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Effect of Humor on Interpersonal Attraction and Mate Selection
The Journal of Psychology
Abstract
The authors examined whether different levels of sense of humor would influence respondents' ratings about a potentially desirable partner. The authors used vignettes to predict that the targets who possessed a good sense of humor would receive significantly higher ratings in measures of attractiveness and suitability as a long-term partner than would those who possessed an average or no sense of humor. In an experimental design--with gender and humor as independent variables and level of attractiveness and suitability as a long-term partner as dependent variables--the authors analyzed the data using a multivariate analysis of variance. Results show that the targets with a good sense of humor received significantly higher ratings of attractiveness and suitability than did those with an average or no sense of humor. Furthermore, male participants rated female targets as significantly more attractive than female participants rated male targets. The authors found no significant interaction between gender and humor.
... The vast majority of research on partner perception has been focused on constructs for which there is some relative consensus or a set of criterion behaviors (e.g., people generally agree on what makes someone physically attractive, extroverted; Eisenthal et al., 2006). Relatively less work has been conducted on constructs such as humor, which are seen as desirable in partners, important for relationship initiation and maintenance, but very subjective (Barelds & Barelds-Dijkstra, 2010;Lundy et al., 1998;McGee & Shevlin, 2009;Ziv & Gadish, 1989). Are people accurate or biased in how they perceive their partners' humor styles? ...
... But what about constructs that are more subjective-like humor? Humor is often characterized as an extremely subjective experience (Ziv & Gadish, 1989), and yet, it plays an important role in relationship satisfaction (Barelds & Barelds-Dijkstra, 2010;Lundy et al., 1998;McGee & Shevlin, 2009;Ziv & Gadish, 1989). Based on the field's current understanding of partner perceptions, it is not yet known how accurate perceptions about partner humor may be and whether relationship satisfaction is associated with accuracy and bias in these perceptions. ...
... Individuals often cite humor as an important factor in both how they initially choose a partner and how relationships are happily maintained-people like funny partners and want to be in relationships with funny people (Lundy et al., 1998;McGee & Shevlin, 2009;Ziv & Gadish, 1989). However, the relationship between humor and a happy relationship is not always a straightforward one. ...
Do people accurately perceive their partner’s humor style? The current study extends work on partner perception by examining accuracy and bias in people’s perception of their partners’ humor styles—a subjective, evaluative, and important factor in relationship satisfaction. We recruited 337 heterosexual couples ( N = 674 individuals, M age = 65.71 years, SD = 12.107) who completed self-reports and partner-reports of humor styles. Truth and Bias modeling revealed that, although bias varied across humor styles, participants consistently demonstrated accuracy in their judgments of their partner’s humor styles. Bias forces were moderated by relationship satisfaction such that assumed similarity biases were stronger among those in particularly satisfying relationships.
... A good sense of humour creates a desirable social image for people (Warnars-Kleverlan et al., 1996). People with humorous characteristics are often regarded as charming and friendly (Mcgee and Shevlin, 2009), intelligent (Greengross et al., 2012;Greengross and Miller, 2011;Mcgee and Shevlin, 2009), skilful in social interactions (Warnars-Kleverlan et al., 1996) and warm in romantic relationships (Wilbur and Campbell, 2011). When consumers interact with others using MIM, they adopt emoticons to help them present emotional expressions. ...
... A good sense of humour creates a desirable social image for people (Warnars-Kleverlan et al., 1996). People with humorous characteristics are often regarded as charming and friendly (Mcgee and Shevlin, 2009), intelligent (Greengross et al., 2012;Greengross and Miller, 2011;Mcgee and Shevlin, 2009), skilful in social interactions (Warnars-Kleverlan et al., 1996) and warm in romantic relationships (Wilbur and Campbell, 2011). When consumers interact with others using MIM, they adopt emoticons to help them present emotional expressions. ...
Purpose
With the rapid surge of mobile marketing, an increasing number of brands have launched branded emoticons in an attempt to build brand relationships with consumers. Despite the apparent promise of branded emoticon usage, there is only limited academic research on branded emoticons. This paper aims to build on impression management theory and the conceptualization of cuteness to investigate how the effect of cuteness in branded emoticon design influences perceived playfulness in mobile instant messaging (MIM) interaction and the creation of brand engagement in self-concept.
Design/methodology/approach
Consumers with usage experience of branded emoticons in MIM apps were recruited to complete an online survey. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data.
Findings
Two facets of cuteness – kindchenschema cuteness and whimsical cuteness – can project a favourable social image to consumers that facilitates playfulness in social interaction and enhances brand engagement in self-concept, which leads to their willingness to purchase the brand and stickiness to the MIM apps.
Originality/value
The popularity of branded emoticons represents a new form of social interaction and an innovative way to build brand relationships. The present study is the first to examine the design aspects of branded emoticons and highlights that the cuteness of a branded emoticon may be a crucial factor in engaging consumers in MIM.
... Numerous studies attest to the positive outcomes of using humor. In a study of humor and mate selection, McGee and Shevlin (2008) found that message targets described as possessing a good sense of humor were rated as more attractive and more suitable as a mate than those described as being average or having no sense of humor. In an organizational setting, Rizzo et al. (1999) found that managers rated higher in Humor Orientation (HO; Booth-Butterfield & Booth-Butterfield, 1991) were perceived as more likable and more effective. ...
Humor is a valued social activity and, as such, should be influenced by social norms. This investigation examined the relationships between the functions of humor and the theory of normative social behavior. Descriptive norms are the foundation of TNSB. However, the theory argues that those norms are influenced by a set of moderators that can strengthen or attenuate proposed relationships. One hundred and sixty-three college students completed measures of TNSB variables (descriptive norms, injunctive norms, outcome expectation, group identification, and reward) as well as Ramsey and Meyer’s functions of humor scale (identification, clarification, enforcement, and differentiation). Though descriptive norms significantly correlated with all four humor functions, in regression analyses, no significant associations emerged. On the other hand, injunctive norms consistently predicted humor functions. In moderation analyses, the interaction between descriptive norms and reward was significant for all four functions of humor. The discussion highlights the role that normative mechanisms play in shaping the ways people use humor in their everyday lives.
... For example, humor in advertising can fail to advance brand attitude or sales (Eisend, 2009;Warren & McGraw, 2016), can cause the audience to refer to the presenter's incompetence (T. B. Bitterly et al., 2017), and a highly humorous person may be perceived as not serious (McGee & Shevlin, 2009). In addition, some researchers argued that humor is more suitable for social interactions than professional business interactions (Scott et al., 1990). ...
While previous work suggested that presenters may benefit from the use of humor, others argue that the use of humor can be risky. Therefore, there is a need to examine the potential moderators and mediators of this process. The study aims to experimentally explore the appropriate use of humor during a professional investment presentation. The sample included 400 participants. After being randomly assigned to 2 × 2 between-subjects conditions (man /woman presenter × with/without a humorous message), the participants watched a video of an investment presentation. Participants who were asked to invest virtual money in the firm after the video. Using a moderated mediation analysis, the results show that humor was related to higher investment amounts and that the presenters’ perceived organizational status mediated this indirect relationship. The novelty of the study lies in its experimental design, focusing on audience behavioral tendencies and its unexplored mixed-gender effect: women tended to invest less when a male presenter used humor, while men tended to invest more when a female presenter used humor. The perceived status of the presenter mediated these associations. Theoretically, the study expands the understanding of the Benign Violation Theory (BVT) regarding the need to address contextual factors while examining the appropriate use of humor. Moreover, to maximize the benefits of humor, one must consider the humor’s relevance to the audience and acknowledge that humor needs to be appropriately used. This is particularly important for people working in investment settings.
... Es llamativo cómo éstos últimos puntuaron más alto en la formación en humor y a pesar de ello, en el resto de la escala puntuaron significativamente más bajo que el resto. La relación entre el humor y el estado civil ha sido objeto de estudio de varias investigaciones donde se asoció el humor positivo a una mayor atracción [83], calidad de la relación [84,85] y estabilidad de la pareja [86,87]. Se hace necesario analizar qué estilos de humor, positivos o negativos, emplean los profesionales sanitarios de nuestro estudio para comprender los hallazgos que se derivan de él. ...
Introducción: El humor desempeña un papel fundamental como recurso de bienestar físico, mental, emocional y social para los pacientes como para los profesionales sanitarios. Objetivo: Analizar la actitud ante el humor en los profesionales sanitarios mediante la Escala Multidimensional del Humor en Profesionales Sanitarios (EMHUPS). Métodos: Estudio descriptivo realizado en un centro hospitalario. La escala EMHUPS consta de 35 ítems y 8 factores: humor con el paciente, el trabajo, los cuidados, el entorno privado, el entorno sanitario, el ocio, formación y demanda de formación en humor, con una varianza del 60,99% y una fiabilidad de 0,88. Se utilizaron los test de la Chi cuadrado, t de Student, ANOVA o sus variantes no paramétricas. Significación estadística p<0,05. Resultados: Participaron 250 profesionales; 87,6% mujeres, 56,4% enfermeras, con media de 40,61(11,40) años. La escala EMHUPS correlacionó negativamente con la edad. Se observaron diferencias en entre géneros, estado civil, servicio, turno, tipo de contrato y antigüedad laboral. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la categoría profesional. Conclusión: La actitud ante el humor de los profesionales sanitarios varía según el contexto sociocultural y laboral. Este análisis es clave para planificar e implementar medidas orientadas a la promoción del humor como estrategia de cuidado y autocuidado.
... Psychological research on humour appreciation suggests that humour enhances attractiveness by signalling intelligence, creativity, and social adeptness. The mechanisms of humour appreciation involve complex cognitive processes that interpret and appreciate humorous stimuli, leading to positive social interactions [73][74][75][76]. ...
Understanding the multifaceted nature of attractiveness (A), which encompasses physical beauty (PB), genuineness (GEN), self-confidence (SC), and prior experience (RE), is crucial for various domains, including psychology and clinical aesthetics. Previous studies have often isolated specific elements, failing to capture their intricate interplay. This study aims to develop a comprehensive equation for attractiveness using computational neuroaesthetics.
The study began with a pilot study involving 250 participants (50 experts and 200 laypersons) who prerated 500 facial images on a Likert scale for traits such as physical beauty, genuineness, self-confidence, and perceived prior experience. Following the pilot, the main study recruited 11,780 participants through diverse media channels to rate a new set of 1,000 facial images. Advanced computational techniques, including multiple linear regression and Bayesian hierarchical modelling, were employed to analyse the data and formulate an attractiveness equation.
The analysis identified genuineness as the most significant factor, followed by physical beauty, self-confidence, and prior experience. The proposed equation for attractiveness, refined through Bayesian modelling, is:
\begin{gathered} A = \beta_{0} + ( \beta_{{1}} \cdot {\text{PB}} + \beta_{{2}} \cdot {\text{GEN}} + \beta_{{3}} \cdot {\text{SC}} + \beta_{{4}} \cdot {\text{PE}} )+ \epsilon \hfill \\ A = {1}.{82} +( 0.{34} \cdot {\text{PB}} + 0.{44} \cdot {\text{GEN}} + 0.{26} \cdot {\text{SC}} + 0.{16} \cdot {\text{PE}} )+ \epsilon \hfill \\ \end{gathered}
(β0 is the intercept; β1, β2, β3, β4 are the coefficients for each factor; and ϵ is the error term)
The findings underscore the paramount importance of psychological traits in attractiveness assessments, suggesting a shift from purely physical enhancements to holistic interventions in clinical settings. This model provides a robust framework for understanding attractiveness and has potential applications in psychology, marketing, and AI.
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
... Hutman, dkk (2012) menjelaskan dalam penelitiannya bahwa humor sebagai indikator yang didasarkan pada suatu kelompok terdapat interaksi atau pertukaran canda dan tawa yang digunakan untuk berhubungan satu sama lain. Mcgee & Shevlin (2009) menjelaskan bahwa selera humor yang baik berpotensi membuat seseorang dianggap menarik dan humor adalah faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi persepsi ketertarikan interpersonal. Martin & Lefcourt (1983) menyatakan bahwa sense of h\umor merupakan suatu yang dengannya individu menunjukkan kegembiraan dalam berbagai kehidupan situasi humor sebagai sarana untuk mengatasi pengalaman stress. ...
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sense of humor sebagai prediktor terhadap stres akademik pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir di Kota Makassar. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 429 mahasiswa tingkat akhir di Kota Makassar. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan yaitu skala siap pakai yang telah di konstruk oleh Sholahuddin (2020) yang mengacu pada aspek Gadzella dan Masten (2005) dengan nilai reliabilitas 0.958 dan skala Multidimensional of Sense of Humor Scale yang telah diadaptasikan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Siti Rumaiyah Yabaniah (2014) yang dicetuskan oleh Thorson, dkk (1997) dengan nilai reliabilitas 0.92. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik regresi sederhana dengan bantuan program IBM Statistics 26. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa nilai R Square sebesar 0.013 sehingga terdapat 1.3% kontribusi variable sense of humor terhadap stres akademik pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir di Kota Makassar. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sense of humor mampu menjadi prediktor terhadap stres akademik pada mahasiswa tingkat akhir di Kota Makassar.
... They demonstrated that higher attractiveness ratings were associated with a good sense of humor. 28 It was also observed how humor interacts with relationship quality, positively correlating with positive humor and negatively with negative humor. 29,30 Positive humor styles were linked to lasting marriages, while negative humor styles were more likely to lead to separation or divorce in couples. ...
Using humor as a caregiving strategy can help professionals perceive daily and work-related events from a more optimistic and light-hearted perspective. The main objective of this study was to analyze humor styles among health care professionals. A cross-sectional and correlational design was employed. Data were collected using the Humor Styles Questionnaire, which measures four humor styles: affiliative, self-enhancing, aggressive, and self-defeating humor. Health care professionals scored higher in positive humor than negative humor. Age exhibited a negative correlation with positive humor. Significant differences were observed between marital status and affiliative and self-enhancing humor, professional category and hospital unit with aggressive humor, shift work and self-enhancing humor, and type of contract and experience with affiliative humor. Health care professionals employ various humor styles based on their social and work contexts. It is crucial for health care professionals to receive training in the use of positive humor to consciously avoid humor styles that can hinder well-being.
... Buunk and colleagues also found that women preferred men who earned a higher income, were educated, intelligent, had high social position, and were more dominant than themselves. Humor, too, has been linked to perceived attractiveness, with individuals who exhibit a good sense of humor being rated as more attractive (McGee & Shevlin, 2009). ...
... Scholars have highlighted the interpersonal nature of humor and postulated that the appropriate use of humor contributes to better social relationships by facilitating social interactions and reducing interpersonal tensions and conflicts (Butzer & Kuiper, 2008;Martin et al., 2003;McGee & Shevlin, 2009). Past research on the influences of humor styles on social relationship outcomes has generally established the beneficial impacts of affiliative and self-enhancing humor and the detrimental impact of self-defeating humor, but the impact of aggressive humor has yielded mixed findings and low predictive power (Dyck & Holtzman, 2013, Marrero et al., 2020Martin et al., 2003). ...
... While various evolutionary theories of humour have been proposed (see Polimeni &Reiss, 2006, andKozbelt, 2019, for overviews), one possibility is that humour is conducive to mating success and thereby subject to sexual selection. Indeed, individuals consistently report a preference for humour in a romantic partner (Bressler, Martin, & Balshine, 2006;Buss, 1988;Daniel, O'Brien, McCabe, & Quinter, 1985;McGee & Shevlin, 2009). However, it remains unclear why, in an ultimate sense, humour is considered an attractive quality. ...
... Applying the described norm of moderate nonverbal intensity to the chosen digital context, Experiment 1 examined potential consequences of an (in)appropriate emoji frequency in first-contact dating messages (so-called "conversation starters"). First, the study focused on two interpersonal perceptions that take on a key function in human dating, namely, the likability and humor ascribed to the dating partner (e.g., Alves, 2018;McGee & Shevlin, 2009). Based on the fundamental notion that compliance with social norms facilitates positive social judgments (e.g., Abrams et al., 2000;Gibson & Gore, 2015), a positive effect of moderate emoji use (versus no emoji use) was proposed for both of these variables. ...
In computer-mediated communication, small graphical icons (emojis) can be used to compensate for the lack of nonverbal cues such as facial expressions or hand gestures. Accordingly, literature suggests that the use of emojis may also be subject to social norms—similar to nonverbal behavior in face-to-face interactions. However, actual empirical investigations into this assumption remain lacking. To remedy this research gap, I explored whether traditional norms of appropriate emotional intensity and reciprocity also apply to emoji usage. A first online experiment (N = 188) revealed that excessive emoji use in a first-contact scenario leads to diminished interpersonal outcomes, corresponding to the drawbacks of overly intense nonverbal displays in natural interactions. Proceeding to a different communicative stage, Experiment 2 (N = 242) explored nonverbal reciprocity with acquainted interaction partners. Inviting participants to reply to fictitious text messages (at varying levels of interpersonal intimacy), it was observed that stimulus messages containing more emojis also evoke stronger emoji use in return—indicating that principles of nonverbal attunement are in full effect during text-based online interactions.
... Besides providing entertainment and making conversations more enjoyable, it also has profound benefits: it regulates conversations, helps to establish common ground between the conversational partners, eases communication problems (Binsted et al., 2006) and helps to cope with critique or stress (Nijholt, 2007). Moreover, a shared sense of humor has powerful effects 4. Psychological Background on interpersonal attraction (Murstein and Brust, 1985;Cann, Calhoun, and Banks, 1997;McGee and Shevlin, 2009). There is also a close link between personality and humor: Thorson and Powell (1993) mention that humor is "something either innate or closely related to personality that makes life more enjoyable and worth living". ...
Social robots will be part of our future homes. They will assist us in everyday tasks, entertain us, and provide helpful advice. However, the technology still faces challenges that must be overcome to equip the machine with social competencies and make it a socially intelligent and accepted housemate. An essential skill of every social robot is verbal and non-verbal communication. In contrast to voice assistants, smartphones, and smart home technology, which are already part of many people's lives today, social robots have an embodiment that raises expectations towards the machine. Their anthropomorphic or zoomorphic appearance suggests they can communicate naturally with speech, gestures, or facial expressions and understand corresponding human behaviors. In addition, robots also need to consider individual users' preferences: everybody is shaped by their culture, social norms, and life experiences, resulting in different expectations towards communication with a robot. However, robots do not have human intuition - they must be equipped with the corresponding algorithmic solutions to these problems. This thesis investigates the use of reinforcement learning to adapt the robot's verbal and non-verbal communication to the user's needs and preferences. Such non-functional adaptation of the robot's behaviors primarily aims to improve the user experience and the robot's perceived social intelligence. The literature has not yet provided a holistic view of the overall challenge: real-time adaptation requires control over the robot's multimodal behavior generation, an understanding of human feedback, and an algorithmic basis for machine learning. Thus, this thesis develops a conceptual framework for designing real-time non-functional social robot behavior adaptation with reinforcement learning. It provides a higher-level view from the system designer's perspective and guidance from the start to the end. It illustrates the process of modeling, simulating, and evaluating such adaptation processes. Specifically, it guides the integration of human feedback and social signals to equip the machine with social awareness. The conceptual framework is put into practice for several use cases, resulting in technical proofs of concept and research prototypes. They are evaluated in the lab and in in-situ studies. These approaches address typical activities in domestic environments, focussing on the robot's expression of personality, persona, politeness, and humor. Within this scope, the robot adapts its spoken utterances, prosody, and animations based on human explicit or implicit feedback.
... Humor also has an important role in communication among groups of peers, as a measure of popularity, e.g., adolescents who display a sense of humor have higher social status (McGee & Shelvin, 2009). ...
This study examined the association between humor, motivation, and achievements in mathematics in students with learning disabilities. For this study, 80 sixth-grade students with learning disabilities who attend integrated classes in a general education school were tested using three instruments: a questionnaire about incorporating humor in mathematics instruction, a questionnaire about motivation, and a mathematics achievement test.The findings of this study show improved mathematics achievements and motivation in students with learning disabilities when humor is incorporated in mathematics classes. In addition, students with learning disabilities who were taught mathematics with humor scored higher on motivation and mathematics achievement at the end of the school year compared with the beginning of the school year. We conclude that incorporating humor in mathematics instruction can be recommended. The expected positive effect on motivation and achievements in this special population could have a positive impact on a variety of other pedagogical phenomena, such as dropout rates, academic achievements in other subjects, and social interactions.
... According to Joseph (1982), attractive sources are likely to receive greater attention than those that lack them. While Ohanian (1990) and Ermeç Sertoglu et al. (2014) focused dominantly on physical attractiveness, others (e.g., McGee & Shevlin, 2009;Tornquist & Chiappe, 2015) pointed out that attractiveness goes beyond physical appearance and includes other factors, like humour and the ability to entertain others. ...
In the last few years, and especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, the majority of everyday activities were shifted online. Therefore, marketing strategies had to adapt to this shift. This led to the development of new forms of marketing, including influencer marketing. Although credibility is often theorised as the reason why the audience prefers to follow influencers over celebrities, empirical evidence is mixed and unrelated to the gaming industry. Therefore, our aim in this study was to test if source credibility (and its three elements: attractiveness, trustworthiness, and expertise) predicts video games purchase intentions, as well as to check if the model misspecifications caused by ignored links of causality led to inconsistent conclusions in earlier studies. The results based on an international sample of PewDiePie's followers (N = 238) have confirmed both ideas: source credibility predicts purchase intentions and model misspecifications of source credibility could have led to inaccurate estimates in earlier studies.
... As a unique high-level cognitive human activity, humor represents an adaptive coping strategy and plays an important role in social life (Celso et al., 2003). In terms of emotion and cognition, humor contributes to the exchange of ideas (Netzlek & Derks, 2001), attracts partners (Kaufman, Kozbelt, Bromley, & Miller, 2008;McGee & Shevlin, 2009), increases positive emotions (Mobbs et al., 2003;Neuhoff & Scahaefer, 2002), and assists in coping with stress and traumatic events (Dixon, 1980;Gavrilobic et al., 2003). In physiology, humor, as a natural stress antagonist, can enhance the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems, specifically accelerating cardiovascular recovery (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998), reducing post-cortisol levels (Lefcourt, Davidson-Katz, & Kueneman, 1990), and increasing natural killer cell activity (Bennett et al., 2003). ...
Humor is a lubricant of interpersonal relationships and is regarded as an important quality of individual creativity. Previous studies have mainly focused on passive humor appreciation and comprehension but ignored active humor generation, especially the cognitive process of humor generation. Based on the hypothesis that humor generation is similar to creative cognition, this study used humorous two-part allegorical sayings to explore whether humor generation involves the cognitive processes of the activation and inhibition of information. The experiment manipulated the duration (5/10 s) of the presentation of the first part of humorous two-part allegorical sayings, which are called “yinyu,” and the type of subthreshold probe words (humorous probe words/usual probe words). The results showed that the interaction between the duration of the presentation of yinyu and the type of subthreshold probe words was significant; the correct number of humorous probe words reported was significantly lower than that of usual probe words when the yinyu was presented for 5 s, which reflected the widespread activation of information. The correct number of humorous probe words reported was significantly higher than that of usual probe words when the yinyu was presented for 10 s, which suggested the inhibition of non-humorous information. This study revealed the dynamic cognitive processes of humor generation and verified possible cognitive similarities between humor generation and creative cognition.
... Literature to date has distinguished between different humor styles that might produce varied effects: affiliative humor (positive and other directed), aggressive humor (negative and other directed), gender, extraversion); however, as the time passes, they rely on more covert psychological traits. Since humor is an overt, easily noticeable behavior that is perceived as a proxy for both cognitive and emotional intelligence and enhances interpersonal attraction (Caird & Martin, 2014;McGee & Shevlin, 2009;Wanzer et al., 1996), humor production in the initial interaction stages in a team might increase the likelihood of the humor source of emerging as a leader. Moreover, from an evolutionary perspective, laughter and humor have evolved as a form of "social grooming" that facilitates bonding processes in several individuals simultaneously by triggering endorphin release (Dezecache & Dunbar, 2012). ...
Humor can be a powerful tool for increasing one’s status in a group and influencing others. Given that past research has indicated that the use of humor by a woman might harm her potential of advancing in the workplace, we examine the joint effect of humor style and gender on the likelihood of being perceived as a leader. Using a within-subjects vignette experiment, we collected data from 148 participants, with 73% being female, and an average age of 33.2 years old (SD = 9.8). We found that people using affiliative humor had a higher perceived chance of emerging as leaders compared to those using aggressive humor and gender itself did not have a significant effect on leadership emergence. Contrary to our expectations, the affiliative-aggressive humor discrepancy in leadership emergence was higher for men rather than women. These results are aligned with expectancy violation hypothesis pointing to a distinctiveness effect of incongruent role behaviors such that men tend to receive more credit for affiliative humor, while women tend to be penalized less for using aggressive humor in groups. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
... In recent years, researchers have begun to observe and describe in more detail the relationships of humour style and attachment style with quality of close relationships, satisfaction with relationships, conflicts in relationships, and divorce in adults (Cann et al., 2008;Kuiper, 2008;McGee, 2009;Saroglou, 2010;Cann et al., 2011;Winterheld et al., 2013;Martin, 2015;). ...
This article presents the results of qualitative research on the narratives of non-heteronormative parents living in Poland. The method of collecting data was partially guided interview. he parents were a couple of women (a trans woman and a cisgender woman) aged 40. The examined woman did not undergo a medical or legal transition. The women were married and raised their child together. The article presents an analysis of humor in the couple’s narrative. The research was guided by the following research questions: In what contexts does humour appear? What styles of humour are present in the narrative? What function does the humour have? Which attachment style characterises the interactions between the partners? Which attachment style characterises the interactions between the parents and the child? What is the relationship between the development of the parents’ sexual/gender identities and their process of forming bonds in the couple? It was shown that during the interview, the couple joked in three main contexts: interaction with the child, sexual and gender identity, and sharing of household chores. The analysis of the style of humor, the psychological functions of humor and the attachment style of the women was made.
... Humor is a prominent part of the romantic relationships. Humorous individuals are more appealing than the ones without a sense of humor (11,12). On the other hand, anxious participants produced less humor reactions and possess ambivalent feelings toward humoreliciting situations, while avoidant ones less appreciate humor and perceive aversion toward humor-eliciting situations (13). ...
Attachment theory explains how we feel in relationships and depicts behavioural, emotional, and cognitive manifestations of attachment styles. We aimed to explore relationships between attachment and humor/ridicule. Attachment was perceived as remembered attachment or attachment to parents (measured by the s-EMBU) and actual attachment or attachment to a romantic partner (assessed by the ECR-R). Humor styles were measured by the HSQ and ridicule by PhoPhiKAT-30. Our purposeful sample consisted of university students (N=431) aged between 18 and 35 years and they were approached online from December 2019 till January 2020. The highlight of the research is a strong relationship between attachment anxiety and gelotophobia (rs=.501).
... 423). Humour is often used in social interactions, and when used appropriately, has been found to increase both the perceived likability and perceived attraction of the speaker [46,47]. ...
A growing shortfall exists between the number of older individuals who require healthcare support and the number of qualified healthcare professionals who can provide this. Robots offer the potential to provide healthcare support to patients both at home and in healthcare settings. However, in order for robots to be successfully implemented in these environments, they need to behave in ways that are appropriate and acceptable to human users. One way to identify appropriate social behaviours for healthcare robots is to model their behaviour on interactions between healthcare professionals and patients. This literature review aimed to inform healthcare robotics research by highlighting communication behaviours that are important within the context of healthcare. The review focussed on relevant research in human clinical interactions, followed by a review of similar factors in social robotics research. Three databases were searched for terms relating to healthcare professional communication behaviours associated with patient outcomes. The results identified key communication behaviours that can convey clinical empathy, including humour, self-disclosure, facial expressions, eye gaze, body posture, and gestures. A further search was conducted to identify research examining these key behaviours within the context of social and healthcare robotics. Research into these factors in human–robot interaction in healthcare is limited to date, and this review provides a useful guide for future research.
... People characterized as typically having both positive and negative affective experiences are also rated more favorably than people characterized as typically having solely negative affective experiences (Sommers, 1984, Study 4). Past work also demonstrates that expressing gratitude for (Grant & Gino, 2010;Williams & Bartlett, 2015) and positive attitudes about (Shnabel & Nadler, 2008) a new interaction partner; optimistic thoughts about negative events (Silver et al., 1990;Vollmann & Renner, 2010;Vollmann et al., 2007); humor (McGee & Shevlin, 2009); and happiness through facial displays (Burgoon et al., 1984;Knutson, 1996) increase the partner's attraction to and desire to connect with those individuals expressing positivity. ...
Garnering support for distressing experiences is highly important, yet notoriously challenging. We examine whether expressing positive thoughts and feelings when seeking support for negative events can help people elicit support, and we present a theoretical process model that explains why it might do so. The model includes three support-eliciting pathways through which expressing positivity could increase support: by strengthening providers' prorelational motives, increasing providers' positive mood, and enhancing providers' expected support effectiveness. It also includes a support-suppressing pathway through which expressing positivity could decrease support: by undermining providers' appraisals of support seekers' needs. After presenting the model and providing evidence for each indirect pathway, we review research regarding the direct pathway. We then consider various types of positivity, discuss possible moderators, and identify directions for future research. Our model highlights support seekers' underemphasized role in shaping support receipt and provides a novel perspective on positive expressivity's potential value in distress-related contexts.
... In interpersonal terms, research has suggested that people tend to like others more and feel more attracted to them when they exhibit a sense of humor that is similar to their own [46]. This seems to hold true both in romantic and in nonromantic contexts [9,37]. The idea that we are attracted to those who express similar views to our own has been a consistent theme in psychology, and particularly in humor research, stemming mainly from the similarity-attraction hypothesis [9,24]. ...
Abstract Humor is a pervasive feature of everyday social interactions that might be leveraged to improve Human-Robot Interactions (HRI).
Goals: Our goal is to evaluate how the use of humor can improve HRI and enhance the user’s perception of the robot, as well as to derive implications for future research and development of humorous robots.
Method: We conducted a systematic search of 7 digital libraries relevant in the areas of HRI and Psychology for papers that were relevant to our goal. We identified 431 records, published between 2000 and August of 2020, of which 12 matched our eligibility criteria. The included studies reported the results of original empirical research that involved direct or video-mediated interaction of humans and robots.
Results and Conclusion: Humor seems to have a positive effect in improving the user’s perception of the robot, as well as the user’s evaluation of the interaction. However, the included studies present a number of limitations in their approaches to robotic humor that need to be surpassed before reaching a final verdict on the value of humor in HRI.
... We therefore suggest that early maturers who engage in moderate to high mixed-sex peer activities may not feel pressure from their friends to comply with sexualized ideals shown in magazines, and refrain from internalizing these ideals. Early maturing boys and girls belonging to heterogeneous friend groups may learn that having an ideal appearance is not a prerequisite for being accepted by cross-sex peers and that looks are one of many elements that define one's likeability and attractiveness (McGee & Shevlin, 2009). ...
Media effects research has confirmed the link between the internalization of media appearance ideals and negative body image outcomes. The present three-wave panel study (N = 968, X̄age = 11.02, SD = 1.03) contributes to this literature by examining how appearance-related developmental factors influence early adolescents’ level of media internalization. We focused on pubertal timing and heterosocial involvement (i.e., one’s involvement in cross-sex activities). Results indicated that pubertal timing positively moderates the influence of sexualizing magazine consumption on media internalization. For early adolescents who mature earlier than same-age peers, reading sexualizing magazines resulted in more media internalization. Notably, the moderating influence of pubertal timing was buffered among early adolescents with moderate to high levels of heterosocial involvement. Taken together, the results highlight the influential role of appearance-related developmental factors in the processing of sexualizing media and point to the potential protective role of cross-sex peer interactions in media internalization.
... Humor is essential in interpersonal relations within the various groups to which people belong. A sense of humor is perceived as a criterion for assessing popularity and adolescents with a sense of humor are considered as having a higher social status (McGee & Shevlin, 2009). According to Freud (1960), humor facilitates relations which are not threatening in contexts of sex or aggression. ...
... The results were showing that humor was not always equal in its influence on employees from different placements and situations (Duncan and Feisal, 1989;Duncan et al., 1990). Thus, behaviorists started to point on humor as a rich source of racism and sexual harassment (Leap and Smeltzer, 1984;McGee and Shevlin, 2009 (Duncan et al., 1990: 256) This had yielded in the development of the humor-by-situation theory where it was stated that in order to guarantee performance changes, humor usage should reflect on the situation it was used in (Duncan and Feisal, 1989;Duncan et al., 1990) particularly, if the cultural background is diverse among the organizational members (Linstead, 1985). Consequently, other applications of situational humor appeared to the surface of literature such as education, security, marketing, and the like (Ziv, 1988;Cline et al., 2003;Dmitriev, 2008). ...
This thesis is an attempt to study a humanistic phenomenon where humour is
viewed as new managerial and leadership traits for employee motivation and work
performance. The study observed that humour at the workplace happening in
government departments in Oman is among the reasons that prevent or encourage the
management to use humour in appropriate situations. A comprehensive study was
also conducted on the effects of humour on the work performance of the employees
in the public sectors in Oman. This study is phenomenological in nature based on
relevant arguments using case study as the design where samples were selected
among employees who have served in three supervisory positions at twenty-five
ministries in Oman. Factor analysis, multivariate regression, Pearson chi-square and
Spearman’s rank order correlation were used to analyse the data and to test the
hypothesis. Results of the study showed that humour is evident in Omani public
environments entailing its uniqueness as a milieu that promotes humour at work with
a sensed tendency towards using affiliative humour style among Omani public
managers in addition to being self-enhancing on a personal level. It was also found
that humour is not exerted at all times during working hours. Instead, it is situational
in nature. In terms of performance, humour generally affects performance in
different ways but with a tendency towards the development of positive attitudes and
work atmosphere where it was found that humour directly affects humanitarian
outcomes such as group cohesiveness, communication and stress reduction.
However, it indirectly affects the job-related outcomes such as creativity,
organisational culture, leadership and management performance. Hence, this
research explores the opportunities for a new humanitarian perspective of
management.
... Across cultures, sense of humor is found to be a more desirable trait in a mate for women choosing a mate, than for men (Buss, 1988;Feingold, 1992;Goodwin, 1990;Lippa, 2007;Sprecher & Regan, 2002;Todosijević, Ljubinković, & Arančić, 2003;Toro-Morn & Sprecher, 2003). However, one study found no difference (McGee & Shevlin, 2009), and another found the opposite trend (i.e., that men view women as more attractive and more suitable as mates, when the women portrayed a great sense of humor, but not the opposite) (Antonovici & Turliuc, 2017). The apparent contradictory results could be explained by the lack of clarity in the meaning of the term 'sense of humor'. ...
We offer the first systematic quantitative meta-analysis on sex differences in humor production ability. We included studies where participants created humor output that was assessed for funniness by independent raters. Our meta-analysis includes 36 effect sizes from 28 studies published between 1976 and 2018 (N = 5057, 67% women). Twenty of the 36 effect sizes, accounting for 61% of the participants, were not previously published. Results based on random-effects model revealed that men’s humor output was rated as funnier than women’s, with a combined effect size d = 0.321. Results were robust across various moderators and study characteristics, and multiple tests indicated that publication bias is unlikely. Both evolutionary and cultural explanations were considered and discussed.
Research shows that humour is related to relationship satisfaction, but little is known about couples’ use of sexual humour. The current study examined sexual humour use and its associations with relational humour, relationship satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction. Participants (adults in a romantic relationship of at least 4 months; N = 196) completed online measures of the frequency, nature, and perceptions of sexual humour use, relational humour use, relationship satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction, and they described an example of sexual humour their partner had used. Participants indicated that sexual humour was used at least occasionally with their partner. Examples of sexual humour suggest several common forms (e.g., inside jokes/rituals, physical humour, smoothing over awkward moments). Most participants perceived positive consequences of sexual humour, including increased comfort, fun, and closeness. More frequent use of positive relational humour (by self and partner) was associated with more frequent and more positively valenced sexual humour, whereas more frequent negative relational humour use by partner predicted lower relationship and sexual satisfaction. Finally, more positively valenced sexual humour predicted sexual satisfaction over and above relationship satisfaction and relational humour. Relationship and sexual humour are related to both relationship and sexual satisfaction. Sexual humour may help mitigate discomfort with potentially awkward situations and facilitate individual comfort as well as connection with a partner. The unique contribution of sexual humour to sexual satisfaction suggests it may play a modest but distinctive role in sexual well-being. Implications and future directions are discussed.
This study delves into the underexplored relationship between leader humor and employee organizational identification by examining the role of positive affect and perceived organizational justice. Drawing on affect theories of humor and justice theories, the research seeks to answer two key questions: (1) How does leader humor expression increase employee organizational identification? (2) Under which conditions is leader humor expression most effective in enhancing employee organizational identification? Utilizing data from 450 respondents across organizations in two Asian countries, the study tests the hypothesized research model, revealing that positive affect mediates the relationship between leader humor expression and employee organizational identification. The findings indicate that employees’ perception of organizational justice moderates the relationship between leader humor expression and positive affect. Specifically, leader humor expression has a stronger impact on employees’ positive affect when the level of perceived organizational justice is higher. These results contribute to the understanding of how leader humor can influence employee organizational identification and underscore the importance of fostering positive affect and organizational justice perceptions in the workplace. The study also offers theoretical implications and suggests potential directions for future research in this area, opening avenues for further investigation into the complex interplay between leader humor, positive affect, and organizational justice.
Bere ingurunean aldaketak gertatzen direnean eta erronka berriei aurre egin behar dienean, jokaera berri batzuk eskatzen zaizkio organismoari, baina jokaera horiek sarritan zailak izaten dira eta energia asko eskatzen dute. Ingurunean gertatzen diren aldaketak ustekabekoak eta kontrolagaitzak direnean, informazio konplexua azkar prozesatzea eskatzen duten erronkei aurre egin behar die subjektuak; erantzun egokia azkar eman beharrean gertatzen da, baina ez du erantzun bizkor horrek eskatzen duen baliabiderik.
The success of Assisted Reproductive Technology is critically dependent upon the use of well optimized protocols, based upon sound scientific reasoning, empirical observations and evidence of clinical efficacy. Recently, the treatment of infertility has experienced a revolution, with the routine adoption of increasingly specialized molecular biological techniques and advanced methods for the manipulation of gametes and embryos. This textbook – inspired by the postgraduate degree program at the University of Oxford – guides students through the multidisciplinary syllabus essential to ART laboratory practice, from basic culture techniques and micromanipulation to laboratory management and quality assurance, and from endocrinology to molecular biology and research methods. Written for all levels of IVF practitioners, reproductive biologists and technologists involved in human reproductive science, it can be used as a reference manual for all IVF labs and as a textbook by undergraduates, advanced students, scientists and professionals involved in gamete, embryo or stem cell biology.
Serving as introduction to this Special Issue, this article presents a thematic review of topics involved in studies on humour and belonging. It briefly elaborates on the intricacies of concepts such as humour, sense of humour and belonging and their relationships. It then provides a selective review of some major relevant studies. Finally, the themes and contents of the Special Issue are introduced.
Serving as introduction to this Special Issue, this article presents a thematic review of topics involved in studies on humour and belonging. It briefly elaborates on the intricacies of concepts such as humour, sense of humour and belonging and their relationships. It then provides a selective review of some major relevant studies. Finally, the themes and contents of the Special Issue are introduced.
Previous research has found that for men, activating a mating motive increases luxury consumption as a way to attract a romantic partner. However, little is known about the role of luxury consumption in women’s romantic endeavors. The present research conceptualizes a mate screening motive which explains how women use luxury consumption to romantically signal to men. Six studies and two follow-ups conducted in controlled and field settings show that the mate screening motive boosts women’s consumption of luxury goods as a way to signal their mating standards to men and thereby deter undesirable pursuers. The effect is diminished when mate screening is less necessary such as when external screening tools are available (e.g., screening filters on dating websites), the quality of potential mates is high, and the focus is on selecting a desirable partner rather than deterring undesirable pursuers. The findings have important implications for understanding how consumers use products and brands in romantic relationships, and for designing marketing strategies and communication for luxury brands, commercial dating services, and dating apps. Our findings also provide insights for consumers on how to use brands and products as effective communication devices in romantic endeavors.
Marketing managers increasingly monitor their company's online reputation and respond to online consumer reviews on various digital platforms. The current literature provides valuable insights into effectively initiating management response (MR) to negative reviews. However, research on how companies should respond to positive reviews is limited, despite their prevalence in MR practice. In this study, we postulate that using humor in MR for positive reviews can be an effective response strategy to enhance positive attitudinal and behavioral responses. Drawing on parasocial interaction theory, we conducted a field investigation and two experimental studies to demonstrate that humorous ( vs. humorless) MRs to positive reviews fostered perceived parasocial interaction between prospective consumers and brands, which enhanced brand attitude and purchase intention. Furthermore, the proposed effects were stronger for consumers with communal norms than for those with exchange norms. This research advances the emerging literature on MR to consumer reviews of different valences and suggests important guidelines for effective MRs.
In this systematic review, we sought to understand the effects of laughter-inducing interventions on blood pressure and heart rate variability. For this purpose, we identified 32 relevant records through database searching. The results suggest that laughter is associated with a decrease in blood pressure in pre-post measurements. However, this association varies according to the type of intervention delivered and the characteristics of participants. In controlled between-groups comparisons, the effect of laughter-inducing interventions on blood pressure was found to be non-significant, which can be due to the small number of studies available and its high level of heterogeneity. In studies involving heart rate variability, the most consistent findings point to an association between laughter and decreases in both frequency (LF/HF) and time-domain (SDNN) indicators. Longitudinal studies suggest that laughter frequency is associated with improved cardiovascular health. Several studies presented sub-optimal levels of quality, and more research is necessary to examine the impact of individual and intervention-related factors in the effectiveness of laughter-inducing interventions in cardiovascular health.
El presente trabajo examina las preferencias de hombres y mujeres por parejas productoras o apreciativas del humor a través de dos cuestionarios aplicados a 205 y 203 estudiantes de la Universidad de los Andes entre los 18 y 25 años. Entre los resultados más notables, se encontró una tendencia en ambos sexos de valorar más una pareja cuando posee un buen sentido del humor a que cuando no lo tiene. Además, al preguntarse por la deseabilidad de una pareja sin mencionar el tipo de relación las mujeres valoraron más la producción que la apreciación. Sin embargo, al preguntarse por un tipo de relación específico, los hombres prefirieron parejas apreciativas frente productoras. Adicionalmente, se halló que ambos sexos prefirieron una alta producción frente a una alta apreciación y una poca producción versus una poca apreciación. Por lo anterior, se propone la necesidad de realizar más investigaciones de este tema en el contexto latinoamericano que permitan aclarar las discrepancias encontradas.
This article aims at understanding why people deliberately share ugly photos of themselves on social media. After categorising the ugly pictures, the motivations for posting them are in focus: some people stress authenticity in times of ‘fake’ and a deeper understanding of social media, some refer to coolness, understood as the ‘apathy to cool’, or to a counter-culture, which applies different definitions of beauty and ugliness. Furthermore, there are people on social media using the ugly pictures as tools for empowerment and acceptance, as well as expressions of body-positivity and self-love. Finally, photography also has the power to transcend the body and its appearance when it no longer stands for an individual but is staged to express a concept.
Sexist humor is a common form of disparagement humor that is nonetheless understudied in romantic attraction contexts. Three experiments investigated how sexist humor is perceived and received during relationship initiation. In Study 1 (n = 262) participants rated self‐directed sexist humor as more affiliative (only women), less aggressive, and more self‐defeating than other‐directed sexist humor. Study 2 (n = 209) replicated these findings and found that women romantically preferred men who used self‐ rather than other‐directed sexist humor, an effect mediated by perceived warmth. Self‐directed sexist humor's attractiveness advantage persisted in Study 3 (n = 667), which also included manipulations of self‐disparaging, group‐disparaging, and benign humor. Results suggest a romantic cost for men telling sexist jokes that disparage women.
A meta-analysis of positive psychology intervention (PPIs) studies was conducted. PPIs were defined as interventions in which the goal of wellbeing enhancement was achieved through pathways consistent with positive psychology theory. Data were extracted from 347 studies involving over 72,000 participants from clinical and non-clinical child and adult populations in 41 countries. The effect of PPIs with an average of ten sessions over six weeks offered in multiple formats and contexts was evaluated. At post-test, PPIs had a significant small to medium effect on wellbeing (g = 0.39), strengths (g = 0.46), QoL (g = 0.48), depression (g = −0.39), anxiety (g = −0.62), and stress (g = −0.58). Gains were maintained at three months follow-up. Individuals in non-western countries with clinical problems, who engaged in longer individual or group therapy programs containing multiple PPIs benefited most. This meta-analysis shows that PPIs have an extensive evidence base supporting their effectiveness.
Das Leben auf der Erde entstand vor ca. 4 Mrd. Jahren. Im Laufe dieser enormen Zeitspanne hat sich eine Vielzahl von Lebensformen und auch der moderne Mensch entwickelt. Geprägt durch einen natürlichen Selektionsprozess entwickelten sich bei allen Lebensformen Eigenschaften und Merkmale, die ein Überleben und eine Fortpflanzung in einer kompetitiven Umwelt gewährleisteten. Diese evolutionären Anpassungen sind tief in unseren Genen verankert und beeinflussen nach wie vor, wie wir denken und handeln – auch wenn in der heutigen Zeit diese Anpassungen nicht mehr zeitgemäß sind. In diesem Kapitel werden wichtige Anpassungen erläutert und kurz diskutiert, warum diese Anpassungen zwar noch vorhanden, aber nur mehr bedingt förderlich sind.
Across two preregistered studies, we addressed the following questions: (1) Does the Big Five personality trait openness to experience predict humor production ability above and beyond intelligence and demographics? (2) Which aspect of openness to experience (intellect vs. openness) predicts humor production ability? In Study 1 (N = 489), participants self-reported on demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), and personality, and were tested on intelligence and humor production. Structural equation modeling showed that openness to experience (β = .28, 95% CI [.14, .42]) predicted humor production ability above and beyond intelligence, demographics, SES, and other personality traits. Study 2 (N = 414) replicated and extended Study 1. Specifically, we found that openness to experience predicted humor production ability above and beyond the other predictors (β = .21, 95% CI [.03, .28]), and that, of the two aspects of openness to experience, openness (but not intellect) drove the association between personality and humor production ability.
This article discusses the exertion of humor at work from the managerial perspective where it was deem-accepted that humor was avoided in organizations because managers do not like it. Thus, reasons were outlaid from relevant literature and discussed for such hindrance. It was found that the real generators for humor at work are the management itself. It was also sensed that the functionality of humor at the workplace follows a pattern for which a contextual model was presented. These findings steer future research attempts on the usage of humor in the work environment given the usage purposes and styles.
Consumers regularly experience humor while buying and using products, procuring services, and engaging in various consumption experiences, whether watching a movie or dining with colleagues. Despite an expansive literature on how humor influences advertisers’ communication goals, far less is known about how humor appreciation and comedy production influence the likelihood of attaining various consumption goals, from experiencing pleasure and making better decisions to staying healthy and building relationships. Drawing on a wide range of findings from multiple disciplines, we develop a framework for understanding and investigating the different ways in which experiencing and creating laughter and amusement help—and sometimes hurt—consumers reach their goals. The framework provides key insights into the nuanced role of humor and comedy in consumer welfare.
Abstrak
Mahasiswa dalam proses pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi diperguruan tinggi dihadapkan dengan banyaknya tuntutan. Tuntutan ini mengakibatkan tekanan yang memunculkan masalah-masalah psikologis. Evaluasi mahasiswa terhadap pengalaman masalah-masalah yang terjadi disebut dengan subjective well-being. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi subjective well-being, diantaranya tipe kepribadian big five dan sense of humor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tipe kepribadian big five dan sense of humor dengan subjective well-being mahasiswa UIN Suska Riau. Jumlah subjek dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 393 orang. Analisa data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik analisis regresi ganda. Hasil analisa menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara tipe kepribadian big five dan sense of humor dengan subjective well-being dengan signifikansi sebesar 0,000. Sumbangan efektif tipe kepribadian big five dan sense of humor terhadap subjective well being sebesar 10,6%. Hasil uji hipotesis minor diperoleh dua koefisien regresi yang signifikan hubungan terhadap subjective well-being yaitu tipe kepribadian conscientiousness sebesar p = 0,000 dan sense of humor sebesar p = 0,000.
Kata Kunci: Tipe Kepribadian Big Five, Sense of Humor, Subjective Well-Being
An important current debate concerns the originof gender differences in partner preferences. Thesedifferences have been explained both in terms ofevolutionary theory and in terms of social role theory. The present study determines the relativestrengths of both perspectives by investigating, apartfrom gender, the influence of three other importantfactors on partner preferences and for which the two approaches offer divergent hypotheses: age,political orientation and level of education of therespondent. About 95% of the participants were WhiteDutch citizens, the rest were Dutch with one or twoparents from a different ethnic background.Participants were requested to write down the mostimportant characteristics of a potential partner(open-ended format), followed by an instruction toindicate the importance of 39 pre-selected characteristics. Resultsshow that men and women have highly similar preferencesfor characteristics in a potential partner. In addition,it is demonstrated that on crucial characteristics from an evolutionary perspective (i.e.,physical attractiveness and status) significantinteractions between age, political orientation, levelof education and/or gender of the respondents emerge.Most results offer support for a social role theoryof human mate selection. It is concluded that becausegender on its own merely explains a small proportion ofthe total variance in human mate selection, it is important to include other factors, not onlyin order to facilitate our understanding of the fullcomplexity of partner preferences, but also in order tomake theoretical progress in this area.
For two weeks, 286 participants used the Rochester Interaction Record to describe their social interactions. They also completed the Coping with Humor Scale and measures of depression, social skills, loneliness, and social anxiety. Scores on the CHS were positively related to how pleasurable people found their interactions, how confident they felt in their interactions, and how much time they spent with others. Moreover, the strength of these relationships was moderated by depression, but not by other measures of adjustment. These relationships were stronger for people who were less depressed.
Having a high sense of humor has been found to be a general social asset, but there has been no assessment of the specific qualities that are assumed to be associated with variations in sense of humor. Two studies were conducted to examine the assumptions observers would make about the personal qualities associated with varying levels of sense of humor. In the first study, participants (150 female and 86 male college students) were asked to use a set of adjectives to rate individuals described as varying in sense of humor. The overall pattern of results indicated that, compared to persons described as “typical” or “below average” in sense of humor, individuals described as “well above average” were rated more highly on socially desirable adjectives, lower on socially undesirable adjectives, but no different on adjectives reflecting social sensitivity. In the second study, participants (120 female and 49 male college students) were asked to use a measure of the “big five” personality traits to rate individuals described as varying in sense of humor. Results indicated that individuals described as being “well above average” in sense of humor were perceived as lower in neuroticism and higher in agreeableness than “typical”, or “below average” sense of humor others. The findings of these two studies confirm the importance of a high sense of humor as a social asset, and provide some clarity concerning the likely underlying bases for the positive expectations sense of humor generates in observers.
Mundorf et al. (1988) found a complex pattern of gender differences in humor appreciation. Specifically, males enjoyed sexual humor more than females did regardless of humor-victim gender, but for hostile humor each gender enjoyed humor with an opposite-gender victim more than the other gender did. The present study was a conceptual replication of the Mundorf study with cartoons as stimuli and with an added independent variable: explicitness of the humor stimuli. The results failed to replicate the pattern reported by Mundorf et al. Instead, females liked sexual humor with male victims just as much as males did but strongly disliked both types of humor when they had female victims. High explicitness was generally preferred over low explicitness except when females rated either sexual cartoons or cartoons with female victims or when sexual cartoons had male victims. A coherent account of both studies and of previous research on this topic can be given in terms of the evolution of gender attitudes toward humor, with changes occurring primarily in females as a result of the continued influence of the women's movement.
In species with internal female fertilization, males risk both lowered paternity probability and investment in rival gametes if their mates have sexual contact with other males. Females of such species do not risk lowered maternity probability through partner infidelity, but they do risk the diversion of their mates' commitment and resources to rival females. Three studies tested the hypothesis that sex differences in jealousy emerged in humans as solutions to the respective adaptive problems faced by each sex. In Study 1, men and women selected which event would upset them more—a partner's sexual infidelity or emotional infidelity. Study 2 recorded physiological responses (heart rate, electrodermal response, corrugator supercilii contraction) while subjects imagined separately the two types of partner infidelity. Study 3 tested the effect of being in a committed sexual relationship on the activation of jealousy. All studies showed large sex differences, confirming hypothesized sex linkages in jealousy activation.
This investigation compared women's and men's desired characteristics in partners for typical short-term ('dating someone more than once' without an expectation of a short- or long-term relationship) and long-term ('dating someone for a long time' with the possibility, but not certainty, of marriage) relationships. Results indicated that (a) both women and men are more selective when selecting a long-term rather than a short-term relationship partner, and (b) women and men differ in their desired characteristics for short-term relationship partners and long-term relationship partners. The preferred characteristics of each sex support a qualified differential parental investment perspective: men see `reproductive value' (e.g., physical attractiveness) as important for potential female partners, and women look at `resource acquisition ability' (e.g., earning capacity) as important for potential male partners. While there were significant differences between men and women in their desired characteristics in short- and long-term relationship partners, there were many similarities in what they seek, such as the desire for children in long-term partners and an exciting personality in short-term and long-term partners.
The present investigation examined the degree to which various characteristics are desired in five types of relational partners. Men and women (N = 700) indicated their preferences for several attributes in either a casual sex partner, dating partner, marriage partner, same-sex friend, or opposite-sex friend (randomly assigned). Participants also indicated how important it was to obtain a partner with the desired level of each attribute. Although participants most preferred warmth and kindness, expressivity and openness, and a good sense of humor across relationship types, they clearly distinguished between romantic/sexual relationships and friendships. Specifically, participants preferred (and felt that it was more important to obtain) higher levels of many desirable characteristics - including physical attractiveness, social status attributes, and disposition or personality traits (e.g., warmth, expressiveness, humor, intelligence) - in a romantic/sexual partner than in a friend. Participants also differentiated between same-sex and opposite-sex friend- ships. In general, they preferred higher levels of and/or believed it was more important to obtain physical attractive- ness, social status, and dispositional/personality attributes from opposite-sex friends than from same-sex friends. To at least some degree, men's preferences were associated with the number of others they believed were available for a particular type of relationship; women's preferences generally were associated with perceptions of their own desirability as a partner.
Only recently have researchers recognized that the qualities that are considered desirable in a short-term sexual partner may differ from those sought in a long-term marriage partner. To investigate this hypothesis, and to explore gender differences in what are considered to be sexually as opposed to maritally desirable characteristics, 70 men and women ranked a set of 23 characteristics in terms of desirability in a potential sexual and marriage partner. As hypothesized, results revealed that both men and women preferred a physically attractive potential sexual partner, and women showed no more preference than did men for a socially or financially powerful potential sexual partner. Also as predicted, men more than women preferred a physically attractive marriage partner; unexpectedly, women did not find such characteristics as social or financial power and a college degree as more desirable in a prospective spouse than did men.
Four experiments examined the relation between behavioral expressions of dominance and the heterosexual attractiveness of males and females. Predictions concerning the relation between dominance and heterosexual attraction were derived from a consideration of sex role norms and from the comparative biological literature. All four experiments indicated an interaction between dominance and sex of target. Dominance behavior increased the attractiveness of males, but had no effect on the attractiveness of females. The third study indicated that the effect did not depend on the sex of the rater or on the sex of those with whom the dominant target interacted. The fourth study showed that the effect was specific to dominance as an independent variable and did not occur for related constructs (aggressive or domineering). This study also found that manipulated dominance enhanced only a male's sexual attractiveness and not his general likability. The results were discussed in terms of potential biological and cultural causal mechanisms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Hypothesized that men prefer women around their own age, but that as they grow older, men develop a preference for women who, although not absolutely younger, are progressively younger than themselves and that women begin with a preference for older men, and compared with men, show less variation in that preference over their life span. Six studies support this gender-differentiated prediction in age preferences expressed in 218 personal advertisements, 1,189 marriages from 2 US cities, 100 marriages in 1923, matrimonial advertisements from 2 European countries and India, 1,789 marriages recorded from 1913–1939 on a small island in the Philippines, and 213 singles advertisements placed by financially successful American women and men. Limitations of normative and evolutionary explanations of age preferences are considered. 30 commentaries and an author response follow. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Examined the consequences of mate preferences for the processes of assortative mating and sexual selection. In Study 1, 92 married couples (aged 18–40 yrs) completed measures such as the California Psychological Inventory, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Personal Attributes Questionnaire. Data were used to identify (a) the mate characteristics that were consensually more and less desired, (b) the mate characteristics that showed strong sex differences in their preferred value, (c) the degree to which married couples were correlated in selection preferences, and (d) the relations between expressed preferences and the personality and background characteristics of obtained spouses. Marital preference factors included Religious, Kind/Considerate, Artistic/Intelligent, and Easygoing/Adaptable. Study 2, with 100 unmarried undergraduates, replicated the sex differences and consensual ordering of mate preferences found in Study 1, using a different methodology. Alternative hypotheses are presented to account for the replicated sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and earning potential. (31 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Contemporary mate preferences can provide important clues to human reproductive history. Little is known about which characteristics people value in potential mates. Five predictions were made about sex differences in human mate preferences based on evolutionary conceptions of parental investment, sexual selection, human reproductive capacity, and sexual asymmetries regarding certainty of paternity versus maternity. The predictions centered on how each sex valued earning capacity, ambition— industriousness, youth, physical attractiveness, and chastity. Predictions were tested in data from 37 samples drawn from 33 countries located on six continents and five islands (total N = 10,047). For 27 countries, demographic data on actual age at marriage provided a validity check on questionnaire data. Females were found to value cues to resource acquisition in potential mates more highly than males. Characteristics signaling reproductive capacity were valued more by males than by females. These sex differences may reflect different evolutionary selection pressures on human males and females; they provide powerful cross-cultural evidence of current sex differences in reproductive strategies. Discussion focuses on proximate mechanisms underlying mate preferences, consequences for human intrasexual competition, and the limitations of this study.
Modern humans have inherited the mating strategies that led to the success of their ancestors. These strategies include long-term mating, short-term mating, extra-pair mating, mate poaching, and mate guarding. This article presents empirical evidence supporting evolution-based hypotheses about the complexities of these mating strategies. Since men and women historically confronted different adaptive problems in the mating domain, the sexes differ profoundly in evolved strategic solutions. These differences include possessing different mate preferences, different desires for short-term mating, and differences in the triggers that evoke sexual jealousy. The study of human mating is one of the “success stories” of evolutionary psychology.
Evolutionary-related hypotheses about gender differences in mate selection preferences were derived from Triver's parental investment model, which contends that women are more likely than men to seek a mate who possesses nonphysical characteristics that maximize the survival or reproductive prospects of their offspring, and were examined in a meta-analysis of mate selection research (questionnaire studies, analyses of personal advertisements). As predicted, women accorded more weight than men to socioeconomic status, ambitiousness, character, and intelligence, and the largest gender differences were observed for cues to resource acquisition (status, ambitiousness). Also as predicted, gender differences were not found in preferences for characteristics unrelated to progeny survival (sense of humor, "personality"). Where valid comparisons could be made, the findings were generally invariant across generations, cultures, and research paradigms.
How is personality stability possible amid the myriad of social changes and transformations that characterize a human life? We argue that by choosing situations that are compatible with their dispositions and by affiliating with similar others, individuals may set in motion processes of social interchange that sustain their dispositions across time and circumstance. To test this proposition we examined mate selection, using data on married couples from two ongoing longitudinal studies at the Institute of Human Development, University of California, Berkeley. Consistent with other research, the results point to homogamy as a basic norm in marriage. More important, the results show that marriage to a similar other promotes consistency in the intraindividual organization of personality attributes across middle adulthood. We offer some speculations for a more relational approach to the problem of individual continuity and change.
Darwin's theory of sexual selection suggests that individuals compete with members of their own sex for reproductively relevant resources held by members of the opposite sex. Four empirical studies were conducted to identify tactics of intrasexual mate competition and to test four evolution-based hypotheses. A preliminary study yielded a taxonomy of tactics. Study 1 used close-friend observers to report performance frequencies of 23 tactics to test the hypotheses. Study 2 replicated Study 1's results by using a different data source and subject population. Study 3 provided an independent test of the hypotheses in assessing the perceived effectiveness of each tactic for male and female actors. Although the basic hypotheses were supported across all three studies, there were several predictive failures and unanticipated findings. Discussion centers on the heuristic as well as predictive role of evolutionary theory, and on implications for other arenas of intrasexual competition.
100 COLLEGE STUDENTS RATED 555 PERSONALITY-TRAIT WORDS. LIKABLENESS RATINGS OF 555 PERSONALITY-TRAIT WORDS ON LIKABLENESS AS PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS. THE MEAN RATINGS AND THEIR VARIANCES ARE TABULATED, TOGETHER WITH AUXILIARY RATINGS ON MEANINGFULNESS. CORRELATIONS OF THE NORMATIVE LIKABLENESS VALUES WITH SIMILAR DATA FROM 3 OTHER UNIVERSITIES RANGED FROM .96-.99. BETWEEN-S VARIABILITY WAS ASSESSED, AND ITS RELEVANCE TO EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IS DISCUSSED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
This article proposes a contextual-evolutionary theory of human mating strategies. Both men and women are hypothesized to have evolved distinct psychological mechanisms that underlie short-term and long-term strategies. Men and women confront different adaptive problems in short-term as opposed to long-term mating contexts. Consequently, different mate preferences become activated from their strategic repertoires. Nine key hypotheses and 22 predictions from Sexual Strategies Theory are outlined and tested empirically. Adaptive problems sensitive to context include sexual accessibility, fertility assessment, commitment seeking and avoidance, immediate and enduring resource procurement, paternity certainty, assessment of mate value, and parental investment. Discussion summarizes 6 additional sources of behavioral data, outlines adaptive problems common to both sexes, and suggests additional contexts likely to cause shifts in mating strategy.
Two studies were conducted to examine the role of male body shape (as defined by waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) in female mate choice. In Study 1, college-age women judged normal-weight male figures with WHR in the typical male range as most attractive, healthy, and possessing many positive personal qualities. In Study 2, 18-69-year-old women rated normal-weight male figures with differing WHRs and purported income for casual (having coffee) to most-committed (marriage) relationships. All women, regardless of their age, education level, or family income, rated figures with WHRs in the typical male range and higher financial status more favorably. These findings are explained within an evolutionary mate selection context.
In a study of 332 Ss, 2 hypotheses--(a) wit and humor are appreciated more under stress than nonstress conditions and (b) the well adjusted appreciate nonsense wit more than the poorly adjusted--were not confirmed. It did appear that men appreciate hostile wit while women prefer nonsense wit. When not under stress, hostile wit is more appreciated by the maladjusted than the well adjusted men; under stress the reverse is true. The well adjusted person has a greater appreciation for humor than the maladjusted. "It is concluded that the Freudian distinction between wit and humor is a valid one, with wit possibly operating to reduce tension under differing circumstances depending upon the interaction of adjustment, stress, and sex factors." (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved).
In order to understand the role of humorous communication in relationships, 125 undergraduates completed measures of Humor Orientation (HO), loneliness, and verbal aggressiveness (VA), and then had two acquaintances complete other‐perceived HO and social attractiveness on them. Results indicated that higher HO was associated with lower levels of loneliness. Acquaintances’ perceptions of HO and self‐reported HO were positively related, and people seen as more humorous were also seen as socially attractive. VA individuals did not report more loneliness, but were perceived to be less socially attractive, due in part to the finding that individuals higher in VA tend to target others when they enact humor.
The finding that women are attracted to men older than themselves whereas men are attracted to relatively younger women has been explained by social psychologists in terms of economic exchange rooted in traditional sex-role norms. An alternative evolutionary model suggests that males and females follow different reproductive strategies, and predicts a more complex relationship between gender and age preferences. In particular, males' preference for relatively Younger females should be minimal during early mating years, but should become more pronounced as the male gets older. Young females are expected to prefer somewhat older males during their early years and to change less as they age. We briefly review relevant theory and present results of six studies testing this prediction. Study 1 finds support for this gender-differentiated prediction in age preferences expressed in personal advertisements. Study 2 supports the prediction with marriage statistics from two U.S. cities. Study 3 examines the cross-generational robustness of the phenomenon, and finds the same pattern in marriage statistics from 1923. Study 4 replicates Study 1 using matrimonial advertisements from two European countries, and from India. Study 5 finds a consistent pattern in marriages recorded from 1913 through 1939 on a small island in the Philippines. Study 6 reveals the same pattern in singles advertisements placed by financially successful American women and men. We consider the limitations of previous normative and evolutionary explanations of age preferences and discuss the advantages of expanding previous models to include the life history perspective.
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This study was designed to examine and compare campus values in mate selection from 1939 to 1967. A replication of previous research done in 1939 by Hill and in 1956 by McGinnis was undertaken in 1967 by sending a questionnaire concerned with factors in mate selection to a random sample of students on four college campuses. From the findings it was concluded that the current college population has not departed significantly from values in mate selection held a generation ago. In fact, responses indicate a remarkable degree of consistency between the values voiced by the two generations.
This study systematically examines the relations between the folk concept of ''sense of humor'' and the behavioral domain of everyday humorous conduct. Participants completed our Humorous Behavior e-sort Deck (HBQD) and a set of self-ratings contributing to an overall sense of humor index as well as personality measures including the California Psychological Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Our analyses revealed that overall sense of humor subsumed only a delimited and specific set of humor-related behaviors, in particular, socially constructive and competent forms of humorous conduct within interpersonal contexts. Results with the HBQD further indicated that overall sense of humor was positively associated with only two dimensions of humorous conduct (Socially Warm Versus Cold humorous style and Competent versus Inept humorous style) and unrelated to three others (Reflective versus Boorish, Earthy versus Repressed and Benign versus Mean-spirited humorous styles). Sense of humor was also found to be linked to socially desirable behaviors, but only those behaviors associated with social warmth and competence and not the entire range of socially desirable forms of humor. Analysis of the concept of ''sense of humor'' among subsamples of extraverts and introverts also revealed that although socially constructive uses of humor were important for both psychological types, humor competence figured more prominently in the introverts' notion of sense of humor. General personality characteristics were only minimally related to overall sense of humor, but revealed substantial and differentiated correlates to the styles of humorous conduct isolated by the HBQD. Overall, our findings argue strongly for a comprehensive approach to the assessment of individuals' understanding of humor and their styles of everyday humorous conduct.
In this investigation, data on young, single adults' preferences in marital partners were gathered from three very diverse cultures: the United States, Russia, and Japan. Based on evolutionary, social learning, historical, and cross-cultural perspectives, the authors hypothesized that in all three cultures they would find certain traditional gender differences. Men would care more than women about physical attractiveness, whereas women would care more than men about status (e.g., intelligence; ambition; money, status, and position; potential for success) and personality attributes (e.g., kindness, understanding, expressiveness, openness). Women would be more "choosy" overall than would men. The authors also hypothesized thatpeople from the United States (a Western individualist culture) would expect more from their relationships than would those from Japan (an Eastern collectivist culture). Finally, the authors predicted that gender differences would be smallest in the United States and largest in Japan. They found strong support for all but the last of these hypotheses and found weak support for that one.
In three different studies involving exposun to two differcot humorous and comparison videotapes, it was demonstrated that humor arousal signiticantly increases S-IgA in college students. Furthermore significantly more of the subjects exposed to the humor films showed an increese in S-IgA than the subjects exposed to the comparison films. A good sense of humor, measured as a trait, was associated with higher baseline concentrations of S-IgA and with greater increases in S-IgA in response to a humor arousing film. Higher bascline kvels and gains in S-IgA in respoase to humor were associated with lower reported severity of colds in the past twelve months and in the three months following assessment. However, a good sense of humor was related to lesser cold incidence and severity only if it involved appreciation rather than production of humor. While those who actively tell jokes also show higher S-IgA levels, they show greater susceptibility to colds than those who only appreciate humor probably because they sodalize more often under conditions that expose them more to cold infections.
Dating is experienced by most adolescents in our society as a prelude to mate selection. Three hundred and fifty-four white and black youth were studied to measure their dating-mating choices. Implications for teachers and practitioners, based on racial and gender differences, as well as perceived peer group influences are discussed.
Drawing on more than 11 surveys conducted over more than a decade, this book investigates the relationship between personal characteristics and economic success among American males aged 25 to 64. Responding to the controversy that followed the publication of "Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America," this book concentrates on the determinants of individual success within the existing economic system, not with the determinants of the level of inequality. Focus is on four kinds of personal characteristics: family background, cognitive skills, personality traits, and years of schooling. Chapters discuss: the methods of research used to gather information; the effects of family background, academic ability, noncognitive traits, education, and race on earnings; who gets ahead; individual earnings and family income; the realm of variance among the surveys; the effects of research style; and results of the comparison of this report to the inequality report that preceded it. It is concluded that schooling has the greatest influence on a person's eventual status or earnings. Tables and figures offer statistical data gathered in the research such as subsamples from the 11 surveys, comparison on income and background, and family effects on test scores. Notes on each chapter are offered in conclusion along with an extensive bibliography and index. (LC)
ABSTRACT Individual differences are explicitly connected to social interaction in Darwin's notion of sexual selection Traits that increase the probability of successful reproduction will tend to increase in frequency This process operates partly through differential choice, by one sex, of certain traits in the other According to the parental investment model, females frequently have more stringent criteria for the traits they will accept in a mate because they have a relatively larger investment in each offspring Because human mating arrangements often involve a substantial commitment of resources by the male, it is necessary to invoke a distinction between the selectivity involved during casual mating opportunities and the selectivity exercised when choosing a long-term partner Ninety-three undergraduate men and women rated their minimum criteria on 24 partner characteristics at four levels of commitment In line with an unqualified parental investment model, females were more selective overall, particularly on status-linked variables In line with a qualified parental investment model, males' trait preferences depended upon the anticipated investment in the relationship Males had lower requirements for a sexual partner than did females, but were nearly as selective as females when considenng requirements for a long-term partner
The question as to what type of individual we prefer in a romantic partner has stimulated a long history of research, with much of the present debate centering around the issue of the sex differences in partner preferences. In the studies described in this paper, two groups of participants completed a variety of different questionnaire schedules indicating their preferences for a partner. In study 1, 216 single students demonstrated a prevailing desire for a kind, considerate, and honest partner who displayed a keen sense of humor. Consistent with the hypothesis, there were no clear sex differences evident in these results. In study 2, 76 dating agency members completed a similar schedule examining partner preferences. Here again, preferences were similar across the sexes, although men preferred the submissive and introverted partner and stressed the importance of physical appearance in a mate. The general discussion considers the implications of these findings in the light of previous research on partner preferences.
Describes the development and initial validation of the Humor Styles Questionnaire, which assesses four dimensions relating to individual differences in uses of humor. These are: relatively benign uses of humor to enhance the self (Self-enhancing) and to enhance one’s relationships with others (Affiliative), use of humor to enhance the self at the expense of others (Aggressive), and use of humor to enhance relationships at the expense of self (Self-defeating). Validation data indicate that the four scales differentially relate in predicted ways to peer ratings of humor styles and to measures of mood (cheerfulness, depression, anxiety, hostility), self-esteem, optimism, well-being, intimacy, and social support. They also relate to all five dimensions of the Five Factor Model and to Agency and Communion. The first two scales overlap with previous humor tests, whereas the Aggressive and Self-defeating humor scales largely tap different dimensions. Males scored higher than females on Aggressive and Self-defeating humor. It is expected that the HSQ will be useful for research on humor and psychological well-being by assessing forms of humor that may be deleterious to health as well as those that are beneficial.
Previous studies have failed to find support for the hypothesis, derived from Level of Aspiration Theory, that individuals chose to date those whose “social desirability” level is similar to their own. In the present experiments, which were designed to test the matching hypothesis, the salience of possible rejection by the dating choice was varied. Both experiments found support for the principle of matching in social choice. This support was obtained, however, not just under conditions in which rejection was presumably salient but for all conditions of choice. This and additional findings were discussed.
Evolutionary and sociocultural theories of mate selection preferences contend that men place greater value on physical attractiveness than do women. Thus, meta-analyses were conducted of findings from 5 research paradigms that have the hypothesis: (a)questionnaire studies, (b) analyses of lonely hearts advertisments, (c) studies that correlate attractiveness with opposite-sex popularity, (d) studies that correlate attractiveness with liking by a dyadic interaction partner, and (e) experiments that manipulate the attractiveness and similarity of an opposite-sex stranger. The anticipated sex difference emerged in all five meta-analyses, although it was larger in research that examine self-reprots than in research that examined social behavior.
The Evolution of Individuality cites Rensch: "by far most phylogenetic changes in form arise by heterochrony"
Multiple aspects of humor were evaluated in children between the ages of 10 and 14 and related to several areas of competence manifested at school. Humor measures assessed appreciation (including mirth, subjective ratings, and response sets), comprehension, and production, while competence measures included teacher ratings of classroom behavior, peer reputation, and achievement. Humor was related to competence in several ways consistent with previous theory and research: (1) through the manifestation of intellectual ability both in humor behaviors and in competent functioning; (2) through the role of mastery motivation enhancing both types of functioning; and (3) through peer relations, resulting from the effects of humor on peer acceptance or the effects of peer relations on humor behaviors. Ideas for further research relating humor to social competence, social cognition, and mastery motivation are discussed.
A humor test composed of cartoons, comic strips, and jokes was administered to 30 college couples (26 single, 4 married) who rated them for humor. Subjects also stated how much they loved and liked their partner, their probability of marrying the partner, and filled out Rubin's Liking and Love Scales. The hypotheses were that similarity of rating of the humorous stimuli would be associated with loving, liking, and predisposition to marry. Hypotheses were confirmed.
College students' self-perceptions relative to their peers. Unpublished manuscript
- A Cann
Cann, A. (1998). College students' self-perceptions relative to their peers. Unpublished
manuscript, University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
Humor: A cognitive alternative to stress?
- N F Dixon
Dixon, N. F. (1980). Humor: A cognitive alternative to stress? Stress and Anxiety, 7,
281-289.
Calhoun Perceived personality associations with differences in sense of humor: Stereotypes of hypothetical others with high or low senses of humor
- J H Goldstein
Goldstein, J. H. (1987). Therapeutic effects of laughter. In A. Cann & L. G. Calhoun
Perceived personality associations with differences in sense of humor: Stereotypes of
hypothetical others with high or low senses of humor. Humor, 14, 117-130.
Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity
- H M Lefcourt
- R A Martin
Lefcourt, H. M., and Martin, R. A. (1986). Humor and life stress: Antidote to adversity.
New York: Springer/Verlag.
Dominance and heterosexual attraction: A field study Unpublished manuscript Dominance and heterosexual attrac-tion
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Sadalla, E. K., & Fausal, M. (1980). Dominance and heterosexual attraction: A field study. Unpublished manuscript, Arizona State University, Tempe. Sadalla, E. K., Kenrick, D. T., & Vershure, B. (1987). Dominance and heterosexual attrac-tion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 730–738.
Improper linear models of matchmaking. Paper presented at the Iowa Conference of Personal Relationships
- S Woll
Woll, S. (1987). Improper linear models of matchmaking. Paper presented at the Iowa
Conference of Personal Relationships, Des Moines, IA.
Dominance and heterosexual attraction: A field study. Unpublished manuscript
- E K Sadalla
- M Fausal
Sadalla, E. K., & Fausal, M. (1980). Dominance and heterosexual attraction: A field
study. Unpublished manuscript, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Female judgement of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status
- L W Sherman
Sherman, L. W. (1985). Humor and social distance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 1274.
Singh, D. (1995). Female judgement of male attractiveness and desirability for relationships: Role of waist-to-hip ratio and financial status. Journal of Personality and Social
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