Water-dependent activities provide critical income streams, especially for the rural poor who often lack opportunities for wage and salary work (Smits et al. 2010;Noel et al. 2010). The concept of MUS holds much potential, since between 60 and 70 % of the rural poor are estimated to raise livestock, have access to small cultivable plots, and engage in water-dependent small enterprises (Renwick et al. 2007). ...
The United Nations (UN) Universal Declaration of Human Rights engenders important state commitments to respect, fulfill, and protect a broad range of socio-economic rights. In 2010, a milestone was reached when the UN General Assembly recognized the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. However, water plays an important role in realizing other human rights such as the right to food and livelihoods, and in realizing the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. These broader water-related rights have been recognized but have not yet been operationalized. This paper unravels these broader water-related rights in a more holistic interpretation of existing international human rights law. By focusing on an emerging approach to water services provision-known as 'domestic-plus' services-the paper argues how this approach operationalizes a comprehensive range of socio-economic rights in rural and peri-urban areas. Domestic-plus services provide water for domestic and productive uses around homesteads, which challenges the widespread practice in the public sector of planning and designing water infrastructure for a single-use. Evidence is presented to show that people in rural communities are already using their water supplies planned for domestic uses to support a wide range of productive activities. Domestic-plus services recognize and plan for these multiple-uses, while respecting the priority for clean and safe drinking water. The paper concludes that domestic-plus services operationalize the obligation to progressively fulfill a comprehensive range of indivisible socio-economic rights in rural and peri-urban areas.
Many technologies that can improve the livelihoods of small-scale livestock farmers are not adopted due to the financial resource constraints of farmers. Such limitations are further exacerbated by market inefficiencies in the value chain that limit pig producers' and aggregators' investments and the use of new technologies. The pig market arrangement framework is a promising framework that improves pig value chains through formalized and sustainable transactions in pig markets.
To improve the pig value chain in Uganda, international organizations, including International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)/Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), have provided significant support for pig market arrangement framework efforts. This book complements the ongoing CGIAR Research Program on Livestock (Livestock CRP) efforts in Uganda. It utilizes a state-of-the-art Scaling Readiness approach to scientifically assess the current pig market arrangement framework and provide recommendations for further improvements. The information presented in the document is synthesized from the evidence on the pig market arrangement framework components in Uganda and the rest of the world. The evidence collection is partially guided by selected experts who have significant knowledge and experience designing and implementing pig market arrangement frameworks’ components.
The book consists of three parts that address the needs of different users. The first part, ‘Scaling Readiness assessment’, provides a detailed description and the diagnosis of the pig market arrangement framework using an innovation and science perspective. It also presents the Scaling Readiness graph of the pig market arrangement framework and the innovation package that aims to improve the pig market arrangement framework at scale in Uganda. The second part, ‘Scaling Readiness evidence review’, explains this study's findings by discussing the evidence sources and gives an extensive list of the resources analyzed and used in writing this study. It also provides further insights in using the Scaling Readiness in assessing the impact potential of innovations at scale. The third part, ‘scaling guidelines’, presents the synthesis of the findings and provides actionable recommendations to designers, sponsors, and managers of the pig market arrangement framework projects, programs, policies, and professionals of specific innovations and elements in Uganda's pig market arrangement framework.
This study explores entrepreneurship research in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income country in Southeast Asia that has witnessed rapid economic growth since the 1990s but has nonetheless been absent in the relevant Western-centric literature. Using an exclusively developed software, the study presents a structured dataset on entrepreneurship research in Vietnam from 2008 to 2018, highlighting: low research output, low creativity level, inattention to entrepreneurship theories, and instead, a focus on practical business matters. The scholarship remains limited due to the detachment between the academic and entrepreneur communities. More important are the findings that Vietnamese research on entrepreneurship, still in its infancy, diverges significantly from those in developed and emerging economies in terms of their content and methods. These studies are contextualized to a large extent to reflect the concerns of a developing economy still burdened by the high financial and nonfinancial costs.
Water flows through all aspects of our lives, sustaining ecosystems, meeting household needs, and critically, creating opportunities for a range of productive activities. As pressures on the environment increase, understanding the role of water in supporting livelihoods is essential for ensuring the sustained wellbeing of human populations and ecosystems. This chapter examines a variety of pathways through which water of varying qualities and quantities enables livelihoods and incomes. Examples describing the role of water in securing jobs across a range of sectors are explored, including manufacturing industries, energy and agriculture. In particular, this chapter provides insight on the role of wastewater, an increasingly important resource, in providing jobs in growing cities worldwide. Barriers to securing water resources that impede economic opportunities and development, as well as emerging opportunities to reduce these obstacles are presented.
Content analysis of 2 complete years of articles published in the journal Water Policy show that a wide spread of issues dominate the policy analysis discourse, with citations of the articles being spread across the thematic issues published. Few articles in the journal were particularly technical in nature but rather the journal has tended to publish articles which are more directly linked to water policy. Articles related broadly to institutional and regulatory reform were numerically the most significant in terms of the published content of the journal. Examination of the short-term citation rate of articles published did not show a significant bias towards any thematic issue covered by the journal, suggesting broad interest in the wide range of topics relating to water policy issues.
Kitchen Gardening Project is the revolutionary step to increase vegetables production as well as provision of cheap vegetables to the consumers. The main focus of the study was to assess the impact of kitchen gardening training given by Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI) under watershed project in Arokas and Ghoragali. Capacity building of rural women in Kitchen Gardening was the focus and twenty trainees of kitchen gardening were selected randomly from each location to assess the impact of their livelihood. The study finding reveals that Kitchen gardening had increase environmental beauty and income of the growers to some extent in the targeted area. It was recommended that longer-term interventions required to support livelihoods with links to the market and to make strategies with communities to improve access to products and services.
Shallow basement aquifers are present throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa, but due to their variability and complexity the groundwater they contain often remains underdeveloped. As a consequence, productivity in many rural areas underlain by these aquifers continues to be low. A research program in southeast Zimbabwe was designed to increase access to this groundwater for domestic and productive use. The results suggest that by providing water for the household and for small-scale community vegetable gardens, a stream of financial and economic benefits can rapidly be generated for project participants. This benefit stream, though relatively small, is reliable and accrues particularly to women in the household. Critically, the financial benefits are being re-invested to promote diversification into other income-generating activities. These findings may have implications for the future development of water resources from basement geologies throughout sub-Saharan Africa.
Despite the proliferation of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), most have difficulty surviving, let alone expanding their operations. Using empirical evidence from two Ugandan towns we explore the impact of investments in water supply infrastructure on MSEs. Our findings suggest that, despite perceptions among firm owners that water supply is a binding constraint, economic benefits to MSEs of supply improvements may be limited. Current water infrastructure planning strategies may be based on erroneous assumptions about the relative demand for improved water supply by firms and households, as well as the feasibility of cross-subsidies between groups of users.