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Anti-inflammatory activity of Rhodiola rosea - "A second-generation adaptogen"
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea (golden root), a unique phytoadaptogen grown in high-altitude regions has gained attention for its various therapeutic properties. In India, this plant is found in the Himalayan belt and has not been completely explored for its beneficial health effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the tincture extract of Rhodiola rosea roots (RTE). The anti-inflammatory activity was determined through carrageenan-induced paw oedema, formaldehyde-induced arthritis and nystatin-induced paw oedema in rat model. The tincture extract exhibited inhibitory effect against acute and subacute inflammation at a dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. Inhibition of nystatin-induced oedema was also observed in a dose-dependent manner. The in vitro inhibitory effects of the tincture extract from R. rosea roots was evaluated against the enzymes relating to inflammation. The enzymes include cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Phospholipase A2 (PLA2). The extract showed varying inhibitory activities against these enzymes depending on the concentrations. A potent inhibition was observed against Cox-2 and PLA2. Inhibition of nystatin induced oedema and phospholipase A2 suggested that membrane stabilization could be the most probable mechanism of action of RTE in anti-inflammation. The findings in this study may provide the use of R. rosea root extract in the treatment of inflammatory conditions.
... Plants with adaptogenic function have been described in the literature to provide resilience, resistance, and adaptogenicity against intrinsic and extrinsic stress by enhancing stress protective function including antioxidant, antiinflammation, anti-fatigue, antidepressive, neuroprotection, and CNS stimulating activity [14]. Oral administration of the tincture extract from Rhodiola rosea roots inhibited pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by preventing the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes, thereby, rendering membrane stabilization and enhancing anti-fatigue functions [20]. In a clinical study, repeated oral administration of Rhodeola rosea for 4 weeks reduced symptoms of fatigue and improved attention span and cognitive function [20,21]. ...
... Oral administration of the tincture extract from Rhodiola rosea roots inhibited pro-inflammatory enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) by preventing the release of arachidonic acid from cell membranes, thereby, rendering membrane stabilization and enhancing anti-fatigue functions [20]. In a clinical study, repeated oral administration of Rhodeola rosea for 4 weeks reduced symptoms of fatigue and improved attention span and cognitive function [20,21]. Further, oral administration of ADAPT-232 capsules 199 containing fixed combination of standardized extracts of adaptogens, Rhodiola Rosea, Eleutherococcus senticosis, and Schisandra Chinesis extract characterized for the content of active markers eleutherosides, schisandrins, salidroside, tyrosol, and rosavin to BALB/c mice prior to stress exposure increased alertness and endurance leading to reduced fatigue. ...
... We used surgically excised ex vivo abdominoplasty skin as a representative model for simulating intrinsic stress since ex vivo skin secrete stress inducers including Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), cortisol and proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-5 (IL-5), Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and Interleukin-17 (IL-17), thereby demonstrating characteristics of injured skin [3,[28][29][30]. Evaluation of stress genes panel (Supplementary Table 1) on intrinsically stressed excised abdominoplasty skin following topical application of PTM1 induced downregulation of stress gene marker Tumor Protein-53 (TP53) gene (a sensor for DNA damage and tumor suppressor) [20] and pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β) [22], PM3 significantly reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα and downregulated expression of pro-apoptotic gene BCL-2 Associated X-protein (BAX ) (Fig. 2). PTM3 and PTM4 had no effect on TP53 and IL-1β. ...
Background:
Humans are exposed to physical, biological, chemical, and psychological stressor throughout their life span. In recent years many medicinal plants have been shown to induce stress adapting and protective functions. Plant-derived extracts and vitamin E exhibit stress protection or resistance by normalizing cellular homeostasis and enhancing resistance to toxic stimuli to overcome cellular damage. Here we report the evaluation of a topical preparation (product test materials; PTM) containing an ingredient blend of Rhodiola Rosea, Eleutherococcus Senticosus (Siberian Ginseng), Rhaponticum Carthamoides, Inonotus Obliqus, and Slegainella Lepidophylla as the base formula and tested the addition of Lespedeza Capitata (leaf/stem) extract plus vitamin E and/or Aloe Vera to determine the induced protective functions in human skin when challenged with intrinsic and extrinsic stressors.
Methods:
The base topical preparation plus Lespedeza Capitata extract plus vitamin E or the base topical preparation plus vitamin E and Aloe Vera were assayed in vitro on (a) intrinsically stressed excised abdominoplasty skin, (b) full thickness (FT) skin equivalent models post-treated with a combination of ultra-violet (UV) B light (250 mJ/cm2) and diesel particular matter (DPM) (75 µg/mL) skin, for their effect on antioxidant, inflammation, and stress biomarker geners. Additionally, the bioadaptive activity of the PTMs was confirmed in providing resilience and protection against UV-induced erythema. For example, in a clinical study, daily topical application of the PTMs on the buttocks of 20 woman (18-78 years old), average age of 51.1 years, median body mass index (BMI) of 26.5 for 8 weeks followed by 2 minimal erythema dose (MED) of UVB exposure was accessed 24 hours after irradiation. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test and ANOVA, repectively.
Results:
Pretreatment with the topical PTMs on intrsinically stressed skin significantly reduced the expression of the stress gene biomarkers, p53, pro-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) and the pro-apoptotic BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator (BAX) values compared to controls. Topical application of the PTMs on Full Thickness (FT) human skin treated with UVB light and DPM significantly enhanced the stress response by activating heat shock transcription factor 4 (HSF4) and heat shock protein family B (small) member 1 (HSPB1) gene levels belonging to the heat shock protein (HSP) family by significantly increasing the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1). At the same time, significantly reducing IL-1β levels were observed plus protection of skin cells from toxicity ocurred by significantly increasing the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) (anti-apoptotic gene). In the clinical study, daily topical applications of the PTMs for 8 weeks followed by 2MED of UVB irradiation with clinical assessment 24 hours later revealed a significantly reduced intensity of erythema when compared to the buttock region treated with UVB alone.
Conclusions:
The PTMs containing adaptogen ingredients may confer stress resistance and induce stress protective responses against intrinsic as well as extrinsic stressors as demonstrated by the obtained in vitro and clinical evidence.
... Extracts of Rhodiola rosea have been pharmacologically tested for various effects. Among others, they show protection against oxidative agents in human erythrocytes in vitro [5,6], anti-fatigue effects during and after physical exercise in rats [7], improved resistance to restraint stress in rabbits [8], increased resistance of rats to mild stressors over an extended period of time [9], monoamino oxidase A and B inhibition in vitro [10], anti-inflammatory effects in rats [11], and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities [12]. ...
... Subsequently, rosarin (9), rosavin (11), rosin (12) and compound (13), cinnamyl-(6'-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl)-O-β-glucopyranoside, were found to be glycosides of (15). Their sugar moieties consist of arabinopyranosyl-glucopyranoside for (9), arabinofuranosyl-glucopyranoside for (11), glucopyranoside for (12) and xylopyranosyl-glucopyranoside for (13). ...
... Structures of proposed phenylpropanoids(9,(11)(12)(13)15) ...
Rhodiola rosea has been used in folk medicine as ethanolic macerates for a long time. This study aims to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis and comparison of different ethanolic Rhodiola rosea rhizome macerates (35%, 70%, and 96% v/v) and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) extracts prepared with 85% methanol, in order to shed light on the effectivity of different extraction methods. Extract samples were analyzed by UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of water + 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile. Qualitative analysis lead to the tentative identification of 18 compounds: Two cyanogenic glycosides (rhodiocyanoside A, lotaustralin), three phenylethanoids (salidroside, viridoside, 2-phenylethyl-vicianoside), two procyanidin and catechin derivatives (epigallocatechin-epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate), five phenylpropanoids (cinnamyl alcohol, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, cinnamyl-(6’-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl)-O-β-glucopyranoside), two monoterpene alcohols (rhodioloside E, rosiridin) and four flavonols (rhodionidin, rhodiosin, rhodionin, kaempferol). Quantity was determined for salidroside, cinnamyl alcohol and its three major glycosides (rosarin, rosavin, rosin), as well as three flavonols (rhodionidin, rhodiosin, rhodionin). Methanolic ASE proved to be the superior extraction method for different substance groups. For macerates, high ethanol content increased yield and lowered hydrolysis of glycosides during extraction, but ethanolic macerates still showed low reproducibility and high fluctuations in quantity of marker compounds salidroside and rosavins, as well as flavonols. Rhodiola rosea rhizomes of wild origins seemed to underly great variability in chemical composition dependent on grow site.
... It is abundantly and widely distributed in China. According to traditional Chinese folk medicine, Rhodiola crenulata can improve endurance, resist altitude sickness (Chiu et al., 2013), and treat fatigue, depression, insomnia and impotence (Pooja et al., 2009). A recent study found that Rhodiola crenulata supplement strikingly improves aerobic exercise performance after short-term high altitude training (Chen et al., 2014). ...
... Accumulating evidence indicates that Rhodiola crenulata protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain (Song et al., 2006a, b). Pharmacological studies suggest that Rhodiola crenulata promotes cognitive function and relieves brain fatigue (Darbinyan et al., 2000;Spasov et al., 2000), clears reactive oxygen species and reduces oxidative stress (Abidov et al., 2003;Wing et al., 2003;De Sanctis et al., 2004;Battistelli et al., 2005;Kanupriya et al., 2005;Yu et al., 2007;Pooja et al., 2009), enhances physical endurance (Spasov et al., 2000;De Bock et al., 2004), ameliorates metabolic dysfunction Tian et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2013), bolsters immunity (Zhu et al., 2014) and exerts anti-tumor effects (Tu et al., 2008). In recent years, Rhodiola crenulata has attracted increasing attention because of its cognitive protective effects, antioxidant effects, and ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (Chen et al., 2012;. ...
... We found that 0.1 mL RCE significantly improved learning and memory functions in rats, while the 0.02 and 1.0 mL doses had no significant effect. High doses of RCE failed to improve the functions, perhaps because of other components within the extract (Pooja et al., 2009). As mentioned above, RCE contains more than 40 different compounds, and it is possible that other compounds have effects that antagonize those of salidroside. ...
In our previous study, we found that the edible alcohol extract of the root of the medicinal plant Rhodiola crenulata (RCE) improved spatial cognition in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Another study from our laboratory showed that RCE enhanced neural cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and prevented damage to hippocampal neurons in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression. However, the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of RCE are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anti-apoptotic effect of RCE and its neuroprotective mechanism of action in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease established by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin. The rats were pre-administered RCE at doses of 1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 g/kg for 21 days before model establishment. ATP and cytochrome c oxidase levels were significantly decreased in rats with Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, neuronal injury was obvious in the hippocampus, with the presence of a large number of apoptotic neurons. In comparison, in rats given RCE pretreatment, ATP and cytochrome c oxidase levels were markedly increased, the number of apoptotic neurons was reduced, and mitochondrial injury was mitigated. The 3.0 g/kg dose of RCE had the optimal effect. These findings suggest that pretreatment with RCE prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis in rats with Alzheimer's disease.
... R. rosea is considered a versatile phyto-adaptogen possessing antioxidant [23], antistress [24] and antibacterial properties [25], among others. It has been postulated that inflammation, and the related generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular biomolecules, constitute the common trait in the etiology of the disorders treated with R. rosea [26]. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that R. rosea root extract significantly inhibited the oedema formation induced by carrageenan and caused significant inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase A 2 , involved in the liberation of arachidonic acid from cell membranes, and of the isoform COX-2 of cycloxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins [26]. ...
... It has been postulated that inflammation, and the related generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage cellular biomolecules, constitute the common trait in the etiology of the disorders treated with R. rosea [26]. Accordingly, it was demonstrated that R. rosea root extract significantly inhibited the oedema formation induced by carrageenan and caused significant inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase A 2 , involved in the liberation of arachidonic acid from cell membranes, and of the isoform COX-2 of cycloxygenase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins [26]. In another study, R. rosea extract was proved to be able to exert antineuroinflammatory effects by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation [27]. ...
Rhodiola rosea roots and rhizomes hold an important place in the folk medicines of Russia, Scandinavia, Mongolia, and China as a health supplement for stimulating the nervous system, enhancing physical and mental performances, and nowadays they constitute the active ingredient in many popular commercial preparations sold worldwide as food additives, pharmaceutical remedies, and drinks. This study was aimed at providing a detailed phytochemical characterization of the Rhodiola 5%, a commercially available extract of R. rosea roots, and resulted in the characterization of 18 secondary metabolites, including 13 polyphenols and 6 terpenoids, and in the discovery of the new rhodiosidin (5), the first R. rosea metabolite to show both terpenoid and cinnamoyl moieties. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibiting activity of the main components was characterized and disclosed that rosiridin (6), kenposide A and rosavins are mainly responsible for this activity of the extract.
... Plant-derived therapeutics such as cinnamon and curcumin extracts have been shown to have potential anti-diabetic properties, although their efficacy has not been evaluated in randomized clinical trials 29,30 . The adaptogenic plant Rhodiola rosea is used as a medicinal in traditional medical practices worldwide and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and gut microbiome-modulating properties [31][32][33] . As an adaptogen, R. rosea represents an important category of pharmacological substances that are known to aid the body in resisting a wide variety of stressors (i.e. ...
... As an adaptogen, R. rosea represents an important category of pharmacological substances that are known to aid the body in resisting a wide variety of stressors (i.e. biological, chemical, physical, etc.) to maintain homeostasis and stabilize physiological processes that may be disrupted 32 . Rhodiola rosea extract appears to be safe in human studies [34][35][36] , which makes it an attractive candidate for the treatment of T2D. ...
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent endocrine disease in the world, and recently the gut microbiota have become a potential target for its management. Recent studies have illustrated that this disease may predispose individuals to certain microbiome compositions, and treatments like metformin have been shown to change gut microbiota and their associated metabolic pathways. However, given the limitations and side effects associated with pharmaceuticals currently being used for therapy of diabetes, there is a significant need for alternative treatments. In this study, we investigated the effects of a root extract from Rhodiola rosea in a Leptin receptor knockout (db/db) mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Our previous work showed that Rhodiola rosea had anti-inflammatory and gut microbiome-modulating properties, while extending lifespan in several animal models. In this study, treatment with Rhodiola rosea improved fasting blood glucose levels, altered the response to exogenous insulin, and decreased circulating lipopolysaccharide and hepatic C-reactive protein transcript levels. We hypothesize that these changes may in part reflect the modulation of the microbiota, resulting in improved gut barrier integrity and decreasing the translocation of inflammatory biomolecules into the bloodstream. These findings indicate that Rhodiola rosea is an attractive candidate for further research in the management of type 2 diabetes.
... Phytomedicine 68 (2020) 153143 constituent ginsenoside Rb1, has been studied (Ahmed et al., 2016). The anti-inflammatory activity of R. rosea has been reported in vivo (Bawa and Khanum, 2009) and the neuroprotective effect of a crude extract of R. rosea and its main constituents against iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production and has been studied in vitro in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells (Bawa and Khanum, 2009;Lee et al., 2013). Moreover, R. rosea derivatives were also found to possess neuroprotective activity (Xian et al., 2014). ...
... Phytomedicine 68 (2020) 153143 constituent ginsenoside Rb1, has been studied (Ahmed et al., 2016). The anti-inflammatory activity of R. rosea has been reported in vivo (Bawa and Khanum, 2009) and the neuroprotective effect of a crude extract of R. rosea and its main constituents against iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production and has been studied in vitro in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells (Bawa and Khanum, 2009;Lee et al., 2013). Moreover, R. rosea derivatives were also found to possess neuroprotective activity (Xian et al., 2014). ...
Stress is a typical body's natural defense to a generic physical or psychic change. A specific linking mechanism between ulcer onset and psycho-physical stress prolonged exposure has been reported. We decided to investigate the possible effects of Borago officinalis L. (Borago) in preventing physical (stress)-induced gastric ulcers in a rat model. Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 16 groups, pretreated with a control solution, omeprazole (20 mg/kg), Borago methanolic extract (25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg), Borago organic extract (50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg), Borago aqueous extract (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg), and D(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) (25 mg/kg) and kept in stressful conditions such as water immersion and restraint-induced stress ulcers. The animals were sacrificed and their stomach scored for the severity and the number of gastric ulcers. Methanolic extract (500 mg/kg) significantly reduced both ulcer parameters (***p < 0.001 and **p < 0.01, respectively). Aqueous and organic extract significantly decreased severity score at 5 and 10 mg/kg (**p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, respectively), and at 250 and 500 mg/kg (***p < 0.001), respectively, while gastric ulcers' resulted number significantly reduced only at 10 mg/kg (*p < 0.05) and at 500 mg/kg (**p < 0.01), respectively. On the other hand, aqueous extract significantly increased the mucosal gastric content of cAMP (*p < 0.05) and NR2A and NR2B subunits (*p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, respectively) at 5 mg/kg. Organic extract showed also a significant cytotoxic effect at 500 and 1,000 mg/kg with a 3T3 cell viability reduction of 43.6% (**p < 0.01) and 92.1% (***p < 0.001), respectively. Borago aqueous extract at 10 mg/kg could be considered as a potential protective agent against stress-induced ulcers, and it is reasonable to possibly ascribe such protective activity to a modulation of the NR2A and NR2B subunit expression.
... Phytomedicine 68 (2020) 153143 constituent ginsenoside Rb1, has been studied (Ahmed et al., 2016). The anti-inflammatory activity of R. rosea has been reported in vivo (Bawa and Khanum, 2009) and the neuroprotective effect of a crude extract of R. rosea and its main constituents against iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production and has been studied in vitro in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells (Bawa and Khanum, 2009;Lee et al., 2013). Moreover, R. rosea derivatives were also found to possess neuroprotective activity (Xian et al., 2014). ...
... Phytomedicine 68 (2020) 153143 constituent ginsenoside Rb1, has been studied (Ahmed et al., 2016). The anti-inflammatory activity of R. rosea has been reported in vivo (Bawa and Khanum, 2009) and the neuroprotective effect of a crude extract of R. rosea and its main constituents against iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 production and has been studied in vitro in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells (Bawa and Khanum, 2009;Lee et al., 2013). Moreover, R. rosea derivatives were also found to possess neuroprotective activity (Xian et al., 2014). ...
Background: Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) has been used for years in the traditional medicine of several countries as an adaptogen drug, able to preserve homeostasis in response to stress stimuli. Currently R. rosea roots and rhizome are classified as a traditional herbal medicinal product for temporary relief of symptoms of stress, such as fatigue and sensation of weakness by the European Medicines Agency.
Hypothesis/Purpose: Increasing evidences suggest the involvement of neuroinflammation in response to stress. However, whether the modulation of neuroinflammatory parameters could be involved in the anti-stress effect of R. rosea has been barely studied. Thus, the aim of this work is to investigate the possible modulation of molecular inflammatory processes elicited by a R. rosea roots and rhizome ethanolic extract in an in vitro model of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.
Methods: BV2 cells were stimulated with CRH 100 nM and changes in cell viability, cytokines production and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels were evaluated. Intracellular pathways related to inflammation, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activation were also analyzed.
Results: We found that R. rosea extract (2.7% m/m rosavin and 1% m/m salidroside) 20 µg/ml was able to counteract the neuroinflammatory effect of CRH by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation with a mechanism of action involving the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MKK2), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun n-terminal kinase (JNK), resulting in a reduction of HSP70 expression.
Conclusion: This work expands the knowledge of the intracellular mechanisms involved in R. rosea anti-stress activity and may be useful for the study of other adaptogen drugs.
... Rhodiola rosea extracts first demonstrated its antiinflammation activity in formaldehyde-induced arthritis and carrageenan-and nystatin-induced paw oedema at a concentration of 250 mg/kg body weight in rat model [49]. Rhodiola rosea extracts more effectively inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Phospholipase A2 activity than COX1 activity [49]. ...
... Rhodiola rosea extracts first demonstrated its antiinflammation activity in formaldehyde-induced arthritis and carrageenan-and nystatin-induced paw oedema at a concentration of 250 mg/kg body weight in rat model [49]. Rhodiola rosea extracts more effectively inhibited cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and Phospholipase A2 activity than COX1 activity [49]. Salidroside also exerted its anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) through the blocking of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways both in vitro in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo in mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide [132,133]. ...
Purpose of review:
Rhodiola rosea extracts have been used as a dietary supplement in healthy populations, including athletes, to non-specifically enhance the natural resistance of the body to both physical and behavior stresses for fighting fatigue and depression. We summarize the information with respect to the new pharmacological activities of Rhodiola rosea extracts and its underlying molecular mechanisms in this review article.
Recent findings:
In addition to its multiplex stress-protective activity, Rhodiola rosea extracts have recently demonstrated its anti-aging, anti-inflammation, immunostimulating, DNA repair and anti-cancer effects in different model systems. Molecular mechanisms of Rhodiola rosea extracts's action have been studied mainly along with one of its bioactive compounds, salidroside. Both Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside have contrast molecular mechanisms on cancer and normal physiological functions. For cancer, Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside inhibit the mTOR pathway and reduce angiogenesis through down-regulation of the expression of HIF-1α/HIF-2α. For normal physiological functions, Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside activate the mTOR pathway, stimulate paracrine function and promote neovascularization by inhibiting PHD3 and stabilizing HIF-1α proteins in skeletal muscles. In contrast to many natural compounds, salidroside is water-soluble and highly bioavailable via oral administration and concentrated in urine by kidney excretion.
Summary:
Rhodiola rosea extracts and salidroside can impose cellular and systemic benefits similar to the effect of positive lifestyle interventions to normal physiological functions and for anti-cancer. The unique pharmacological properties of Rhodiola rosea extracts or salidroside deserve further investigation for cancer chemoprevention, in particular for human urinary bladder cancer.
... neuroprotektivní, antinociceptivní, antioxidaãní úãinky; zkoumá se její cytotoxické, hepatoprotektivní, kardioprotektivní pÛsobení, pfiedmûtem zájmu je i její ovlivÀování metabolismu lipidÛ [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] . ...
... R. rosea, or Golden root, is well known medicinal plant. Traditionally these plants are used as adaptogens, antidepressants, and anti-inflammatory remedies (Kelly, 2001;Bawa and Khanum, 2009;Panossian et al., 2010). They are rich in polyphenols with antioxidant activity (Chen et al., 2012). ...
Stimulating the growth of plants, increasing their productivity, and resistance to stress factors are important tasks facing scientists and producers of agricultural products. Different compounds of natural origin can be used as biostimulants. Such chemicals as humic, fulvic, and salicylic acids, mineral elements, amino acids, chitosan, vitamins, poly-, and oligosaccharides are the typical components of biostimulants. They affected not only plant growth. Biostimulants also improve biosynthetic activity, including chlorophyll synthesis, and accumulation of plant metabolites. Alginite, founded in Slovakia in Maar near Pinciná village northeast of Lučenec, was studied as a plant growth stimulator. The application of biostimulants to medicinal plants allows increasing in their biomass and productivity. The effect of alginite on in vitro growth of Rhodiola rosea L. plants and their antioxidant activity has been analyzed in this study. Adding 1 or 10 mL.L-1 of MS medium alginite extract solution diluted to the concentration of 1% resulted in intensive plant growth. Shoots weight increased 4.48–6.64-fold compared to the control. Adding alginite extract solution also stimulated root growth (3.00–5.58-fold). Despite the decrease in the specific content of flavonoids in the plants, grown on media with alginite, the total content of flavonoids in these plants was higher than in the control ones due to a significant increase in biomass. The antioxidant activity of the samples grown on the alginite medium was higher than that of the control plants. Thus, alginite, a compound of natural origin, can stimulate the growth of R. rosea and increase the bioactivity of these plants.
... In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect of RCE reduces vascular leakage and repairs acute hypoxia-induced organ damage. Thus, RCE exerts potential therapeutic effects on HAPH and EE (Fig. 2) (Pooja et al., 2009). ...
Li Li, Lin Lin, Bo Wen, Peng-cheng Zhao, Da-sheng Liu, Guo-ming Pang, Zi-rong Wang, Yong Tan, and Cheng Lu. Promising natural medicines for the treatment of high-altitude illness. High Alt Med Biol 00:000-000, 2023.-High-altitude illness (HAI) is a dangerous disease characterized by oxidative stress, inflammatory damage and hemodynamic changes in the body that can lead to severe damage to the lungs, heart, and brain. Natural medicines are widely known for their multiple active ingredients and pharmacological effects, which may be important in the treatment of HAI. In this review, we outline the specific types of HAI and the underlying pathological mechanisms and summarize the currently documented natural medicines applied in the treatment of acute mountain sickness and high-altitude cerebral edema, high-altitude pulmonary edema, chronic mountain sickness, and high-altitude pulmonary hypertension. Their sources, types, and medicinal sites are summarized, and their active ingredients, pharmacological effects, related mechanisms, and potential toxicity are discussed. In conclusion, natural medicines, as an acceptable complementary and alternative strategy with fewer side effects and more long-term application, can provide a reference for developing more natural antialtitude sickness medicines in the future and have good application prospects in HAI treatment.
... It is worth noting that nystatin has an immunomodulatory effect and can induce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages and immune cells. These potent proinflamma-tory properties are currently being used to generate animal models of inflammation [103,104]. This proinflammatory nature is attributed to the drug's ability to induce secretion of interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) through a toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent mechanism [105]. ...
Nystatin is an antifungal molecule with a remarkable yet squandered versatility. In this review, its mechanism of action is explored, along with its extensive action spectrum and toxicity. A multitude of methodologies to tackle the drug's physical and chemical hurdles are outlined along with some proven-effective strategies to increase its activity and/or decrease its toxicity. A separate detailed section focused on micro and nanotechnology solutions addresses new drug delivery systems made of polymeric, metallic or lipid materials. Although the topical route depicts greater representativeness amongst these formulations, the intravenous, dental, oral, vaginal and inhalation routes are also mentioned. The unsuccessful previous attempts at developing parenteral formulations of nystatin or even the withdrawal of a nystatin-loaded multilamellar liposome should not divert research away from this drug. In fact, the interest in nystatin ought to be reawakened with the ongoing clinical trials on the promising nystatin-like genetically engineered derivate BSG005.
... Rhodiola is a genus plant called Hong Jing Tian; Crassulaceae comprises over 200 species. Thus, the approximated number of species is 20, which include: Rhodiola krylovii, Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola alterna, Rhodiola crenulata, Rhodiola quadrifida, Rhodiola sachalinensis, Rhodiola sacra, and Rhodiola brevipetiolata [29]. These medicinal plants are cultivated in the Himalayan belt, Tibet, China, and Mongolia. ...
In vitro propagation of medicinal plants has been incorporated into producing healthy plants that are beneficial to humanity. Some basic principles and factors tend to influence the cultivation process, thus, causing this method of plant propagation to be adapted owing to the importance and benefits surrounding this method. The main objective of this research work was to obtain cell cultures of medicinal plants of Cichorium intybus, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Monarda citriodora, and Rhodiola krylovii. In obtaining the cell cultures of these medicinal plants, some steps need to be followed. In this research, the effect of different methods of sterilisation/cultivation of plant seeds and explants were evaluated using two different media compositions, observable differences between sterile and non-sterile plant seedlings of C. intybus, Monarda citriodora, and Rhodiola krylovii. The effect of growth regulator (Kinetin) and non-growth regulator (Kinetin) on the cell cultures was observed in solid and liquid media; the dry and wet weight was determined for a callus of Chicory grown in cell suspension culture. All results were presented on tables and charts.
... The genus Rhodiola L. (Crassulaceae) consists of nearly 200 species, where approximately 20 are used in traditional medicine in Asia [1]. One of them is Rhodiola rosea L., known as golden root or arctic root. ...
The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition of the water and hydromethanolic extracts of R. rosea commercial samples in relation to their biological activity. For this purpose, the HPLC method was used for the determination of eleven phenolic compounds and AAS/AES was used for determination of five essential elements. Moreover, the contents of total phenolic, total flavonoid, total phenolic acids, and L(+)-ascorbic acid were determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS radical scavenging activity, ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays, while the inhibitory activity against AChE and BChE enzymes was determined using Ellman’s method. The results showed that the hydromethanolic extracts of R. rosea were richer in phenolic compounds and showed higher antioxidant and neurobiological activity than the water extracts. However, the water extracts gave higher contents of determined elements. Among the individual phenolic compounds gallic acid (2.33 mg/g DW) and sinapic acid (386.44 µg/g DW) had the highest concentrations in the hydromethanolic and water extracts, respectively. Moreover, the most extracts were observed to be more efficient on BChE. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated a high
positive relationship between chemical composition and biological activity in both extracts of R. rosea.
... Watercress is considered an important food supplementation for preventing cancer and related diseases, especially breast cancer risk (3). Other health benefits of watercress can be mentioned including asthma, hypertension, renal colic, and diabetes (4). Several studies have confirmed the antioxidant effects of watercress in vivo and in vitro conditions (5,6). ...
Background and purpose: Previously, we reported the anti-inflammatory properties of Nasturtium officinale (watercress) in several models of acute inflammation. This study was designed to explore the effects of topical and systemic administrations of N. officinale in the two chronic inflammatory models and to evaluate the role of TNF-α and IL-1β in these effects.
Experimental approach: Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods were used to estimate the extract’s total phenol and flavonoid content, respectively. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was carried out and TNF-α and IL-1β concentrations in the carrageenan-treated paw tissue were determined. Formalin injection into rat hind paws (7 days) and the application of 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on mouse ears (9 days) were used to simulate chronic inflammation. Furthermore, a histological assessment of the inflamed tissues was carried out.
Findings/Results: The extract’s flavonoid and phenolic contents were 90.26 ± 4.81 mg rutin equivalents/g and 68 ± 8.16 gallic acid equivalents/g gallic acid, respectively. N. officinale pretreatment in all doses administered considerably decreased carrageenan-induced edema. The extract also reduced IL-1β levels in carrageenan- treated paws while did not affect TNF-α levels. Oral and topical administrations of N. officinale considerably reserved the paw and ear edema. The extract also ameliorated the tissue injuries due to formalin and TPA challenges.
Conclusion and implications: The data confirmed the topical and systemic anti-inflammatory effects of watercress against two chronic models of inflammation. They suggested that these properties are not related to TNF-α but could be attributed to inhibition of IL-1β and inhibition of leukocyte infiltration.
... The adaptogenic plant Rhodiola rosea is used as a medicinal in traditional medical practices worldwide and has been shown to have anti-in ammatory and gut microbiome-modulating properties [31][32][33] . As an adaptogen, R. rosea represents an important category of pharmacological substances that are known to aid the body in resisting a wide variety of stressors (i.e. ...
Type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent endocrine disease in the world, and recently the gut microbiota have become a potential target for its management. Recent studies have illustrated that this disease may predispose individuals to certain microbiome compositions, and treatments like metformin have been shown to change gut microbiota and their associated metabolic pathways. However, given the limitations and side effects associated with pharmaceuticals currently being used for therapy of diabetes, there is a significant need for alternative treatments. In this study, we investigated the effects of a root extract from Rhodiola rosea in a Leptin receptor knockout ( db/db ) mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Our previous work showed that Rhodiola rosea had anti-inflammatory and gut microbiome-modulating properties, while extending lifespan in several animal models. In this study, treatment with Rhodiola rosea improved the insulin response, and significantly decreased serum lipopolysaccharide and C-reactive protein levels. We hypothesize that these changes may in part reflect the modulation of the microbiota, resulting in improved gut barrier integrity and decreasing the translocation of inflammatory biomolecules into the bloodstream. These findings indicate that Rhodiola rosea is an attractive candidate for further research in the management of type 2 diabetes.
... Rhodiola rosea L., a golden root is included in folk and officinal medicine due to its powerful adaptogenic effect [1]. It is applied also as substitute of tea and additive in tonics. ...
The composition of Rhodiola rosea L. lipophylic substances was studied. Acidic and neutral components were identified by gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry. With methyl-tert-butyl ether as an extractant instead of the volatile solvent diethyl ether, lipophylic extract was obtained. Methyl-tert-butyl ether used as an extraction solvent for raw materials has all the advantages of diethyl ether, being free of its disadvantages. It does not form peroxides or produce elevated partial gas pressure due to its higher boiling point. As a result, comparison with databases identified some triterpene and aliphatic acids with chain lengths 12 to 30 carbon atoms, including saturated, unsaturated, and dibasic acids. In addition to the components known from the literature, more than 50 triterpene and aliphatic compounds were detected in the unsaponifiable residue for the first time.
... Under these conditions, we can indicate that the capsaicin effect could be an adaptogen. We can then define an adaptogen as a class of molecule that enabled an organism to resist adverse stressors of any type, including physical, chemical, or biological [43,44]. ...
Although acute stress generally exerts positive effects on the immune system, chronic stress typically causes immunosuppression via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. In this study, the effects of capsaicin (1.28 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] for 7 days) on immune parameters were evaluated under conditions of chronic stress. Capsaicin treatment significantly increased the immune response as evaluated by the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and splenocyte proliferation assays- It also is able to rescue the splenocytes of the apoptosis induced by stress. The capsaicin treatment increased the production of Th1 cytokines and decreased the production of Th2 cytokines and TGF-β1 in the plasma and culture supernatants of immunosuppressed mice, which is associated with the modulation of Th2 induced by stress cells. Moreover, the production of corticosterone significantly decreased in capsaicin-treated animals as compared to control groups. The capsaicin treatment further attenuated the immunosuppression induced by the corticosterone treatment (40 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days), albeit less potently, as exhibited in the DTH response. Intriguingly, the capsaicin treatment decreased the induction of IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β1 through high doses of corticosterone, indicating direct cellular immunomodulation. These results show, that capsaicin is able to modulate chronic stress-induced immunosuppression, mediating corticosterone released inhibition, but also, that capsaicin significantly modulates the pharmacological action of corticosterone in vivo.
... Salidroside is a natural phenolic compound widely existed in the plants from Rhodiola and Ligustrum species. It has been reported with various activities and broad pharmacological application prospect, such as anti-age [9], anti-fatigue [10], anti-cancer [11], anti-myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury [12], anti-inflammatory [13], improving glucose and lipid metabolism [14,15], anti-arrhythmia [16] and enhancing angiogenesis [17]. Recently, we found that salidroside ameliorated atherosclerosis-induced disturbances on glyerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism in liver [18]. ...
Salidroside is a kind of phenylethanoid glycoside and widespread in the plants from Rhodiola and Ligustrum species. Our previous study has reported that salidroside can prevent atherosclerosis progression by ameliorating glyerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism in apoE-deficient (apoE−/−) mice. However, its effect on neutral lipids and underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of salidroside action from the perspective of metabolic regulation by integrating metabonomics and transcriptomics pattern. The results showed that salidroside significantly reduced cholesterols, esterified cholesterols, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and triacylclycerols biosynthesis in liver through down-regulating the genes expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (Srebf1 and Srebf2). The expressions of SREBPs targeted and downstream genes, such as the encoding genes of fatty acid synthase (Fasn), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpam), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9), were also inhibited after salidroside administration. ATP citrate lyase gene (Acly) that encodes an important enzyme producing acetyl-CoA for cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis significantly decreased after treatment as well. Moreover, one of ketone body products, 3-hydroxybutyrate, was significantly up-regulated in drug-treated group, indicating that fatty acid degradation was accelerated by salidroside at the same time. Our findings identify salidroside as a regulator of lipid homeostasis in atherosclerotic mice, suggesting its potential to be an alternative medicine for lowering the risks of atherosclerosis-related diseases.
... Юсупова [26] указывают, что родиола розовая оказывает общетонизирующий, противовоспалительный, иммуностимулирующий, ДНК-репарационный, противоопухолевый, гипогликемический [27], антиоксидантный, органопротективный эффекты, улучшает когнитивные функции. Экстракт родиолы розовой ингибирует циклооксигеназу-1 и -2, фосфолипазу А 2 [28]. Y. Li et al. [29], M.W. Liu et al. [30] обнаружили, что вещество салидрозид, содержащееся в этом растении, активирует протеинкиназу mTOR, стимулирует паракринную функцию, способствует неоваскуляризации путем ингибирования PHD3 и стабилизации белков HIF-1α в скелетных мышцах, предотвращает апоптоз Т-лимфоцитов, тем самым оказывая противоопухолевое действие. ...
In present medical practice adaptogens and antihypoxants are a promising, but still insufficiently studied group of medicines. The largest evidence base among plant adaptogens was developed for ginseng, aralia, eleutherococcus, lemongrass, rhodiola, leuzea, sterculia. Antihypoxants, like trimetazidine, meldonium, succinic and -aminobutyric acid medications are included in the clinical guidelines. They have the most pronounced antihypoxic effects in a variety of diseases and pathological conditions, accompanied by impaired energy metabolism in the tissues. But their effect is not always high due to the variety of etiological factors causing hypoxia. Tetrahydropyrido[2,1-b][1,3,5]thiadiazine derivatives characterized by various pharmacodynamic effects with low toxicity which opens up prospects for a detailed further study. In animal experiments, the most pronounced adaptogenic and antidepressant effects is exerted by compounds TD-0348 and TD-0479, superior in strength to the antihypoxants used in modern clinical practice, the classic plant adaptogen ginseng.
... The genus Rhodiola (Hong Jing Tian; Crassulaceae) consists of more than 200 species, of which approximately 20, including Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola alterna, Rhodiola crenulata, Rhodiola kirilowi, and Rhodiola sacra, are used as traditional medicines in Asia [9]. Rhodiola plant extracts are traditionally used in tonics and adaptogen, antidepressant, and anti-inflammatory drugs [10,11]. ...
Some medicinal plants have been known as immunostimulants, and the medicinal plants extract has been used to control the outbreak of the disease in aquaculture for many years. In this study, a total of 270 crucian carp (30 ± 5 g) were randomly distributed in 9 aquaria (55 cm l × 40 cm w × 50 cm h) and divided into three feeding groups including 0 (Control), 50 mg kg⁻¹ (Diet A) and 100 mg kg⁻¹ (Diet B) of salidroside. The expression of immune-related genes (IL-1β, TNFα, MYD88, CXCL-8, TGF-β, and IL-11) in the kidney had a significant increase when the crucian carp fed with Diet B for 4 weeks (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression of IL-1β, TNFα, and CXCL-8 in the spleen was significantly up-regulated when the fish fed with Diet B (P < 0.05). Higher serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and complement C3 content were found in the fish which fed with salidroside-supplemented diet. Our results also proved that fish fed with salidroside-supplemented diet for four weeks, especially at a concentration of 100 mg kg⁻¹ diet, improved the protection of crucian carp against A. hydrophila. The amount of A. hydrophila in the kidney and spleen was significantly decreased in salidroside-supplemented diet groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the present results demonstrate that the addition of salidroside for four weeks can improve the immune response of crucian carp and increase the protection against the pathogen, especially at the concentration of 100 mg kg⁻¹ diet. The protective effect of the salidroside to the crucian carp could be used as alternatives to antibiotics for controlling fish diseases in aquaculture.
... For arctic root (Rhodiolae rosea) different clinical [24,25] and non-clinical [26,27] effects have been described over the last centuries. Rhodiolae is referred to as a well-distributed adaptogen [28] and is generally used for reduction of stress-related syndromes, such as fatigue and burnout [29]. ...
Background:
This study evaluated the definition, the prevalence of use and the governmental regulations of phytotherapy and four examples of herbal medicine are discussed in more detail.
Results:
This research group evaluated 4 topics: St. John's wort for treating (mild to moderate) depression, tomato extract as a platelet inhibitor, Rhodiola against stress-related fatigue and cranberries for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
Conclusion:
The findings were diverse and must be individually taken into account. Evidence for efficacy varies within and between the four examples. An explanation for the lack of reproducibility of findings from preclinical and clinical experiments might be the insufficient standardization of herbal medicines. There is no scientific reason why phytotherapy should not be investigated with the same rigor as conventional drugs to establish the efficacy and potential risks. Meanwhile, it is concluded that care is essential when using herbal medicine in the daily routine and informing patients about potential shortcomings and dangers of herbal medicines should be considered a duty of pharmacists and physicians.
... The genus Rhodiola (Crassulaceae) consists of more than 200 species, of which about 20 species (including Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola alterna, Rhodiola brevipetiolata, Rhodiola crenulata, Rhodiola sachalinensis, and Rhodiola sacra) have been used as traditional medicines in Asia and Eastern Europe (Chiang, Chen, Wu, Wu, & Wen, 2015;Pooja, Bawa, & Khanum, 2009). Among them, R. rosea is the most well-known and the research of pharmacological effect has been widely studied. ...
Rhodiola crenulata (R. crenulata) has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine in Eastern Europe and Asia. R. crenulata has been used as an antiacute mountain sickness herbal medicine in Tibet since ancient times and, which is included in the Pharmacopoeia of China. However, although it has been used for a long time in traditional medicine, research on the various effects of R. crenulata is still insufficient. The present study was aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory effect of R. crenulata water extract (RCW) on two macrophages (RAW 264.7 cell and mice peritoneal macrophage cells). We found that RCW inhibit expression levels of iNOS, MAPK, NF-κB proteins and induced autophagy related molecules. Also, RCW reduced inflammatory mediator, NO, IL-6 and IL-1β on both LPS-stimulated macrophage cells. These results suggest that RCW down-regulates inflammation via MyD88 dependent pathway and induces autophagy.
... Supernatants fluids were stored at -80 °C until measurements. Histamine and serotonin concentration in tissue was assayed using fluorometric methods and measured at 400 nm excitation and 510 nm emission wave-lengths [17]. The quantity of PGE2 and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in supernatants was determined by ELISA standard kits (RayBiotech, Inc., USA) [18]. ...
Original Research Article Background: Standardized extracts of Boswellia serrata (BSE) exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties with including the molecular targets different from action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The hypothesis that prevention of activation of NF-kB and TNF-α hyperproduction and disturbances in vasoconstrictors and vasodilators prostaglandins ratio could be critical in the treatment of acute inflammation was tested throughout using the carrageenan-induced paw edema (CIPE) model in rats. Methods and findings: Immediately after carrageenan injection (1.0 mg subcatenously in paw) 36 Wistar male rats were randomly assigned control I-rats with CIPE without treatment (receive placebo (gel base) and 2 main groups: I-receive 200 mg/paw of BSE based Emulgel; and main II-receive 100 mg/paw of diclofenac-based Emulgel. The negative control (normal) group was injected with 50 μl of saline in the right paw. The pharmacological screening revealed that the reduction of edema in early phase and in late phase of inflammation produced both gels in carrageenan-induced inflammation. Treatment with BSE-based Emulgel leads to markedly decreases of histamine and TNF-kB (p65) in paw tissues. Treatment with diclofenac-based Emulgel, decreased the level of prostaglandin (PG) E2 by 50% and content of PGF2α by 60%. Action of BSE-based Emulgel leads to the decrease the level of PGE2 by 25% and content of PGF2α by 33%. As results, PGE2/ PGF2α ratio under treatment with BSE-based Emulgel increased up to normal level and significantly did not changed under diclofenac-based Emulgel. Conclusions: Obtained results suggested promising prospect of BSE-based topical formulations as an anti-inflammatory alternative or combined therapy with NSAID in inflammatory disease.
... Adaptogens improve the general range of function of the organism in structuro-functional and adaptation demands. [7][8][9][10] They make the response more efficient by modulating the amplitude, intensity, and duration of endocrine response. They also alter the threshold of response and capacity for autoregulation. ...
... 167 Another pharmacological research using 40% ethanol extract of R. rosea (Extract 54) revealed its anti-inflammatory activities against acute and subacute inflammation at the dosage of 250 mg/kg. Meanwhile, it also exhibited an inhibitory effect on nystatin-induced edema under a dose-dependent manner (50,150, and 250 mg/kg), which might be associated with its inhibitory activities over cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, and phospholipase A2. 21 In combination with B-vitamins, a R. rosea 70% ethanol extract (Extract 55) presented an antinociceptive effect in a synergistic manner through targeting nitric oxide/cGMP/K(+) channel pathway dose-dependently (10-177 mg/kg). 168 In earlier research of R. sachalinensis water extract (Extract 56), the Extract 56 was found to increase NO synthesis in IFN-γ-primed RAW 264.7 cells, 22 providing a possible mechanism. ...
Rhodiola species, belonging to the family Crassulaceae, have long been used as an adaptogen, tonic, antidepressant, and antistress medicine or functional food in Asia and Europe. Due to the valuable application, the growing demand of Rhodiola species has led to a rapid decrease in resource content. This review aims to summarize the integrated research progress of seven mainstream Rhodiola species. We first outline both traditional and current use of Rhodiola for the treatment of various diseases. A detailed summary and comparison of chemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of various Rhodiola species highlight recent scientific advances and gaps, which gives insights into the understanding of Rhodiola application and would be helpful to improve the situation of biological resources and diversities of Rhodiola plants.
... G. uralensis or 'licorice' is used as an anti-ulcer agent that is claimed to function by detoxifying the digestive system and liver [8,9]; its use is reported in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases [10]. R. rosea or 'rose root' is reportedly a stimulant or adaptogen for the immune system, reducing stress and haematotoxicity [11][12][13]. The use of these herbs is broad, however many of these uses are linked to inflammation. ...
There is global demand for better quality control (QC) of medicinal herbs including standardisation of bio-active chemical components and pharmacological testing. The quantitative variability of key chemical markers in A. sinensis, G. uralensis and R. rosea from several sources and the pharmacological activity was determined to confirm that the chemical markers’ variability is linked to the biological activity.
To quantify the chemical variation, three novel, simple and rapid UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS methods were developed and validated. The qualitative chemical variability of the bio-actives was further studied using 1H NMR metabolomics and principal component analysis (PCA). The pharmacological anti-inflammatory activity of the commercials extracts and marker compounds was assessed using the Griess reagent NO scavenging assay.
The A. sinensis samples exhibited the greatest chemical fold-variation while G. uralensis showed the least chemical variability. R. rosea samples indicate the presence of other Rhodiola sub-species. The PCA clustering was consistent with observed trends and identified adulteration. The bioactivity of the selected marker compounds was linked to the extracts activity. The use of PCA analysis and in vitro anti-inflammatory testing improve and provide rationale for better QC of herbal extracts.
... Phytocomponents reported byWong et al. (2008) 2007;Perfumi and Mattioli 2007;Mattioli et al. 2008;Diermen et al. 2009;Qin et al. 2008;Siwicki et al. 2007;Wang et al. 2009;Pooja et al. 2009;Bany et al. 2009). ...
Rhodiola is one of the important plants studied for its medicinal properties in ancient time. Some of the well-known and mostly evaluated species of genus Rhodiola are Rhodiola rosea, Rhodiola imbricata, Rhodiola heterodonta, Rhodiola quadrifida, etc. These species are known to possess potent biological/pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, antistress, etc. These plants grow at a height of around 4000–5000 m above the sea level with a low temperature of around −10 °C, thus surviving in very harsh conditions. Their survival in such harsh conditions is due to their adaptation in that environment as well as the kind of compounds these plants produce in their biological mechanism. The present chapter deals with the phytochemical composition, bioactivity, and in vitro analysis of some important Rhodiola species.
... Utilizing the Drosophila model system provides an integrative approach to study the relationship between an herbal extract supplementation and the impact it may have on the gut microbial composition. Another species of the Rhodiola family, Rhodiola crenulata, also exhibits multiple pharmacological traits like that of R. rosea, such as stress protection, neuroprotection, high altitude sickness mitigation, and anti-inflammatory activity [16][17][18][19]. Moreover, R. crenulata has been demonstrated to treat metabolic disorders in rats [20] and increase intracellular antimicrobial peptide expression while improving gut morphology in fruit flies [21]. ...
Background
The root extract of Rhodiola rosea has historically been used in Europe and Asia as an adaptogen, and similar to ginseng and Shisandra, shown to display numerous health benefits in humans, such as decreasing fatigue and anxiety while improving mood, memory, and stamina. A similar extract in the Rhodiola family, Rhodiola crenulata, has previously been shown to confer positive effects on the gut homeostasis of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Although, R. rosea has been shown to extend lifespan of many organisms such as fruit flies, worms and yeast, its anti-aging mechanism remains uncertain. Using D. melanogaster as our model system, the purpose of this work was to examine whether the anti-aging properties of R. rosea are due to its impact on the microbial composition of the fly gut.
Results
Rhodiola rosea treatment significantly increased the abundance of Acetobacter, while subsequently decreasing the abundance of Lactobacillales of the fly gut at 10 and 40 days of age. Additionally, supplementation of the extract decreased the total culturable bacterial load of the fly gut, while increasing the overall quantifiable bacterial load. The extract did not display any antimicrobial activity when disk diffusion tests were performed on bacteria belonging to Microbacterium, Bacillus, and Lactococcus.
Conclusions
Under standard and conventional rearing conditions, supplementation of R. rosea significantly alters the microbial community of the fly gut, but without any general antibacterial activity. Further studies should investigate whether R. rosea impacts the gut immunity across multiple animal models and ages.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s13099-018-0239-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
... Approaches designed to retard the aging process are expected to have therapeutic value with respect to AS prevention and treatment. Salidroside is a major active ingredient from the medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea L. and is commonly used as an antioxidant (21), anti-inflammatory (22) and an anti-lipid agent (23). Although salidroside has been shown to be useful in treating various types of diseases, its effects on vascular endothelial cell senescence-related AS development are still unclear. ...
Aging is the major risk factor for diseases of the cardiovascular system, such as coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, but little is known about the relationship between atherosclerosis (AS) and age‑related declines in vascular structure and function. Here, we used histological analyses in combination with molecular biology techniques to show that lipid deposition in endothelial cell was accompanied by aging and growth arrest. Endothelial cell senescence is sufficient to cause AS; however, we found that salidroside reduced intracellular lipid deposition, slowed the progression of endothelial cell senescence and inhibited the expression of the senescence‑related molecules and phosphorylated the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Further study confirmed that salidroside increased the percent of S phase cells in oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL)‑treated endothelial cells. Collectively, vascular endothelial cell function declined with age and AS, and our data suggested that salidroside prevented ox‑LDL‑treated endothelial cell senescence by promoting cell cycle progression from G0/G1 phase to S phase via Rb phosphorylation. We demonstrated for the first time the complex interactions between AS and endothelial cell senescence, and we believe that salidroside represents a promising therapy for senescence‑related AS.
Objectives: Morinda coreia has rich active components which has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several diseases. Their active substance content may vary according to plant genetics, parts used,as well as to climatic factors, quality of the ground in which the plants were grown, the time of harvesting, and the extraction methods. Basically the flowers can heal the common cold, improve memory, aid relaxation due to presence of volatile oil. Flowers could be used as a new approach for the development of nutraceutical products or functional foods. The flower part of this plant are not documented. To develop and apply it, we report Pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity. Methods: The extracts were prepared by cold maceration process with aqueous and organic solvents such as ethanol and ethyl acetate. The anti-inflammatory activity were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema method and the antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method. Results: The maximum zone of inhibition for Bacillus subtilis was found to be more susceptible toward the ethanolic extract (14mm) at the maximum conc. of 300µl followed by ethyl acetate (10mm) and aqueous extract (12mm). Similarly for Klebsiella pneumonia maximum inhibitory zone (13mm) followed Pseudomonas auroginosa (13mm), Staphylococcus aureus (12mm), Candida albicans was moderate sensitive towards ethanolic extract (11mm) Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Morinda coreia flower possessed high anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial activity than ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts on comparing with standards.
Background : Inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases complications, necessitating investigation of its mechanism to find new safe therapies.
Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) grows worldwide, particularly in Europe, North America and several Asia countries like China and Kazakhstan. As a functional food and medicinal herb and broadly used in healthy foods and beverages, R. rosea possesses antioxidant, antifatigue, anti-ageing, inhibitory effects of inflammation, anticancer and other pharmacological properties. More than 90 species of Rhodiola are distributed in Asia and North America, and, in particular, China is the main producing area with more than 70 species, among which R. rosea is a major one. Same as other plants, the bioactive components of R. rosea vary with growing location and conditions. Phenylpropanoids in R. rosea are a group of main bioactive phytochemicals and their contents are usually used as a quality indicator. Hence it is of great importance to characterize phenylpropanoids in R. rosea from different sources to ensure their effectiveness and efficacy. In this study, 18 R. rosea samples from Kazakhstan and 4 regions of China were collected and further characterized for their contents of rosavin, rosarin and rosin, the major biomarkers of R. rosea quality and pharmacological effects. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences among different regions. As an example, the content of total rosavins in R. rosea from Kazakhstan was more than three times that from Bazhou, Xinjiang province of China.
Rhodiola rosea L. extract (RSE) is mostly known for its adaptogen properties, but not for its antiarthritic activities, therefore monotherapy and combination with low-dose methotrexate (MTX) was studied. The collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used to measure the functional score, and the change in hind paw volume (HPV). Both parameters had significant antiarthritic effects. Based on these preliminary results, an adjuvant arthritis (AA) model was further applied to assess another parameters. The experiment included these animal groups: healthy controls, untreated AA, AA administered with RSE (150 mg/kg b.w. daily, p.o.), AA administered by MTX (0.3 mg/kg b.w. twice a week, p.o.), and AA treated with the combination of RSE+MTX. The combination of RSE+MTX significantly reduced the HPV and increased the body weight. The combination significantly decreased HPV when compared to MTX monotherapy. The plasmatic levels of inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-17A, MMP-9 and CRP) were significantly decreased by MTX+RSE treatment. The RSE monotherapy didn't influence any of the inflammatory parameters studied. In CIA, the RSE monotherapy significantly decreased the arthritic parameters studied. In summary, the combination of RSE and sub-therapeutic MTX was significantly effective in AA by improving inflammatory and arthritic parameters.
To develop functional cosmetic material using Rhodiola rosea, the biological activities such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-elastase activity were investigated with methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions of R. rosea Root. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ethyl acetate fraction were increased in a dosedependent manner; the activities were higher than other fractions. The total phenolic content of ethyl acetate fraction also showed a relatively high value of 500.485±4.848 mgGAE/g. The ethyl acetate fraction also significantly decreased LPS-induced NO production and IL-6 secretion compared with untreated control cells at above 5-100 μg/mL concentrations. The astringent activity of ethyl acetate fraction was 94.31% at a concentration of 500 μg/mL, and the activity of ethyl acetate fraction was similar to that of tannic acid. The mushroom tyrosinase inhibition abilities of hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol were 10.44%, 17.53%, and 14.55%, respectively, at 100 μg/mL. Furthermore, an elastase inhibition rate showed a relatively high effect at 100 μg/mL, 45.46% of inhibition rate in the ethyl acetate and 45.07% of inhibition rate in the butanol fraction. These results indicate that R. rosea Root would be used as a natural material in the functional cosmetic and beauty-food industries.
Rhodiola belongs to the family Crassulaceae and found in high-altitude areas of Asia, Europe, and Northern Hemisphere. Several Rhodiola species are widely exploited in traditional remedies and showed an enormous number of pharmacological properties. Phytochemical research of Rhodiola spp. revealed the existence of numerous phytoconstituents like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, diterpenes, and triterpenes. The pharmacologically important bioactive components of Rhodiola spp. are rosin, tyrosol, rosarin, rhodionin, catechin, salidroside, and gallic acid. Traditionally, Rhodiola plants are exploited as anti-inflammatory, adaptogens, anti-stress, and remedies. Moreover, this plant is being valued for its extensive number of pharmaceutical applications like cardioprotective, anti-fatigue, antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-hypoxia, anti-cancer, anti-stress, and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, Rhodiola spp. can be appraised as a promising therapeutic approach against fatal immunosuppressive with negligible side effects. This review article summarizes the phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, clinical studies, cultivation, and conservation of Rhodiola species including R. imbricata, R. crenulata, R. tibetica, and R. heterodonta.Keywords
Rhodiola
PhytochemistrySalidrosidePharmacologyToxicology
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Rhodiola crenulata (Rc) is a traditional herb, used in Tibetan medicine, has shown promise efficacy in physical performance improvement, work capacity enhancement, fatigue elimination, and altitude sickness prevention. Also, Rc exhibited therapeutic effects on aging-related diseases. However, relevant researches on Rc and their bioactive components are quite few and needs further investigation.
Aim of the study:
The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between phytochemical profiles and their activities of Rc extracts.
Materials and methods:
Rc extracts prepared by solvents with various hydrophilicity (i.e. aqueous ethanol (70%, v/v), water, and ethyl acetate), and their chemical compositions and specific compounds were analyzed by chemical analysis method and ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The regulate effects of Rc extracts on senescence and antioxidant activity were evaluated using the models of LO2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans.
Results:
The 70% ethanol extracts exhibited better regulating effects on senescence via the assays of senescence -associated β-galactosidase (SAβG) staining and lifespan, which was consistent with the higher antioxidant activities observed based on the results of antioxidant assays. A total of 14 phytochemicals have been identified in 70% ethanol extracts, whereas the other two extracts contained much fewer compounds in varieties. Phytochemical profile of water extract was similar to the first half (polar compounds, running time: 0-6 min) of 70% ethanol extract profile, while those of ethyl acetate extract was consistent with its second half (more nonpolar compounds, running time: 6-12 min).
Conclusions:
The 14 phytochemicals in Rc might exhibit additive or synergistic effects on senescence regulating and antioxidant activities, providing theoretical basis for daily administration of Rc.
Adaptogens were initially recognized as stress-resistance inducing compounds. Recent studies reveal that adaptogens are pleiotropically-acting chemical constituents that can be isolated from traditional herbs. They are gaining increasing attention in cancer chemotherapy. This review summarizes the physiological action of adaptogens isolated from the 9 most widely used traditional herbs implicated in cancer therapy viz., Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Rhodiola rosea, Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Bacopa monnieri, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum, and Panax notoginseng. The studies were identified through a systematic search of major computerized databases such as Pubmed, Embase, Medline, Inflibnet, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. Individual names of each herb and biological action were the search terms employed. In this review, we have enlisted the chemical constituents and their mechanism of action in a few organ systems as well as in cancer cells. Studies indicate that the adaptogens isolated from these herbs can be broadly arranged into 2 classes based on their chemical structure. These molecules exert a positive influence on several organ systems such as respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and gastrointestinal tract. It is also clear that adaptogens act as effective chemopreventive agents alone or in combination with chemo drugs in multiple cancers by targeting multiple intracellular target proteins. Therefore, we conclude that adaptogens are versatile ligands capable of eliciting many systemic effects. Their biological functions are complex, varied, and context-dependent in various cancers. This offers great scope for personalized treatment and cancer chemoprevention in the future.
Ethnopharmacological relevance:
Previous studies have shown that the active fraction of Rhodiola tangutica (Maxim.) S.H. Fu (ACRT) dilates pulmonary arteries and thwarts pulmonary artery remodelling. The dilatation effect of ACRT on pulmonary artery vascular rings could be reduced by potassium (K+) channel blockers. However the exact mechanisms of ACRT on ion channels are still unclear.
Aim of the study:
This study aimed to investigate whether the effect of ACRT on K+ channels inhibits cell proliferation after pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are exposed to hypoxia.
Materials and methods:
The whole-cell patch-clamp method was used to clarify the effect of ACRT on the K+ current (IK) of rat PASMCs exposed to hypoxia. The mRNA and protein expression levels were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting, respectively. The intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration ([Ca2+]i) values in rat PASMCs were detected by laser scanning confocal microscopy. The cell cycle and cell proliferation were assessed using flow cytometry analysis and CCK-8 and EdU assays.
Results:
ACRT pretreatment alleviated the inhibition of IK induced by hypoxia in rat PASMCs. Compared with hypoxia, ACRT upregulated voltage-dependent K+ channel (Kv) 1.5 and big-conductance calcium-activated K+ channel (BKCa) mRNA and protein expression and downregulated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel (Cav) 1.2 mRNA and protein expression. ACRT decreased [Ca2+]i, inhibited the promotion of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, and prevented the proliferation of rat PASMCs exposed to hypoxia.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that ACRT plays a key role in restoring ion channel function and then inhibiting the proliferation of PASMCs under hypoxia, ACRT has preventive and therapeutic potential in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
Background
Chinese Yunnan Province, located in the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau, is a famous tourist paradise where acute high-altitude illness common occurs among lowland people visitors due to non-acclimatization to the acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH) conditions. Traditional Chinese medicine, such as Qi-Long-Tian (QLT) formula, has shown effectiveness and safety in the treatment of acute high-altitude diseases. The aim of this study was to clarify the therapeutic mechanisms of this traditional formula using a rat model in a simulated plateau environment.
Methods
Following testing, lung tissue samples were evaluated by hematoxylin–eosin staining and for biochemical characteristics. mRNA-Seq was used to compare differentially expressed genes in control rats, and in rats exposed to AHH and AHH with QLT treatment.
Results
Inflammation-related effectors induced following QLT treatment for AHH included MMP9 and TIMP1, and involved several phosphorylation signaling pathways implicated in AHH pathogenesis such as PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling.
Conclusion
This study provides insights into the major signaling pathways induced by AHH and in the protective mechanisms involved in QLT formula activity.
The aim of our review is to demonstrate the potential of herbal preparations, specifically adaptogens for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections, as well as convalescence, specifically through supporting a challenged immune system, increasing resistance to viral infection, inhibiting severe inflammatory progression, and driving effective recovery. The evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies with Andrographis paniculata, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Glycyrrhiza spp., Panax spp., Rhodiola rosea, Schisandra chinensis, Withania somnifera, their combination products and melatonin suggests that adaptogens can be useful in prophylaxis and treatment of viral infections at all stages of progression of inflammation as well as in aiding recovery of the organism by (i) modulating innate and adaptive immunity, (ii) anti-inflammatory activity, (iii) detoxification and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage in compromised cells, (iv) direct antiviral effects of inhibiting viral docking or replication, and (v) improving quality of life during convalescence.
Background
Lung cancer is the most common and mortal cancer worldwide. Rhodiola rosea L. (RR), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been turned out to be effective in anti-lung cancer therapy, but its molecular mechanism of action has not been clearly understood.
Purpose
In this study, we aimed to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying the effect of RR against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by systems pharmacology.
Methods
The effects of RR on NSCLC were examined in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice models. The possible molecular mechanism was unraveled by systems pharmacology, which includes pharmacokinetics evaluation, active compounds screening, target prediction and network analysis. Cell proliferation was examined by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry; protein and proinflammatory cytokines expression were evaluated by Western blot and qRT-PCR.
Results
In vivo, RR significantly inhibited the tumor growth and prolonged the survival of the tumor bearing mice. In silico, we identified 19 potential active molecules (e.g., salidroside and rhodiosin), 112 targets (e.g., COX-2 and AKT) and 27 pathways (e.g., PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and NF-κB signaling pathway) for RR. Additionally, targets analysis and networks construction further revealed that RR exerted anti-cancer effects by regulating apoptosis, angiogenesis and inflammation. In vitro, salidroside could significantly decrease expression of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g., VEGF and eNOS) and proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., COX-2, iNOS and TNF-α). Also, Bcl-2, an anti-apoptotic protein was decreased whereas Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, was increased. Further flow cytometry analysis showed that salidroside could induce apoptosis in H1975 cells.
Conclusions
Mechanistically, the antitumor effect of RR on NSCLC was responsible for the synergy among anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and pro-apoptotic.
Over the past three decades, the knowledge gained about the mechanisms that underpin the potential use of Rhodiola in stress- and ageing-associated disorders has increased, and provided a universal framework for studies that focused on the use of Rhodiola in preventing or curing metabolic diseases. Of particular interest is the emerging role of Rhodiola in the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Moreover, over the last two decades, great efforts have been undertaken to unravel the underlying mechanisms of action of Rhodiola in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Extracts of Rhodiola and salidroside, the most abundant active compound in Rhodiola, are suggested to provide a beneficial effect in mental, behavioral, and metabolic disorders. Both in vivo and ex vivo studies, Rhodiola extracts and salidroside ameliorate metabolic disorders when administered acutely or prior to 2 experimental injury. The mechanism involved includes multi-target effects by modulating various synergistic pathways that control oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondria, autophagy, and cell death, as well as AMPK signaling that is associated with possible beneficial effects on metabolic disorders. However, evidence-based data supporting the effectiveness of Rhodiola or salidroside in treating metabolic disorders is limited. Therefore, a comprehensive review of available trials showing putative treatment strategies of metabolic disorders that include both clinical effective perspectives and fundamental molecular mechanisms is warranted. This review highlights studies that focus on the potential role of Rhodiola extracts and salidroside in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis, the two most common metabolic diseases.
The antioxidative effects of 30 xanthone derivatives (XDs) (XD‐n, n = 1–30) in HepG2 cells were evaluated by the cellular antioxidant activity assay. Results showed that all XDs were antioxidants and 1,3,5,8‐tetrahydroxy‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (XD‐2) was the most active antioxidant. The all‐oxygenated substituted xanthones extended the lifespan of wild‐type N2 nematodes under normal culture conditions and XD‐2 was the best one. XD‐2 eliminated excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species and enhanced the expression levels and activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. XD‐2 inhibited the H2O2‐increased phosphorylation levels of c‐JUN N‐terminal kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and p38 in HepG2 cells. In vivo, XD‐2 also extended the lifespan of wild‐type N2 nematodes under oxidative stress induced by paraquat, but failed in extending the lifespan of CF1038 (daf‐16 deletion) and AY102 (pmk‐1 deletion) mutant nematodes. It was revealed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction that the genes daf‐16, sir‐2.1, akt‐1, and age‐1 were all inhibited by paraquat stimuli, while XD‐2 reversed these inhibitions; in contrast, paraquat stimuli upregulated both the skn‐1 and pmk‐1 genes. However, treatment by XD‐2 further increased the levels of both genes. These pieces of evidence implied that XD‐2 promotes longevity through endogenous signaling pathways rather than through the antioxidative activity alone. Taken all together, it may be concluded that XD‐2 is a promising antiageing agent. The antioxidative effects of 30 xanthone derivatives (XD‐n, n = 1–30) were evaluated in HepG2 cells. All derivatives showed antioxidant activity, with 1,3,5,8‐tetrahydroxy‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (XD‐2) being the most active. XD‐2 extended the lifespan of wild‐type N2 nematodes under paraquat‐induced oxidative stress and may be a promising antiageing agent.
Background:
Misuse of synthetic antibiotics in livestock leads to the transfer of antibiotic resistant pathogens into humans and deposits toxic residues in meat and milk. There is therefore an urgent need for safe and viable alternative approaches to improve the nutrition and wellbeing of farm animals. An alternative source that has been widely exploited is Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine (TCHM). These herbs contain several but less toxic bioactive compounds which are generally regarded as biodegradable. Recently, advances in the knowledge of the importance of TCHM have led to a rapid increase in its production and hence, increasing the amount of by-products generated. Such by-products have become a serious environmental challenge because producers regard them as industrial waste and discard them directly. This review summarizes scientific findings on the bioactive compounds in TCHM and TCHM by-products, discusses functional dietary patterns and outlines challenges that may hinder full utilization of TCHM by-products in animal production.
Methods:
Information for this review was obtained through scientific databases and websites such as Pubmed and Google scholar from 2004 to 2017 using experimental studies on bioactive compounds in TCHM and their effects in animal production.
Results:
Studies have shown that TCHM by-products contain high amounts of bioactive compounds which confer several nutritional and health benefits to animals and thus could be incorporated as feed additives.
Conclusion:
The findings for this review indicate that TCHM by-products apart from being a good alternative for synthetic antibiotics could also minimize the current environmental challenges associated with its disposal.
This review is devoted to adaptogens, plant products capable of producing nonspecific responses in the human body, resulting in increasing the resistance against multiple stressors (physical, chemical or biological) and capable of having a normalizing effect to the human body. Adaptogens must be non-toxic, harmless, capable of not influencing normal body functions more than required, and capable of treating depression, a common neuropsychiatric illness, the importance of which is increasing by number of new patients every year. Number of plants are able to produce natural compounds, which meet the criteria of becoming adaptogens. The most known of them are used in traditional medicine for centuries. This review summarizes data from several most important plant sources of adaptogens, however, it does not cover the field of adaptogens in all its variability. Based on the literature search covering the two past decades, it is focused at several most important plant species and their products, and at their proven or potential pharmacological effects in treating several important diseases.
Natural products are of great surge in the identification of chemopreventive agents and biologically active molecules for the development of new promising therapeutic agents. These agents influence the cascade of biochemical and molecular signalling pathways involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. The natural agents combat the dogma associated with the most dreaded, unconquered health concern and a multigenic disease- cancer. A category of plants known as adaptogens maintain perturbed homoeostasis, augment adaptations to noxious stimuli (exposure to cold, heat, pain, general stress, infectious organisms) and offer endurance to attenuate several disorders in human beings. The well known adaptogens and immunomodulators such as Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Bacopa monnieri, Emblica officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum and Panax notoginseng claimed to have significant antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties due to the presence of various biologically active chemical compounds. Their immunopotentiating activity is mediated through the modulation of T-cell immunity biochemical factors, transcription factors, some genes and factors associated with tumor development and progression. The combinatory formulation of active immunostimulating constituents from these plants may provide better homeostasis. These immunostimulant factors suggest their potential therapeutic significance in adjuvant or supportive therapy in cancer treatment. Full Text link: https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1VrBc2hIRJDYgW
To investigate the effect of salidroside (Sal) on the inflammatory activation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine macrophage cell line J774.1 and its possible mechanism, the cells were treated with PBS, LPS (0.5 µg/mL) or different doses of Sal (5, 25, 125 µg/mL) + LPS (0.5 µg/mL). CCK-8 colorimetric method was used to detect the cell activity. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the contents of TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-2 in the supernatant, and the content of NO in the supernatant was determined by nitrate reductase method. The expression levels of iNOS mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of iNOS protein in cytoplasm and NF-kappaB/p65 (NF-κB/p65) protein in both cytoplasm and nucleus, and DNA binding activity of NF-κB/p65 was detected by using TransAMTM NF-κB/p65 activity assay kit. The results showed that the treatment with 0.5 µg/mL LPS and different doses of Sal (5, 25, 125 µg/mL) for 12 h had no effect on cell viability. Compared with LPS stimulation group, pretreatment with Sal significantly reduced the contents of TNF-α, MCP-1, MIP-2 and NO in culture supernatant induced by LPS in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05), downregulated the expression levels of iNOS mRNA and protein (P < 0.05), decreased the expression level of NF-κB/p65 protein in nucleus (P < 0.05) while accordingly increased that in cytoplasm (P < 0.05), and decreased DNA binding activity of NF-κB/p65 in a dose dependent manner (P < 0.05). The results suggested that Sal pretreatment can reduce macrophage inflammatory activation induced by LPS, and the mechanism may be through the LPS/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing the excessive expression and secretion of inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
The objective was to investigate the stimulating and normalizing effect of the adaptogen Rhodiola rosea extract SHR-5 in foreign students during a stressful examination period. The study was performed as a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled with low repeated dose regime. The study drug and the placebo were taken for 20 days by the students during an examination period. The physical and mental performance were assessed before and after the period, based on objective as well as on subjective evaluation. The most significant improvement in the SHR-5 group was seen in physical fitness, mental fatigue and neuro-motoric tests (p <0.01). The self-assessment of the general well-being was also significantly (p < 0.05) better in the verum group. No significance was seen in the correction of text tests or a neuro-muscular tapping test. The overall conclusion is that the study drug gave significant results compared to the placebo group but that the dose level probably was suboptimal.
An HPLC method permitting the first simultaneous detection of 5 marker compounds (salidroside, rosarin, rosavin, rosin, rosiridin) of R. rosea was developed. A separation was achieved within 27 min by using C-18 column material, a phosphate buffer/acetonitrile gradient system and at a separation temperature of 60 degrees C. All five compounds could be detected at concentrations as low as 0.62 microg/ml and were clearly assignable in R. rosea plant material and commercial products. Therefore, this quantitative and qualitative applicability of the method offers efficient and reliable means for the evaluation of R. rosea and products thereof.
It is shown that autonomic nervous system participates in the preventive antiarrhythmic effect ofRhodiola rosea. The effect of the preparation is presumably mediated through modulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Oxidants, generated by stimulated leukocytes, induce a variety of distinct biochemical changes in target cells. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), produced by the action of peroxidase on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of chloride ions, acts at low molar concentrations (10-20 μM) to damage proteins on cell membranes and destroy their function. H2O2 rapidly permeates cells and causes inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis via both glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial) pathways. In the glycolytic pathway, damage is limited to the step involving glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 dehydrogenase (GAPDH). This results from both an attack of H2O2 on GAPDH and, indirectly, by a reduction in concentration of the GAPDH cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This latter effect was found to result from activation of the enzyme, poly(adenosine diphosphate) (ADP)-ribose polymerase, an enzyme involved in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. DNA damage in target cells was found at low concentrations of H2O2(20-80 μM) in many cell types. Strand breaks and base hydroxylation were observed, resulting in the generation of hydroxyl radicals (· OH) from H2O2, in the presence of a transition metal. DNA damage resulted in either cell injury and death or mutations of the base sequence and amino acid residues. These latter effects led to malignant transformations in cultured cells in both tissue cultures of the cells, and in vivo in athymic mice. Exposure of a proto-oncogene, K-ras 4B, also led to the development of a malignant transformation by virtue of mutations in codon positions 12 and 61. Thus, oxidant effects on target cells can damage multiple functional pathways inside the cells, as well as give rise to malignant transformation via DNA damage.
The volatile oil of the wood of Cedrus deodara (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant inhibition of compound 48/80 and nystatin-induced rat paw edema. It also inhibited heat- as well as hypotonic solution-induced haemolysis of erythrocytes in vitro. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil could be due to its membrane stabilizing action.
Rhodiola rosea, a popular medicinal plant in Russia and Scandinavia, has been exploited as an adaptogen at high altitudes in these countries. Root extract from this plant is known to affect favorably various physiological functions, including cognition, work performance, high-altitude sickness and cardioprotective effects. However, R. rosea found in the Indian Himalayas needs to be investigated for its beneficial health effects. In the present study, the proximate composition, total phenols, flavonoids, tannins and antioxidant potency of this plant were determined. The results indicated that the roots contained a significant amount of total phenols (153 ± 2 mg/g of extractable compounds). Antioxidant activity of the root extract measured by radical scavenging, β-carotene bleaching and thiocyanate methods revealed that the roots had excellent antioxidant potency. Thus, the roots of this unique phytoadaptogen may have an important role in alleviating oxidative stress in biological systems as well as peroxidative changes in food systems. Therefore it can be exploited for the development of nutraceuticals and health foods.
Oral administration ofRhodiola rosea extract to rats (3.5 ml/kg, 8 days) prevents reperfusion arrhythmias and elicits a protective effect in experiments on isolated
heart. Experiments with naloxone and ICI 174,864 suggest that the antiarrhythmic effect ofR. rosea extract is mediated through activation of μ-opiate receptors in the myocardium. The cardioprotective effect of this extract
is not associated with opiate receptors.
Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are reactive oxygen species (ROS) primarily produced by phagocytic cells as a consequence of the process of phagocytosis. This defensive role, may, however, become one of attack when production of ROS is excessive and overwhelms cellular scavenging systems. This happens in situations such as acute inflammation and results in host cell membrane damage, which is particularly prevalent in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as iron and copper. The skin is uniquely vulnerable to this attack being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and exposed to high oxygen tensions and ultraviolet light, both of which promote production of ROS. Additionally, the respiratory burst of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages in inflamed skin will produce high local levels of superoxide that can release "catalytic iron" from storage proteins such as ferritin. The role of iron and ROS in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin disease is discussed as is the possibility of novel therapeutic strategies based on their removal.
In experiment on rats with Pliss lymphosarcoma (PLS) it was shown that partial hepatectomy (PHE), a course application of Rhodiola rosea extract (RRE) or combined effects inhibit the growth of tumors by 37, 39 and 59%, respectively, and that of metastases by 42, 50 and 75%. In combined treatment the process of hepatic regeneration was completed in earlier terms versus the animals which underwent PHE, and proliferative activity of the tumor and metastases decreased by 15 and 59%, respectively, judging by the degree of 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA of these tissues. The assessment of clonogenic activity of PLS cells taken in the animals of this group, using the method of diffusion chambers, revealed a significant decrease in this index versus the rats which underwent PHE or which were given RRE (number of colonies per chamber being 4.8 +/- 0.5; 8.6 +/- 0.9; 5.7 +/- 0.6, respectively; in control 13.8 +/- 1.5). The assumption that these effects are determined by factors originating from the regenerating liver was confirmed in experiments with double-layer agar systems. Inhibition of colony-forming activity of PLS cells was the maximum in application of the hepatocytes of the rats which underwent a complex of effects, as a feeder, versus the hepatocytes taken in intact or hepatectomized animals, or the rats which were given RRE (number of colonies per plate well being 4.6 +/- 0.3; 15.7 +/- 1.6; 7.4 +/- 0.8; 8.7 +/- 0.9, respectively; in the control 25.6 +/- 6.5). In experiments on mice with Ehrlich adenocarcinoma, the factors isolated from the liver of animals subjected to PHE against a background of RRE administration and from the liver of mice which were given RRE only, as well as operated or intact ones, inhibited the tumor growth to 63, 38, 35 and 21%, respectively.
Oxidants, generated by stimulated leukocytes, induce a variety of distinct biochemical changes in target cells. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), produced by the action of peroxidase on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of chloride ions, acts at low molar concentrations (10-20 microM) to damage proteins on cell membranes and destroy their function. H2O2 rapidly permeates cells and causes inhibition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis via both glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation (mitochondrial) pathways. In the glycolytic pathway, damage is limited to the step involving glyceraldehyde-3-PO4 dehydrogenase (GAPDH). This results from both an attack of H2O2 on GAPDH and, indirectly, by a reduction in concentration of the GAPDH cofactor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). This latter effect was found to result from activation of the enzyme, poly(adenosine diphosphate) (ADP)-ribose polymerase, an enzyme involved in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair. DNA damage in target cells was found at low concentrations of H2O2 (20-80 microM) in many cell types. Strand breaks and base hydroxylation were observed, resulting in the generation of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) from H2O2, in the presence of a transition metal. DNA damage resulted in either cell injury and death or mutations of the base sequence and amino acid residues. These latter effects led to malignant transformations in cultured cells in both tissue cultures of the cells, and in vivo in athymic mice. Exposure of a proto-oncogene, K-ras 4B, also led to the development of a malignant transformation by virtue of mutations in codon positions 12 and 61. Thus, oxidant effects on target cells can damage multiple functional pathways inside the cells, as well as give rise to malignant transformation via DNA damage.
The rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, are used in Indonesian folk medicine as cholagogues, aromatic stomachics, analgesics, a rheumatic remedy, etc. The present study was carried out to elucidate the antiinflammatory effect of the methanol extract obtained from these rhizomes and its active principles. The methanol extract was partitioned between ether and water, and then the ether-soluble fraction was extracted with n-hexane. The n-hexane-soluble fraction was chromatographed (fr. I-IV), fr. II was rechromatographed (fr. V-VII), and then fr. V was rechromatographed (fr. VIII-X) by silica gel column chromatography. The antiinflammatory activity of these fractions was investigated on carrageenin-induced edema in rats and acetic acid-induced vascular permeability as well as the writhing symptom in mice. The methanol extract (p.o.) showed both an antiinflammatory activity and an analgesic activity and these activities shifted successively to the ether-soluble fraction, the n-hexane-soluble fraction, fr. II, V and IX. The chemical structure of fr. IX was identified as germacrone. These results suggest that the antiinflammatory action of Curcuma xanthorrhiza is the result of the germacrone that it contains.
A major phospholipase A2 (NN-XIII-PLA2) which constitutes 20% of the whole Naja naja naja venom was purified to homogeneity on CM-Sephadex C-25 column chromatography. NN-XIII-PLA2 is a basic protein with a mol. wt of 11,200 by SDS-PAGE. This enzyme has low enzymatic activity but is more toxic to mice than the whole venom. The LD50 value (i.p.) of NN-XIII-PLA2 is 2.4 mg/kg body weight (whole venoms LD50 is 2.8 mg/kg body weight). It induces neurotoxic-like signs in experimental animals. It induces myotoxicity when injected i.m. into the thigh muscle of mice and edema when injected into the foot pads of mice. This enzyme has a fluorescence maxima between 310-316 nm which is typical of tyrosine residues.
The effect of alcohol-aqueous extract (1:1) from Rhodiola rosea L. roots on the processes of learning and memory is studied on rats. Several methods of active avoidance with negative and positive reinforcements are used, as well as of passive avoidance. Using the maze-method with negative (punitive) reinforcement, it has been found that Rhodiola extract in a single dose of 0.10 ml per rat essentially improves learning and retention after 24 hours. Significant improvement of the long-term memory is also established in memory tests after 10-day treatment with the same dose of the extract. In the other two doses tested (0.02 and 1.0 ml per rat) the extract has no substantial effect on learning and memory. In a dose of 0.10 ml per rat the Rhodiola extract had a favourable effect on the training process using the "staircase" method with positive (food) reinforcement as well. With the other methods used (active avoidance method with negative reinforcement "shuttle-box" and passive avoidance methods "step down" and "step through") Rhodiola extract in the dose used (0.10 ml per rat) had no substantial effect on learning and memory (a certain deterioration of the training process was even observed using the "shuttle-box" method, while the "step-down" method resulted in deterioration of the memory). The great significance of the method used for studying the effects of the pharmacological agents on learning and memory for the results obtained is evident.
A polyene antibiotic Nystatin injected into the subcutaneous tissues of the rat’s hind-paw provokes a long-lasting localized inflammation. This inflammationis prevented or antagonized by steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs administered respectively before or after inflammation induction. Among the inhibitors of protein synthesis tested cyclophosphamide, alanosine and 6-mercaptopurine inhibit the development of Nystatin inflammation.
Selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin G/H synthase (cyclooxygenase-2; COX2; EC 1.14.99.1) can be achieved with compounds of the general form of aryl methyl sulfonyls and aryl methyl sulfonamides. DuP 697 and NS-398 are representative examples of these compounds. Both inhibit the constitute (COX1) and inducible (COX2) isoforms of the enzyme with equal potency shortly after mixing, but their potencies increase with time for COX2 selectively. This time-dependent inhibition follows first-order kinetics, and the rate constant for inactivation of COX2 is dose dependent for both compounds. Kinetic analysis allows us to determine KI and kinact (the maximal rate of inactivation) for each inhibitor. The potency of both compounds is substrate concentration dependent, as expected for time-dependent competitive inhibitors. COX2 that has been incubated with these inhibitors, and then extensively dialyzed against buffer, shows no recovery of enzyme activity, while complete recovery of activity is seen for COX1. Thus, these inhibitors irreversibly inactivate COX2 with time, while showing minimal reversible inhibition of COX1. We isolated these inhibitors after long incubation with excess enzyme and subsequent denaturation of the enzyme. Both inhibitors showed no loss of potency resulting from interactions with COX2, suggesting that inhibition is not mediated by covalent modification of the enzyme. These data suggest that binding of these inhibitors to COX2 induces a slow structural transition of the enzyme that results in its selective inactivation.
Most species belonging to Scrophularia genus had been used as antiinflammatory drugs by the folk medicine. The phenylpropanoids are considered to be the active principles of these drugs with antiinflammatory action by different Authors, especially harpagoside and harpagide. In this report, the antiinflammatory effects of Scrophularia frutescens L. (Scrophulariaceae) was studied and the iridoid glucoside harpagoside has been evidenced and isolated for the first time from this plant. Aqueous extract, methanolic extract and harpagoside, isolated from the methanolic extract, were tested for antiinflammatory activity on the rat paw oedema. The results obtained showed that the aqueous extract has a small but significant antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced oedema test, while methanolic extract has a lower antiinflammatory activity and the activity of the isolated harpagoside is remarkably low. Thus, the conclusion may be that S. frutescens L. is a potential antiiflammatory agent but its activity is not due to harpagoside.
The discovery of an inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) requires a refinement of the theory that inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity explains both therapeutic and side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Indeed, new pharmacological results suggest that COX-2 inhibition provides the therapeutic (ie, anti-inflammatory) activity of NSAIDs, whereas inhibition of constitutive COX-1 is responsible for their gastric and renal side effects as well as for their antithrombotic activity. However, a role of COX-1 in inflammation cannot be excluded. Furthermore, the functional relevance of COX-2 expression and induction in various tissues warrants further investigation. These studies should help in predicting potential adverse effects as well as new indications for selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Two bioactive cyanoglycosides, rhodiocyanosides A and B, and two oligoglycosides, rhodioflavonoside [gossypetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1-->3)-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside] and rhodiooctanoside [octyl alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->6) beta- D-glucopyranoside), were isolated from the Chinese natural medicine "Si Lie Hong Jing Tian" (Shiretsukoukeiten in Japanese), the underground part of Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. et Mey., together with four known compounds: rhodioloside, n-hexyl beta-D-glucopyranoside, gossypetin 7-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside, and tricetin. The chemical structures of new glycosides were determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Rhodiocyanosides A and B exhibited inhibitory activity on the histamine release from rat peritoneal exudate cells sensitized with anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl IgE. Additionally, rhodiocyanoside A, the major constituent of this natural medicine, was also found to show antiallergic activity in a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test in rat.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) produce their therapeutic activities through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme that makes prostaglandins (PGs). They share, to a greater or lesser degree, the same side effects, including gastric and renal toxicity. Recent research has shown that there are at least two COX isoenzymes. COX-1 is constitutive and makes PGs that protect the stomach and kidney from damage. COX-2 is induced by inflammatory stimuli, such as cytokines, and produces PGs that contribute to the pain and swelling of inflammation. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibitors should be anti-inflammatory without side effects on the kidney and stomach. Of course, selective COX-2 inhibitors may have other side effects and perhaps other therapeutic potential. For instance, COX-2 (and not COX-1) is thought to be involved in ovulation and in labor. In addition, the well-known protective action of aspirin on colon cancer may be through an action on COX-2, which is expressed in this disease. Moreover, NSAIDs delay the progress of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, selective COX-2 inhibitors may demonstrate new important therapeutic benefits as anticancer agents, as well as in preventing premature labor and perhaps even retarding the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
Plants from all over the world such as Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng, Raponticum carthamoides, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum have been extensively evaluated for their adaptogenic potential. However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. This paper discusses some of the problems in evaluation of adaptogens which have precluded their inclusion as clinically useful drugs. We further discuss our results with six rasayana plants from Ayurveda, which were studied for their adaptogenic potential.
The resins and leaves of species of Protium are commonly used by folk medicine. In the present study, we analyse the pharmacological effects of essential oils obtained by steam distillation (leaves and resin) from Protium species. Analysis by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry and retention indices calculations demonstrate that the resin oil is constituted mainly of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids: alpha-terpinolene (22%), p-cymene (11%), p-cimen-8-ol (11%), limonene (5%) and dillapiol (16%), whereas sesquiterpenes predominate as the volatile constituents of the leaves. The resin of Protium heptaphyllum (PHP) and leaves of P. strumosum (PS), P. grandifolium (PG), P. lewellyni (PL) and P. hebetatum (PHT) were screened for anti-inflammatory activity by the use of mouse pleurisy model induced by zymosan (500 microg/cavity) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (250 ng/cavity), for antinociceptive effect (by means of preventing mice abdominal writhings), as well as NO production from stimulated macrophages and proliferation of neoplasic cell lines: Neuro-2a (mouse neuroblastoma), SP2/0 (mouse plasmocytoma) and J774 (mouse monocytic cell line). The oils from PHP, PS and PL were able to inhibit protein extravasation but no sample inhibited total or differential leucocyte counts after administrating p.o. (100 mg/kg) 1 h before stimulation with zymosan. The oils from PG, PL and PHT inhibited neutrophil accumulation whereas PHP and specially PL inhibited LPS-induced eosinophil accumulation in mouse pleural cavity. PHT was also able to inhibit mononuclear cells accumulation. Antinociceptive effect was not observed, when animals received oral administration of the essential oils (100 mg/kg). In vitro treatment with essential oils (100 microg/well) changed the NO production from stimulated mouse macrophages. PHP inhibited in 74% and PS in 46% the LPS-induced NO production. In contrast, treatment with PL was able to increase in 49% the NO production. Cell lines proliferation was affected by the oils assayed in the range of 60-100% for Neuro-2a, 65-95% for SP2/0 and 70-90% for J774. Taken together these results showed that essential oils could be useful as efficient pharmacological tools.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most used drugs worldwide, in spite of their renal and gastric side effects. Medicinal plants may represent a useful source of new effective therapeutic agents, particularly considering the new findings concerning the mediators of inflammation, such as prostaglandins and nitric oxide. In fact, the discovery of two isoforms of the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, has opened new interesting perspectives in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. As cyclooxygenase, also nitric oxide synthase, the enzyme which converts L-arginine to nitric oxide, exists in two isoforms. It appears that the constitutive isoforms of both enzymes (cyclooxygenase-1 and constitutive nitric oxide synthase) have a regulatory-physiological role, whereas the inducible isoforms (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase) are involved in inflammation. A number of medicinal plants have been screened for their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 and/or inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and/or expression.
A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine salidroside and tyrosol simultaneously in the Rhodiola rosea. The optimum condition was Nova-Pak C18 as stationary phase, 6.5% methanol in water as mobile phase and detection at UV 225 nm. The identification was carried out by comparing the retention time and IC/MS spectrum of the relevant peaks with those of isolated standards. The contents of salidroside and tyrosol in the samples gathered from various area in China were ranged over 1.3-11.1 mg/g and 0.3-2.2 mg/g, respectively.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated low-dose treatment with a standardized extract SHR/5 of rhizome Rhodiola rosea L, (RRE) on fatigue during night duty among a group of 56 young, healthy physicians. The effect was measured as total mental performance calculated as Fatigue Index. The tests chosen reflect an overall level of mental fatigue, involving complex perceptive and cognitive cerebral functions, such as associative thinking, short-term memory, calculation and ability of concentration, and speed of audio-visual perception. These parameters were tested before and after night duty during three periods of two weeks each: a) a test period of one RRE/placebo tablet daily, b) a washout period and c) a third period of one placebo/RRE tablet daily, in a double-blind cross-over trial. The perceptive and cognitive cerebral functions mentioned above were investigated using 5 different tests. A statistically significant improvement in these tests was observed in the treatment group (RRE) during the first two weeks period. No side-effects were reported for either treatment noted. These results suggest that RRE can reduce general fatigue under certain stressful conditions.
A method is presented for measuring the edema induced by injection of 0.05 ml of 1% solution of carrageenin, an extract of Chondrus, into the plantar tissues of the hind paw of the rat. Peak edema develops within the first 3 to 4 hours, and is inhibited by pretreatment of the animals by single oral doses of antiinflammatory agents, steroid or non-steroid. Log dose responses to drugs are linear and parallel, and yield potency ratios with relatively narrow confidence limits. The potency ratios obtained for aspirin, phenylbutazone and hydrocortisone are fairly close to the ratios of their respective daily doses in the treatment of rheumatic disease. A potent antihistaminic-antiserotonin compound, cyproheptadine, is without effect on carrageenin-induced edema.
The methanol extract of the underground part of Rhodiola rosea was found to show inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of a 95% ethanol extract from the stems of R. rosea led to the isolation of five compounds: gossypetin-7-O-L-rhamnopyranoside (1), rhodioflavonoside (2), gallic acid (3), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid (4) and p-tyrosol (5). Their structures were elucidated by UV, IR, MS and NMR data, as well as by comparison with those of the literature. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antibacterial and antiprostate cancer cell activities. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 50 microg/mL and 100 microg/mL, respectively. Cytotoxicity studies of 1 and 2 also displayed activity against the prostate cancer cell line with IC(50) values of 50 microg/mL and 80 microg/mL, respectively.
DOI: 10.1002/ptr REFERENCES Petkov VD Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L roots on learning and memory
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Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Phytother. Res. 23, 1099–1102 (2009) DOI: 10.1002/ptr REFERENCES Petkov VD, Yonkov D, Mosharoff A, Kambourova T, Alova L, Petkov VV, Todorov I. 1986. Effects of alcohol aqueous extract from Rhodiola rosea L roots on learning and memory. Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bull 12: 13–16.
Arctic root of Rhodiola rosea – the powerful ginseng alternative Quantitative determination of salidroside and tyrosol from the under-ground part of Rhodiola rosea by high performance liquid chromatography
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